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Sui B, Zheng J, Zhao J, Fu Z, Zhou M, Zhao L. RTP4 restricts lyssavirus rabies infection by binding to viral genomic RNA. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110159. [PMID: 38941768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by lyssavirus rabies (Rabies lyssavirus, RABV), is a fatal disease among humans and almost all warm-blooded animals. In this study, we found that RABV infection induces the up-regulation of receptor transporter protein 4 (RTP4) in mouse brains and different cells of nervous tissue. Over-expression of RTP4 reduces the viral titer of RABV in different neuronal cells. Furthermore, a recombinant RABV expressing RTP4, named rRABV-RTP4, was constructed and displayed a lower viral titer in different neuronal cells due to the expression of RTP4. Moreover, the survival rates of mice infected with rRABV-RTP4 were significantly higher than those of mice infected with parent virus rRABV or control virus rRABV-RTP4(-). In terms of mechanism, RTP4 could bind viral genomic RNA (vRNA) of RABV, and suppress the whole viral genome amplification. In addition, we found that the zinc finger domain (ZFD) of RTP4 exerts the antiviral function by truncation analysis, and an important amino acids site (C95) in the RTP4 3CxxC motif which is essential for its antiviral function was identified by mutation analysis. This study contributes to our understanding of how RTP4 or other RTP proteins play a role in defense against the invasion of RABV or other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Xu Q, Han W, Cai Y, Yin Y, Guo Y, Chen H, Wang H. A case report of the metagenomic next-generation sequencing for timely diagnosis of a traveler with nonspecific febrile Q fever. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33649. [PMID: 39040390 PMCID: PMC11261070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide distribution disease caused by Coxiella burnetii(C. burnetii), an obligate intracellular, Gram-negative acidophilic bacterium belonging to γ-proteobacterium. Most patients present with acute Q-fever accompanied by atypical flu-like symptoms, with only 1%-5% of cases may develop into persistent and focally infected foci, mainly manifest as endocarditis, osteomyelitis and prosthetic arthritis. In this case, the patient experienced an unexplained and uninterrupted fever up to 39.2 °C for a week, accompanied by chills and headaches, as well as abnormal liver function. The laboratory reported negative results for blood culture and respiratory-associated pathogens, however, the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) reported that detection of 20 sequence reads of C. burnetii in the patient's peripheral blood. In addition, the patient had traveled to Sri Lanka, Iraq and Saudi Arabia before illness. In clinical, the treatment regimen was adjusted from empirically intravenous moxifloxacin 400 mg a day for 1 week to continuously oral minocyline 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks. The patient was in good health without any adverse sequelae during outpatient visitation and the phone calls follow-up. In conclusion, the mNGS does provide an early and timely diagnostic basis for rare and difficult to culture pathogens, which contributes to the success of clinical anti-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Wenyan Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
- Clinical Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, 010020, China
| | - Yihua Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518001, China
| | - Yuyao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
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Addo SO, Amoah S, Unicorn NM, Kyeremateng ET, Desewu G, Obuam PK, Malm ROT, Osei-Frempong E, Torto FA, Accorlor SK, Baidoo PK, Dadzie SK, Larbi JA. Molecular Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Kumasi: With a First Report of Zoonotic Pathogens in Abattoir Workers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:4848451. [PMID: 39035771 PMCID: PMC11260511 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4848451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens continue to infect humans and animals worldwide. By adapting to the movement of livestock, ticks facilitate the spread of these infectious pathogens. Humans in close contact with animals that could be amplifying hosts are especially at risk of being infected with tick-borne pathogens. This study involved the collection of dry blood spots (DBSs) to determine tick-borne pathogens occurring in slaughtered livestock and abattoir workers in Kumasi. This study employed the use of conventional PCR, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing to detect and identify the tick-borne pathogens. The resulting data was analysed using Stata version 13. A total of 175 DBSs were collected from goats (76), cattle (54), and sheep (45) in the Kumasi abattoir (130, 74.29%) and Akwatia Line slaughter slab (45, 25.71%). The pathogens identified were mostly bacterial including Anaplasma capra (9.71%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.14%), and Rickettsia aeschlimannii (0.57.%). The only parasite identified was Theileria ovis (9.14%). A significant association was seen between A. capra (p < 0.001) infection and female sheep sampled from the Akwatia Line slaughter slab. Again, there was a significant association between T. ovis (p < 0.001) infections and female sheep from the Kumasi abattoir. From the human DBS (63) screened, the pathogens identified were all bacterial including Coxiella burnetii (1.89%), Rickettsia africae (1.89%), and R. aeschlimannii (1.89%). This study reports the first detection of R. aeschlimannii in livestock as well as the occurrence of the above-mentioned pathogens in humans in Ghana. Animals can serve as amplifying hosts for infectious pathogens; hence, there is an increased risk of infections among the abattoir workers. Continuous surveillance effort is essential, and abattoir workers need to protect themselves from tick bites and infectious tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Offei Addo
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stacy Amoah
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Genevieve Desewu
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Patrick Kwasi Obuam
- School of Public HealthKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Odoi-Teye Malm
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Osei-Frempong
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francisca Adai Torto
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Kwabena Accorlor
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Kweku Baidoo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel K. Dadzie
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - John Asiedu Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
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Osbron CA, Lawson C, Hanna N, Koehler HS, Goodman AG. Caspase-8 activity mediates TNFα production and restricts Coxiella burnetii replication during murine macrophage infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0005324. [PMID: 38837340 PMCID: PMC11238558 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacteria that causes the global zoonotic disease Q Fever. Treatment options for chronic infection are limited, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies requires a greater understanding of how C. burnetii interacts with immune signaling. Cell death responses are known to be manipulated by C. burnetii, but the role of caspase-8, a central regulator of multiple cell death pathways, has not been investigated. In this research, we studied bacterial manipulation of caspase-8 signaling and the significance of caspase-8 to C. burnetii infection, examining bacterial replication, cell death induction, and cytokine signaling. We measured caspase, RIPK, and MLKL activation in C. burnetii-infected tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)/cycloheximide-treated THP-1 macrophage-like cells and TNFα/ZVAD-treated L929 cells to assess apoptosis and necroptosis signaling. Additionally, we measured C. burnetii replication, cell death, and TNFα induction over 12 days in RIPK1-kinase-dead, RIPK3-kinase-dead, or RIPK3-kinase-dead-caspase-8-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to understand the significance of caspase-8 and RIPK1/3 during infection. We found that caspase-8 is inhibited by C. burnetii, coinciding with inhibition of apoptosis and increased susceptibility to necroptosis. Furthermore, C. burnetii replication was increased in BMDMs lacking caspase-8, but not in those lacking RIPK1/3 kinase activity, corresponding with decreased TNFα production and reduced cell death. As TNFα is associated with the control of C. burnetii, this lack of a TNFα response may allow for the unchecked bacterial growth we saw in caspase-8-/- BMDMs. This research identifies and explores caspase-8 as a key regulator of C. burnetii infection, opening novel therapeutic doors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Crystal Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nolan Hanna
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Abu-Ahmad A, Bahouth F, Hershman-Sarafov M, Paz A, Odeh M. Bivalvular Endocarditis Due to Polymicrobial Coinfection with Enterococcus faecalis and Coxiella burnetii: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1122. [PMID: 39064551 PMCID: PMC11279137 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Polymicrobial endocarditis is uncommon, and polymicrobial endocarditis in combination with Coxiella burnetii is very rare. We herein describe an extremely rare case of polymicrobial bivalvular endocarditis due to coinfection with Enterococcus faecalis and Coxiella burnetii in a 62-year-old male patient, and extensively review the relevant medical literature. To the best of our knowledge, only three similar cases have been previously reported. Q fever is a worldwide endemic bacterial zoonosis, but it and its most common chronic complication, endocarditis, are still underestimated and underdiagnosed worldwide. This situation reflects the paucity of reported cases of polymicrobial endocarditis in combination with Coxiella burnetii. Clinical presentation of Q fever endocarditis is highly nonspecific, and diagnosis may be delayed or missed, leading to severe and potentially fatal disease. Our case and the previously reported similar cases emphasize the need for further evaluation of infective endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii, in all cases of culture-negative endocarditis, and in prolonged oligo-symptomatic inflammatory syndrome, particularly in the presence of valvular heart disease. This approach should be applied even when typical pathogens are isolated, especially in endemic areas of Q fever, and with atypical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asala Abu-Ahmad
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (A.A.-A.); (M.H.-S.); (A.P.)
| | - Fadel Bahouth
- Department of Cardiology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3104802, Israel;
| | - Mirit Hershman-Sarafov
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (A.A.-A.); (M.H.-S.); (A.P.)
| | - Alona Paz
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (A.A.-A.); (M.H.-S.); (A.P.)
