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Thapa RK, Uysal HŞ, Clemente FM, Afonso J, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of complex training compared to resistance training alone on physical fitness of healthy individuals: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1367-1389. [PMID: 39163393 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2391657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Combining traditional resistance and ballistic exercises in a complex training (CT) format has shown improved physical fitness compared to the control conditions. However, no meta-analysis has directly compared CT with traditional resistance training (RT) alone. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and WoS. Thirty-two studies involving 726 participants were included. Both RT and CT similarly improved one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat and bench press, 10 m and 30-60 m linear sprint time, squat jump height, jump power, reactive strength index, and standing long jump distance. Compared to RT, CT favoured 5-m (ES = 0.96) and 20-m linear sprint (ES = 0.52), change-of-direction speed (CODS; ES = 0.39), and countermovement jump height (CMJ; ES = 0.36). Furthermore, moderating effects of training frequency, duration, and complex training type were reported. Certainty of evidence was considered low for 5-m and 20-m linear sprints and CODS and very low for other outcomes. Compared to traditional resistance training, complex training may improve 5-m and 20-m linear sprints, CODS, and CMJ height. The effects of complex training may be optimised by longer interventions (≥7 weeks), with ~ 3 weekly training sessions, and using ascending and contrast training formats. However, the certainty of evidence ranges from very low to low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Thapa
- Symbiosis School of Sports Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Hüseyin Şahin Uysal
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Barra-Moura H, Guilherme Vieira J, Zacaron Werneck F, Wilk M, Pascoalini B, Queiros V, Gomes de Assis G, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Vianna J, Vilaça-Alves J. The effect of complex contrast training with different training frequency on the physical performance of youth soccer players: a randomized study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17103. [PMID: 38562995 PMCID: PMC10984173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Complex contrast training (CCT) is potentially an efficient method to improve physical abilities such as muscle strength, power output, speed, agility, are extremely important in developing soccer players of different age categories. Aim This study aimed to analyze the effects of 6 weeks of CCT program applied in different training frequency (sessions per week) on youth soccer players performance. Methods Twenty-one youth soccer players (age: 15.3 ± 1.1 years; body mass 64.9 ± 0.7 kg; height 175.4 ± 0.7 cm) were randomized into three groups: a regular pre-season training control group (G0, n = 8), a group with regular pre-season training plus twice-a-week CCT (G2, n = 6), and a group with regular pre-season training plus thrice-a-week CCT (G3, n = 7). The CCT consisted of soccer skills-based exercises distributed across five stations, to be performed before common regular practice during a 6-week pre-season period. The agility (505 Agility test), sprint (S5 and S15), jump (SJ and CMJ), and free kick speed (11 m from the goal) of the groups were analyzed pre- and post-CCT intervention. During a 6-week pre-season period, the players integrated CCT into their regular training sessions. Furthermore, performance variables were compared between the groups. Results A statistical difference was identified for the timepoint for the players' CMJ (p = 0.023; η2 = 0.343) and the free kick speed (p = 0.013; η2 = 0.383) using ANOVA. The G3 showed a significant improvement in the CMJ (p = 0.001) and the free kick speed (p = 0.003) between pre- to post-CCT test. No other significant changes in performance were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion The CCT training program with a weekly frequency of 3 days per week is effective in improving free kick speed and CMJ performance in young male soccer players (U-15 and U-17 categories). CCT training programs have the potential to refine an athlete's preparation for competition. However, certain performance tests did not demonstrate substantial enhancements. Consequently, additional investigations are required to ascertain the effectiveness of CCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Barra-Moura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Zacaron Werneck
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Bruno Pascoalini
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical-Functional Performance, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Queiros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande Norte, Brazil
| | - Gilmara Gomes de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Integrative Physiology, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeferson Vianna
- Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Development of Badminton-specific Footwork Training from Traditional Physical Exercise to Novel Intervention Approaches. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Saeterbakken AH, Loken J, Solstad TEJ, Stien N, Prieske O, Scott S, Andersen V. Acute Effects of Barbell Bouncing and External Cueing on Power Output in Bench Press Throw in Resistance-Trained Men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899078. [PMID: 35733996 PMCID: PMC9208083 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare power output during a bench press throw (BPT) executed with (BPTbounce) and without (BPT) the barbell bounce technique, and examine the effect of cueing different barbell descent velocities on BPT power output in resistance-trained males. In total, 27 males (age 23.1 ± 2.1 years; body mass 79.4 ± 7.4 kg; height 178.8 ± 5.5 cm; and 4.6 ± 1.9 years of resistance training experience) were recruited and attended one familiarization session and two experimental sessions (EXP 1 and EXP 2). The force–velocity profile during maximal BPT and BPTbounce (randomized order) under different loads (30–60 kg) was established (EXP 1), and the effect of varying external barbell descent velocity cues “slow, medium, and as fast as possible” (i.e., “fast”) on the power output for each technique (BPT and BPTbounce) was examined (EXP 2). Comparing two BPT techniques (EXP 1), BPTbounce demonstrated 7.9–14.1% greater average power (p ≤ 0.001, ES = 0.48–0.90), 6.5–12.1% greater average velocity (p ≤ 0.001, ES = 0.48–0.91), and 11.9–31.3% shorter time to peak power (p ≤ 0.001–0.05, ES = 0.33–0.83) across the loads 30–60 kg than BPT. The cueing condition “fast” (EXP 2) resulted in greater power outcomes for both BPT and BPTbounce than “slow.” No statistically significant differences in any of the power outcomes were observed between “medium” and “slow” cuing conditions for BPT (p = 0.097–1.000), whereas BPTbounce demonstrated increased average power and velocity under the “medium” cuing condition, compared to “slow” (p = 0.006–0.007, ES = 0.25–0.28). No statistically significant differences were observed in barbell throw height comparing BPT and BPTbounce under each cuing condition (p = 0.225–1.000). Overall, results indicate that both bouncing the barbell and emphasizing barbell descent velocity be considered to improve upper body power in athlete and non-athlete resistance-training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts, and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Atle Hole Saeterbakken,
| | - Jorund Loken
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts, and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Erik Jorung Solstad
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts, and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicolay Stien
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts, and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food, and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts, and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Handford MJ, Bright TE, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training. Sports Med 2022; 52:2061-2083. [PMID: 35536450 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric training as a method to enhance athletic performance is a topic of increasing interest to both practitioners and researchers. However, data regarding the effects of performing the eccentric actions of an exercise at increased velocities are limited. This narrative review aimed to provide greater clarity for eccentric methods and classification with regard to temporal phases of exercises. Between March and April 2021, we used key terms to search the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases within the years 1950-2021. Search terms included 'fast eccentric', 'fast velocity eccentric', 'dynamic eccentric', 'accentuated eccentric loading', and 'isokinetic eccentric', analysing both the acute and the chronic effects of accelerated eccentric training in human participants. Review of the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria identified that completing eccentric tempos of < 2 s increased subsequent concentric one repetition maximum performance, velocity, and power compared with > 4 s tempos. Tempos of > 4 s duration increased time under tension (TUT), whereas reduced tempos allowed for greater volume to be completed. Greater TUT led to larger accumulation of blood lactate, growth hormone, and testosterone when volume was matched to that of the reduced tempos. Overall, evidence supports eccentric actions of < 2 s duration to improve subsequent concentric performance. There is no clear difference between using eccentric tempos of 2-6 s if the aim is to increase hypertrophic response and strength. Future research should analyse the performance of eccentric actions at greater velocities or reduced time durations to determine more factors such as strength response. Tempo studies should aim to complete the same TUT for protocols to determine measures for hypertrophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Handford
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.
