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Carlson CJ, Garnier R, Tiu A, Luby SP, Bansal S. Strategic vaccine stockpiles for regional epidemics of emerging viruses: A geospatial modeling framework. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00690-X. [PMID: 38902187 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Multinational epidemics of emerging infectious diseases are increasingly common, due to anthropogenic pressure on ecosystems and the growing connectivity of human populations. Early and efficient vaccination can contain outbreaks and prevent mass mortality, but optimal vaccine stockpiling strategies are dependent on pathogen characteristics, reservoir ecology, and epidemic dynamics. Here, we model major regional outbreaks of Nipah virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome, and use these to develop a generalized framework for estimating vaccine stockpile needs based on spillover geography, spatially-heterogeneous healthcare capacity and spatially-distributed human mobility networks. Because outbreak sizes were highly skewed, we found that most outbreaks were readily contained (median stockpile estimate for MERS-CoV: 2,089 doses; Nipah: 1,882 doses), but the maximum estimated stockpile need in a highly unlikely large outbreak scenario was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher (MERS-CoV: ∼87,000 doses; Nipah ∼ 1.1 million doses). Sensitivity analysis revealed that stockpile needs were more dependent on basic epidemiological parameters (i.e., death and recovery rate) and healthcare availability than any uncertainty related to vaccine efficacy or deployment strategy. Our results highlight the value of descriptive epidemiology for real-world modeling applications, and suggest that stockpile allocation should consider ecological, epidemiological, and social dimensions of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health
| | | | - Andrew Tiu
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University
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Li K, Bartlett JA, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Xue B, Thurman AL, Gallagher TM, Pezzulo AA, McCray PB. Interleukin 13-Induced Inflammation Increases DPP4 Abundance but Does Not Enhance Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Airway Epithelia. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1419-1429. [PMID: 37698016 PMCID: PMC11095549 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pulmonary conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increase the risk of morbidity and mortality during infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We hypothesized that individuals with such comorbidities are more susceptible to MERS-CoV infection due to increased expression of its receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). METHODS We modeled chronic airway disease by treating primary human airway epithelia with the Th2 cytokine interleukin 13 (IL-13), examining how this affected DPP4 protein levels with MERS-CoV entry and replication. RESULTS IL-13 exposure for 3 days led to greater DPP4 protein abundance, while a 21-day treatment raised DPP4 levels and caused goblet cell metaplasia. Surprisingly, despite this increase in receptor availability, MERS-CoV entry and replication were not significantly affected by IL-13 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that greater DPP4 abundance is likely not the primary mechanism leading to increased MERS severity in the setting of Th2 inflammation. Transcriptional profiling analysis highlighted the complexity of IL-13-induced changes in airway epithelia, including altered expression of genes involved in innate immunity, antiviral responses, and maintenance of the extracellular mucus barrier. These data suggest that additional factors likely interact with DPP4 abundance to determine MERS-CoV infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jennifer A Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Christine L Wohlford-Lenane
- Department of Pediatrics, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Biyun Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Andrew L Thurman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Thomas M Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Alejandro A Pezzulo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Microbiology, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Abbas AT, El-Kafrawy SA, Tabll AA, Hashem AM, Al Subhi TL, Alsaadi M, Azhar EI. Development and characterization of three novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting spike protein S1 subunit of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus. Hum Antibodies 2024:HAB240016. [PMID: 38758996 DOI: 10.3233/hab-240016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is a highly pathogenic virus that poses a significant threat to public health. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein S1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). METHODS In this study, three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV were generated and characterized using hybridoma technology. The mAbs were evaluated for their reactivity and neutralization activity. The mAbs were generated through hybridoma technology by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells from MERS-CoV-S1 immunized mice. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS ELISA results demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited strong reactivity against the MERS-CoV S1-antigen. Similarly, dot-ELISA revealed their ability to specifically recognize viral components, indicating their potential for diagnostic applications. Under non-denaturing conditions, Western blot showed the mAbs to have robust reactivity against a specific band at 116 KDa, corresponding to a putative MERS-CoV S1-antigen. However, no reactive bands were observed under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. The neutralization assay showed no in vitro reactivity against MERS-CoV. CONCLUSION This study successfully generated three mouse monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV using hybridoma technology. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivity against MERS-CoV antigens using ELISA and dot ELISA assays. Taken together, these findings highlight the significance of these mAbs for potential use as valuable tools for MERS-CoV research and diagnosis (community and field-based surveillance and viral antigen detection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymn T Abbas
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Egypt Centre for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tagreed L Al Subhi
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaadi
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Sohrab SS, Alsaqaf F, Hassan AM, Tolah AM, Bajrai LH, Azhar EI. Genomic Diversity and Recombination Analysis of the Spike Protein Gene from Selected Human Coronaviruses. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:282. [PMID: 38666894 PMCID: PMC11048170 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are seriously associated with respiratory diseases in humans and animals. The first human pathogenic SARS-CoV emerged in 2002-2003. The second was MERS-CoV, reported from Jeddah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in 2012, and the third one was SARS-CoV-2, identified from Wuhan City, China, in late December 2019. The HCoV-Spike (S) gene has the highest mutation/insertion/deletion rate and has been the most utilized target for vaccine/antiviral development. In this manuscript, we discuss the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and recombination patterns of selected HCoVs with emphasis on the S protein gene of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to elucidate the possible emergence of new variants/strains of coronavirus in the near future. The findings showed that MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have significant sequence identity with the selected HCoVs. The phylogenetic tree analysis formed a separate cluster for each HCoV. The recombination pattern analysis showed that the HCoV-NL63-Japan was a probable recombinant. The HCoV-NL63-USA was identified as a major parent while the HCoV-NL63-Netherland was identified as a minor parent. The recombination breakpoints start in the viral genome at the 142 nucleotide position and end at the 1082 nucleotide position with a 99% CI and Bonferroni-corrected p-value of 0.05. The findings of this study provide insightful information about HCoV-S gene diversity, recombination, and evolutionary patterns. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the possible emergence of new strains/variants of HCoV is imminent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.T.); (L.H.B.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Alsaqaf
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.T.); (L.H.B.)
