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Ladeira C, Møller P, Giovannelli L, Gajski G, Haveric A, Bankoglu EE, Azqueta A, Gerić M, Stopper H, Cabêda J, Tonin FS, Collins A. The Comet Assay as a Tool in Human Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals-A Systematic Scoping Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:270. [PMID: 38668493 PMCID: PMC11054096 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in environmental and occupational exposure contexts. To evidence the role of the comet assay in human biomonitoring, we have analysed original research studies of environmental or occupational exposure that used the comet assay in their assessments, following the PRISMA-ScR method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews). Groups of chemicals were designated according to a broad classification, and the results obtained from over 300 original studies (n = 123 on air pollutants, n = 14 on anaesthetics, n = 18 on antineoplastic drugs, n = 57 on heavy metals, n = 59 on pesticides, and n = 49 on solvents) showed overall higher values of DNA strand breaks in the exposed subjects in comparison with the unexposed. In summary, our systematic scoping review strengthens the relevance of the use of the comet assay in assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Goran Gajski
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Marko Gerić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - José Cabêda
- Guarda Nacional Republicana, Destacamento Territorial de Vila Franca de Xira, Núcleo de Proteção Ambiental, 1500-124 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
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Measuring DNA modifications with the comet assay: a compendium of protocols. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:929-989. [PMID: 36707722 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The comet assay is a versatile method to detect nuclear DNA damage in individual eukaryotic cells, from yeast to human. The types of damage detected encompass DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites (e.g., apurinic/apyrimidinic sites), alkylated and oxidized nucleobases, DNA-DNA crosslinks, UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and some chemically induced DNA adducts. Depending on the specimen type, there are important modifications to the comet assay protocol to avoid the formation of additional DNA damage during the processing of samples and to ensure sufficient sensitivity to detect differences in damage levels between sample groups. Various applications of the comet assay have been validated by research groups in academia, industry and regulatory agencies, and its strengths are highlighted by the adoption of the comet assay as an in vivo test for genotoxicity in animal organs by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The present document includes a series of consensus protocols that describe the application of the comet assay to a wide variety of cell types, species and types of DNA damage, thereby demonstrating its versatility.
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Costa S, Costa C, Madureira J, Valdiglesias V, Teixeira-Gomes A, Guedes de Pinho P, Laffon B, Teixeira JP. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and early biomarkers of cancer risk, immunotoxicity and susceptibility. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108740. [PMID: 31563789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a high-volume production chemical manufactured worldwide to which many people are exposed to both environmentally and occupationally. FA was recently reclassified as a human carcinogen. Several epidemiological studies have revealed an increased risk of cancer development among workers exposed to FA. Although FA genotoxicity was confirmed in a variety of experimental systems, data from human studies are conflicting. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occupational exposure to FA in a multistage approach relating the exposure with different biomarkers (dose and effect) and individual susceptibility. Air monitoring was performed to estimate the level of exposure to FA during shift work. Eighty-five workers from hospital anatomy-pathology laboratories exposed to FA and 87 controls were tested for cytogenetic alterations in lymphocytes (micronucleus, MN; sister-chromatid exchange, SCE) and T-cell receptor (TCR) mutation assay. The frequency of MN in exfoliated buccal cells, a first contact tissue was also assessed. Percentages of different lymphocyte subpopulations were selected as immunotoxicity biomarkers. The level of formic acid in urine was investigated as a potential biomarker of internal dose. The effects of polymorphic genes of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes and DNA repair enzymes on the endpoints studied were determined. The mean level of FA exposure was 0.38 ± 0.03 ppm. MN (in lymphocytes and buccal cells) and SCE were significantly increased in FA-exposed workers compared to controls. MN frequency positively correlated with FA levels of exposure and duration. Significant alterations in the percentage of T cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells and B lymphocytes were found between groups. Polymorphisms in CYP2E1, GSTP1 and FANCA genes were associated with increased genetic damage in FA-exposed subjects. The obtained information may provide new important data to be used by health and safety care programs and by governmental agencies responsible for setting the acceptable levels for occupational exposure to FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Armanda Teixeira-Gomes
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Blanca Laffon
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Campo L, Bechtold P, Borsari L, Fustinoni S. A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:479-519. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1630362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bechtold
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Borsari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Brina KR, Carvalho TS, Ardenghi PG, Basso da Silva L. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal cells of urban solid waste collectors and recyclers in southern Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:1058-1062. [PMID: 29874732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Workers involved in urban solid waste collection may be exposed to various environmental contaminants, including chemical pollutants, which might be mutagenic and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer. Evaluation of DNA damage in workers in this field are still scarce. This study aims to evaluate mutagenic and cytotoxic effects in workers involved in the collection and segregation of urban solid waste generated in southern Brazil. Municipal solid waste collectors were recruited in two municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The control group was composed of workers of the education and commerce areas, with no exposure to known genotoxic agents. Slides of exfoliated buccal cells were analyzed to estimate the frequency of micronuclei (MN) as well as other nuclear abnormalities, such as broken-egg/bud, binucleation and karyorrhexis. The analyses of 44 workers and 45 control subjects have shown that the frequencies of MN, binucleated cells and karyorrhexis in the exposed workers were significantly higher than in the control group. In the exposed group, frequencies of MN and binucleated cells showed a significant positive correlation. The other cytogenetic parameters were not correlated among each other or with age and exposure time. These results indicate that the workers involved in urban solid waste collection are exposed to mutagenic and cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karisa Roxo Brina
- Research Group on Human Health and Environment, Feevale University, Brazil