| | - Thomas E Bright
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Peter Mundy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Abstract
The aim of conditioning is to remodel body tissues in preparation for the physical demands of activity. Body tissues need strength to produce and withstand the forces generated during movement. Body tissues remodel in response to load, for example, training can remodel and increase the size of tendons, but this takes time. Training does more than just strengthening tissues; it also improves tissue response to exercise and recovery time. The National Sports Medicine Institute in the United Kingdom states "regular exercise increases muscle tone, facilitates good circulation, improves strength, agility and flexibility and improves the rate of waste product disposal."
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tomlinson
- Twin Cities Animal Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Clinic, 12010 Riverwood Drive, Burnsville, MN 55337, USA.
| | - Megan Nelson
- Twin Cities Animal Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Clinic, 12010 Riverwood Drive, Burnsville, MN 55337, USA
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Løken J, Solstad TEJ, Stien N, Andersen V, Saeterbakken AH. Effects of bouncing the barbell in bench press on throwing velocity and strength among handball players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260297. [PMID: 34797886 PMCID: PMC8604300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bench press is a popular training-exercise in throw related sports such as javelin, baseball and handball. Athletes in these sports often use bouncing (i.e., letting the barbell collide with the chest) to create an increased momentum to accelerate the barbell upwards before completing the movement by throwing the barbell. Importantly, the effects of the bouncing technique in bench press have not been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of bench press throw with (BPTbounce) or without bounce (BPT) on throwing velocity (penalty and 3-step), 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) and average power output (20-60kg) in bench press among handball players. Sixteen male amateur handball players (7.1±1.9 years of handball experience) were randomly allocated to an eight-week supplementary power training program (2 x week-1) with either the BPT or BPTbounce. Except for the bounce technique, the training programs were identical and consisted of 3 sets with 3-5 repetitions at 40-60% of 1-RM with maximal effort in free-weight barbell bench press throw. The results revealed no significant differences between the groups in any of the tests (p = 0.109-0.957). However, both groups improved penalty throw (BPT; 4.6%, p<0.001, ES = 0.57; BPTbounce; 5.1%, p = 0.008, ES = 0.91) and 1-RM (BPT; 9.7%, p<0.001, ES = 0.49; BPTbounce; 8.7%, p = 0.018, ES = 0.60), but only the BPT improved the 3-step throw (BPT; 2.9%, p = 0.060, ES = 0.38; BPTbounce; 2.3%, p = 0.216, ES = 0.40). The BPT improved power output only at 20kg and 30kg loads (9.1% and 12.7%; p = 0.018-0.048, ES = 0.43-0.51) whereas BPTbounce demonstrated no significant differences across the loads (p = 0.252-0.806). In conclusion, the bounce technique demonstrated similar effects on throwing velocity, muscle strength and muscle power output as conventional bench press throw without the bounce technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørund Løken
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Tom Erik Jorung Solstad
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Nicolay Stien
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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Uthoff A, Bustos A, Metral G, Cronin J, Dolcetti J, Rumpf MC. Does Warming Up With Wearable Resistance Influence Internal and External Training Load in National Level Soccer Players? Sports Health 2021; 14:92-98. [PMID: 34781770 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211055696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adding wearable resistance (WR) to training results in superior performance compared with unloaded conditions. However, it is unclear if adding WR during warm-up influences training load (TL) in the subsequent session. The aim of this research was to track TL in soccer players during the transition from late preseason to early in-season and examine whether adding WR to the lower leg during a warm-up influenced TL measures during warm-ups and on-field training sessions after WR was removed. HYPOTHESIS The addition of WR worn on the lower legs during an on-field warm-up would lead to decreases in relatively high-intensity external TL metrics, such as distance covered >6.11 m∙s-1 and acceleration and deceleration >/<3 m∙s-2 and increases in internal TL during the warm-up, yet would have little effect on the subsequent training session when WR was removed. STUDY DESIGN Matched-pair randomized design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 28 soccer players were allocated to either a WR training (WRT = 14) or unloaded (control [CON] = 14) group. Both groups performed the same warm-up and on-field training for 8 weeks, with the WRT group wearing 200 g to 600 g loads on their lower leg during the warm-up. External TL was measured via global positioning system data and internal TL was assessed using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE × time per session). RESULTS No statistically significant between-group differences (P ≥ 0.05) were identified for any TL measurement during either warm-ups or training sessions. Lower leg WR resulted in trivial to moderate effects for all external TL metrics (-16.9% to 2.40%; d = -0.61 to 0.14) and sRPE (-0.33%; d = -0.03) during the warm-up and trivial to small effects on all external TL metrics (-8.95% to -0.36%; d = -0.45 to -0.30) and sRPE (3.39%; d = 0.33) during training sessions. CONCLUSION Warming up with lower leg WR negatively affects neither the quality and quantity of the warm-up nor the subsequent training session once WR is removed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Using WR on the lower leg during on-field warm-ups may be a means to "microdose" strength training while not unduly increasing TL. However, further research is needed to determine the influence of WR on strength qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aníbal Bustos
- Department of Evaluation and Prescription of Physical Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina.,Ergolab, Human Performance Lab, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Metral
- University of the Great Rosary, Santa Fé, Argentina.,Belgrano Athletic Club of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - John Cronin
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael C Rumpf
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Footballscience, Rödermark, Germany
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Dann RA, Kelly V. Evidence-Based Strength and Conditioning Plan for Freestyle Snowboarding Athletes. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional soccer. Biol Sport 2021; 38:377-390. [PMID: 34475621 PMCID: PMC8329977 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.99328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional soccer. Fifty-two strength and conditioning coaches from professional leagues across 18 countries completed an online survey, consisting of 45 questions, with eight sections: (a) background information, (b) muscular strength and power development, (c) speed development, (d) plyometrics, (e) flexibility development, (f) physical testing, (g) technology use, and (h) programing. A frequency analysis was used to assess and report responses to fixed response questions, and thematic-analysis used for open-ended questions to create clear, identifiable and distinct themes. All strength and conditioning coaches were educated to degree level or higher, 65% held strength and conditioning certifications and 54% held soccer coaching certifications. Concentric (100%) and eccentric (98%) modes of resistance were the most commonly prescribed, whereas the squat (including variations) (52%) was deemed the most important exercise for soccer players. Hang clean (33%) and multiple hops/lunges (89%) were the most programed Olympic weightlifting and plyometric exercises. Global Positioning Systems (94%) were the most utilized technology-based equipment. Time, scheduling and fixtures were the biggest issues faced, which made it difficult to periodize training programs and apply appropriate training loads. Furthermore, strength and conditioning coaches would like to further integrate technology to comprehensively monitor and test players, while also believing that technology will continue to be developed and integrated in the future. Strength and conditioning coaches from professional soccer can use the information from this study to review current practices and also provide ideas for diversifying or modifying future practices.