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.T.); (L.H.B.)
| | - Ahmed Majdi Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.T.); (L.H.B.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 21911, Rabigh 344, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Hussein Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.T.); (L.H.B.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.M.H.); (A.M.T.); (L.H.B.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Wang L, Lu X, Cheng Y, Zhang YC, Zhao DX, Zhu YH. Effect of Optimizing the Induction Regimen in Preventing Cough Reactions in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Clin Ther 2024; 46:252-257. [PMID: 38368167 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE During the induction of general anesthesia, opioids and endotracheal intubation may cause coughing. This study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of an optimized drug induction scheme for general anesthesia to prevent coughing in patients. METHODS A total of 220 patients aged 18 to 65 years who underwent surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to two groups, each with 110 patients. One group was administered a divided sufentanil bolus (group A) and the other with a single sufentanil bolus (group B). Anesthesia induction was performed according to the drug induction scheme of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd minutes. The primary outcome was a coughing episode associated with the administration of opioids during anesthesia induction. We also recorded the pain associated with drug injection, hemodynamics, and blood oxygen saturation during the induction of anesthesia. FINDINGS All patients were included in the final statistical analysis. Compared with group B, the incidence of opioid induced cough (OIC) was significantly higher in group A (9.1% vs. 0, P = 0.001). There was no cough reaction of tracheal intubation in either group. There was no severe pain due to propofol and rocuronium injection in either group (P > 0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) values were within the normal range at each time point during the induction period in both groups. IMPLICATIONS According to the optimized 1st, 2nd, and 3rd minutes anesthesia induction regimen, with a single final intravenous bolus of sufentanil after the diluted rocuronium bromide administration, no sufentanil and tracheal intubation induced coughing reactions were observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200062749, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=175018) on August 17, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pinghu First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China.
| | - Xing Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pinghu First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - You-Chuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pinghu First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - De-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pinghu First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pinghu First People's Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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Kim SH, Kim Y, Jeon S, Park U, Kang JI, Jeon K, Kim HR, Oh S, Rhee JY, Choi JP, Park WB, Park SW, Yang JS, Lee JY, Kang J, Shin HS, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim YS, Lim DG, Cho NH. Rise in broadly cross-reactive adaptive immunity against human β-coronaviruses in MERS-recovered patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk6425. [PMID: 38416834 PMCID: PMC10901372 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
To develop a universal coronavirus (CoV) vaccine, long-term immunity against multiple CoVs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and future CoV strains, is crucial. Following the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak, we conducted a long-term follow-up study and found that although neutralizing antibodies and memory T cells against MERS-CoV declined over 5 years, some recovered patients exhibited increased antibody levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. This likely resulted from cross-reactive immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines or infections. A significant correlation in antibody responses across various CoVs indicates shared immunogenic epitopes. Two epitopes-the spike protein's stem helix and intracellular domain-were highly immunogenic after MERS-CoV infection and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection. In addition, memory T cell responses, especially polyfunctional CD4+ T cells, were enhanced during the pandemic, correlating significantly with MERS-CoV spike-specific antibodies and neutralizing activity. Therefore, incorporating these cross-reactive and immunogenic epitopes into pan-CoV vaccine formulations may facilitate effective vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Il Kang
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhyeok Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Phil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kang
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Shik Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
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Limenyande MJM, Kobusingye JO, Tindyebwa T, Akongo D, Isunju JB, Musoke D. Factors associated with compliance with Infection Prevention and Control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers in Kampala City, Uganda. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293732. [PMID: 37910487 PMCID: PMC10619793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic that originated from China in December 2019 and spread around the world, Kampala City witnessed a high number of infections and deaths among healthcare workers (HCWs). This study assessed the level of compliance with Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures and its associated factors among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic, in Kampala City, Uganda. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted in Nakawa Division, Kampala City, among 240 HCWs and used multistage sampling in government and private not-for-profit (PNFP) healthcare facilities. The outcome variable was self-reported IPC compliance which was composed of the use of masks, gloves, and hand hygiene. These were assessed using a 4-scale tool: always as recommended, most of the time, occasionally, and rarely. Only HCWs who responded "always as recommended" were considered compliant while the rest were considered non-compliant. Data was analyzed in STATA 14.0 using Modified Poisson regression to obtain factors associated with IPC compliance at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Forty-six (19.2%) respondents were compliant with all the three IPC measures, and this was associated with the presence of a COVID-19 patients' ward in the healthcare facility (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio, APR: 2.51, 95%CI: 1.24-5.07). Factors associated with the use of masks were being of the Muslim religion (APR: 1.31, CI: 1.05-1.65), and working in a healthcare facility that has COVID-19 patients' ward (APR: 1.29, CI: 1.06-1.59). Factors associated with the use of gloves were the age of the HCW, those above 40 years old being less complaint (APR: 0.47, CI: 0.24-0.93), working in the diagnosis department (APR: 2.08, CI: 1.17-3.70), and working in a healthcare facility that has COVID-19 patients' ward (APR: 1.73, CI: 1.13-2.64). Factors associated with hand hygiene were working in a health center (HC) IV (PR: 1.7, CI: 1.26-2.30) or a HC II (PR: 1.68, CI: 1.28-2.21). CONCLUSION Considering the elevated risk of disease transmission in health settings, IPC compliance was low; indicating an increased risk of COVID-19 infection among health care workers in Kampala City.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tonny Tindyebwa
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dorothy Akongo
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Busoga Health Forum, Jinja, Uganda
| | | | - David Musoke
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Nijhof AM, Akoko J, Nyamota R, Makori A, Nyamai M, Nthiwa D, Wambua L, Roesel K, Thumbi SM, Bett B. Ecological and subject-level drivers of interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus exposure in humans and livestock in Northern Kenya. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15342. [PMID: 37714941 PMCID: PMC10504342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly a century after the first reports of Rift Valley fever (RVF) were documented in Kenya, questions on the transmission dynamics of the disease remain. Specifically, data on viral maintenance in the quiescent years between epidemics is limited. We implemented a cross-sectional study in northern Kenya to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors, and ecological predictors of RVF in humans and livestock during an interepidemic period. Six hundred seventy-six human and 1,864 livestock samples were screened for anti-RVF Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Out of the 1,864 livestock samples tested for IgG, a subset of 1,103 samples was randomly selected for additional testing to detect the presence of anti-RVFV Immunoglobulin M (IgM). The anti-RVF virus (RVFV) IgG seropositivity in livestock and humans was 21.7% and 28.4%, respectively. RVFV IgM was detected in 0.4% of the livestock samples. Participation in the slaughter of livestock and age were positively associated with RVFV exposure in humans, while age was a significant factor in livestock. We detected significant interaction between rainfall and elevation's influence on livestock seropositivity, while in humans, elevation was negatively associated with RVF virus exposure. The linear increase of human and livestock exposure with age suggests an endemic transmission cycle, further corroborated by the detection of IgM antibodies in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Muturi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences (DRS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Univesität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Anita Makori
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mutono Nyamai
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Lilian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - S M Thumbi
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis-University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Perdiguero B, Pérez P, Marcos-Villar L, Albericio G, Astorgano D, Álvarez E, Sin L, Elena Gómez C, García-Arriaza J, Esteban M. Highly attenuated poxvirus-based vaccines against emerging viral diseases. J Mol Biol 2023:168173. [PMID: 37301278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although one member of the poxvirus family, variola virus, has caused one of the most devastating human infections worldwide, smallpox, the knowledge gained over the last 30 years on the molecular, virological and immunological mechanisms of these viruses has allowed the use of members of this family as vectors for the generation of recombinant vaccines against numerous pathogens. In this review, we cover different aspects of the history and biology of poxviruses with emphasis on their application as vaccines, from first- to fourth-generation, against smallpox, monkeypox, emerging viral diseases highlighted by the World Health Organization (COVID-19, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola and Marburg virus diseases, Lassa fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nipah and other henipaviral diseases, Rift Valley fever and Zika), as well as against one of the most concerning prevalent virus, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the causative agent of AcquiredImmunodeficiency Syndrome. We discuss the implications in human health of the 2022 monkeypox epidemic affecting many countries, and the rapid prophylactic and therapeutic measures adopted to control virus dissemination within the human population. We also describe the preclinical and clinical evaluation of the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara and New York vaccinia virus poxviral strains expressing heterologous antigens from the viral diseases listed above. Finally, we report different approaches to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vaccine candidates, such as deletion of immunomodulatory genes, insertion of host-range genes and enhanced transcription of foreign genes through modified viral promoters. Some future prospects are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Marcos-Villar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Astorgano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Azhar EI, Velavan TP, Rungsung I, Traore T, Hui DS, McCloskey B, El-Kafrawy SA, Zumla A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus-a 10-year (2012-2022) global analysis of human and camel infections, genomic sequences, lineages, and geographical origins. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 131:87-94. [PMID: 36996998 PMCID: PMC10050196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The World Health Organization priority zoonotic pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) has a high case fatality rate in humans and circulates in camels worldwide. METHODS We performed a global analysis of human and camel MERS-CoV infections, epidemiology, genomic sequences, clades, lineages, and geographical origins for the period January 1, 2012 to August 3, 2022. MERS-CoV Surface gene sequences (4061 bp) were extracted from GenBank, and a phylogenetic maximum likelihood tree was constructed. RESULTS As of August 2022, 2591 human MERS cases from 26 countries were reported to the World Health Organization (Saudi Arabia, 2184 cases, including 813 deaths [case fatality rate: 37.2%]) Although declining in numbers, MERS cases continue to be reported from the Middle East. A total of 728 MERS-CoV genomes were identified (the largest numbers were from Saudi Arabia [222: human = 146, camels = 76] and the United Arab Emirates [176: human = 21, camels = 155]). A total of 501 'S'-gene sequences were used for phylogenetic tree construction (camels [n = 264], humans [n = 226], bats [n = 8], other [n=3]). Three MERS-CoV clades were identified: clade B, which is the largest, followed by clade A and clade C. Of the 462 clade B lineages, lineage 5 was predominant (n = 177). CONCLUSION MERS-CoV remains a threat to global health security. MERS-CoV variants continue circulating in humans and camels. The recombination rates indicate co-infections with different MERS-CoV lineages. Proactive surveillance of MERS-CoV infections and variants of concern in camels and humans worldwide, and development of a MERS vaccine, are essential for epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit Biosafety Level-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ikrormi Rungsung
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tieble Traore
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Program, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Dakar Hub, Senegal
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian McCloskey
- Global Health Program, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit Biosafety Level-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Harless WW, Lewis B, Qorri B, Abdulkhalek S, Szewczuk MR. Novel Therapeutic Target Critical for SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Induction of the Cytokine Release Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091332. [PMID: 37174732 PMCID: PMC10177205 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We discovered a novel therapeutic target critical for SARS-CoV-2, cellular infectivity and the induction of the cytokine release syndrome. Here, we show that the mammalian enzyme neuraminidase-1 (Neu-1) is part of a highly conserved signaling platform that regulates the dimerization and activation of the ACE2 receptors and the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) implicated in the cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Activated Neu-1 cleaves glycosylated residues that provide a steric hindrance to both ACE2 and TLR dimerization, a process critical to both viral attachment to the receptor and entry into the cell and TLR activation. Blocking Neu-1 inhibited ACE2 receptor dimerization and internalization, TLR dimerization and activation, and the expression of several key inflammatory molecules implicated in the CRS and death from ARDS. Treatments that target Neu-1 are predicted to be highly effective against infection with SARS-CoV-2, given the central role played by this enzyme in viral cellular entry and the induction of the CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth Lewis
- ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada
| | - Bessi Qorri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Samar Abdulkhalek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 25026, United Arab Emirates
| | - Myron R Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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12
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Olgun Yıldızeli S, Vezir D, Cimsit C, Kocakaya D, Mercanci Z, Balcan B, Ermerak O, Ilgin C, Eryuksel E, Karakurt S. Pre-existing Immunocompromised Status as a Preventer of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: Friend or Foe? Cureus 2023; 15:e37633. [PMID: 37200662 PMCID: PMC10186853 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective COVID-19 has been negatively impacted by a number of comorbidities. Aside from that, some conditions or treatments that cause immunosuppression can alter the course of the disease, leading to worse outcomes. The primary goal of this study is to compare the clinical presentation, laboratory analysis, radiological findings, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with and without immunosuppression. Materials and methods The study includes patients with pre-existing immunosuppression and COVID-19 infection who were admitted and received inpatient treatment at Marmara University Hospital, Istanbul, Pulmonary Medicine ward between April 2020 and June 2020. Data on demographics, epidemiology, clinical course, laboratory analysis, radiological findings, length of hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality were collected from all patients. Results The study group consisted of 23 patients who had pre-existing immunosuppression, and the control group consisted of 207 immunocompetent patients, making a total of 230 patients. Significant differences in lymphocyte count, ROX (respiratory-rate oxygenation) index on Day 0, and fibrinogen levels were discovered between the two groups. SARI (severe acute respiratory infection) was more common in the control group than in the study group (p<0.022), but there was no difference in mortality. Conclusion The mean number and percentage of lymphocytes were lower in immunocompromised COVID-19 patients at the time of diagnosis. Higher ROX index values and a lower risk of developing SARI could explain the hypothesis that these patients may be benefiting from a pre-existing corticosteroid regimen. Additional research with larger numbers of patients may be beneficial in drawing a more definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehnaz Olgun Yıldızeli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Duygu Vezir