| | - Majed Odeh
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3104802, Israel
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Miller HK, Kersh GJ. Efficacy of rifapentine and other rifamycins against Coxiella burnetii in vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0103424. [PMID: 38864598 PMCID: PMC11218529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01034-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 1999, doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine have been the recommended treatment for chronic Q fever, a life-threatening disease caused by the bacterial pathogen, Coxiella burnetii. Despite the duration of its use, the treatment is not ideal due to the lengthy treatment time, high mortality rate, resistant strains, and the potential for contraindicated usage. A literature search was conducted to identify studies that screened large panels of drugs against C. burnetii to identify novel targets with potential efficacy against C. burnetii. Twelve candidate antimicrobials approved for use in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration were selected and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against the low virulence strain Nine Mile phase II. Rifabutin and rifaximin were the best performing antibiotics tested with MICs of ≤0.01 µg mL-1. Further screening of these top candidates was conducted alongside two drugs from the same class, rifampin, well-characterized, and rifapentine, not previously reported against C. burnetii. These were screened against virulent strains of C. burnetii representing three clinically relevant genotypes. Rifapentine was the most effective in the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, with a MIC ≤0.01 µg mL-1. In the human kidney epithelial cell line, A-498, efficacy of rifapentine, rifampin, and rifabutin varied across C. burnetii strains with MICs between ≤0.001 and 0.01 µg mL-1. Rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine were all bactericidal against C. burnetii; however, rifabutin and rifapentine demonstrated impressive bactericidal activity as low as 0.1 µg mL-1 and should be further explored as alternative Q fever treatments given their efficacy in vitro. IMPORTANCE This work will help inform investigators and physicians about potential alternative antimicrobial therapies targeting the causative agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetii. Chronic Q fever is difficult to treat, and alternative antimicrobials are needed. This manuscript explores the efficacy of rifamycin antibiotics against virulent strains of C. burnetii representing three clinically relevant genotypes in vitro. Importantly, this study determines the susceptibility of C. burnetii to rifapentine, which has not been previously reported. Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of the rifamycins reveals that rifabutin and rifapentine are bactericidal at low concentrations, which is unusual for antibiotics against C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie K. Miller
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gilbert J. Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bauer BU, Peters M, Herms TL, Runge M, Wohlsein P, Jensen TK, Ganter M. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in the mammary gland of a dairy goat. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1341-1352. [PMID: 38236458 PMCID: PMC11147866 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The zoonotic bacterium Coxiella (C.) burnetii can be excreted by infected goats through birth products and milk. The detection of C. burnetii DNA in the mammary gland tissue of infected dairy goats and intermittent milk shedders has been reported, but confirmation of C. burnetii bacteria in the udder remained pending. The pathogen caused abortions in a 152-head dairy goat herd, resulting in the vaccination against C. burnetii of the entire herd with annual boosters. To monitor the C. burnetii shedding at herd level, monthly bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were analyzed using PCR (IS1111). Despite vaccination, C. burnetii DNA was detected in BTM samples within the first 16 months of the study. Therefore, individual milk samples were tested on four different occasions several months apart to identify potential intermittent milk shedders. Only one goat (#67455) tested positive three times. This goat was necropsied to investigate the presence of C. burnetii in the udder and other organs. PCR detected C. burnetii DNA solely in both mammary glands and the left teat cistern. Immunohistological examination identified C. burnetii antigen in mammary gland tissue, confirmed by the detection of C. burnetii bacteria in the mammary epithelial cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The removal of goat #67455 led to negative BTM samples until the end of the study. The findings demonstrate the occurrence of C. burnetii in the mammary gland of a naturally infected and vaccinated goat. The presence possibly contributed to intermittent milk shedding of goat #67455, and the mammary gland tissue may serve as a replicative niche for C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ulrich Bauer
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, 30173, Germany.
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Zur Taubeneiche 10-12, Arnsberg, 59821, Germany
| | - T Louise Herms
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, Hannover, 30173, Germany
| | - Martin Runge
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, Hannover, 30173, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Tim K Jensen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
| | - Martin Ganter
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, 30173, Germany
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Tan T, Heller J, Firestone S, Stevenson M, Wiethoelter A. A systematic review of global Q fever outbreaks. One Health 2024; 18:100667. [PMID: 39010957 PMCID: PMC11247264 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Q fever is an important zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Outbreaks of Q fever are unpredictable and can affect many people, resulting in a significant burden on public health. The epidemiology of the disease is complex and substantial efforts are required to understand and control Q fever outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to systematically review previous investigations of outbreaks and summarise important epidemiological features. This will improve knowledge of the factors driving the occurrence of Q fever outbreaks and assist decision makers in implementing mitigation strategies. A search of four electronic databases identified 94 eligible articles published in English between 1990 and 2022 that related to 81 unique human Q fever outbreaks. Outbreaks were reported across 27 countries and mostly in industrialised nations. Documented Q fever outbreaks varied in size (2 to 4107 cases) and duration (4 to 1722 days). Most outbreaks (43/81) occurred in communities outside of traditional at-risk occupational settings and were frequently associated with living in proximity to livestock holdings (21/43). Indirect transmission via environmental contamination, windborne spread or fomites was the most common route of infection, particularly for large community outbreaks. Exposure to ruminants and/or their products were confirmed as the principal risk factors for infection, with sheep (28/81) as the most common source followed by goats (12/81) and cattle (7/81). Cooperation and data sharing between human and animal health authorities is valuable for outbreak investigation and control using public health and veterinary measures, but this multisectoral approach was seldom applied (14/81). Increased awareness of Q fever among health professionals and the public may facilitate the early detection of emerging outbreaks that are due to non-occupational, environmental exposures in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabita Tan
- Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Simon Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Palanisamy R, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Role of Type 4B Secretion System Protein, IcmE, in the Pathogenesis of Coxiella burnetii. Pathogens 2024; 13:405. [PMID: 38787259 PMCID: PMC11123719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes Q fever, a life-threatening zoonotic disease. C. burnetii replicates within an acidified parasitophorous vacuole derived from the host lysosome. The ability of C. burnetii to replicate and achieve successful intracellular life in the cell cytosol is vastly dependent on the Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system (T4SSB). Although several T4SSB effector proteins have been shown to be important for C. burnetii virulence and intracellular replication, the role of the icmE protein in the host-C. burnetii interaction has not been investigated. In this study, we generated a C. burnetii Nine Mile Phase II (NMII) mutant library and identified 146 transposon mutants with a single transposon insertion. Transposon mutagenesis screening revealed that disruption of icmE gene resulted in the attenuation of C. burnetii NMII virulence in SCID mice. ELISA analysis indicated that the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12p70, in serum from Tn::icmE mutant-infected SCID mice were significantly lower than those in serum from wild-type (WT) NMII-infected mice. Additionally, Tn::icmE mutant bacteria were unable to replicate in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (MBMDM) and human macrophage-like cells (THP-1). Immunoblotting results showed that the Tn::icmE mutant failed to activate inflammasome components such as IL-1β, caspase 1, and gasdermin-D in THP-1 macrophages. Collectively, these results suggest that the icmE protein may play a vital role in C. burnetii virulence, intracellular replication, and activation of inflammasome mediators during NMII infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Huber N, Gundling N, Thurow M, Ligges U, Hoedemaker M. Which Factors Influence the Consumption of Antibiotics in Q-Fever-Positive Dairy Farms in Northern Germany? Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1375. [PMID: 38731379 PMCID: PMC11083311 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
It was the aim of this study to examine whether the usage of the vaccine COXEVAC® (Ceva Santé Animale) could reduce the consumption of antibiotics in Q-fever-positive dairy farms. Additionally, the effects of other herd-level factors on the consumption of antibiotics were investigated. A total of 36 farms with vaccination and 13 farms without vaccination participated in this longitudinal cohort study. In all herds, Coxiella burnetii had been directly or indirectly diagnosed. To compare the treatment frequency of antibiotics between the vaccinated group and the non-vaccinated group, the consumption of antibiotics for each farm was collected using the veterinary documents about the application and delivery of antibiotics. To gather detailed information about herd data, nutrition, milking management, housing, and animal health, the farmers were interviewed with the help of a questionnaire. The results thereof suggest that there might be an association between the vaccination against Q fever and a reduced consumption of antibiotics. Neither herd size nor milk yield level influenced the consumption of antibiotics in the study herds. Type of flooring and udder-cluster disinfection while milking were associated with a lower and higher therapy frequency, respectively. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the cause-effect relationship between vaccination and the consumption of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Huber
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natascha Gundling
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Thurow
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany (U.L.)
- UA Ruhr, Research Center Trustworthy Data Science and Security, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Uwe Ligges
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany (U.L.)
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Moorthy GS, Rubach MP, Maze MJ, Refuerzo RP, Shirima GM, Lukambagire AS, Bodenham RF, Cash-Goldwasser S, Thomas KM, Sakasaka P, Mkenda N, Bowhay TR, Perniciaro JL, Nicholson WL, Kersh GJ, Kazwala RR, Mmbaga BT, Buza JJ, Maro VP, Haydon DT, Crump JA, Halliday JE. Prevalence and risk factors for Q fever, spotted fever group rickettsioses, and typhus group rickettsioses in a pastoralist community of northern Tanzania, 2016-2017. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:365-376. [PMID: 38480005 PMCID: PMC11073910 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In northern Tanzania, Q fever, spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses, and typhus group (TG) rickettsioses are common causes of febrile illness. We sought to describe the prevalence and risk factors for these zoonoses in a pastoralist community. METHODS Febrile patients ≥2 years old presenting to Endulen Hospital in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area were enrolled from August 2016 through October 2017. Acute and convalescent blood samples were collected, and a questionnaire was administered. Sera were tested by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) IgG assays using Coxiella burnetii (Phase II), Rickettsia africae, and Rickettsia typhi antigens. Serologic evidence of exposure was defined by an IFA titre ≥1:64; probable cases by an acute IFA titre ≥1:128; and confirmed cases by a ≥4-fold rise in titre between samples. Risk factors for exposure and acute case status were evaluated. RESULTS Of 228 participants, 99 (43.4%) were male and the median (interquartile range) age was 27 (16-41) years. Among these, 117 (51.3%) had C. burnetii exposure, 74 (32.5%) had probable Q fever, 176 (77.2%) had SFG Rickettsia exposure, 134 (58.8%) had probable SFG rickettsioses, 11 (4.8%) had TG Rickettsia exposure, and 4 (1.8%) had probable TG rickettsioses. Of 146 participants with paired sera, 1 (0.5%) had confirmed Q fever, 8 (5.5%) had confirmed SFG rickettsioses, and none had confirmed TG rickettsioses. Livestock slaughter was associated with acute Q fever (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-4.76) and sheep slaughter with SFG rickettsioses case (OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.08-23.50). DISCUSSION Acute Q fever and SFG rickettsioses were detected in participants with febrile illness. Exposures to C. burnetii and to SFG Rickettsia were highly prevalent, and interactions with livestock were associated with increased odds of illness with both pathogens. Further characterisation of the burden and risks for these diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga S. Moorthy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Regina P. Refuerzo
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - AbdulHamid S. Lukambagire
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Nestory Mkenda
- Endulen Hospital, Endulen, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania
| | - Thomas R. Bowhay
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jamie L. Perniciaro
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William L. Nicholson
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gilbert J. Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rudovick R. Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Joram J. Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jo E.B. Halliday