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Evaluation of toxicological biomarkers in secreted proteins of HepG2 cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and their expressions in the plasma of rats and incineration workers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:584-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roy P, Mukherjee A, Giri S. Evaluation of genetic damage in tobacco and arsenic exposed population of Southern Assam, India using buccal cytome assay and comet assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:169-176. [PMID: 26517729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ground water is the principal source of drinking water in Assam. Ground water contamination of arsenic in drinking water is a great concern for human health and considered as a human carcinogen. The present cytogenetic biomonitoring study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxic effects associated with people of southern Assam consuming arsenic contaminated water and chewing tobacco. Employing the buccal cytome assay, exfoliated cells were analyzed in 138 individuals of age range 22-42 years and divided into four groups. Group I (n=54) are participants residing in localities where ground water contains arsenic concentration below the permissible limit (<10μg/l) and without any tobacco chewing history. Group II (n=32) participants from the same area but they are tobacco chewers. Group III (n=24) participants from localities where significantly high arsenic contamination in ground water were observed. Whereas the Group IV (n=28) consists of participants from the arsenic contaminated area and also tobacco chewers. Body mass index (BMI) in all the groups are found to be nearly same and in normal range. Statistically significant (P<0.001) increase in genotoxic, cell death parameters and cell proliferation biomarkers were observed in the Group IV compared to other groups. In the comet assay, percent of tail DNA gradually increases among the groups and has statistical significance. Spearman correlation revealed strong positive correlation between the arsenic exposed peoples and the binucleated cells (r=0.4763; P<0.001). Amount of chewing tobacco had significant positive correlation with micronucleus frequency (r=0.268; P<0.05) and karyolitic cells (r=0.217; P<0.05) and also in the percentage of tail DNA (r=0.5532, P<0.001). A statistically significant increase in glucose content and decrease in hemoglobin content as well as acetylcholine esterase in the blood of exposed individuals was observed. Our preliminary study indicate that population exposed to arsenic through drinking water may become more susceptible towards chewing tobacco induced nuclear damage as evaluated by buccal cytome assay and comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Roy
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India.
| | - Anita Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology, Department of Genetics, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
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Lin CC, Huang HL, Hsiao WY. Mass and number size distributions of emitted particulates at five important operation units in a hazardous industrial waste incineration plant. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:329-342. [PMID: 26771771 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1125485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Past studies indicated particulates generated by waste incineration contain various hazardous compounds. The aerosol characteristics are very important for particulate hazard control and workers' protection. This study explores the detailed characteristics of emitted particulates from each important operation unit in a rotary kiln-based hazardous industrial waste incineration plant. A dust size analyzer (Grimm 1.109) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were used to measure the aerosol mass concentration, mass size distribution, and number size distribution at five operation units (S1-S5) during periods of normal operation, furnace shutdown, and annual maintenance. The place with the highest measured PM10 concentration was located at the area of fly ash discharge from air pollution control equipment (S5) during the period of normal operation. Fine particles (PM2.5) constituted the majority of the emitted particles from the incineration plant. The mass size distributions (elucidated) made it clear that the size of aerosols caused by the increased particulate mass, resulting from work activities, were mostly greater than 1.5 μm. Whereas the number size distributions showed that the major diameters of particulates that caused the increase of particulate number concentrations, from work activities, were distributed in the sub micrometer range. The process of discharging fly ash from air pollution control equipment can significantly increase the emission of nanoparticles. The mass concentrations and size distributions of emitted particulates were different at each operation unit. This information is valuable for managers to take appropriate strategy to reduce the particulate emission and associated worker exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chi Lin
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lin Huang
- b Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Hsiao
- b Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan , Taiwan
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Lebailly P, Mirey G, Herin F, Lecluse Y, Salles B, Boutet-Robinet E. DNA damage in B and T lymphocytes of farmers during one pesticide spraying season. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 88:963-72. [PMID: 25647545 PMCID: PMC4564440 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of one pesticide spraying season on DNA damage was measured on B and T lymphocytes among open-field farmers and controls. METHODS At least two peripheral blood samples were collected from each individual: one in a period without any pesticide application, several weeks after the last use (January, at period P0), and another in the intensive pesticide spraying period (May or June, at period P4). DNA damage was studied by alkaline comet assay on isolated B or T lymphocytes. RESULTS Longitudinal comparison of DNA damage observed at both P0 and P4 periods revealed a statistically significant genotoxic effect of the pesticide spraying season in both B (P = 0.02) and T lymphocytes (P = 0.02) in exposed farmers. In contrast, non-farmers did not show any significant modifications. DNA damage levels in B and T lymphocytes were significantly higher in farmers than in non-farmers during the P4 period (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001 for B and T lymphocytes, respectively) but not during the P0 period. The seasonal effect observed among farmers was not correlated with either total farm area, farm area devoted to crops or recent solar exposure. On average, farmers used pesticides for 21 days between P0 and P4. Between the two time points studied, there was a tendency for a potential effect of the number of days of fungicide treatments (r (2) = 0.43; P = 0.11) on T lymphocyte DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS A genotoxic effect was found in lymphocytes of farmers exposed to pesticides, suggesting in particular the possible implication of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lebailly
- Univ. Caen Basse-Normandie, Cancers et Préventions, IFR146 ICORE, 14000, Caen, France
- INSERM, UMR 1086, 14000, Caen, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse, 14076, Caen, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 1331, Toxalim, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Herin
- INSERM, UMR 1027, Université de Toulouse, UPS, 31000, Toulouse, France
- CHU Toulouse, Service des Maladies Professionnelles et Environnementales, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lecluse
- Univ. Caen Basse-Normandie, Cancers et Préventions, IFR146 ICORE, 14000, Caen, France
- INSERM, UMR 1086, 14000, Caen, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse, 14076, Caen, France
| | - Bernard Salles
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 1331, Toxalim, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 31027, Toulouse, France.