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Canan Cimsit
- Radiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Derya Kocakaya
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Zeynep Mercanci
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Baran Balcan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Onur Ermerak
- Thoracic Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Can Ilgin
- Public Health, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Emel Eryuksel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Sait Karakurt
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
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13
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Du T, Wang Z. High positive rate after consecutive negative tests of SARS-CoV-2. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33333. [PMID: 37000085 PMCID: PMC10063252 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a global public health event since 2019. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays of upper respiratory tract specimens were used as the most common method for confirmation of SARS-CoV-2. Patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 and hospitalized in Cancer Center of Wuhan Union Hospital were retrospectively enrolled. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory records were analyzed with highlights on the pattern of results of repeated RT-PCR tests. Nine hundred eighty-four patients admitted to hospital between February 13, 2020 to March 10, 2020 were enrolled. The median age was 62.0 years (interquartile range 49.0-68.0) and 44.5% was male. Three thousand-three hundred eleven specimens were collected for RT-PCR tests with a median of 3 tests (interquartile range 2.0-4.0) per patient. Three hundred sixty-two (36.8%) patients showed positive records from repeated RT-PCR tests. For the 362 confirmed patients, 147 cases received further RT-PCR tests after 2 consecutive negative records of SARS-CoV-2 and 38 (26%) of them obtained a positive result. Ten (23%) of 43 patients showed positive results after 3 consecutive negative tests and 4 (24%) of 17 patients were positive after 4 negative tests. Consecutive negative RT-PCR tests with respiratory specimens could not guarantee a viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Therapeutic role of mTOR inhibitors in control of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2701-2711. [PMID: 36538171 PMCID: PMC9764303 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By the end of 2019, COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan city of China, and through human-human transmission, this virus spread worldwide and became a pandemic. Initial symptoms of the disease include fever, cough, loss of smell, taste, and shortness of breath, but a decrease in the oxygen levels in the body leads, and pneumonia may ultimately lead to the patient's death. However, the symptoms vary from patient to patient. To understand COVID-19 disease pathogenesis, researchers have tried to understand the cellular pathways that could be targeted to suppress viral replication. Thus, this article reviews the markers that could be targeted to inhibit viral replication by inhibiting the translational initiation complex/regulatory kinases and upregulating host autophagic flux that may lead to a reduction in the viral load. The article also highlights that mTOR inhibitors may act as potential inhibitors of viral replication. mTOR inhibitors such as metformin may inhibit the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp's and ORFs with mTORC1, LARP1, and 4E-BP. They may also increase autophagic flux by decreasing protein degradation via inhibition of Skp2, further promoting viral cell death. These events result in cell cycle arrest at G1 by p27, ultimately causing cell death.
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15
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Engineering potent live attenuated coronavirus vaccines by targeted inactivation of the immune evasive viral deubiquitinase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1141. [PMID: 36854765 PMCID: PMC9973250 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses express a papain-like protease (PLpro) that is required for replicase polyprotein maturation and also serves as a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB). In this study, using a Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) PLpro modified virus in which the DUB is selectively inactivated, we show that the PLpro DUB is an important MERS-CoV interferon antagonist and virulence factor. Although the DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA replicates robustly in the lungs of human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 knock-in (hDPP4 KI) mice, it does not cause clinical symptoms. Interestingly, a single intranasal vaccination with DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA induces strong and sustained neutralizing antibody responses and sterilizing immunity after a lethal wt virus challenge. The survival of naïve animals also significantly increases when sera from animals vaccinated with the DUB-negative rMERS-CoVMA are passively transferred, prior to receiving a lethal virus dose. These data demonstrate that DUB-negative coronaviruses could be the basis of effective modified live attenuated vaccines.