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Ghanem-Zoubi N, Mustafa-Hellou M, Zahran M, Gazit L, Shalaginov R, Dabaja-Younis H, Szwarcwort M. The integration of Coxiella burnetii PCR testing in serum into the diagnostic algorithm of suspected acute Q fever in an endemic setting. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0170323. [PMID: 38470022 PMCID: PMC11005359 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01703-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Serum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA has been suggested for rapid Q fever diagnosis. We evaluated the role of PCR testing in serum in the diagnosis of acute Q fever in an endemic setting. We examined patients suspected of acute Q fever tested for C. burnetii-specific serum real-time PCR in a tertiary hospital between January 2019 toand December 2022. In the first half, PCR orders were consultation-based by infectious diseases specialists, while in the second half, they were guided by serology, positive IgM2, and negative IgG1 and IgG2, indicating early acute infection. Logistic regression analyzed independent predictors for positive PCR. PCR positivity rates were calculated using various clinical criteria in the diagnostic algorithm. Out of 272 patients, 13 (4.8%) tested positive and 130 exhibited serologically suspected early infection. Presentation during April-July and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 3× upper normal limit (UNL) were independently associated with positive PCR with an odds ratio (OR) = 15.03 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.58-142.46], P = 0.018 and OR = 55.44 [95% CI, 6.16-498.69], P < 0.001, respectively. PCR positivity rate was 8.5% in serologically suspected early infection vs 1.4% in other serology, yielding OR = 6.4 [95% CI, 1.4-29.7], P = 0.009. Adding AST > 3× UNL increased OR to 49.5 [95% CI, 5.9-408.7], P ≤ 0.001 reducing required PCR tests for a single acute Q fever case from 11.8 to 3. Elevated AST in serologically suspected early Q fever is proposed to be used in a diagnostic stewardship algorithm integrating PCR in serum in an endemic setting. IMPORTANCE Our study suggests in a diagnostic stewardship approach the integration of molecular testing (Coxiella burnetii targeted PCR) for the diagnosis of acute Q fever in a reliable time in the endemic setting. Integrating PCR detecting Coxiella burnetii in serum in routine testing of suspected early acute Q fever based on serology result increased the PCR positivity rate significantly. Adding increased transaminases optimizes PCR utility which is highly requested particularly in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Ghanem-Zoubi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Maram Zahran
- Department of Medicine A, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liat Gazit
- Microbiology Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raya Shalaginov
- Microbiology Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Halima Dabaja-Younis
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Szwarcwort
- Microbiology Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Osbron CA, Lawson C, Hanna N, Koehler HS, Goodman AG. Caspase-8 activity mediates TNFα production and restricts Coxiella burnetii replication during murine macrophage infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578698. [PMID: 38352389 PMCID: PMC10862817 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacteria which causes the global zoonotic disease Q Fever. Treatment options for infection are limited, and development of novel therapeutic strategies requires a greater understanding of how C. burnetii interacts with immune signaling. Cell death responses are known to be manipulated by C. burnetii, but the role of caspase-8, a central regulator of multiple cell death pathways, has not been investigated. In this research, we studied bacterial manipulation of caspase-8 signaling and the significance of caspase-8 to C. burnetii infection, examining bacterial replication, cell death induction, and cytokine signaling. We measured caspase, RIPK, and MLKL activation in C. burnetii-infected TNFα/CHX-treated THP-1 macrophage-like cells and TNFα/ZVAD-treated L929 cells to assess apoptosis and necroptosis signaling. Additionally, we measured C. burnetii replication, cell death, and TNFα induction over 12 days in RIPK1-kinase-dead, RIPK3-kinase-dead, or RIPK3-kinase-dead-caspase-8-/- BMDMs to understand the significance of caspase-8 and RIPK1/3 during infection. We found that caspase-8 is inhibited by C. burnetii, coinciding with inhibition of apoptosis and increased susceptibility to necroptosis. Furthermore, C. burnetii replication was increased in BMDMs lacking caspase-8, but not in those lacking RIPK1/3 kinase activity, corresponding with decreased TNFα production and reduced cell death. As TNFα is associated with the control of C. burnetii, this lack of a TNFα response may allow for the unchecked bacterial growth we saw in caspase-8-/- BMDMs. This research identifies and explores caspase-8 as a key regulator of C. burnetii infection, opening novel therapeutic doors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Osbron
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Crystal Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nolan Hanna
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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14
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Wan W, Zhang S, Zhao M, OuYang X, Yu Y, Xiong X, Zhao N, Jiao J. Lysosomal trafficking regulator restricts intracellular growth of Coxiella burnetii by inhibiting the expansion of Coxiella-containing vacuole and upregulating nos2 expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1336600. [PMID: 38282619 PMCID: PMC10812120 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1336600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever, a zoonotic disease typically manifests as a severe flu-illness. After invading into the host cells, C. burnetii delivers effectors to regulate the vesicle trafficking and fusion events to form a large and mature Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV), providing sufficient space and nutrition for its intracellular growth and proliferation. Lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) is a member of the Beige and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (BEACH) family, which regulates the transport of vesicles to lysosomes and regulates TLR signaling pathway, but the effect of LYST on C. burnetii infection is unclear. In this study, a series of experiments has been conducted to investigate the influence of LYST on intracellular growth of C. burnetii. Our results showed that lyst transcription was up-regulated in the host cells after C. burnetii infection, but there is no significant change in lyst expression level after infection with the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) mutant strain, while CCVs expansion and significantly increasing load of C. burnetii appeared in the host cells with a silenced lyst gene, suggesting LYST inhibits the intracellular proliferation of C. burnetii by reducing CCVs size. Then, the size of CCVs and the load of C. burnetii in the HeLa cells pretreated with E-64d were significantly decreased. In addition, the level of iNOS was decreased significantly in LYST knockout THP-1 cells, which was conducive to the intracellular replication of C. burnetii. This data is consistent with the phenotype of L-NMMA-treated THP-1 cells infected with C. burnetii. Our results revealed that the upregulation of lyst transcription after infection is due to effector secretion of C. burnetii and LYST inhibit the intracellular replication of C. burnetii by reducing the size of CCVs and inducing nos2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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15
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Mohabati Mobarez A, Baseri N, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Esmaeili S. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminant and clinical samples in Iran: insights into Q fever epidemiology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20374. [PMID: 37990125 PMCID: PMC10663619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, a zoonotic pathogen, is the causative agent of Q fever, an endemic disease in Iran. However, there is currently a lack of available data on the genotypes of C. burnetii in the country. Here, we typed 26 C. burnetii isolates detected in milk, abortion, cotylodon, and cardiac valve samples from various geographical areas and hosts (7 cattle, 8 goats, 10 sheep, and 1 human) using Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA/VNTR) with five loci:ms24, ms27, ms28, ms33, and ms34. As IS1111 was observed to be spontaneously inserted in locus ms23 across all of our examined C. burnetii samples, five loci were employed for MLVA/VNTR genotyping. Among the 26 C. burnetii strains, 22 distinct genotypes (A-V) were identified in the discriminative loci. In silico analysis categorized Iranian C. burnetii strains into five genomic groups along with seven singletons, representing 11 exiting clonal complexes worldwide. Clusters 10 and 11 exclusively consisted of Iranian samples. These findings revealed high genotyping diversity among C. burnetii isolates in Iran. The genotypes circulating in Iran differed significantly from those found in other regions worldwide. To gain a comprehensive understanding of Q fever epidemiology in Iran, it is crucial to conduct large-scale studies that assess the distribution of C. burnetii genotypes across different geographical areas, hosts, and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Baseri
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar-Ahang, Hamadan, Iran.
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16
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Redden P, Parker K, Henderson S, Fourie P, Agnew L, Stenos J, Graves S, Govan B, Norton R, Ketheesan N. Q fever - immune responses and novel vaccine strategies. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1185-1196. [PMID: 37850346 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is an occupational risk for employees of animal industries and is associated with contact with wildlife and domestic animals. Although Q fever infection may be asymptomatic, chronic sequelae such as endocarditis occur in 5% of symptomatic individuals. Disease outcomes may be predicted through measurement of immune correlates. Vaccination is the most efficient method to prevent Q fever. Currently, Q-VAX is the only licenced human vaccine. Q-VAX is highly effective; however, individuals previously exposed to C. burnetii are at risk of adverse reactions. This review examines the immunological responses of acute and chronic Q fever and the efforts to provide a safer and cost-effective Q fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Redden
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Kaitland Parker
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Sinead Henderson
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Phillip Fourie
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Linda Agnew
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
- Griffith Health Group, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Brenda Govan
- College of Public Health, Medicine & Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Robert Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Townsville Hospital, Queensland, 4814, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- School of Science & Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
- Griffith Health Group, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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17
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Farag SI, Cano-Terriza D, Gonzálvez M, Salman D, Aref NEM, Mubaraki MA, Jiménez-Martín D, García-Bocanegra I, Elmahallawy EK. Serosurvey of selected reproductive pathogens in domestic ruminants from Upper Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1267640. [PMID: 37937151 PMCID: PMC10625909 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1267640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, and Q fever are among the most important abortifacient diseases in ruminants worldwide. These diseases result in huge economic losses in livestock besides the fact that some of are of public health concern. The present study aimed to update the data about the current seroepidemiological situation of these diseases in Upper Egypt. A total of 411 blood samples were collected from small and large ruminants and serologically tested against the presence of T. gondii, N. caninum, and C. burnetii. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were performed to assess the potential risk factors associated with the exposure to these pathogens. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 47.9% (197/411) with an individual seropositivity of 59.4% (63/106), 58.6% (17/29), 38.8% (54/139) and 46% (63/137) in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats, respectively. Meanwhile, 9.7% (38/411) of the examined animals were tested positive for anti-N. caninum antibodies, with an individual seropositivity of 13.2% (12/106), 34.5% (10/29), 8.6% (12/139) and 2.9% (4/137) in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats, respectively. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii was 17.3% (63/411), and exposure to this pathogen was detected in 4.7% (5/106) of cattle, 19.3% (20/129) of sheep, 29.2% (38/130) of goats but none of the examined buffalo were found to be seropositive. A total of 12.1% (50/411) of the examined animals showed co-exposure to at least two of the tested pathogens. Regarding the potential risk factors, there were statistically significant differences among species in the frequency of exposure to the three tested pathogens. Age (> 6 months) was also shown to be a significant risk factor associated with T. gondii exposure. The results obtained provided updated information about the occurrence of three of the main reproductive pathogens in Upper Egypt. The high seropositivity values found for the tested zoonotic pathogens in most of the analyzed ruminant species suggest the necessity of performing additional in-depth studies to evaluate the epidemiology of these pathogens in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Ismail Farag
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Doaa Salman
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Nasr-Eldin M. Aref
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Murad A. Mubaraki
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Débora Jiménez-Martín
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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18
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Aubin A, Eldin C, Zemali N, Jaubert J, Koumar Y, Moiton MP, Poubeau P, Braunberger E, Gérardin P, Bertolotti A. Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Acute Q Fever in Reunion Island over Fourteen Years: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2485. [PMID: 37894143 PMCID: PMC10609548 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical characteristics and epidemiology of Q fever in the Tropics are poorly described. We performed a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized cases between 2004 and 2017 in Reunion Island. Acute Q fever was defined in presence of a positive serology (phase II IgG ≥ 200 and phase II IgM ≥ 50), or a seroconversion (4-fold increase in phase II IgG between paired samples), or a positive PCR (blood or serum). Forty-two cases matched the diagnostic criteria. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (85.7%) and pulmonary symptoms (61.9%), including pneumonia (45.2%). Ninety percent of the patients were living in a farming area. Cumulative incidence was estimated at 9.3 per 100,000 inhabitants (95%CI: 6.4-12.1) with cases diagnosed yearly all throughout the study period except in 2006. Together with the seroprevalence figures, these data suggest that Q fever reaches low to moderate endemic levels on Reunion Island. As previously reported, pulmonary symptoms are in the foreground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aubin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses—Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Carole Eldin
- Comité de Lutte Contre les Infections Nosocomiales (CLIN), Hôpital Nord, Chemin des Bourrély, 13015 Marseille, France
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190 INSERM 1207 EFS-IRBA, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Naël Zemali
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France (J.J.)