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 1331, Toxalim, 31062, Toulouse, France.
- Equipe « Génotoxicité et Signalisation » - Toxalim - UMR 1331, INRA/INP/UPS, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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Ranzi A, Fustinoni S, Erspamer L, Campo L, Gatti MG, Bechtold P, Bonassi S, Trenti T, Goldoni CA, Bertazzi PA, Lauriola P. Biomonitoring of the general population living near a modern solid waste incinerator: a pilot study in Modena, Italy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 61:88-97. [PMID: 24103350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND GOALS As part of the authorization process for the solid waste incinerator (SWI) in Modena, Italy, a human biomonitoring cross-sectional pilot study was conducted to investigate the degree to which people living and working in the proximity of the plant were exposed to SWI emissions. METHODS Between May and June 2010, 65 subjects living and working within 4km of the incinerator (exposed) and 103 subjects living and working outside this area (unexposed) were enrolled in the study. Blood, serum and urinary metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Ni), urinary benzene, toluene, xylene (BTEX), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), and urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed. Information about lifestyle, anthropometric characteristics, residence, and health status was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) emitted from the SWI was estimated using fall-out maps from a quasi-Gaussian dispersion model. A multiple linear regression analysis investigated the relationship between biomarkers and the distance of a subject's place of residence from the SWI plant or the exposure to PM. RESULTS Urinary BTEX and SPMA and blood, serum and urinary metals showed no differences between exposed and unexposed subjects. PAHs were higher in exposed than in unexposed subjects for phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene (median levels: 9.5 vs. 7.2ng/L, 0.8 vs. <0.5ng/L and 1.6 vs. 1.3ng/L, respectively, p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood Cd and Hg and urinary Mn, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were inversely correlated to the distance of a subject's residence from the SWI. Urinary Mn, fluorene and phenanthrene were directly correlated to PM exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study, although not representative of the general population, suggests that specific biomarkers may provide information about the degree of exposure the subjects working and living in the proximity of the SWI plant may have to emissions from that facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
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Zaccaria KJ, McClure PR. Using Immunotoxicity Information to Improve Cancer Risk Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:236-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813492829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estimating cancer risk from environmental mixtures containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is challenging. Ideally, each mixture would undergo toxicity testing to derive a cancer slope factor (CSF) for use in site-specific cancer risk assessments. However, this whole mixture approach is extremely costly in terms of finances, time, and animal usage. Alternatively, if an untested mixture is “sufficiently similar” to a well-characterized mixture with a CSF, the “surrogate” CSF can be used in risk assessments. We propose that similarity between 2 mixtures could be established using an in vitro battery of genotoxic and nongenotoxic tests. An observed association between carcinogenicity and immunosuppression of PAHs suggests that the addition of immune suppression assays may improve this battery. First, using published studies of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and other PAHs, we demonstrated a correlation between the derived immune suppression relative potency factors (RPFs) for 9 PAHs and their respective cancer RPFs, confirming observations published previously. Second, we constructed an integrated knowledge map for immune suppression by BaP based on the available mechanistic information. The map illustrates the mechanistic complexities involved in BaP immunosuppression, suggesting that multiple in vitro tests of immune suppression involving different processes, cell types, and tissues will have greater predictive value for immune suppression in vivo than a single test. Based on these observations, research strategies are recommended to validate a battery of in vitro immune suppression tests that, along with tests for genotoxic and other nongenotoxic modes of cancer action, could be used to establish “sufficient similarity” of 2 mixtures for site-specific cancer risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter R. McClure
- SRC, Inc, Defense and Environmental Solutions, North Syracuse, NY, USA
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Park SY, Cho E, Oh E, Sul D. Comet assay analysis of DNA damage in T- and B-lymphocytes separated by MACS for human biomonitoring studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:369-72. [PMID: 22138566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and tested a method for human biomonitoring using Comet assays with human T- and B-lymphocytes obtained by magnetic cell sorting (MACS). We evaluated DNA damage induced by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2); 5, 25 and 50μM) and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS; 5, 25 and 50μM) in both human B- and T-lymphocytes obtained by MACS, and compared their DNA damage levels. Significant, dose-dependent levels of DNA damage were found in T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. Furthermore, the level of DNA damage was significantly greater in B-lymphocytes than in T-lymphocytes, suggesting that human B-lymphocytes may be a more sensitive target than T-lymphocytes for the evaluation of DNA damage. In addition, we compared these in vitro exposure data with previous studies that showed DNA damage in B- and T-lymphocyte and granulocytes of control subjects and industrial workers exposed in vivo to environmental toxicants. The use of single types of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained by MACS, for Comet assays gave sensitive and reliable data for human biomonitoring for environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Pharmacognosy Lab., College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, San#29, Anseo-Dong, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Cemeli E, Mirkova