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Uthoff A, Sommerfield LM, Pichardo AW. Effects of Resistance Training Methods on Golf Clubhead Speed and Hitting Distance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2651-2660. [PMID: 34224506 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uthoff, A, Sommerfield, LM, and Pichardo, AW. Effects of resistance training methods on golf clubhead speed and hitting distance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2651-2660, 2021-Resistance training is widely regarded within the golfing community to improve golf performance by increasing clubhead speed (CHS) and drive distance and can be classified into 3 categories: nonspecific, specific, and combined. However, it is currently unclear which resistance training methods are most effective in improving predictors of golf performance. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of nonspecific, specific, and combined strength training methods on CHS and drive distance. A systematic search strategy was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines to identify eligible articles through PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and Google Scholar. The searches identified 4,557 potentially relevant results, with 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Thirteen studies investigated nonspecific resistance training, one study investigated specific resistance training, and 7 studies investigated combined resistance training. Collectively, resistance training positively impacts golf CHS and hitting distance, but adaptations vary depending on the type and intensity of training, as well as subject's characteristics. Using a combination of nonspecific and golf-specific training (average increase of 4.1% CHS and 5.2% hitting distance) seems to enhance golf performance more than nonspecific strength training (average increase of 1.6% CHS and 4.8% hitting distance). Eight-week programs including golf-specific movements at high velocities for 3 to 4 sets of 5 to 15 repetitions are the most effective in increasing CHS and hitting distance. Future research investigating how golf-specific training influences CHS and hitting distance in various subgroups may provide further insight regarding prescription of this training type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Lesley M Sommerfield
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
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Uthoff A, Oliver J, Cronin J, Winwood P, Harrison C, Lee JE. Resisted Sprint Training in Youth: The Effectiveness of Backward vs. Forward Sled Towing on Speed, Jumping, and Leg Compliance Measures in High-School Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2205-2212. [PMID: 34398077 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uthoff, A, Oliver, J, Cronin, J, Winwood, P, Harrison, C, and Lee, JE. Resisted sprint training in youth: the effectiveness of backward vs. forward sled towing on speed, jumping, and leg compliance measures in high-school athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2205-2212, 2021-Resisted sprinting (RS) is a popular training method used to enhance sprinting performance in youth. However, research has only explored the effects of forward RS (FRS) training. We examined the effects of FRS and backward RS (BRS) and compared these with a traditional physical education curriculum (CON). One hundred fifteen boys (age 13-15 years) were matched for maturity and allocated to either an FRS (n = 34), BRS (n = 46), or CON (n = 35) group. Training groups towed progressively overloaded sleds (20-55% body mass) 2 d·wk-1 for 8 weeks. Pre-training and post-training data were collected for sprinting times over 10 and 20 m, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and leg stiffness (KN). Performance remained unchanged for the CON group (all p > 0.05), whereas all variables significantly improved (p < 0.05) after BRS, and all but 10-m performance improved after FRS. Compared with the CON, BRS and FRS significantly (p > 0.05) improved CMJ (Effect size [ES] = 0.67 and 0.38) and KN (ES = 0.94 and 0.69), respectively. No differences were found between training groups. The probabilities of improving sprinting performance after BRS (∼70%) were on average ∼10 and ∼8% better than the FRS and CON groups, respectively. The BRS and FRS showed similar probabilities of improving CMJ (75 and 79%) and KN (80 and 81%), respectively, over the CON group. It seems that BRS may be a means to improve sprint performance, and regardless of direction, RS seems to be a beneficial method for improving jumping height and leg stiffness in youth male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Winwood
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Fitness, Faculty of Community Wellbeing and Development, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand ; and
| | - Craig Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- School of Engineering, Computerand Mathematical Sciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Weldon A, Mak JTS, Wong ST, Duncan MJ, Clarke ND, Bishop C. Strength and Conditioning Practices and Perspectives of Volleyball Coaches and Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:28. [PMID: 33668464 PMCID: PMC7917682 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To the authors' knowledge this is the first study to describe the strength and conditioning (S&C) practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players. In total, 30 volleyball coaches (mean age 34.47 ± 7.83 years and coaching experience 19.57 ± 8.28 years), and 30 volleyball players (mean age 22.03 ± 4.43 years and playing experience 10.43 ± 8.98 years) completed an online survey with six sections: (a) informed consent; (b) background information; (c) education, qualifications, and prescription; (d) views on S&C; (e) exercise selection and preferences; and (f) issues and improvements. Frequency analysis was used to report responses to fixed-response questions and thematic-analysis for open-ended questions. While only one participant possessed an S&C certification, S&C was deemed 'important' to 'very important' for volleyball skills, physical fitness, and injury parameters. However, due to a reported lack of expertise, there appeared to be a theoretical understanding to practice gap. Furthermore, the implementation of S&C was considerably hindered by a lack of time, facilities, and equipment. National sports associations, coaches, and players can use the information within this study to provide an understanding of the current practices and perspectives of S&C in volleyball. While also promoting future developments in volleyball related S&C research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Weldon
- Faculty of Management and Hospitality, Department of Sports and Recreation, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.T.S.M.); (S.T.W.)
| | - Jason T. S. Mak
- Faculty of Management and Hospitality, Department of Sports and Recreation, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.T.S.M.); (S.T.W.)
| | - Sing T. Wong
- Faculty of Management and Hospitality, Department of Sports and Recreation, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.T.S.M.); (S.T.W.)