| | - Julien Jaubert
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CHU Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France (J.J.)
| | - Yatrika Koumar
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses—Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Moiton
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses-Médecine Interne, CHU Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France;
| | - Patrice Poubeau
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses—Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Eric Braunberger
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, CHU Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Gérardin
- Inserm CIC1410, CHU Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France;
| | - Antoine Bertolotti
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses—Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France; (A.A.); (Y.K.); (A.B.)
- Inserm CIC1410, CHU Réunion, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France;
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19
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Muhammad KA, Gadzama UN, Onyiche TE. Distribution and Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Animals, Humans, and Ticks in Nigeria: A Systematic Review. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:576-588. [PMID: 37888137 PMCID: PMC10606657 DOI: 10.3390/idr15050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
'Query' (Q) fever is a neglected but emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella (C.) burnetii. Several host species are considered or speculated to be the primary reservoir hosts for human infection. In the past, several research groups in Nigeria have evaluated the prevalence of C. burnetii in various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of the pathogen in Nigeria with limited or no attention to control and prevention programs. Therefore, this review was undertaken to comprehend the current situation of C. burnetii infection in human, domestic and peri-domestic animals, and some tick species in Nigeria since 1960 with the aim to help identify future research priorities for the country. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the PRISMA guidelines on five scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, AJOL, Science Direct, and Scopus for articles published from Nigeria dealing with the screening of blood, milk, or tick DNA for evidence of C. burnetii using any standard diagnostic approach. Of the 33 published articles subjected to full-text evaluation, more than 48% of the articles met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in this review. We observed different ranges of prevalence for C. burnetii antibodies from four vertebrate hosts including cattle (2.5-23.5%), sheep (3.8-12.0%), goats (3.1-10.9%), and humans (12.0-61.3%). Additionally, the use of molecular diagnostics revealed that the DNA of C. burnetii has been amplified in eight tick species including Hyalomma (Hy) dromedarii, Hy. truncatum, Hy. impeltatum, Hy. rufipes, Hy. impressum, Amblyomma (Am.) variegatum, Rhipicephalus (Rh.) evertsi evertsi, and Rh. annulatus. Two rodent's species (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) in Nigeria were documented to show evidence of the bacterium with the detection of the DNA of C. burnetii in these two mammals. In conclusion, this review has provided more insight on the prevalence of C. burnetii and its associated host/vector in Nigeria. Domestic animals, peri-domestic animals, and ticks species harbor C. burnetii and could be a source of human infections. Due to the paucity of studies from southern Nigeria, we recommend that research groups with interest on vector-borne diseases need to consider more epidemiological studies in the future on C. burnetii prevalence in diverse hosts to help unravel their distribution and vector potentials in Nigeria as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaka A. Muhammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria; (K.A.M.); (U.N.G.)
| | - Usman N. Gadzama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria; (K.A.M.); (U.N.G.)
| | - ThankGod E. Onyiche
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
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20
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Spronk I, Brus IM, de Groot A, Tieleman P, Olde Loohuis AGM, Haagsma JA, Polinder S. Long-term health outcomes of Q-fever fatigue syndrome patients. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e179. [PMID: 37724460 PMCID: PMC10600735 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined long-term health outcomes (≥10 years) of Q-fever fatigue syndrome (QFS). Long-term complaints, health-related quality of life (HRQL), health status, energy level, fatigue, post-exertional malaise, anxiety, and depression were assessed. Outcomes and determinants were studied for the total sample and compared among age subgroups: young (<40years), middle-aged (≥40-<65years), and older (≥65years) patients. 368 QFS patients were included. Participants reported a median number of 12.0 long-term complaints. Their HRQL (median EQ-5D-5L index: 0.63) and health status (median EQ-VAS: 50.0) were low, their level of fatigue was high, and many experienced post-exertional malaise complaints (98.9%). Young and middle-aged patients reported worse health outcomes compared with older patients, with both groups reporting a significantly worse health status, higher fatigue levels and anxiety, and more post-exertional malaise complaints and middle-aged patients having a lower HRQL and a higher depression risk. Multivariate regression analyses confirmed that older age is associated with better outcomes, except for the number of health complaints. QFS has thus a considerable impact on patients' health more than 10 years after infection. Young and middle-aged patients experience more long-term health consequences compared with older patients. Tailored health care is recommended to provide optimalcare for each QFS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Spronk
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Brus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Juanita A. Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Azouzi F, Olagne L, Edouard S, Cammilleri S, Magnan PE, Fournier PE, Million M. Coxiella burnetii Femoro-Popliteal Bypass Infection: A Case Report. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2146. [PMID: 37763990 PMCID: PMC10538191 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular infections are the most severe and potentially lethal among the persistent focalized Coxiella burnetii infections. While aortic infections on aneurysms or prostheses are well-known, with specific complications (risk of fatal rupture), new non-aortic vascular infections are increasingly being described thanks to the emerging use of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET-scan). Here, we describe an infection of a femoro-popliteal bypass that would not have been diagnosed without the use of PET-scan. It is well-known that vascular prosthetic material is a site favorable for bacterial persistence, but the description of unusual anatomical sites, outside the heart or aorta, should raise the clinicians' awareness and generalize the indications for PET-scan, with careful inclusion of the upper and lower limbs (not included in PET-scan for cancer), particularly in the presence of vascular prostheses. Future studies will be needed to precisely determine their optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Azouzi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie CHU Sahloul Sousse Tunisie, LR20SP06, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse Tunisie, Université de Sousse, Sousse 4003, Tunisia;
| | - Louis Olagne
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel-Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Sophie Edouard
- UMR MEPHI, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- French Reference Center for Rickettsioses, Q Fever and Bartonelloses, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Serge Cammilleri
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Pierre-Edouard Magnan
- Service de Chirurgie Vasculaire, Hôpital Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- French Reference Center for Rickettsioses, Q Fever and Bartonelloses, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
- UMR VITROME, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Service de Santé des Armées, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- UMR MEPHI, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France;
- French Reference Center for Rickettsioses, Q Fever and Bartonelloses, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
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22
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Robi DT, Demissie W, Temteme S. Coxiellosis in Livestock: Epidemiology, Public Health Significance, and Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:145-158. [PMID: 37614223 PMCID: PMC10443632 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s418346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Coxiellosis is a zoonotic disease that is prevalent globally and can pose significant challenges, especially in less developed countries like Ethiopia. Coxiella burnetii is responsible for causing an infection called Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in ruminants. Pneumonia and endocarditis are the only signs that characterize the acute and chronic forms of Q fever, respectively. Ruminants exhibit symptoms such as abortion during the later stages of pregnancy, impaired fertility, perinatal death, premature delivery, and reduced birth weight. C. burnetii infection typically spreads among healthy cattle via tick bites and exposure to infected cattle or their bodily secretions. The primary source of human infection is through the ingestion of contaminated milk and milk products, but transmission through aerosols and dust generated during livestock operations is also common. Cattle, sheep, camels and goats are the primary sources of human infection, and the bacterium can be found in various bodily fluids of infected animals. Several factors, including host characteristics, environmental conditions, and management practices, can potentially affect the occurrence of C. burnetii infection in livestock, such as cattle, camels, sheep, and goats. Coxiellosis is prevalent in Ethiopia's pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, as individuals frequently interact with cattle and are therefore more prone to exposure to the C. burnetii bacterium. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are effective techniques for managing C. burnetii infection. Therefore, it is crucial to implement appropriate mitigation strategies, raise awareness about the spread of C. burnetii infection, and conduct further studies on C. burnetii infection in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Demissie
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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23
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Bozza S, Graziani A, Borghi M, Marini D, Duranti M, Camilloni B. Case report: Coxiella burnetii endocarditis in the absence of evident exposure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1220205. [PMID: 37601776 PMCID: PMC10436321 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1220205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. In humans, it can manifest clinically as an acute or chronic disease and endocarditis, the most frequent complication of chronic Q fever is associated with the greatest morbidity and mortality. We report a severe case of endocarditis in a 55-year-old man with a history of aortic valve replacement affected by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and living in a non-endemic area for C. burnetii. After two episodes of fever of unknown origin (FUO), occurring 2 years apart and characterized by negative blood cultures, a serological diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis was performed even though the patient did not refer to possible past exposure to C. burnetii. Since people with preexisting valvular heart disease, when infected with C. burnetii, have reported a 40% risk of Q fever endocarditis, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for infective endocarditis in all patients with FUO even when the exposure to C. burnetii appears to be unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bozza
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Microbiology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Graziani
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Marini
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Duranti
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Camilloni
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Microbiology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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24