E, Chiuchiarelli G, Alexandrova E, Anderson D. Investigation on the mechanisms of genotoxicity of butadiene, styrene and their combination in human lymphocytes using the Comet assay. Mutat Res 2009; 664:69-76. [PMID: 19428383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of butadiene and styrene is exerted by their metabolites. Such metabolites have been extensively scrutinized at the in vitro level demonstrating evident genotoxic properties. In monitoring, a diverse range of outcomes has been produced. Additionally, epidemiological studies in rubber workers face difficulties of data interpretation due to the changeability and multiple exposures of the workers as well as to confounding factors inherent to the cohorts. Nevertheless, toxicity has been associated with a significant trend of increasing the risk of leukaemia in employees at the styrene-butadiene rubber industry. Thus, further effort must be made to distinguish the exposures to each chemical over time and to characterize their interrelationships. The present investigation focuses on the effects and mechanisms of damage of the mixture styrene-butadiene by examining its metabolites: styrene oxide (SO), butadiene monoepoxide (BME) and butadiene diepoxide (BDE) respectively. The in vitro Comet assay on frozen lymphocytes has been employed to ascertain the DNA damage patterns for the styrene-butadiene metabolites combined and on their own. Different patterns were observed for the mixture and each of its components. This study has also led to determining the mechanism of damage of the mixture and the compounds. With regard to the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), co-treatment with catalase does not modulate the genotoxicity of the mixture but it does modulate its components. The outcomes also indicate that the mixture induces cross-links and this is due to the influence of BDE in the mixture, being more evident as the concentration of BDE increases. An investigation on the sensitivity of lymphocytes from occupationally un/exposed subjects to in vitro exposure of the mixture and its components revealed that occupationally exposed subjects had a substantially higher background of DNA damage and a lower sensitivity to the metabolites of styrene, 1,3-butadiene and its mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cemeli
- University of Bradford, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Richmond Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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Differential responses to mutagens among human lymphocyte subpopulations. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pérez-Cadahía B, Méndez J, Pásaro E, Lafuente A, Cabaleiro T, Laffon B. Biomonitoring of human exposure to prestige oil: effects on DNA and endocrine parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2008; 2:83-92. [PMID: 21572833 PMCID: PMC3091333 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Since 1960, about 400 tankers spilled more than 377765 tons of oil, with the Prestige accident (Galician coast, NW Spain, November 2002) the most recent. Taking into account the consistent large number of individuals exposed to oil that exists all over the world, it seems surprising the absence in the literature of studies focused on the chronic effects of this exposure on human health. In this work we evaluated the level of DNA damage by means of comet assay, and the potential endocrine alterations (prolactin and cortisol) caused by Prestige oil exposure in a population of 180 individuals, classified in 3 groups according to the tasks performed, and 60 controls. Heavy metals in blood were determined as exposure biomarkers, obtaining significant increases of aluminum, nickel and lead in the exposed groups as compared to controls. Higher levels of genetic damage and endocrine alterations were also observed in the exposed population. DNA damage levels were influenced by age, sex, and the use of protective clothes, and prolactin concentrations by the last two factors. Surprisingly, the use of mask did not seem to protect individuals from genetic or endocrine alterations. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes encoding for the main enzymes involved in the metabolism of oil components were analyzed as susceptibility biomarkers. CYP1A1-3'UTR and EPHX1 codons 113 and 139 variant alleles were related to higher damage levels, while lower DNA damage was observed in GSTM1 and GSTT1 null individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pérez-Cadahía
- Toxicology Unit, Dept. Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
- Dept. Cell and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Josefina Méndez
- Toxicology Unit, Dept. Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- Dept. Cell and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Cabaleiro
- Toxicology Laboratory, University of Vigo, Campus Ourense, Ourense, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Toxicology Unit, Dept. Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A Coruña, Spain
- Dept. Cell and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Hu SW, Lin P, Chen CC. Association of cytochrome P450 1B1 gene expression in peripheral leukocytes with blood lipid levels in waste incinerator workers. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:784-91. [PMID: 18922394 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether CYP1B1 gene expression was associated with blood lipids levels. METHODS Workers from a municipal waste incineration plant in Taiwan participated in a questionnaire survey and physical examination and provided fasting blood samples for blood lipid analysis. CYP1B1 gene expression in workers' leukocytes was determined with the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method, and 112 workers were categorized into three groups (low-, medium-, and high-expression) by their relative CYP1B1 gene expression levels. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the association between blood lipid parameter and CYP1B1 expression. RESULTS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly lower in the high CYP1B1 expression group than in the low- and medium-expression groups (parameter estimate [standard error]=-7.16 [2.42] and -7.02 [2.46] mg/dL, respectively), after controlling for age, sex, CYP1B1 genotype, duration of employment, current number of cigarettes smoked per day, current alcohol drinking status, and body mass index. Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol were not significantly different among the CYP1B1 expression groups. Furthermore, workers carrying the CYP1B1 *3 allele had significantly higher mean HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol, respectively, than those with CYP1B1 *1/ *1. CONCLUSIONS CYP1B1 expression was associated with decreased HDL cholesterol levels in incinerator workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Woan Hu