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16
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Venturas JP. HIV and COVID-19 Disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:35-49. [PMID: 36646084 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infected individuals throughout the world remain at significant risk of respiratory infections and non-communicable disease. Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a hyperinflammatory phenotype which manifests in the lungs as pneumonia and in some cases can lead to acute respiratory failure. Progression to severe COVID-19 is associated with comorbid disease such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, however data concerning the associated risks of HIV coinfection are still conflicting, with large population studies demonstrating poorer outcomes, whilst smaller, case-controlled studies showing better outcomes. Furthermore, underlying immunopathological processes within the lungs and elsewhere, including interactions with other opportunistic infections (OI), remain largely undefined. Nonetheless, new and repurposed anti-viral therapies and vaccines which have been developed are safe to use in this population, and anti-inflammatory agents are recommended with the caveat that the coexistence of opportunistic infections is considered and excluded. Finally, HIV infected patients remain reliant on good ART adherence practices to maintain HIV viral suppression, and some of these practices were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, putting these patients at further risk for acute and long-term adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui P Venturas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Universtity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Azhar EI, Hui DS, McCloskey B, El-Kafrawy SA, Sharma A, Maeurer M, Lee SS, Zumla A. The Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022 and camel pageant championships increase risk of MERS-CoV transmission and global spread. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e189-e190. [PMID: 36525983 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esam I Azhar
- King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia.
| | - David S Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Brian McCloskey
- Global Health Program, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
| | - Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Avinash Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Immunotherapy Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; I Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shui-Shan Lee
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London Royal Free Campus, London, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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18
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Theoretical Analysis of a COVID-19 CF-Fractional Model to Optimally Control the Spread of Pandemic. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we formulate a mathematical model of the deadly COVID-19 pandemic to understand the dynamic behavior of COVID-19. For the dynamic study, a new SEIAPHR fractional model was purposed in which infectious individuals were divided into three sub-compartments. The purpose is to construct a more reliable and realistic model for a complete mathematical and computational analysis and design of different control strategies for the proposed Caputo–Fabrizio fractional model. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions by employing well-known theorems of fractional calculus and functional analyses. The positivity and boundedness of the solutions are proved using the fractional-order properties of the Laplace transformation. The basic reproduction number for the model is computed using a next-generation technique to handle the future dynamics of the pandemic. The local–global stability of the model was also investigated at each equilibrium point. We propose basic fixed controls through manipulation of quarantine rates and formulate an optimal control problem to find the best controls (quarantine rates) employed on infected, asymptomatic, and “superspreader” humans, respectively, to restrict the spread of the disease. For the numerical solution of the fractional model, a computationally efficient Adams–Bashforth method is presented. A fractional-order optimal control problem and the associated optimality conditions of Pontryagin maximum principle are discussed in order to optimally reduce the number of infected, asymptomatic, and superspreader humans. The obtained numerical results are discussed and shown through graphs.
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19
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Li Y, Huang ST, Chen WC, Huang WT, Chen FJ, Lin MT, Lin DL, Lai PF, Ko CF, Su CP. Epidemiological investigation of the first locally acquired case of COVID-19 identified by influenza surveillance-Taiwan, February 2020. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023:S1684-1182(23)00008-7. [PMID: 36693777 PMCID: PMC9840222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 and influenza have similar clinical presentations that can range from mild to severe disease. The World Health Organization recommends that countries use existing influenza surveillance to monitor COVID-19 transmission in communities. We aim to describe the surveillance and investigation of COVID-19 at the early stage of the pandemic in Taiwan. METHODS In February 2020, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control enhanced COVID-19 surveillance through its existing influenza surveillance. We retrospectively tested patients for SARS-CoV-2 who had symptoms of severe complicated influenza but were negative in influenza testing. We conducted an epidemiological investigation and contact tracing for the index patient and secondary cases to prevent virus transmission. RESULTS We identified the first COVID-19 patient on February 15 through enhanced COVID-19 surveillance. He had no history of traveling abroad and an unclear history of contact with COVID-19 cases. He presented with influenza-like illness on January 27 and was hospitalized from February 3 to 15. We identified 39 close contacts of the index patient, including 11 family members and 28 healthcare workers. In total, four close family contacts of the index patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. An additional 84 close contacts of the four secondary cases were identified and traced; none was diagnosed with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS We recommend enhancing COVID-19 surveillance by testing patients with influenza-like illness. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, we recommend using appropriate personal protective equipment when in close contact with patients who present with influenza-like illness or when caring for patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan,Preventive Medicine Office, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tse Huang
- Preventive Medicine Office, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chin Chen
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan,Preventive Medicine Office, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan,Preventive Medicine Office, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jun Chen
- Central Regional Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tsung Lin
- Central Regional Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Du-Ling Lin
- Central Regional Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Lai
- Central Regional Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Ko
- Central Regional Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-ping Su
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan,Preventive Medicine Office, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author. No.6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei City 10050, Taiwan
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20
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Refocus on Immunogenic Characteristics of Convalescent COVID-19 Challenged by Prototype SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010123. [PMID: 36679968 PMCID: PMC9866260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mass basic and booster immunization programs effectively contained the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, also known as COVID-19. However, the emerging Variants of Concern (VOCs) of COVID-19 evade the immune protection of the vaccine and increase the risk of reinfection. Methods: Serum antibodies of 384 COVID-19 cases recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection were examined. Correlations between clinical symptoms and antibodies against VOCs were analyzed. Result: All 384 cases (aged 43, range 1−90) were from 15 cities of Guangdong, China. The specific IgA, IgG, and IgM antibodies could be detected within 4−6 weeks after infection. A broad cross-reaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, but not with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus was found. The titers of neutralization antibodies (NAbs) were significantly correlated with IgG (r = 0.667, p < 0.001), but showed poor neutralizing effects against VOCs. Age, fever, and hormone therapy were independent risk factors for NAbs titers reduction against VOCs. Conclusion: Humoral immunity antibodies from the original strain of COVID-19 showed weak neutralization effects against VOCs, and decreased neutralizing ability was associated with initial age, fever, and hormone therapy, which hindered the effects of the COVID-19 vaccine developed from the SARS-CoV-2 prototype virus.