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Hasnaoui B, Bérenger JM, Delaunay P, Diarra AZ, Ndiaye EHI, M'madi SA, Masotti N, Sevestre J, Parola P. Survey of bed bug infestations in homeless shelters in southern France. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12557. [PMID: 37532686 PMCID: PMC10397270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bed bug has become a major public health pest worldwide. Infestation may result in numerous negative health effects. Homeless shelters are one of the most habitats that can be infested with bed bugs, a few studies have focused on bed bug infestations in these settings. We conducted a survey of infestations of bed bugs in a homeless shelter in southern France, using an innovative seven-level scale (0-6) to assess the degree of infestation, MALDI TOF-MS to identify bed bugs, and a biomolecular tool to detect bacteria. Bed bug infestations were documented in 13% (9/68) of investigated rooms. A total of 184 bed bugs were collected and morphologically identified as Cimex lectularius. MALDI TOF-MS analysis allowed us to obtain high-quality MS spectra for all 184 specimens, to correctly identify all specimens, and included 178/184 (97%) Log Score Values higher than 1.8. Among the bacteria tested, Wolbachia sp. DNA was found in 149/184 (81%) of the bed bugs, and one sample was positive for Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever. Our study is the first of its kind that offers new perspectives for increasing public awareness of the conditions in homeless shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouthaina Hasnaoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Bérenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology Mycology, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - El Hadji Ibrahima Ndiaye
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Saidou Ahamada M'madi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Noelle Masotti
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Sevestre
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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25
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Modise BM, Mpoloka SW, Settypalli TBK, Hyera J, Natale A, Ceglie L, Gcebe N, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. A novel multiplex qPCR‑HRM assay for the simultaneous detection of four abortive zoonotic agents in cattle, sheep, and goats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12282. [PMID: 37507444 PMCID: PMC10382562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortifacient pathogens induce substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide, and many of these pathogens are zoonotic, impacting human health. As Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., and Listeria monocytogenes cause abortion, rapid differential molecular diagnostic tests are needed to facilitate early and accurate detection of abortion to establish effective control measures. However, the available molecular methods are laborious, time-consuming, or costly. Therefore, we developed and validated a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method based on high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis to simultaneously detect and differentiate four zoonotic abortifacient agents in cattle, goats, and sheep. Our HRM assay generated four well-separated melting peaks allowing the differentiation between the four zoonotic abortifacients. Out of 216 DNA samples tested, Brucella spp. was detected in 45 samples, Coxiella burnetii in 57 samples, Leptospira spp. in 12 samples, and Listeria monocytogenes in 19 samples, co-infection with Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in 41 samples, and 42 samples were negative. This assay demonstrated good analytical sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. This is a valuable rapid, cost-saving, and reliable diagnostic tool for detecting individual and co-infections for zoonotic abortifacient agents in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Sununguko W Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Hyera
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Agricultural Research Council-Bacteriology and Zoonotic Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Gerrit J Viljoen
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Akhoundi M, Zumelzu C, Sereno D, Marteau A, Brun S, Jan J, Izri A. Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimicidae): A Global Challenge for Public Health and Control Management. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2281. [PMID: 37443675 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, and C. hemipterus are among the most common ectoparasites in human life worldwide. They feed on humans of all ages and sexes across all socioeconomic levels. Bed bugs' blood feeding is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations varying from minor reactions to bullous eruptions or severe allergies. In addition, they are responsible for considerable psychological distress. Therefore, diagnosis of bed bug bites and their consequence manifestations is beneficial in adapting remedies and treatment protocols advised by clinicians. So far, there is regrettably no definitive way to control these ectoparasites despite extensive efforts of public health authorities to manage them. An overview of the literature and medical documents gathered from bed bug-infested patients referred to the Parasitology and Dermatology departments of Avicenne Hospital (Bobigny, France) allowed us to document and illustrate a range of clinical disorders and psychological concerns caused by bed bugs' bites and their clinical diagnosis. We also review the available tools currently used to control the bed bugs and present potential candidate methods for their successful eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Coralie Zumelzu
- Dermatology Department, AP-HP, Avicenne Hospital, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- Parasite Infectiology and Public Health Research Group, Institute de Recherche Pour le Développement, InterTryp, Montpellier University, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Marteau
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Julie Jan
- Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS), Île-de-France, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93000 Bobigny, France
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
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27
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Bauer BU, Schwecht KM, Jahnke R, Matthiesen S, Ganter M, Knittler MR. Humoral and cellular immune responses in sheep following administration of different doses of an inactivated phase I vaccine against Coxiella burnetii. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00746-6. [PMID: 37357077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
An inactivated Coxiella burnetii Phase I (PhI) vaccine (Coxevac®) is licensed in several European countries for goats and cattle to prevent coxiellosis. The vaccine is also applied to sheep, although detailed information about the ovine immune response and vaccine dose is missing. Eighteen gimmers from a C. burnetii unsuspected flock were randomly divided into three groups of six. Group 1 (Cox1) and 2 (Cox2) were vaccinated twice with 1 ml and 2 ml Coxevac®, respectively, three weeks apart (primary vaccination). The same procedure was applied with Cox3 (2 ml sodium chloride, control group). A third injection (booster) was performed after nine months. Potential side effects were determined by measuring the rectal body temperature and skin thickness at the injection site. Blood samples were collected to detect phase-specific IgM and IgG antibodies and interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ) release by immunofluorescence assay and ELISAs, respectively. Moreover, a cell infection neutralization assay determined the appearance of neutralizing sera. Body temperatures increased for one day post vaccination, and the skin swelled only slightly. Regardless of the vaccine volume, immunized sheep reacted first with an IgM and IgG PhII response. Ten weeks after the primary vaccination, IgG PhI antibodies predominated. Boosting eight months after primary vaccination resulted in a robust IgG PhI increase and strong IFN-ɣ response. In the vaccinated animals, the neutralizing effect is more widespread after the administration of 1 ml than after the treatment with 2 ml. In summary, differences between 1 and 2 ml Coxevac® are minor, and a vaccine volume of 1 ml seems to be sufficient. A booster after the primary vaccination is apparently necessary to stimulate the cell-mediated immune response in naïve sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin U Bauer
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kay M Schwecht
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rico Jahnke
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - Svea Matthiesen
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
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França DAD, Mioni MDSR, Fernandes J, Lemos ERSD, Duré AÍDL, Silva MVF, Langoni H, Megid J. Overview of Q fever in Brazil: an underestimated zoonosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e39. [PMID: 37377322 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide current information about Q fever, elucidating the etiological, epidemiological, pathogenic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic aspects of the disease for the medical community. We discuss the main forms of presentation of the agent, its ability to persist in the body, the infinite possibilities of susceptible hosts, the main known forms of transmission, its importance in populations at occupational risk, and the role of arthropods in the natural history of the disease. Focusing on Brazil, we present the cases already described and studies developed since its first report, and how there is still much to unravel. We are aware of the possibilities of the persistence of the agent and the development of severe clinical pictures and the specific treatments currently instituted. We also wish to raise awareness about the future, the new genotypes that are emerging, the need to study the effects of vaccines, and the impact of Q fever on the population. Q fever is a poorly understood disease in Latin America, and recent studies, especially in Brazil, have revealed the importance of developing new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Alves de França
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Íris de Lima Duré
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Instituto Otávio Magalhães, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Helio Langoni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Larson CL, Pullman W, Beare PA, Heinzen RA. Identification of Type 4B Secretion System Substrates That Are Conserved among Coxiella burnetii Genomes and Promote Intracellular Growth. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0069623. [PMID: 37199620 PMCID: PMC10269450 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00696-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative pathogen that infects a variety of mammalian hosts. Infection of domesticated ewes can cause fetal abortion, whereas acute human infection normally manifests as the flu-like illness Q fever. Successful host infection requires replication of the pathogen within the lysosomal Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). The bacterium encodes a type 4B secretion system (T4BSS) that delivers effector proteins into the host cell. Disruption of C. burnetii T4BSS effector export abrogates CCV biogenesis and bacterial replication. Over 150 C. burnetii T4BSS substrates have been designated often based on heterologous protein translocation by the Legionella pneumophila T4BSS. Cross-genome comparisons predict that many of these T4BSS substrates are truncated or absent in the acute-disease reference strain C. burnetii Nine Mile. This study investigated the function of 32 proteins conserved among diverse C. burnetii genomes that are reported to be T4BSS substrates. Despite being previously designated T4BSS substrates, many of the proteins were not translocated by C. burnetii when expressed fused to the CyaA or BlaM reporter tags. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) indicated that of the validated C. burnetii T4BSS substrates, CBU0122, CBU1752, CBU1825, and CBU2007 promote C. burnetii replication in THP-1 cells and CCV biogenesis in Vero cells. When expressed in HeLa cells tagged at its C or N terminus with mCherry, CBU0122 localized to the CCV membrane and the mitochondria, respectively. Collectively, these data further define the repertoire of bona fide C. burnetii T4BSS substrates. IMPORTANCE Coxiella burnetii secretes effector proteins via a T4BSS that are required for successful infection. Over 150 C. burnetii proteins are reported to be T4BSS substrates and often by default considered putative effectors, but few have assigned functions. Many C. burnetii proteins were designated T4BSS substrates using heterologous secretion assays in L. pneumophila and/or have coding sequences that are absent or pseudogenized in clinically relevant C. burnetii strains. This study examined 32 previously reported T4BSS substrates that are conserved among C. burnetii genomes. Of the proteins tested that were previously designated T4BSS substrates using L. pneumophila, most were not exported by C. burnetii. Several T4BSS substrates that were validated in C. burnetii also promoted pathogen intracellular replication and one trafficked to late endosomes and the mitochondria in a manner suggestive of effector activity. This study identified several bona fide C. burnetii T4BSS substrates and further refined the methodological criteria for their designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Larson