- Institute of Stomatology and Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Genotoxic damage in Solea senegalensis exposed to sediments from the Sado Estuary (Portugal): Effects of metallic and organic contaminants. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 654:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kwon E, Castaldi MJ. Investigation of mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) initiated from the thermal degradation of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in N2 atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2175-2180. [PMID: 18409655 DOI: 10.1021/es7026532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study has been carried out to characterize the thermal decomposition of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled to online GC/MS, and to investigate the formation and ultimate fate of chemical species produced during gasification of SBR. A preliminary mechanistic understanding has been developed to explain the formation and relationship of light hydrocarbons (C1-C4), substituted aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the decomposition of SBR in a N2 atmosphere. Identification and absolute concentrations of over 50 major and minor species (from hydrogen to benzo[ghi]perylene) have been established, and the measurements have been carried out between 300 and 500 at 10 degrees C/min heating rate in a N2 atmosphere. The concentration of styrene reached 120 PPMV and the concentration of other substituted aromatics, such as toluene and ethyl benzene reached 20 and 5 PPMV, respectively. These measurements indicate PAH formation at a relatively lower temperature as compared to conventional fuel, such as coal and diesel. The PAH sequence is not simply the constructing of larger PAHs from smaller ones to achieve the complex polymer structures. It is possible to generate large PAH molecules while circumventing the typical construction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilhann Kwon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering (HKSM), Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Weng H, Lu Y, Weng Z, Morimoto K. Differential DNA damage induced by H2O2 and bleomycin in subpopulations of human white blood cells. Mutat Res 2007; 652:46-53. [PMID: 18262831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the differential sensitivities of various subpopulations of human white blood cells after exposure to H2O2 (an oxidant agent) and bleomycin (a radiomimetic glycopeptide), in vitro, using single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). Human peripheral blood was fractionated into mononuclear cells, which were further separated into monocytes, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells (NK cells). The separated fractions were exposed to different doses of H2O2 and bleomycin, and then used to measure levels of induced and basal DNA damage. There was a significant increase in the amount of DNA damage in CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, NK cells and B-cells when treated with H2O2 and bleomycin, whereas monocytes had the lowest sensitivity to H2O2 compared with the other cell fractions, but no lower sensitivity to bleomycin. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells had the highest levels of basal DNA damage. When basal DNA damage was taken into account, NK cells tended to show a higher sensitivity to H2O2 than CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and monocytes. In addition, B-cells, which showed lower sensitivity to H2O2 than CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and NK cells when exposed to lower doses of H2O2 (<10 microM), showed higher sensitivity to H2O2 at higher doses (>20 microM). On the other hand, B-cells showed the highest sensitivity to bleomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Weng
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Moretti M, Dell'Omo M, Villarini M, Pastorelli R, Muzi G, Airoldi L, Pasquini R. Primary DNA damage and genetic polymorphisms for CYP1A1, EPHX and GSTM1 in workers at a graphite electrode manufacturing plant. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:270. [PMID: 17908297 PMCID: PMC2082035 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The results of a cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms (biomarkers of susceptibility) for CYP1A1, EPHX and GSTM1 genes that affect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) activation and detoxification might influence the extent of primary DNA damage (biomarker of biologically effective dose) in PAH exposed workers are presented. PAH-exposure of the study populations was assessed by determining the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP) in urine samples (biomarker of exposure dose). Methods The exposed group consisted of workers (n = 109) at a graphite electrode manufacturing plant, occupationally exposed to PAH. Urinary 1OHP was measured by HPLC. Primary DNA damage was evaluated by the alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood leukocytes. Genetic polymorphisms for CYP1A1, EPHX and GSTM1 were determined by PCR or PCR/RFLP analysis. Results 1OHP and primary DNA damage were significantly higher in electrode workers compared to reference subjects. Moreover, categorization of subjects as normal or outlier highlighted an increased genotoxic risk OR = 2.59 (CI95% 1.32–5.05) associated to exposure to PAH. Polymorphisms in EPHX exons 3 and 4 was associated to higher urinary concentrations of 1OHP, whereas none of the genotypes analyzed (CYP1A1, EPHX, and GSTM1) had any significant influence on primary DNA damage as evaluated by the comet assay. Conclusion The outcomes of the present study show that molecular epidemiology approaches (i.e. cross-sectional studies of genotoxicity biomarkers) can play a role in identifying common genetic risk factors, also attempting to associate the effects with measured exposure data. Moreover, categorization of subjects as normal or outlier allowed the evaluation of the association between occupational exposure to PAH and DNA damage highlighting an increased genotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Moretti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialities and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Dell'Omo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, University of Perugia, Via E. dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialities and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Muzi