| | - Michael J. Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (M.J.D.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; (M.J.D.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London NW1 4RL, UK;
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Thapa RK, Lum D, Moran J, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Complex Training on Sprint, Jump, and Change of Direction Ability of Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 11:627869. [PMID: 33551937 PMCID: PMC7862112 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.627869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of complex training (CT) on sprint, jump, and change of direction (COD) ability among soccer players. After an electronic search, 10 peer-reviewed articles were considered in the meta-analysis. The athletes included in this meta-analysis were amateur to professional level male soccer players (age range, 14–23 years). These studies incorporated CT in soccer players who were compared to a control group. Significant moderate to large improvements were observed in the CT group [sprint: standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.92–1.91; jump: SMD = 0.96–1.58; COD: SMD = 0.97–1.49] when compared to control groups. Subgroup analysis were also conducted based on age, duration, and competitive level. The beneficial effects of CT were greater in players <18 vs. ≥18 years (linear sprinting; SMD = 2.01 vs. −0.13), after ≥8 vs. <8 weeks (jumping and COD; SMD = 1.55–2.01 vs. 0.31–0.64, respectively) and among professional vs. amateur players (linear sprinting and with COD; SMD = 1.53–1.58 vs. 0.08–0.63, respectively). In conclusion, regular soccer training programs may be supplemented with CT to improve sprint, jump, and COD performance. A longer duration of CT (≥8 weeks) seems to be optimal in improving the physical abilities of soccer players. Professional players and <18 years players may benefit more from CT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Thapa
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, India
| | - Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport Rehabilitation and Exercises Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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Carvalho L, Junior RM, Truffi G, Serra A, Sander R, De Souza EO, Barroso R. Is stronger better? Influence of a strength phase followed by a hypertrophy phase on muscular adaptations in resistance-trained men. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:536-546. [PMID: 33241958 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1853546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although used by resistance-trained individuals, it is unknown if increasing muscle strength prior to hypertrophy training leads to greater muscle growth and strength gains. We investigated muscle thickness and maximum strength in 26 resistance-trained men who were randomly assigned to either: STHT, consisted in a 3-week strength-oriented training period (4x1-3 repetition maximum [RM]) prior to a 5-week hypertrophy-oriented period (4x8-12RM), or HT, which comprised an 8-week hypertrophy-oriented training period. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness, and back squat and leg-press 1-RM were assessed at pre, third week, and after 8 weeks of training. When pre-to-post changes are compared, STHT induced greater muscle growth (p = 0.049; 95%CI = 0.15-3.2%; d = 0.81) and strength gains in the back squat (p = 0.015; 95%CI = 1.5-13%; d = 1.05) and leg-press 45° (p = 0.044; 95%CI = 0.16-9.9%; d = 0.79) compared to HT. Our results support the use of a period to increase muscle strength prior to an HT to increase muscle thickness and maximum strength in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carvalho
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roberto Moriggi Junior
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Truffi
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriano Serra
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Sander
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Raya-González J, García-Esteban S, Hume P, Castillo D. Effects of Gluteal Muscles Strengthening on Lower-Limb Injuries in Male Professional Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:1593-1598. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raya-González J, Castillo D, Beato M. The Flywheel Paradigm in Team Sports: A Soccer Approach. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fernandez Ortega JA, los Reyes YGD, Garavito Peña FR. Effects of strength training based on velocity versus traditional training on muscle mass, neuromuscular activation, and indicators of maximal power and strength in girls soccer players. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Kitamura K, Roschel H, Loturco I, Lamas L, Tricoli V, João PV, Fellingham G, Ugrinowitsch C. Strength and power training improve skill performance in volleyball players. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742020000110200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleo de Alto Rendimento Esportivo de São Paulo, Brasil
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21
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Relationship between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Force-Velocity Characteristics in BMX Cyclists. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7110232. [PMID: 31717533 PMCID: PMC6915637 DOI: 10.3390/sports7110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Especially for bicycle motocross (BMX) cyclists, transfer of muscular force-velocity (Fv) characteristics between common strength training exercises and cycling is important. This study investigated the relationship between Fv characteristics in a common training exercise (squat jumps) and a sport-specific task (cycling) in high-level BMX racers by exploring the degree to which Fv and torque–cadence (Tc) characteristics correspond. Twelve BMX racers performed an Fv (multiple loaded squat jump) and two Tc tests (ramp starts and flat-ground sprints). Results revealed very large correlations between F0 and Tor0 start (r = 0.77) and between Pmax jump and Pmax start (r = 0.85). On the other hand, the relationships between v0 and Cad0 start (r = –0.25) and between SFv and STc start (r = –0.14) were small and negative. Similar results were observed for sprints. Based on dichotomous classifications (greater or less than group median), several discrepancies occurred, particularly for the profile slopes and high-speed variables. Thus, we recommend performing both jump-based and cycling-specific Fv testing. Of additional note, Tc characteristics on flat ground were similar to, but slightly different from those on the start ramp. Therefore, where possible, Tc tests should be carried out on a ramp.
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Relationships Between Dry-land Resistance Training and Swim Start Performance and Effects of Such Training on the Swim Start: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2019; 49:1957-1973. [PMID: 31493205 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The swim start requires an explosive muscular response of the lower body musculature to effectively initiate movement off the starting blocks. There are currently key gaps in the literature evaluating the relationship between dry-land resistance training and swim start performance and the effects of this training on swim start performance, as assessed by the time to 5, 10 or 15 m. OBJECTIVES The aims of this systematic review were to critically appraise the current literature on (1) the acute relationship between dry-land resistance training and swim start performance and (2) the acute and chronic effects of dry-land resistance training on swim start performance. METHODS An electronic search using AusportMed, Embase, Medline (Ovid), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS) (cross-sectional studies) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (intervention studies). RESULTS Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria, although the majority did not utilise the starting blocks or technique currently used in elite swimming. Swim start performance was near perfectly related (r > 0.90) to vertical bodyweight jumps and jump height. Post-activation potentiation and plyometrics were found to produce significant improvements in acute and chronic swim start performance, respectively. CONCLUSION While there appears to be strong evidence supporting the use of plyometric exercises such as vertical jumps for monitoring and improving swim start performance, future studies need to replicate these findings using current starting blocks and techniques and compare the chronic effects of a variety of resistance training programmes.
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Schleichardt A, Badura M, Lehmann F, Ueberschär O. Comparison of force-velocity profiles of the leg-extensors for elite athletes in the throwing events relating to gender, age and event. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:720-736. [PMID: 31132026 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1598479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Strength capabilities of the leg-extending muscles play an important role in athletic throwing events, where a high momentum must be transferred to the throwing device. The objective of this study was to quantify the force-velocity profiles of the leg-extending muscles considering gender, age and event. The leg-extending forces of 143 elite-athletes (59 females, 84 males) of the athletic throwing events were measured during isokinetic leg press tasks at four speeds. The maxima of force, power and contraction velocity of a knee-extending model muscle could be determined by means of a scalable geometric model and linear fitting. This method makes different groups of athletes comparable. Furthermore, the individually achieved release speeds were measured in a field test. Female and male throwers showed a different development of force-velocity profiles during their maturation process. For the men the development is more speed-oriented. We identified shot putters and javelin throwers to be the athletes with the highest leg-extending power. The importance of leg-extending muscle strength for the complex field performance for the throwing events was confirmed. The presented approach allows to give support in controlling and guiding of leg-extension strength training for both different stages of maturing and varying throwing events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Badura
- Head Coach Throwing Events, German Athletics Federation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Lehmann
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Wagle JP, Taber CB, Cunanan AJ, Bingham GE, Carroll KM, DeWeese BH, Sato K, Stone MH. Accentuated Eccentric Loading for Training and Performance: A Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2473-2495. [PMID: 28681170 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) prescribes eccentric load magnitude in excess of the concentric prescription using movements that require coupled eccentric and concentric actions, with minimal interruption to natural mechanics. This method has been theorized to potentiate concentric performance through higher eccentric loading and, thus, higher concentric force production. There is also evidence for favorable chronic adaptations, namely shifts to faster myosin heavy chain isoforms and changes in IIx-specific muscle cross-sectional area. However, research concerning the acute and chronic responses to AEL is inconclusive, likely due to inconsistencies in subjects, exercise selection, load prescription, and method of providing AEL. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize: (1) the magnitudes and methods of AEL application; (2) the acute and chronic implications of AEL as a means to enhance force production; (3) the potential mechanisms by which AEL enhances acute and chronic performance; and (4) the limitations of current research and the potential for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wagle
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA.