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Damirchi M, Aghaie M, Sedighi S, Tavassoli S, Roshandel G, Hassani M, Abdolahi N. The Role of Immunosuppression in the Development of COVID-19 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Brief Report. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:91-97. [PMID: 36688192 PMCID: PMC9843453 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.94402.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, much concern has been raised about patients with chronic diseases who may become more susceptible to the disease. The present cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, a possible correlation between the immunosuppression state and the incidence of COVID-19 is investigated. In May 2020, 500 SLE patients registered in the database of Golestan Rheumatology Research Center (Golestan province, Iran) were selected for this cross-sectional study. Using a questionnaire, patients were contacted by telephone to collect data including demographic characteristics, disease status, drug use, and new clinical symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24.0. Of the 500 selected patients, 355 responded to the phone calls and subsequently enrolled in the study. Among the enrolled patients, 25 were classified as COVID-19 positive, including eight hospitalized patients, of which two required intensive care and subsequently died. COVID-19 incidence was significantly lower in the immunosuppressed patients (2.2% vs. 10%, P=0.01). There was no significant correlation between hydroxychloroquine consumption and the incidence of COVID-19 in SLE patients. Fever, fatigue, dyspnea, and dry cough were the most common clinical symptoms. Our results showed that COVID-19 incidence was lower in immunosuppressed than the non-immunosuppressed SLE patients. Further studies are required to substantiate the role of immunosuppression in the development of COVID-19. A preprint version of this study was published at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-78704/v1 with doi: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-78704/v1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadrafi Damirchi
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Aghaie
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sima Sedighi
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Tavassoli
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammadjavad Hassani
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Abdolahi
- Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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22
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Dos S Ribeiro C, van Roode M, Farag E, Nour M, Moustafa A, Ahmed M, Haringhuizen G, Koopmans M, van de Burgwal L. A framework for measuring timeliness in the outbreak response path: lessons learned from the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic, September 2012 to January 2019. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2101064. [PMID: 36695460 PMCID: PMC9716647 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.48.2101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEpidemics are a constant threat in the 21st century, particularly disease outbreaks following spillover of an animal virus to humans. Timeliness, a key metric in epidemic response, can be examined to identify critical steps and delays in public health action.AimTo examine timeliness, we analysed the response to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemic, with a focus on the international and One Health response efforts.MethodsWe performed a historical review of the MERS epidemic between September 2012 and January 2019 in three steps: (i) the construction of a timeline identifying critical events in the global response, (ii) the performance of a critical path analysis to define outbreak milestones and (iii) a time gap analysis to measure timeliness in the execution of these milestones.ResultsWe proposed 14 MERS-specific milestones at different phases of the epidemic, assessing timeliness of the public health response as well as at the animal-human interface, where we identified the most significant delays.ConclusionsWhen comparing timeliness across three coronavirus epidemics, i.e. MERS (2012), SARS (2002) and COVID-19 (2019), we identified clear improvements over time for certain milestones including laboratory confirmation and diagnostics development, while this was not as apparent for others, as the identification of zoonotic hosts. To more efficiently respond to emerging threats, the global health community should widely assess and tackle specific delays in implementing response interventions by addressing challenges in the sharing of information, data and resources, as well as efficiency, quality, transparency and reliability of reporting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dos S Ribeiro
- Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martine van Roode
- Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), Viroscience Department, Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mohamed Nour
- Ministry of Public Health, Department of Public health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aya Moustafa
- Ministry of Public Health, Department of Public health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Minahil Ahmed
- Ministry of Public Health, Department of Public health, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Haringhuizen
- The Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), Viroscience Department, Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van de Burgwal
- Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Elkhatib WF, Abdelkareem SS, Khalaf WS, Shahin MI, Elfadil D, Alhazmi A, El-Batal AI, El-Sayyad GS. Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting. Virol J 2022; 19:167. [PMID: 36280866 PMCID: PMC9589879 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of the highly lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-2) as corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) reminded us of the history of other pandemics that happened in the last century (Spanish flu) and stayed in the current century, which include Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome (SARS), Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome (MERS), Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19). We review in this report the newest findings and data on the origin of pandemic respiratory viral diseases, reservoirs, and transmission modes. We analyzed viral adaption needed for host switch and determinants of pathogenicity, causative factors of pandemic viruses, and symptoms and clinical manifestations. After that, we concluded the host factors associated with pandemics morbidity and mortality (immune responses and immunopathology, ages, and effect of pandemics on pregnancy). Additionally, we focused on the burdens of COVID-19, non-pharmaceutical interventions (quarantine, mass gatherings, facemasks, and hygiene), and medical interventions (antiviral therapies and vaccines). Finally, we investigated the nanotechnology between COVID-19 analysis and immune system boosting (Nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial NPs as antivirals and immune cytokines). This review presents insights about using nanomaterials to treat COVID-19, improve the bioavailability of the abused drugs, diminish their toxicity, and improve their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F Elkhatib