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Willis Pullman
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Paul A. Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
- Genomics Research Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Robert A. Heinzen
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Omar Osman I, Mezouar S, Brahim-Belhaouari D, Mege JL, Devaux CA. Modulation of the E-cadherin in human cells infected in vitro with Coxiella burnetii. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285577. [PMID: 37285354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentration of soluble E-cadherin (E-cad) was previously found in sera from Q fever patients. Here, BeWo cells which express a high concentration of E-cad were used as an in vitro model to investigate the expression and function of E-cad in response to infection by Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever. Infection of BeWo cells with C. burnetii leads to a decrease in the number of BeWo cells expressing E-cad at their membrane. A shedding of soluble E-cad was associated with the post-infection decrease of membrane-bound E-cad. The modulation of E-cad expression requires bacterial viability and was not found with heat-inactivated C. burnetii. Moreover, the intracytoplasmic cell concentration of β-catenin (β-cat), a ligand of E-cad, was reduced after bacterial infection, suggesting that the bacterium induces modulation of the E-cad/β-cat signaling pathway and CDH1 and CTNNB1 genes transcription. Finally, several genes operating the canonical Wnt-Frizzled/β-cat pathway were overexpressed in cells infected with C. burnetii. This was particularly evident with the highly virulent strain of C. burnetii, Guiana. Our data demonstrate that infection of BeWo cells by live C. burnetii modulates the E-cad/β-cat signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Omar Osman
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Djamal Brahim-Belhaouari
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Albert Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
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Kanowski VA, Bhutia SG. Vascular Complications in Coxiella burnetii Infection: A Report of Two Cases. EJVES Vasc Forum 2023; 59:31-35. [PMID: 37389372 PMCID: PMC10300310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvsvf.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction First described in 1937, Q fever remains a relatively new disease, with much to be learned about its presentation and diagnosis. Due to its role in the development of aortic aneurysms and vascular graft infections, its implications in the vascular domain have become increasingly reported. This is a report of two cases of vascular complications associated with Coxiella burnetii infection, and the challenges in managing their unique presentations. Reports Case 1: A 70 year old man with a prosthetic aortobiiliac graft and past Q fever infection presented with acute sepsis. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed soft tissue thickening and stranding around the graft, and locules of gas within the vessel. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a chain of abscesses within the right gluteal region, of which aspirate grew Prevotella oris and Escherichia coli. Open explanation of the aortic graft and replacement by superficial femoral vein was performed. Tissue culture confirmed a polymicrobial infection, and PCR of the aortic wall and pre-aortic lymph node was positive for Q fever. He was treated for recrudescent Q fever infection with a good outcome and recovery. Case 2: A 73 year old man had an incidental abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) identified at the time of Q fever diagnosis. Following an incomplete course of doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine, the aneurysm rapidly progressed, leading to presentation with right flank pain. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) showed multiple foci of uptake within the aneurysm wall. Open AAA repair with a polyester graft was performed, with AAA tissue positive for Q fever on PCR. The operation was successful, with the patient continuing clearance therapy at time of writing. Discussion Q fever infection poses serious implications for patients with vascular grafts and AAAs, and thus, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mycotic aortic aneurysms and in aortic graft infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherab G. Bhutia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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Arfa S, Bougossa R, Brahem M, Bannour I, Chelli J, Berriche O. A Case of Acute Pancreatitis: An Unusual Manifestation of Acute Q Fever. Korean J Fam Med 2023; 44:177-180. [PMID: 37225443 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.22.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation affecting the exocrine region of the pancreatic parenchyma. Infectious etiologies are rare. Here we report an exceptional case of a 44-year-old woman from a rural area who was referred to our hospital with fever and abdominal pain. A physical examination revealed pale skin and epigastric tenderness. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography revealed a Balthazar score of D. Serum laboratory findings revealed hemolytic anemia, hepatic cytolysis, and high C-reactive protein level. Calcium and lipase levels were normal. There was no history of recent trauma, alcohol consumption, or drug intoxication. The diagnosis of "query" pancreatitis was confirmed by serological Coxiella burnetii positivity. Oral doxycycline 200 mg daily was initiated. The clinical evolution was favorable. To our knowledge, no association between acute pancreatitis and hemolytic anemia caused by C. burnetii was reported previously. Q fever must be considered in cases of acute pancreatitis, especially when the patient is from a rural area or has a high-risk profession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondess Arfa
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Rebeh Bougossa
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Brahem
- Department of Rheumatology, Tahar Sfar University Hospital, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Ichrak Bannour
- Department of Immunology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Chelli
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital, Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Berriche
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Tahar Sfar University Hospital, Mahdia, Tunisia
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Christodoulou M, Malli F, Tsaras K, Billinis C, Papagiannis D. A Narrative Review of Q Fever in Europe. Cureus 2023; 15:e38031. [PMID: 37228530 PMCID: PMC10207987 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, causes abortions in animals. Its effects on humans and the management of Q fever in certain conditions like pregnancy are undetermined. The World Health Organization has estimated that zoonotic diseases cause around one billion cases of infections and millions of deaths globally each year. It is worth noting that many emerging infectious diseases currently being reported worldwide are zoonoses. We reviewed studies reporting on Q fever prevalence and incidence in Europe. Articles from 1937 to 2023 with the following terms "Coxiella burnetii and Europe and Q fever, and seroprevalence studies" were identified in the PubMed database and reports by organizations such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). We included randomized and observational studies, seroprevalence studies, case series, and case reports. According to the ECDC in 2019, 23 countries reported 1069 cases, the majority of which were classified as confirmed cases. The number of reports per 100,000 inhabitants in the EU/EEA was 0.2 for 2019, the same as the previous four years. The highest report rate (0.7 cases per 100,000 population) was observed in Spain, followed by Romania (0.6), Bulgaria (0.5), and Hungary. Considering the typically asymptomatic nature of Q fever infection, it is imperative to strengthen the existing systems to promote the rapid identification and reporting of Q fever outbreaks in animals, particularly in cases of abortion. It is also essential to consider the facilitation of early information exchange between veterinarians and public health counterparts to ensure the timely detection and prevention of potential zoonotic events, including Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Foteini Malli
- Department of Nursing, University of Thessaly, Larissa, GRC
| | | | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, GRC
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Brus IM, Spronk I, Haagsma JA, Erasmus V, de Groot A, Olde Loohuis AGM, Bronner MB, Polinder S. Prerequisites, barriers and opportunities in care for Q-fever patients: a Delphi study among healthcare workers. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:319. [PMID: 37004033 PMCID: PMC10064509 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q-fever is a zoonotic disease that can lead to illness, disability and death. This study aimed to provide insight into the perspectives of healthcare workers (HCWs) on prerequisites, barriers and opportunities in care for Q-fever patients. METHODS A two-round online Delphi study was conducted among 94 Dutch HCWs involved in care for Q-fever patients. The questionnaires contained questions on prerequisites for high quality, barriers and facilitators in care, knowledge of Q-fever, and optimization of care. For multiple choice, ranking and Likert scale questions, frequencies were reported, while for rating and numerical questions, the median and interquartile range (IQR) were reported. RESULTS The panel rated the care for Q-fever patients at a median score of 6/10 (IQR = 2). Sufficient knowledge of Q-fever among HCWs (36%), financial compensation of care (30%) and recognition of the disease by HCWs (26%) were considered the most important prerequisites for high quality care. A lack of knowledge was identified as the most important barrier (76%) and continuing medical education as the primary method for improving HCWs' knowledge (76%). HCWs rated their own knowledge at a median score of 8/10 (IQR = 1) and the general knowledge of other HCWs at a 5/10 (IQR = 2). According to HCWs, a median of eight healthcare providers (IQR = 4) should be involved in the care for Q-fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) and a median of seven (IQR = 5) in chronic Q-fever care. CONCLUSIONS Ten years after the Dutch Q-fever epidemic, HCWs indicate that the long-term care for Q-fever patients leaves much room for improvement. Facilitation of reported prerequisites for high quality care, improved knowledge among HCWs, clearly defined roles and responsibilities, and guidance on how to support patients could possibly improve quality of care. These prerequisites may also improve care for patients with persisting symptoms due to other infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M Brus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Inge Spronk
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vicki Erasmus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Madelon B Bronner
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Xiao Y, Beare PA, Best SM, Morens DM, Bloom ME, Taubenberger JK. Genetic sequencing of a 1944 Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4687. [PMID: 36949107 PMCID: PMC10031714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a rapidly progressive and often fatal tick-borne disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. Its discovery and characterization by Howard Ricketts has been hailed as a remarkable historical example of detection and control of an emerging infectious disease, and subsequently led to the establishment of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML). Here, we examined an unopened bottle of a vaccine, labeled as containing RMSF inactivated by phenol-formalin of infected ticks, developed prior to 1944 at RML by DNA analysis using Illumina high throughput sequencing technology. We found that it contains DNA from the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), the vector of RMSF, the complete genome of Rickettsia rickettsii, the pathogen of RMSF, as well as the complete genome of Coxiella burnetii, the pathogen of Q-fever. In addition to genomic reads of Rickettsia rickettsii and Coxiella burnetii, smaller percentages of the reads are from Rickettsia rhipicephali and Arsenophonus nasoniae, suggesting that the infected ticks used to prepare the vaccine carried more than one pathogen. Together, these findings suggest that this early vaccine was likely a bivalent vaccine for RMSF and Q-fever. This study is the among the first molecular level examinations of an historically important vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Xiao
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive MSC 3203, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3203, USA.