| | - Christopher B Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT, USA
| | - Aaron J Cunanan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA
| | - Garett E Bingham
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA
| | - Kevin M Carroll
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA
| | - Brad H DeWeese
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA
| | - Kimitake Sato
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, 1081 Roberts Bell Dr., Johnson City, TN, 37601, USA
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Abstract
Velocity strength training requires exercise modalities that allow athletes to reach very high movement velocity, which is limited during vertical movements involving body weight. PURPOSE To quantify the mechanical outputs developed during horizontal squat jumps (HSJs), notably the movement velocity, in comparison with vertical squat jumps (SJs) with and without loads. METHODS Thirteen healthy male athletes performed SJs without additional loads (SJ0) and with a load of ∼60% of body mass (SJ60), and during HSJs performed lying on a roller device with (assisted HSJ [AHSJ]) and without (HSJ) rubber-band assistance. Instantaneous lower-limb extension velocity, force, and power output were measured and averaged over the push-off phase. RESULTS The force was significantly higher during SJ60 than during SJ0, which was higher than during HSJ and AHSJ. Extension velocity was significantly different across all conditions, with 0.86 (0.07), 1.29 (0.10), 1.59 (0.19), and 1.83 (0.19) m·s-1 for SJ60, SJ0, HSJ, and AHSJ conditions, respectively. Differences in force and velocity values between SJ0 and the other conditions were large to extremely large. Differences were observed in power values only between SJ60 and SJ0, SJ60 and AHSJ, and SJ0 and HSJ. CONCLUSIONS HSJ modalities allow athletes to reach very to extremely largely greater lower-limb extension velocities (HSJ +24.0% [16%], AHSJ +42.8% [17.4%]) compared to those achieved during SJ0. HSJ and AHSJ modalities are inexpensive and practical modalities to train limb-extension velocity capabilities, that is, the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce force at high contraction velocities.
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Sakamoto A, Kuroda A, Sinclair PJ, Naito H, Sakuma K. The effectiveness of bench press training with or without throws on strength and shot put distance of competitive university athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1821-1830. [PMID: 29931495 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maximum force exertion against various resistance levels (heavy-light) is commonly implemented to improve both strength- and speed-oriented components of power. Medium-light resistances allow rapid accelerations, yet incur significant decelerations in the later concentric phase to bring the bar to a halt, which may limit the concentric effort and, therefore, the effectiveness of training. Accordingly, ballistic actions have been recommended. This study evaluated the effectiveness of power bench press training, with the bar thrown on a Smith machine (BPthrow) or without throwing (BPnon-throw), for developing strength and shot put distance. METHODS Nine university shot-putters performed BPthrow and BPnon-throw at 50, 40 and 30% 1RM, as well as seated and standing shot put trials. Peak angular velocities at the elbow were measured in these tasks using a wireless electro-goniometer. Participants underwent 24 sessions of training (12 weeks) with either BPthrow (n = 5) or BPnon-throw (n = 4) at the three intensities (20 s × 2 sets at 50, 40 and 30% 1RM). RESULTS The peak elbow velocity during BPthrow was 1.7 times greater than BPnon-throw for all intensities. The velocity of BPthrow at 30% 1RM (854.7°/s), however, was still slower than seated (1121.3°/s) and standing (1539.1°/s) shot puts. BPthrow training significantly improved 1RM (+ 10.0%) and the distances of seated (+ 11.7%) and standing (+ 3.8%) shot puts, while no performance changes occurred after BPnon-throw training. CONCLUSION When undergoing power bench press against medium-light resistances, maximum ballistic actions are important strategies for improving 1RM and shot put performance of university shot-putters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kuroda
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Peter James Sinclair
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakuma
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
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Lasevicius T, Ugrinowitsch C, Schoenfeld BJ, Roschel H, Tavares LD, De Souza EO, Laurentino G, Tricoli V. Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:772-780. [PMID: 29564973 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1450898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of different intensities of resistance training (RT) on elbow flexion and leg press one-repetition maximum (1RM) and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Thirty men volunteered to participate in an RT programme, performed twice a week for 12 weeks. The study employed a within-subject design, in which one leg and arm trained at 20% 1RM (G20) and the contralateral limb was randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: 40% (G40); 60% (G60), and 80% 1RM (G80). The G20 started RT session with three sets to failure. After G20 training, the number of sets was adjusted for the other contralateral limb conditions with volume-matched. CSA and 1RM were assessed at pre, post-6 weeks, and post-12 weeks. There was time effect for CSA for the vastus lateralis (VL) (8.9%, 20.5%, 20.4%, and 19.5%) and elbow flexors (EF) (11.4%, 25.3%, 25.1%, and 25%) in G20, G40, G60, and G80, respectively (p > .05). G80 showed higher CSA than G20 for VL (19.5% vs. 8.9%) and EF (25% vs. 11.4%) at post-12 weeks (p < .05). There was time effect for elbow flexion and unilateral leg press strength for all groups post-12 weeks (p < .05). However, the magnitude of increase was higher in G60 and G80. In conclusion, when low to high intensities of RT are performed with volume-matched, all intensities were effective for increasing muscle strength and size; however, 20% 1RM was suboptimal in this regard, and only the heavier RT intensity (80% 1RM) was shown superior for increasing strength and CSA compared to low intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lasevicius
- a Department of Health Sciences , University Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- b Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Hamilton Roschel
- b Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas Duarte Tavares
- a Department of Health Sciences , University Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Gilberto Laurentino
- b Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- b Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Loturco I, Nakamura FY, Winckler C, Bragança JR, da Fonseca RA, Moraes-Filho J, Zaccani WA, Kobal R, Cal Abad CC, Kitamura K, Pereira LA, Franchini E. Strength-Power Performance of Visually Impaired Paralympic and Olympic Judo Athletes From the Brazilian National Team: A Comparative Study. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:743-749. [PMID: 27379958 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loturco, I, Nakamura, FY, Winckler, C, Bragança, JR, da Fonseca, RA, Filho, JM, Zaccani, WA, Kobal, R, Cal Abad, CC, Kitamura, K, Pereira, LA, and Franchini, E. Strength-power performance of visually impaired paralympic and olympic judo athletes from the brazilian national team: a comparative study. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 743-749, 2017-The aim of this study was to compare the muscle power and maximal isometric strength capacities of Olympic and visually impaired Paralympic judo athletes. Twenty-eight elite judo athletes (7 men and 7 women per group) from the permanent Brazilian National Paralympic and Olympic teams took part in this study. After a specific warm-up, the athletes performed loaded jump squat (JS), bench press (BP), and standing barbell row (SBR) exercises to determine their values of maximum mean propulsive power (MPP) in these respective exercises. The maximal isometric strength (MIS) was also determined for both upper and lower limbs, through the use of BP and half-squat (HS) exercises. Finally, the jumping ability was assessed using unloaded squat jump (SJ). The magnitude-based inference was used to compare the groups. The Olympic judo athletes presented a likely higher SJ height than the Paralympic athletes. The Olympic group presented almost certainly higher MPP in the loaded JS and in the SBR exercises and likely higher MPP in the BP exercise. Importantly, in the MIS assessments the differences between groups in the HS and BP exercises were rated as unclear. In conclusion, our results showed that both Olympic and Paralympic judo athletes present similar levels of maximal isometric strength, but muscle power performance is superior in Olympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, UEL-State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3CPB-Brazilian Paralympic Committee, Brasília, Brazil; 4CBJ-Brazilian Judo Confederation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and 5Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schelling X, Torres-Ronda L. An Integrative Approach to Strength and Neuromuscular Power Training for Basketball. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rumpf MC, Lockie RG, Cronin JB, Jalilvand F. Effect of Different Sprint Training Methods on Sprint Performance Over Various Distances. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1767-85. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jolley RI, Goodwin JE, Cleather DJ. Peak Power Output in the Bench Pull Is Maximized After Four Weeks of Specific Power Training. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:966-72. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Conceição F, Fernandes J, Lewis M, Gonzaléz-Badillo JJ, Jimenéz-Reyes P. Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1099-106. [PMID: 26395837 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1090010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between movement velocity and relative load in three lower limbs exercises commonly used to develop strength: leg press, full squat and half squat. The percentage of one repetition maximum (%1RM) has typically been used as the main parameter to control resistance training; however, more recent research has proposed movement velocity as an alternative. Fifteen participants performed a load progression with a range of loads until they reached their 1RM. Maximum instantaneous velocity (Vmax) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) of the knee extension phase of each exercise were assessed. For all exercises, a strong relationship between Vmax and the %1RM was found: leg press (r(2)adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0244, -0.0258], P < 0.0001), full squat (r(2)adj = 0.94; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0144, -0.0139], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r(2)adj = 0.97; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0135, -0.00143], P < 0.0001); for MPV, leg press (r(2)adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0169, -0.0175], P < 0.0001, full squat (r(2)adj = 0.95; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0136, -0.0128], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r(2)adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0116, 0.0124], P < 0.0001). The 1RM was attained with a MPV and Vmax of 0.21 ± 0.06 m s(-1) and 0.63 ± 0.15 m s(-1), 0.29 ± 0.05 m s(-1) and 0.89 ± 0.17 m s(-1), 0.33 ± 0.05 m s(-1) and 0.95 ± 0.13 m s(-1) for leg press, full squat and half squat, respectively. Results indicate that it is possible to determine an exercise-specific %1RM by measuring movement velocity for that exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Conceição
- a Faculdade de Desporto , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Laboratório de Biomecânica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | | | - Martin Lewis
- c College of Arts and Science , School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , UK
| | | | - Pedro Jimenéz-Reyes
- e Faculty of Physical Sciences and Sport , Catholic University of San Antonio , Murcia , Spain
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Assessment and Monitoring of Ballistic and Maximal Upper-Body Strength Qualities in Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:232-7. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To evaluate whether the dynamic strength index (DSI: ballistic peak force/isometric peak force) could be effectively used to guide specific training interventions and detect training-induced changes in maximal and ballistic strength.Methods:Twenty-four elite male athletes were assessed in the isometric bench press and a 45% 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) ballistic bench throw using a force plate and linear position transducer. The DSI was calculated using the peak force values obtained during the ballistic bench throw and isometric bench press. Athletes were then allocated into 2 groups as matched pairs based on their DSI and strength in the 1RM bench press. Over the 5 wk of training, athletes performed either high-load (80–100% 1RM) bench press or moderate-load (40–55% 1RM) ballistic bench throws.Results:The DSI was sensitive to disparate training methods, with the bench-press group increasing isometric bench-press peak force (P = .035, 91% likely), and the ballistic-bench-throw group increasing bench-throw peak force to a greater extent (P ≤ .001, 83% likely). A significant increase (P ≤ .001, 93% likely) in the DSI was observed for both groups.Conclusions:The DSI can be used to guide specific training interventions and can detect training-induced changes in isometric bench-press and ballistic bench-throw peak force over periods as short as 5 wk.
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Abstract
The main aim of this study was to determine the optimal training zone for maximum power output. This was to be achieved through estimating mean bar velocity of the concentric phase of a bench press using a prediction equation. The values for the prediction equation would be obtained using OMNI–RES scale values of different loads of the bench press exercise. Sixty males (age 23.61
2.81 year; body height 176.29
6.73 cm; body mass 73.28
4.75 kg) voluntarily participated in the study and were tested using an incremental protocol on a Smith machine to determine one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press exercise. A linear regression analysis produced a strong correlation (r = −0.94) between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mean bar velocity (Velmean). The Pearson correlation analysis between real power output (PotReal) and estimated power (PotEst) showed a strong correlation coefficient of r = 0.77, significant at a level of p = 0.01. Therefore, the OMNI–RES scale can be used to predict Velmean in the bench press exercise to control the intensity of the exercise. The positive relationship between PotReal and PotEst allowed for the identification of a maximum power-training zone.
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Short-term effects of complex training on agility with the ball, speed, efficiency of crossing and shooting in youth soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2014; 43:105-12. [PMID: 25713650 PMCID: PMC4332169 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex training (CXT) is the result of a combination of strength and plyometric exercises in the same session. This method has recently been used in the preparation of athletes of different sports. The aim of the present study was to observe the acute effects of a CXT program of 6 weeks: i) on agility with the ball, sprinting and the efficiency of crossing and shooting in youth soccer players; ii) and the influence of the number of CXT sessions per week (one vs. two). Sixteen youth male soccer players were randomly divided into three groups: a group that performed one weekly CXT session (GCT1, n = 5, age: 13.80 ± 0.45 years); or a group that performed two weekly CXT sessions (GCT2, n = 5, age: 14.20 ± 0.45 years); or a control group that did not perform the CTX (n = 6, age: 14.20 ± 0.84 years). All groups maintained their regular soccer training sessions. No significant interactions were found between GCT1 and GCT2 in all variables. Significant statistical differences were identified (F = 1139, p = 0.02, μp2 = 0531) in the pre-test versus post-test, for both experimental groups, in shot effectiveness. In conclusion, the CXT program proved to be an effective method in boosting abilities and motor skills associated with soccer among young athletes, particularly in increasing shot effectiveness.