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, University of Perugia, Via E. dal Pozzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Airoldi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Pasquini
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialities and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Cho CW, Kim CW. Toxicoproteomics in the study of aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hu SW, Chen CC, Kuo CY, Lin WH, Lin P. Increased cytochrome P4501B1 gene expression in peripheral leukocytes of municipal waste incinerator workers. Toxicol Lett 2006; 160:112-20. [PMID: 16098693 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incinerator workers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins in workplace. Previous studies indicated that aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation, following by increased cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1) activity and expressions, was required for PAHs and dioxin induced toxicities. This study investigated whether municipal waste incinerator workers with frequent exposure to PAHs/dioxins in fly/bottom ash had increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expressions in peripheral leukocytes and assessed whether CYP1B1*3 polymorphism modified the association between PAHs/dioxins exposure and CYP1B1 expressions. Based on job contents and time-activity profiles, 112 workers were classified into high exposure, medium exposure and control groups. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expressions in workers' leukocytes were determined with the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method. After taking into account age, gender and smoking in the multiple regression analyses, CYP1B1, but not CYP1A1, levels were significantly higher in the high and medium exposure groups than in the control group, and there was a statistically significant interaction between exposure group and CYP1B1 genotype. These results suggested that CYP1B1 gene expression could be a potential biomarker of biologically effective dose for occupational exposure to PAHs/dioxins and CYP1B1*3 polymorphism modified effects of occupational exposures on CYP1B1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Woan Hu
- Institute of Stomatology and Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Cirillo T, Montuori P, Mainardi P, Russo I, Triassi M, Amodio-Cocchieri R. Multipathway polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and pyrene exposure among children living in Campania (Italy). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2006; 41:2089-107. [PMID: 17018403 DOI: 10.1080/10934520600867854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Multipathway exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Pyrene (Py) was studied among children ages 7-9 living in two areas of the Campania Region (South-Italy) classified as urban and rural. During five consecutive days PAHs and Py were detected in air samples from outdoors, indoors (school and home), individuals at inhalatory levels, and in food and beverages (defined as food) consumed daily by each child. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was detected in children's urine. Gender, weight and height of each subject were recorded, and the personal Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated. The type of home heating, the presence of smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked at home was determined. Total PAH and Py median concentrations in outdoor air from urban areas were 1.70 ng m(-3) and 0.19 ng m(-3), respectively while in rural areas they were 1.10 ng m(-3) and 0.14 ng m(-3). Indoor air total PAH and Py median concentrations were 2.50 ng m(-3) and 0.15 ng m(-3), respectively for urban areas, and 4.10 ng m(-3) and 0.15 ng m(-3) for rural areas. In food the total PAH and Py median levels were 10.44 and 0.81 microg kg(-1) in urban areas and 18.90 and 0.90 microg kg(-1) in rural areas. The median urinary levels of 1-OHP for urban and rural children were 0.07 and 0.06 micromol/mol creat., respectively. From these data, food appears to be the most relevant source of exposure to PAHs and Py. The Py intake from single (food or air) or total (food and air) pathways did not significantly correlate with the urinary 1-OHP excreted daily for each child during all 5 days of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cirillo
- Department of Food Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
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Oh E, Im H, Kang HS, Jung W, Won NH, Lee E, Sul D. Comparison of immunnological and genotoxicological parameters in automobile emission inspectors exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 21:108-117. [PMID: 21783646 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the immunotoxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 54 automobile emission inspectors and in 84 control subjects, and evaluated associations between immunological and genotoxicological parameters. Specific surface antigens of peripheral lymphocytes, namely, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD69 were subjected to measure immune status in automobile emission inspectors and control subjects. T-and B-cells showed no significant differences between automobile emission inspectors and control subjects (p=0.740 and 0.395). In addition, the ratio of T helper cells to T cytotoxic cells was not deferent (p=0.144). However, T-cell activation was found to be significantly higher in automobile emission inspectors (p=0.041), but not B-cell activation. The levels of two cytokines (IL-4 an INF-γ) and four immunoglobulins (IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM) were also determined in automobile emission inspectors and control subjects. All immunoglobulin types were lower in automobile emission inspectors, but this was significant only for IgG (0.047). In addition, the levels of two cytokines, IL-4 and INF-γ, were also higher in automobile emission inspectors, though this was not significant. DNA damage in mononuclear and polynuclear lymphocytes and in the level of urinary metabolites, 1-OHP and 2-naphthol, were evaluated in automobile emission inspectors and in control subjects and significant differences were found between the two groups. Examinations of urinary metabolites, DNA damage, and immunological parameters, including leukocyte subpopulations, immunoglobulins, and cytokines, showed that the cytokines levels were associated with the levels of two urinary metabolites, 1-OHP and 2-naphthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Oh