| | - Paul A Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marshall E Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive MSC 3203, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3203, USA
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Barthelemy J, Bogard G, Wolowczuk I. Beyond energy balance regulation: The underestimated role of adipose tissues in host defense against pathogens. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083191. [PMID: 36936928 PMCID: PMC10019896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the adipose tissue (AT) is a central metabolic organ in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, it is also an important endocrine and immunological organ. As an endocrine organ, AT secretes a variety of bioactive peptides known as adipokines - some of which have inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. As an immunological organ, AT contains a broad spectrum of innate and adaptive immune cells that have mostly been studied in the context of obesity. However, overwhelming evidence supports the notion that AT is a genuine immunological effector site, which contains all cell subsets required to induce and generate specific and effective immune responses against pathogens. Indeed, AT was reported to be an immune reservoir in the host's response to infection, and a site of parasitic, bacterial and viral infections. In addition, besides AT's immune cells, preadipocytes and adipocytes were shown to express innate immune receptors, and adipocytes were reported as antigen-presenting cells to regulate T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Here we review the current knowledge on the role of AT and AT's immune system in host defense against pathogens. First, we will summarize the main characteristics of AT: type, distribution, function, and extraordinary plasticity. Second, we will describe the intimate contact AT has with lymph nodes and vessels, and AT immune cell composition. Finally, we will present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current research on the contribution of AT to host defense against pathogens, including the respiratory viruses influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Wolowczuk
- Univ. Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (CHU Lille), Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Lille, France
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Voss L, Huaman J, Pacioni C, Tolpinrud A, Helbig K, Carvalho TG, Firestone SM. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in wild deer populations in eastern Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:106-114. [PMID: 36544232 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii causes significant reproduction losses in livestock and the disease Q fever in humans. Transmission of C. burnetii is facilitated by the stability of the bacterium in the environment and the susceptibility of a variety of host species to infection. Consequently, inter-species transmission occurs frequently through either direct or indirect contact. Wildlife may represent reservoirs of C. burnetii and could therefore be a source of infection for domestic animals. Understanding the prevalence of C. burnetii infections at the wildlife-livestock interface is important for disease control. This study aimed to investigate the extent of C. burnetii exposure in wild deer in eastern Australia. Serum samples were obtained from 413 wild deer from seven regions in four eastern Australian states from 2017 to 2020. Antibodies were detected using a commercial Q fever antibody kit validated for ruminants. Seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in deer was determined and true prevalence estimated, for each region. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in wild deer was 3.4% (14 seropositive of 413 deer sampled) with true prevalence estimated to be 4.3% (95% credible interval: 0.6%, 10.9%). Seropositive deer were identified only in Queensland (7/108 seropositive) and northern New South Wales (7/120 seropositive). This geospatial distribution is consistent with seropositivity in other animal species and indicative of the level of C. burnetii in the environment. The low seroprevalence suggests that wild deer are unlikely to be a major reservoir species for C. burnetii in eastern Australia but may still be implicated in inter-species transmission cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Voss
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Huaman
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Pacioni
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Tolpinrud
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Helbig
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T G Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Martín Baeza AM, Oviedo Esteban M, Jiménez Blanco S. Un paciente con fiebre Q en el medio rural. REVISTA CLÍNICA DE MEDICINA DE FAMILIA 2023. [DOI: 10.55783/rcmf.160109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
La fiebre Q es una zoonosis poco conocida de distribución global, con una incidencia de 3 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes/año.
La principal fuente de contagio son las ovejas, bovinos y caprinos por inhalación de aerosoles de vísceras o materiales contaminados: estiércol, orina, lana, ropa.
Un diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para una intervención eficaz, evitando complicaciones crónicas, aquí el papel del médico de atención primaria es clave para lograr este objetivo.
Palabras clave: fiebre Q, zoonosis, fiebre de origen desconocido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Martín Baeza
- Especialista en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria.Centro de Salud de San Pedro del Arroyo. Ávila (España)
| | - Myriam Oviedo Esteban
- Especialista en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria.Centro de Salud de San Pedro del Arroyo. Ávila (España)
| | - Sonia Jiménez Blanco
- Licenciada en Enfermería.Centro de Salud de San Pedro del Arroyo. Ávila (España)
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Yadav A, Brewer MN, Elshahed MS, Shaw EI. Comparative Transcriptomics and Genomics from Continuous Axenic Media Growth Identifies Coxiella burnetii Intracellular Survival Strategies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.527305. [PMID: 36798183 PMCID: PMC9934583 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii (Cb) is an obligate intracellular pathogen in nature and the causative agent of acute Q fever as well as chronic diseases. In an effort to identify genes and proteins crucial to their normal intracellular growth lifestyle, we applied a "Reverse evolution" approach where the avirulent Nine Mile Phase II strain of Cb was grown for 67 passages in chemically defined ACCM-D media and gene expression patterns and genome integrity from various passages was compared to passage number one following intracellular growth. Transcriptomic analysis identified a marked downregulation of the structural components of the type 4B secretion system (T4BSS), the general secretory (sec) pathway, as well as 14 out of 118 previously identified genes encoding effector proteins. Additional downregulated pathogenicity determinants genes included several chaperones, LPS, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. A general marked downregulation of central metabolic pathways was also observed, which was balanced by a marked upregulation of genes encoding transporters. This pattern reflected the richness of the media and diminishing anabolic and ATP-generation needs. Finally, genomic sequencing and comparative genomic analysis demonstrated an extremely low level of mutation across passages, despite the observed Cb gene expression changes following acclimation to axenic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK.USA
| | - Melissa N. Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK.USA
- Biological Sciences. Southeastern Oklahoma State University. Durant, OK. USA
| | - Mostafa S. Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK.USA
| | - Edward I. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK.USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Moultrie, GA. USA
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40
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Yadav A, Brewer MN, Elshahed MS, Shaw EI. Comparative transcriptomics and genomics from continuous axenic media growth identifies Coxiella burnetii intracellular survival strategies. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad009. [PMID: 37193663 PMCID: PMC10237335 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii (Cb) is an obligate intracellular pathogen in nature and the causative agent of acute Q fever as well as chronic diseases. In an effort to identify genes and proteins crucial to their normal intracellular growth lifestyle, we applied a 'reverse evolution' approach where the avirulent Nine Mile Phase II strain of Cb was grown for 67 passages in chemically defined ACCM-D media and gene expression patterns and genome integrity from various passages was compared to passage number one following intracellular growth. Transcriptomic analysis identified a marked downregulation of the structural components of the type 4B secretion system (T4BSS), the general secretory (Sec) pathway, as well as 14 out of 118 previously identified genes encoding effector proteins. Additional downregulated pathogenicity determinants genes included several chaperones, LPS, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. A general marked downregulation of central metabolic pathways was also observed, which was balanced by a marked upregulation of genes encoding transporters. This pattern reflected the richness of the media and diminishing anabolic, and ATP-generation needs. Finally, genomic sequencing and comparative genomic analysis demonstrated an extremely low level of mutation across passages, despite the observed Cb gene expression changes following acclimation to axenic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University,, 74078 Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Melissa N Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University,, 74078 Stillwater, OK, United States
- Biological Sciences, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, 74078 Durant, OK, United States
| | - Mostafa S Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University,, 74078 Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Edward I Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University,, 74078 Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 74078 Moultrie, GA, United States
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Zarza SM, Militello M, Gay L, Levasseur A, Lepidi H, Bechah Y, Mezouar S, Mege JL. Infection and Persistence of Coxiella burnetii Clinical Isolate in the Placental Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021209. [PMID: 36674725 PMCID: PMC9866107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, poses the risk of causing severe obstetrical complications in pregnant women. C. burnetii is known for its placental tropism based on animal models of infection. The Nine Mile strain has been mostly used to study C. burnetii pathogenicity but the contribution of human isolates to C. burnetii pathogenicity is poorly understood. In this study, we compared five C. burnetii isolates from human placentas with C. burnetii strains including Nine Mile (NM) as reference. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the Cb122 isolate was distinct from other placental isolates and the C. burnetii NM strain with a set of unique genes involved in energy generation and a type 1 secretion system. The infection of Balb/C mice with the Cb122 isolate showed higher virulence than that of NM or other placental isolates. We evaluated the pathogenicity of the Cb122 isolate by in vitro and ex vivo experiments. As C. burnetii is known to infect and survive within macrophages, we isolated monocytes and placental macrophages from healthy donors and infected them with the Cb122 isolate and the reference strain. We showed that bacteria from the Cb122 isolate were less internalized by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) than NM bacteria but the reference strain and the Cb122 isolate were similarly internalized by placental macrophages. The Cb122 isolate and the reference strain survived similarly in the two macrophage types. While the Cb122 isolate and the NM strain stimulated a poorly inflammatory program in MDM, they elicited an inflammatory program in placenta macrophages. We also reported that the Cb122 isolate and NM strain were internalized by trophoblastic cell lines and primary trophoblasts without specific replicative profiles. Placental explants were then infected with the Cb122 isolate and the NM strain. The bacteria from the Cb122 isolate were enriched in the chorionic villous foetal side. It is likely that the Cb122 isolate exhibited increased virulence in the multicellular environment provided by explants. Taken together, these results showed that the placental isolate of C. burnetii exhibits a specific infectious profile but its pathogenic role is not as high as the host immune response in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Madariaga Zarza
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Muriel Militello
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Gay
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Yassina Bechah
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- MEPHI, IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institue Hospitalo, Universitaire Mediterranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, Assitance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), 13005 Marseille, France
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42
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Mathews KO, Norris JM, Phalen D, Malikides N, Savage C, Sheehy PA, Bosward KL. Factors associated with Q fever vaccination in Australian wildlife rehabilitators. Vaccine 2023; 41:201-210. [PMID: 36424259 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWR) are at risk of contracting Q fever, a serious zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Despite Australian government recommendations for AWR to receive Q fever vaccination (QFV), and the availability of a safe and effective vaccine in Australia, shortfalls in vaccine uptake have been observed in AWR. This study aimed to determine factors associated with QFV status and describe AWR attitudes and potential barriers towards QFV. Data were obtained from a nationwide, online, cross-sectional survey of AWR undertaken in 2018. Approximately-three quarters (200/265; 75.5 %) of those that had heard of Q fever were also aware of the Q fever vaccine, and of those, 25.5 % (51/200) were vaccinated. Barriers to QFV, among unvaccinated respondents who had also heard of Q fever and the vaccine (149/200; 74.5 %), included concerns regarding the safety, efficacy, and importance of the Q fever vaccine. Complacency toward vaccination, convenience of vaccination, and a lack of Q fever knowledge were also notable barriers. Only 27.7 % (41/148) of respondents reported having had vaccination recommended to them. Multivariable logistic regression identified that vaccinated AWR were more likely to be aged ≤ 50 years (OR 4.51, 95 % CI: 2.14-10.11), have had a university level education (OR 2.78, 95 % CI: 1.39-5.73), have resided in New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory and Queensland than in other Australian jurisdictions (OR 2.9, 95 % CI: 1.10-8.83 and OR 4.82, 95 % CI: 1.64-16.00 respectively) and have attended an animal birth (OR 2.14, 95 % CI: 1.02-4.73). Knowledge gaps regarding Q fever and QFV in AWR demonstrated the need for interventions to raise the awareness of the potential health consequences of C. burnetii exposure and Q fever prevention. Education programs to allow AWR to develop an informed perspective of Q fever and QFV, coupled with improvements in vaccine affordability and the implementation of programs to enhance accessibility, may also increase vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O Mathews
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Phalen
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul A Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina L Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
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43
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Hip periprosthetic joint infection due to Coxiella burnetii in an adult male. IDCases 2022; 31:e01661. [PMID: 36593892 PMCID: PMC9803808 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. "Query fever" (Q fever) first described in 1939 is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. This bacterium infects animals including goats, sheep, and cattle, and has been recognized as a pathogen causing acute illness in humans. A patient living on a farm with a history of a right total hip arthroplasty presented with right hip pain. Arthrocentesis revealed a total nucleated count of 4288 (93% neutrophils), however his synovial fluid culture remained negative. His Q fever phase I IgG and phase II IgG were elevated at 1:4096 and 1:2048, respectively. He underwent incision and drainage with exchange of the femoral head and acetabular component, with retention of the femoral stem. PCR of tissue samples returned positive for Coxiella burnettii. He was diagnosed with a persistent localized prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the right hip. Coxiella burnetii PJI is a rare but increasingly recognized form of persistent localized Q fever infection. Q fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of culture-negative PJI, especially among patients with exposure to sheep, goats, or cattle. Initial screening for Coxiella burnetii includes serology, but tissue PCR and immunohistochemical staining may be obtained to confirm joint infection.