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González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Sánchez-Medina L, Gorostiaga EM, Pareja-Blanco F. Maximal intended velocity training induces greater gains in bench press performance than deliberately slower half-velocity training. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14:772-81. [PMID: 24734902 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.905987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on strength gains of two isoinertial resistance training (RT) programmes that only differed in actual concentric velocity: maximal (MaxV) vs. half-maximal (HalfV) velocity. Twenty participants were assigned to a MaxV (n = 9) or HalfV (n = 11) group and trained 3 times per week during 6 weeks using the bench press (BP). Repetition velocity was controlled using a linear velocity transducer. A complementary study (n = 10) aimed to analyse whether the acute metabolic (blood lactate and ammonia) and mechanical response (velocity loss) was different between the MaxV and HalfV protocols used. Both groups improved strength performance from pre- to post-training, but MaxV resulted in significantly greater gains than HalfV in all variables analysed: one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength (18.2 vs. 9.7%), velocity developed against all (20.8 vs. 10.0%), light (11.5 vs. 4.5%) and heavy (36.2 vs. 17.3%) loads common to pre- and post-tests. Light and heavy loads were identified with those moved faster or slower than 0.80 m · s(-1) (∼ 60% 1RM in BP). Lactate tended to be significantly higher for MaxV vs. HalfV, with no differences observed for ammonia which was within resting values. Both groups obtained the greatest improvements at the training velocities (≤ 0.80 m · s(-1)). Movement velocity can be considered a fundamental component of RT intensity, since, for a given %1RM, the velocity at which loads are lifted largely determines the resulting training effect. BP strength gains can be maximised when repetitions are performed at maximal intended velocity.
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Okkonen O, Häkkinen K. Biomechanical Comparison Between Sprint Start, Sled Pulling, and Selected Squat-Type Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:2662-73. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31829992b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Faude O, Roth R, Di Giovine D, Zahner L, Donath L. Combined strength and power training in high-level amateur football during the competitive season: a randomised-controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1460-7. [PMID: 23768214 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.796065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the effects of combined strength and power training during the competitive season on physical fitness in high-level amateur football players. Sixteen male players (22.5 (SD 2.5) years, 1.79 (0.05) m, 76.8 (6.1) kg) from one team were randomly assigned to either a strength training (ST, N = 8) or a control (CON, N = 8) group. ST conducted lower extremity resistance exercises combined with plyometrics and/or sprints 2 × 30 min per week for 7 weeks. CON performed technical-tactical training during the same time period. Before and after training several physical fitness parameters were assessed: one-repetition maximum (1-RM, half squat), isometric peak strength and rate of force development (RFD, leg press), jump height (countermovement, CMJ, drop jump, DJ), sprint times, agility, and intermittent endurance. Large significant test × group interactions were found for 1-RM, CMJ, and DJ reactivity index with increases in CT relative to CON(+11 to 18%). Although not significant (P < 0.20), likely practically relevant effects were observed for isometric peak strength and RFD (+24 to 29%). We found no relevant interaction effects for agility, sprint times, and intermittent endurance. A 7-week in-season combined strength and power training program can improve relevant strength and jump parameters in high-level amateur football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Faude
- Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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Nimphius S, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Changes in muscle architecture and performance during a competitive season in female softball players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2655-66. [PMID: 22847524 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318269f81e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was (a) to examine the performance changes that occur in elite female softball players during 20 weeks of softball training (that included 14 weeks of periodized resistance training [RT]) and (b) to examine the relationship between percent change (%change) in muscle architecture variables and %change in strength, speed, and change of direction performance. Ten female softball players (age = 18.1 ± 1.6 years, height = 166.5 ± 8.9 cm, weight = 72.4 ± 10.8 kg) from a state Australian Institute of Sport softball team were tested for maximal lower-body strength using a 3 repetition maximum for a predicted 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and peak force, peak velocity (PV), and peak power (PP) were measured during jump squats (JS) unloaded and loaded. In addition, the first base (1B) and the second base (2B) sprint performance, change of direction (505) on dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) sides, aerobic capacity, and muscle architecture characteristics of vastus lateralis (VL) including muscle thickness (MT), fascicle length (FL), and pennation angle (θp) were examined. The testing sessions occurred pre, mid, and post training (total 20 week pre- and in-season training period). Changes over time were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. The relationship between %change in muscle architecture variables and strength, speed, and change of direction variables from pre to post were assessed by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Significant improvements in PV and PP occurred at all JS loads pre- to mid-testing and pre- to post-testing. Significant increases occurred pre-post in absolute 1RM, relative 1RM, 505 ND, and 2B sprint. The strongest relationships were found between %change in VL MT and 1B sprint (r = -0.80, p = 0.06), %change in VL FL and 2B sprint (r = -0.835, p = 0.02), and %change in relative 1RM and 505 D (r = -0.70, p = 0.04). In conclusion, gains in strength, power, and performance can occur during the season in elite softball players who are also engaged in a periodized RT program. Furthermore, changes in performance measures are associated with changes in muscle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
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Samozino P, Rejc E, Di Prampero PE, Belli A, Morin JB. Optimal force-velocity profile in ballistic movements--altius: citius or fortius? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:313-22. [PMID: 21775909 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31822d757a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study's purpose was to determine the respective influences of the maximal power (Pmax) and the force-velocity (F-v) mechanical profile of the lower limb neuromuscular system on performance in ballistic movements. METHODS A theoretical integrative approach was proposed to express ballistic performance as a mathematical function of Pmax and F-v profile. This equation was (i) validated from experimental data obtained on 14 subjects during lower limb ballistic inclined push-offs and (ii) simulated to quantify the respective influence of Pmax and F-v profile on performance. RESULTS The bias between performances predicted and obtained from experimental measurements was 4%-7%, confirming the validity of the proposed theoretical approach. Simulations showed that ballistic performance was mostly influenced not only by Pmax but also by the balance between force and velocity capabilities as described by the F-v profile. For each individual, there is an optimal F-v profile that maximizes performance, whereas unfavorable F-v balances lead to differences in performance up to 30% for a given Pmax. This optimal F-v profile, which can be accurately determined, depends on some individual characteristics (limb extension range, Pmax) and on the afterload involved in the movement (inertia, inclination). The lower the afterload, the more the optimal F-v profile is oriented toward velocity capabilities and the greater the limitation of performance imposed by the maximal velocity of lower limb extension. CONCLUSIONS High ballistic performances are determined by both maximization of the power output capabilities and optimization of the F-v mechanical profile of the lower limb neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Savoy, Le Bourget du Lac, France.
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Clark HM. Specificity of training in the lingual musculature. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:657-667. [PMID: 22215031 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0045)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Training specificity for a number of exercise parameters has been demonstrated for the limb musculature. The current study is a Phase I exploration of training specificity in the lingual musculature. METHOD Twenty-five healthy participants were assigned to 1 of 5 training conditions. Four groups completed 4 weeks of lingual exercise targeting strength, endurance, power, or speed; a control group did not exercise. Performance measures of strength, endurance, power, and speed were obtained before and after training. RESULTS Although statistically significant group effects were not detected, specificity was observed with respect to effect size for the performance variables of strength, endurance, and power. Further evidence of specificity was provided by the finding that training isotonic endurance did not increase performance on an isometric endurance task. Speed training did not improve performance on any of the outcome measures, nor did speed increase following training with any of the exercises. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide initial evidence that training specificity may be observed in the lingual musculature. The reported effect sizes can inform future studies examining the benefit of training muscle functions underlying speech and swallowing.