- Environmental Toxico-Genomic and Proteomic Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5 Anamdong Sungbukku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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Hoffmann H, Högel J, Speit G. The effect of smoking on DNA effects in the comet assay: a meta-analysis. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:455-66. [PMID: 16280345 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay (alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis, SCG or SCGE) is frequently used in biomonitoring to detect genotoxic effects in humans exposed at the workplace or in their environment. Because of its ready accessibility, blood is most frequently used in such studies. Many studies investigated cigarette smoking either as a genotoxic exposure itself or as a potential confounding factor in occupational studies. However, although smoking is considered to be a relevant exposure towards various genotoxins, conflicting results have been reported in the comet assay studies. The actual reasons for this discrepancy are not known. To further evaluate evidence for smoking-related DNA effects in the comet assay, we now used a meta-analysis approach based on a literature search. We identified 38 studies from 37 publications which were suited for a formal meta-analysis based on the standardized mean difference (SMD) between the study groups. The evaluation of these 38 studies indicated higher levels of DNA damage in smokers than in non-smokers [under a random effects model, SMD = 0.55, 95% confidence interval = (0.16-0.93)]. Subdividing these studies into studies investigating the effect of smoking as a genotoxic exposure (Type A studies, n = 12) and studies investigating smoking as a potential confounder in occupational studies (Type B, n = 26) indicated a significant difference only in Type A studies but not in Type B studies. Furthermore, studies using image analysis or image length measurements (n = 23) only indicated a tendency for a genotoxic effect of smoking, whereas studies using an arbitrary score (n = 15) found a significantly higher level of DNA damage in smokers.
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Monleau M, De Méo M, Paquet F, Chazel V, Duménil G, Donnadieu-Claraz M. Genotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Depleted Uranium Particles Inhaled by Rats. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:287-95. [PMID: 16221956 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) is a radioactive heavy metal coming from the nuclear industry and used in numerous military applications. Uranium inhalation can lead to the development of fibrosis and neoplasia in the lungs. As little is known concerning the molecular processes leading to these pathological effects, some of the events in terms of genotoxicity and inflammation were investigated in rats exposed to DU by inhalation. Our results show that exposure to DU by inhalation resulted in DNA strand breaks in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells and in increase of inflammatory cytokine expression and production of hydroperoxides in lung tissue suggesting that the DNA damage was in part a consequence of the inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. The effects seemed to be linked to the doses, were independent of the solubility of uranium compounds and correlating with the type of inhalation. Repeated inhalations seemed to induce an effect of potentiation in BAL cells and also in kidney cells. Comet assay in neutral conditions revealed that DNA damage in BAL cells was composed partly by double strands breaks suggesting that radiation could contribute to DU genotoxic effects in vivo. All these in vivo results contribute to a better understanding of the pathological effect of DU inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Monleau
- IRSN/DRPH/SRBE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale, BP 166, 26702 Pierrelatte Cedex, France
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Oh E, Lee E, Im H, Kang HS, Jung WW, Won NH, Kim EM, Sul D. Evaluation of immuno- and reproductive toxicities and association between immunotoxicological and genotoxicological parameters in waste incineration workers. Toxicology 2005; 210:65-80. [PMID: 15804459 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated immunotoxicity levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in 31 waste incineration workers and in 84 control subjects, and evaluated the association between immunological and genotoxicological parameters. DNA damage in mononuclear and polynuclear lymphocytes, and the level of the urinary metabolites, 1-OHP and 2-naphthol, were evaluated in both waste incineration workers and control subjects. Significant differences were detected in these values between exposed and control groups. Number of sperms was lower in the waste incineration workers than in the control subjects, as was the percentage of motile sperms, but a significant difference existed only in the number of sperms (p=0.05). DNA damage in the spermatozoa of waste incineration workers and control subjects measured 1.40+/-0.08 and 1.26+/-0.03, respectively (p=0.001). Specific surface antigens of peripheral lymphocytes, namely, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD69 were used to measure immune status in waste incineration workers and control subjects. There was no significant difference in T- and B-cell profiles showed between waste incineration workers and control subjects (p=0.684 and 0.157). In addition, the ratio of T helper cells to T cytotoxic cells was also not remarkably different between groups (p=0.174). However, T-cell activation was found to be significantly higher in the waste incineration workers than in the control subjects (p=0.001), although B-cell activation did not exhibit this trend. The levels of two cytokines (IL-4 an INF-gamma) and four immunoglobulins (IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM) were also measured in the experimental population. All immunoglobulin types were found in lower amounts in the waste incineration workers, but this diaparity was not significant one. In addition, the levels of two cytokines, IL-4 and INF-gamma, were also found to be lower in the waste incineration workers than in the control subjects, and only in IL-4 was a significant difference determined to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Oh