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Abou Abdallah R, Million M, Delerce J, Anani H, Diop A, Caputo A, Zgheib R, Rousset E, Sidi Boumedine K, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Pangenomic analysis of Coxiella burnetii unveils new traits in genome architecture. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1022356. [PMID: 36478861 PMCID: PMC9721466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1022356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the etiological agent of Q fever, a worldwide zoonosis able to cause large outbreaks. The disease is polymorphic. Symptomatic primary infection is named acute Q fever and is associated with hepatitis, pneumonia, fever, and auto-immune complications while persistent focalized infections, mainly endocarditis, and vascular infections, occur in a minority of patients but are potentially lethal. In order to evaluate the genomic features, genetic diversity, evolution, as well as genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity, and ability to cause outbreaks of Q fever, we performed a pangenomic analysis and genomic comparison of 75 C. burnetii strains including 63 newly sequenced genomes. Our analysis demonstrated that C. burnetii has an open pangenome, unique genes being found in many strains. In addition, pathogenicity islands were detected in all genomes. In consequence C. burnetii has a high genomic plasticity, higher than that of other intracellular bacteria. The core- and pan-genomes are made of 1,211 and 4,501 genes, respectively (ratio 0.27). The core gene-based phylogenetic analysis matched that obtained from multi-spacer typing and the distribution of plasmid types. Genomic characteristics were associated to clinical and epidemiological features. Some genotypes were associated to specific clinical forms and countries. MST1 genotype strains were associated to acute Q fever. A significant association was also found between clinical forms and plasmids. Strains harboring the QpRS plasmid were never found in acute Q fever and were only associated to persistent focalized infections. The QpDV and QpH1 plasmids were associated to acute Q fever. In addition, the Guyanese strain CB175, the most virulent strain to date, exhibited a unique MST genotype, a distinct COG profile and an important variation in gene number that may explain its unique pathogenesis. Therefore, strain-specific factors play an important role in determining the epidemiological and clinical manifestations of Q fever alongside with host-specific factors (valvular and vascular defects notably).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Abou Abdallah
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremy Delerce
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hussein Anani
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Awa Diop
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Aurelia Caputo
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Rita Zgheib
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karim Sidi Boumedine
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service de Santé des Armées, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Celina SS, Cerný J. Coxiella burnetii in ticks, livestock, pets and wildlife: A mini-review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1068129. [PMID: 36439350 PMCID: PMC9691889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1068129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium with an obligatory intracellular lifestyle and has a worldwide distribution. Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. Since its discovery in 1935, it has been shown to infect a wide range of animal species including mammals, birds, reptiles, and arthropods. Coxiella burnetii infection is of public and veterinary health and economic concern due to its potential for rapid spread and highly infectious nature. Livestock are the primary source of C. burnetii infection in most Q fever outbreaks which occurs mainly through inhalation of contaminated particles. Aside from livestock, many cases of Q fever linked to exposure to wildlife. Changes in the dynamics of human-wildlife interactions may lead to an increased potential risk of interspecies transmission and contribute to the emergence/re-emergence of Q fever. Although C. burnetii transmission is mainly airborne, ticks may act as vectors and play an important role in the natural cycle of transmission of coxiellosis among wild vertebrates and livestock. In this review, we aim to compile available information on vectors, domestic, and wild hosts of C. burnetii, and to highlight their potential role as bacterial reservoirs in the transmission of C. burnetii.
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Al-Kindi N, Al-Yaaqoubi M, Al-Rashdi Y, Al-Rashdi A, Al-Ajmi A, Al-Maani A. The First Confirmed Pediatric Chronic Osteomyelitis due to Coxiella Burnetii in Oman. Oman Med J 2022; 37:e449. [PMID: 36458245 PMCID: PMC9644042 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2023.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here the first confirmed case in Oman of chronic osteomyelitis due to Coxiella burnetii, in a previously healthy four-year-old Omani girl. After laboratory confirmation of C. burnetii infection using molecular and qualitative and quantitative serological assays, the case was successfully managed with a combination of oral ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole and thereafter followed up for a long period without remission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Azza Al-Rashdi
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Amal Al-Maani
- Pediatric Infection Disease Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
- Directorate General for Diseases Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Abstract
There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens than men, resulting in sex-based differences in autoimmunity and infectious diseases. In both animals and humans, males are generally more susceptible than females to bacterial infections. At the same time, gender differences in health-seeking behavior, quality of health care, and adherence to treatment recommendations have been reported. This review explores our current understanding of differences between males and females in bacterial diseases. We describe how genetic, immunological, hormonal, and anatomical factors interact to influence sex-based differences in pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, disease severity, and prognosis, and how gender roles affect the behavior of patients and providers in the health care system.
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48
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Goyal A, Dalia T, Bhyan P, Farhoud H, Shah Z, Vidic A. Rare case of chronic Q fever myocarditis in end stage heart failure patient: A case report. World J Cardiol 2022; 14:508-513. [PMID: 36187426 PMCID: PMC9523269 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i9.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever myocarditis is a rare disease manifestation of Q fever infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Prior studies have reported myocarditis in patients with acute Q fever. We present the first case of chronic myocarditis in an end-stage heart failure patient with chronic Q fever infection.
CASE SUMMARY A 69-year-old male was admitted with dyspnea on exertion, hypotension and bilateral lower extremity edema for a few months. He has a past medical history of ischemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction of 25%, implantable cardioverter defibrillator in place, bioprosthetic aortic valve and mitral valve replacement. He continued to have shortness of breath despite diuresis along with low grade fevers. Initial infectious work up came back negative. On further questioning, the patient was found to have close contact with farm animals and the recurrent fevers prompted the work-up for Q fever. Q fever serologies and cardiac positron emission tomography confirmed the diagnosis of chronic Q fever myocarditis. He was then successfully treated with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for 18 mo.
CONCLUSION Chronic Q fever myocarditis, if left untreated, carries a poor prognosis. It should be kept in differentials, especially in patients with recurrent fevers and contact with farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Goyal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Tarun Dalia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Poonam Bhyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Hospital, Fayetteville, NC 28304, United States
| | - Hassan Farhoud
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Zubair Shah
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Andrija Vidic
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The first convincing evidence for a causal relationship between bacterial infection and lymphomagenesis came from the link between gastric lymphoma and chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis. This review will summarize the current epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence of a causative role of bacteria in the development of malignant lymphomas, particularly, the extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. RECENT FINDINGS Other microorganisms have been associated with specific extranodal lymphoma sites with variable and not always definitive, evidence, including Chlamydia psittaci , Borrelia burgdorferi , Campylobacter jejuni and, most recently, Coxiella Burnetii . According to most plausible models, lymphoma growth is a consequence of continuous antigenic stimulation induced by chronic infection. However, some evidence of a direct oncogenic role of H. pylori has been provided, too. SUMMARY Lymphomas are not the result of a single cause but multifactorial diseases, influenced by a variety of genetic and environmental elements. Hence, ascertaining the specific contribution of bacterial infections is not always easy. Nevertheless, the eradication of the associated chronic infection may result in sustained lymphoma regression. Moreover, the association between infections and lymphoma may offer opportunities for reducing lymphoma incidence by preventing the predisposing infections or treating them early.
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Grostieta E, Zazueta-Islas HM, Cruz-Valdez T, Ballados-González GG, Álvarez-Castillo L, García-Esparza SM, Cruz-Romero A, Romero-Salas D, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Becker I, Sánchez-Montes S. Molecular detection of Coxiella-like endosymbionts and absence of Coxiella burnetii in Amblyomma mixtum from Veracruz, Mexico. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:113-125. [PMID: 36244047 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate ectoparasites associated with a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic animals. Moreover, ticks are capable of transmitting many pathogens such as Coxiella. To date, Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of coxiellosis or Q fever, is the only valid species of the genera. Nevertheless, a wide range of agents denominated Coxiella-like have been detected in recent studies, mainly associated with ticks. The pathogenicity of these Coxiella-like agents is controversial as some of them can infect both birds and humans. In Mexico, knowledge about Q fever is scarce and limited to historical serological records, and there is an overall lack of molecular proof of any agent of the genus Coxiella circulating in the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect the presence of Coxiella in ticks associated with cattle in all 10 regions of Veracruz, Mexico. To accomplish this objective, first, we identified ticks collected from cattle and horses in Veracruz. Then, for Coxiella detection, DNA extraction from ticks and PCR amplification of the 16S-rDNA of Coxiella was performed. Finally, we performed a phylogenetic reconstruction to determine the Coxiella lineages detected. From the 10 regions sampled we collected 888 ticks grouped in 180 pools, and only five Amblyomma mixtum from the locality of Castán, and one from Los Angeles from Tuxpan were found positive, which represents a frequency of 20% for each locality. This study represents the first attempt at molecular detection of Coxiella in ticks associated with cattle in the state of Veracruz, the major livestock producer in the country. The findings of the present study are relevant as they establish a precedent regarding the circulation of Coxiella-like agents, as well as the absence in three municipalities of the state of Veracruz of C. burnetii, an abortive agent of livestock importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 06726, México
| | - Héctor M Zazueta-Islas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 06726, México
| | - Timoteo Cruz-Valdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Gerardo G Ballados-González
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación s/n, Veracruz, 91710, México
| | - Lucía Álvarez-Castillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Sandra M García-Esparza
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 06726, México
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación s/n, Veracruz, 91710, México
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación s/n, Veracruz, 91710, México
| | - Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Circunvalación s/n, Veracruz, 91710, México.
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 06726, México.
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 06726, México
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
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