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Tsang KKW, DiPasquale AA. Improving the Q:H Strength Ratio in Women Using Plyometric Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2740-5. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31820d9e95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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van den Tillaar R, Marques MC. A comparison of three training programs with the same workload on overhead throwing velocity with different weighted balls. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2316-21. [PMID: 21659892 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181f159d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if different throwing programs based upon velocity (throwing with a regular sized soccer ball), resistance (throwing with heavy medicine ball), or a combination of both with the same workload would enhance 2-handed overhead throwing velocity with different ball weights. Sixty-eight high-school students (16.5 ± 1.8 years, 57.8 ± 12 kg, 164 ± 9 cm), divided into 3 groups, participated in the study. The training programs were matched on total workload, which resulted in the velocity-training group performing 6 series of 14 reps per session with soccer balls, whereas the resistance-training group performed 3 series of 6 throws with a 3-kg medicine ball, and the combination-training group threw 9 times with a 3-kg medicine ball and 3 series of 14 reps with a soccer ball per session. Throwing velocity with a soccer ball, a 1- and 3-kg medicine ball was tested before and after a training period of 6 weeks with 2 sessions per week. A significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in throwing velocity was found after the 6-week training period with the soccer ball (6.9%) and the 1-kg medicine ball (2.8%), but not with the 3-kg medicine ball (-2.5%). In contrast, no group interaction was found with the different balls indicating that velocity, resistance, or a combination as a form of training increased the throwing velocity. Different types of training with the same total workload can increase the throwing velocity in a similar way, which shows that workload is of importance in designing training programs and comparing training with each other. Therefore, those that train high-school soccer players could implement any one of these 3 6-week programs to increase 2-handed overhead soccer throw-in velocity. This could allow the throw-in to be harder or potentially thrown farther if the right trajectory is used.
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Maio Alves JMV, Rebelo AN, Abrantes C, Sampaio J. Short-Term Effects of Complex and Contrast Training in Soccer Players' Vertical Jump, Sprint, and Agility Abilities. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:936-41. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c7c5fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effect of Two Different Training Programs with the Same Workload on Soccer Overhead Throwing Velocity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009; 4:474-84. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.4.4.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine whether two throwing programs, based upon velocity or resistance with the same workload, would enhance soccer overhead throwing velocity.Methods:Sports science students (n = 64, age 21.1 ± 2.1 y, mass 71.1 ± 11 kg, height 1.75 ± 0.09 m; mean ± SD) divided into two groups matched on performance, participated in the study. The resistance-training group trained overhead throwing with a 5-kg medicine ball for two sets of 8 reps per session, whereas a velocity training group threw four sets of 16 reps with a regular soccer ball. These training programs were matched on workload. Throwing performance with a soccer ball and a 5-kg medicine ball were tested before and after a training period of 6 wk with two sessions per week.Results:Both groups significantly increased the throwing velocity with the soccer ball (resistance-training group: 3.2% [1.0–5.5%)]; P = .003 and velocity-training group: 5.1% [2.6–7.7%]; P < .001), whereas no substantial changes were found for throwing with the 5-kg medicine ball after the training period. No substantial differences between the groups were found, which indicates that both forms of training increased the throwing velocity.Conclusions:It is concluded that both velocity and resistance throwing training programs after a short period of training with the same workload can increase throwing velocity and that workload is of importance in designing training programs and comparing them with each other.
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Peters C, George SZ. Outcomes following plyometric rehabilitation for the young throwing athlete: A case report. Physiother Theory Pract 2009; 23:351-64. [DOI: 10.1080/09593980701209451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moras G, Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Busquets A, Tous-Fajardo J, Pozzo M, Mujika I. A Metronome for Controlling the Mean Velocity During the Bench Press Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:926-31. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a0752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Reilly T, Morris T, Whyte G. The specificity of training prescription and physiological assessment: A review. J Sports Sci 2009; 27:575-89. [DOI: 10.1080/02640410902729741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Harris NK, Cronin JB, Hopkins WG, Hansen KT. Squat jump training at maximal power loads vs. heavy loads: effect on sprint ability. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 22:1742-9. [PMID: 18978632 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318187458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Training at a load maximizing power output (Pmax) is an intuitively appealing strategy for enhancement of performance that has received little research attention. In this study we identified each subject's Pmax for an isoinertial resistance training exercise used for testing and training, and then we related the changes in strength to changes in sprint performance. The subjects were 18 well-trained rugby league players randomized to two equal-volume training groups for a 7-week period of squat jump training with heavy loads (80% 1RM) or with individually determined Pmax loads (20.0-43.5% 1RM). Performance measures were 1RM strength, maximal power at 55% of pretraining 1RM, and sprint times for 10 and 30 m. Percent changes were standardized to make magnitude-based inferences. Relationships between changes in these variables were expressed as correlations. Sprint times for 10 m showed improvements in the 80% 1RM group (-2.9 +/- 3.2%) and Pmax group (-1.3 +/- 2.2%), and there were similar improvements in 30-m sprint time (-1.9 +/- 2.8 and -1.2 +/- 2.0%, respectively). Differences in the improvements in sprint time between groups were unclear, but improvement in 1RM strength in the 80% 1RM group (15 +/- 9%) was possibly substantially greater than in the Pmax group (11 +/- 8%). Small-moderate negative correlations between change in 1RM and change in sprint time (r approximately -0.30) in the combined groups provided the only evidence of adaptive associations between strength and power outputs, and sprint performance. In conclusion, it seems that training at the load that maximizes individual peak power output for this exercise with a sample of professional team sport athletes was no more effective for improving sprint ability than training at heavy loads, and the changes in power output were not usefully related to changes in sprint ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel K Harris
- Institute of Sport & Recreation Research New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Abstract
The purposes of this review are to identify the factors that contribute to the transference of strength and power training to sports performance and to provide resistance-training guidelines. Using sprinting performance as an example, exercises involving bilateral contractions of the leg muscles resulting in vertical movement, such as squats and jump squats, have minimal transfer to performance. However, plyometric training, including unilateral exercises and horizontal movement of the whole body, elicits significant increases in sprint acceleration performance, thus highlighting the importance of movement pattern and contraction velocity specificity. Relatively large gains in power output in nonspecific movements (intramuscular coordination) can be accompanied by small changes in sprint performance. Research on neural adaptations to resistance training indicates that intermuscular coordination is an important component in achieving transfer to sports skills. Although the specificity of resistance training is important, general strength training is potentially useful for the purposes of increasing body mass, decreasing the risk of soft-tissue injuries, and developing core stability. Hypertrophy and general power exercises can enhance sports performance, but optimal transfer from training also requires a specific exercise program.
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