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Health, Medical Science Research Center, Korea University, 5 Anamdong Sungbukku, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Oh S, Im H, Oh E, Lee J, Khim JY, Mun J, Kim Y, Lee E, Kim J, Sul D. Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on protein expression in Jurkat T-cells. Proteomics 2005; 4:3514-26. [PMID: 15529408 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants of air, water and soil, and are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has characterized PAHs as carcinogens. In this study, we investigated the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), which is the most carcinogenic member of the PAHs, on Jurkat cell protein by proteomic analysis. Jurkat cells were treated with various concentrations of B(a)P (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 or 40 microM) for 24 or 48 h and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium and lactate dehydrogenase assays were carried out to determine cytotoxicity and a Comet assay was used to determinate genotoxicity. The cytotoxicity assays showed that 2.5 microM of B(a)P was the maximal concentration that did not cause any toxicity, but nevertheless, at this level B(a)P produced significant DNA damage in Jurkat cells at 48 h. Proteomic analysis using three different pI ranges and large two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed 3427 protein spots. A total of 46 (13 up- and 33 down-regulated) proteins were identified as biomarkers of B(a)P and showed dose-dependent expressions in Jurkat T-cell line exposed to B(a)P. Of these, 27 protein spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Two functionally differentiated protein groups were found. The protein group involving apoptosis and tumor suppression were found to be up-regulated, and B(a)P down-regulated enzyme was involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and in cell structure and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangnam Oh
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Kap-Soon N, Do-Youn L, Hak CJ, Joo WA, Lee E, Chan-Wha K. Protein biomarkers in the plasma of workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Proteomics 2005; 4:3505-13. [PMID: 15468311 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) form a chemical family containing several hundred compounds, including benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene. They are usually produced by the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat. Exposure to PAH causes tumors, primarily in the lung, the bladder, and the skin. To investigate the differentially expressed proteins resultant from PAH exposure, the protein expression in human plasma was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The plasma exposed to PAH was obtained from 48 waste gas pollution measurers working at an automobile emission inspection center. The 1-hydroxypryene (1-OHP) level, which is the urinary PAH metabolite used for evaluation of PAH exposure, was 0.28 micromol/mol creatinine in PAH exposure groups, and 0.078 micromol/mol creatinine in unexposed groups (control, n = 33). A protein upregulated by PAH (putative capacitative calcium entry channel) and five overexpressed proteins (two fibrinogen gamma-A chain precursors, a hemopexin precursor, an albumin precursor, and T-cell receptor beta chain C region) were identified with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and confirmed with tandem MS (MS/MS) and Western blotting. The putative capacitative calcium entry channel was partially validated with a laboratory made antibody of a representative peptide fragment in PAH-exposed human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noh Kap-Soon
- Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Faust F, Kassie F, Knasmüller S, Kevekordes S, Mersch-Sundermann V. Use of primary blood cells for the assessment of exposure to occupational genotoxicants in human biomonitoring studies. Toxicology 2004; 198:341-50. [PMID: 15138060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Comet assay is an often used approach for the assessment of genetic damage in primary cells of exposed populations. In the majority of these studies lymphocytes are used. Therefore, we reviewed human biomonitoring studies of occupational exposure using the Comet assay with lymphocytes. We also tried to elucidate the strengths of the studies, which were that (i) data could be obtained in a fast and cost-effective manner, (ii) the ease at which these cells can be collected and (iii) a remarkable concordance between Comet assay and cytogenetic assays. However, the analysis also revealed some shortcomings: (i) the low number of study participants, (ii) the bias in the distribution of gender, (iii) lack of qualitative and quantitative exposure data, (iv) omission to consider differences in physical activity and diet between control and exposed groups, (v) lack of uniformity in the Comet assay procedures, and (vi) controversy in the sensitivity of Comet assay since it picked up DNA damage caused by agents which were found to be weak genotoxicants or non-genotoxicants in other tests, but gave inconsistent results with known mutagens/carcinogens such as cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Faust
- Department of Indoor and Environmental Toxicology, University Hospital, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
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Mastaloudis A, Yu TW, O'Donnell RP, Frei B, Dashwood RH, Traber MG. Endurance exercise results in DNA damage as detected by the comet assay. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36:966-75. [PMID: 15059637 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine if 6 weeks of supplementation with antioxidants could alleviate exercise-induced DNA damage, we studied 21 runners during a 50 km ultramarathon. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) placebos (PL) or (2) antioxidants (AO) (1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate). The comet assay was used to assess DNA damage in circulating leukocytes at selected time points: pre-, mid-, and 2 h postrace and daily for 6 days postrace. All subjects completed the race: run time 7.1 +/- 0.1 h, energy expenditure 5008 +/- 80 kcal for women (n = 10) and 6932 +/- 206 kcal for men (n = 11). Overall, the percentage DNA damage increased at midrace (p <.02), but returned to baseline by 2 h postrace, indicating that the exercise bout induced nonpersistent DNA damage. There was a gender x treatment x time interaction (p <.01). One day postrace, women taking AO had 62% less DNA damage than women taking PL (p <.0008). In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups of men at any time point. Thus, endurance exercise resulted in DNA damage as shown by the comet assay and AO seemed to enhance recovery in women but not in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mastaloudis
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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