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Shereen S Abdelkareem
- Department of Alumni, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Entertainment Area, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa S Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Mona I Shahin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Tymaa, Tabuk University, Tymaa, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dounia Elfadil
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I El-Batal
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
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24
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Numerical analysis of Atangana-Baleanu fractional model to understand the propagation of a novel corona virus pandemic. ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2022; 61:7007-7027. [PMCID: PMC8692131 DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we formulated a new nonlinear SEIQR fractional order pandemic model for the Corona virus disease (COVID-19) with Atangana-Baleanu derivative. Two main equilibrium points F0∗,F1∗ of the proposed model are stated. Threshold parameter R0 for the model using next generation technique is computed to investigate the future dynamics of the disease. The existence and uniqueness of solution is proved using a fixed point theorem. For the numerical solution of fractional model, we implemented a newly proposed Toufik-Atangana numerical scheme to validate the importance of arbitrary order derivative ρ and our obtained theoretical results. It is worth mentioning that fractional order derivative provides much deeper information about the complex dynamics of Corona model. Results obtained through the proposed scheme are dynamically consistent and good in agreement with the analytical results. To draw our conclusions, we explore a complete quantitative analysis of the given model for different quarantine levels. It is claimed through numerical simulations that pandemic could be eradicated faster if a human community selfishly adopts mandatory quarantine measures at various coverage levels with proper awareness. Finally, we have executed the joint variability of all classes to understand the effectiveness of quarantine policy on human population.
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25
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Matondo A, Dendera W, Isamura BK, Ngbolua KTN, Mambo HVS, Muzomwe M, Mudogo V. In silico Drug Repurposing of Anticancer Drug 5-FU and Analogues Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Pharmacokinetics and Chemical Reactivity Studies. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2022; 15:59-77. [PMID: 35996620 PMCID: PMC9391940 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s366111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the last COVID-19 outbreak, several approaches have been given a try to quickly tackle this global calamity. One of the well-established strategies is the drug repurposing, which consists in finding new therapeutic uses for approved drugs. Following the same paradigm, we report in the present study, an investigation of the potential inhibitory activity of 5-FU and nineteen of its analogues against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro). Material and Methods Molecular docking calculations were performed to investigate the binding affinity of the ligands within the active site of 3CLpro. The best binding candidates were further considered for molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns to gain a time-resolved understanding of the behavior of the guest-host complexes. Furthermore, the profile of druggability of the best binding ligands was assessed based on ADMET predictions. Finally, their chemical reactivity was elucidated using different reactivity descriptors, namely the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Fukui functions and frontier molecular orbitals. Results and Discussion From the calculations performed, four candidates (compounds 14, 15, 16 and 18) show promising results with respect to the binding affinity to the target protease, 3CLpro, the therapeutic profile of druggability and safety. These compounds are maintained inside the active site of 3CLpro thanks to a variety of noncovalent interactions, especially hydrogen bonds, involving important amino acids such as GLU166, HIS163, GLY143, ASN142, HIS172, CYS145. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the four ligands are well trapped within the active site of the protein over a time gap of 100 ns, ligand 18 being the most retained. Conclusion In line with the findings reported herein, we recommend that further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations are carried out to shed light on the possible mechanism of pharmacological action of the proposed ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristote Matondo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Washington Dendera
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Bienfait Kabuyaya Isamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Research Center for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics in Central Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua
- Department of Biology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Hilaire V S Mambo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mayaliwa Muzomwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Virima Mudogo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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26
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UBR5 Acts as an Antiviral Host Factor against MERS-CoV via Promoting Ubiquitination and Degradation of ORF4b. J Virol 2022; 96:e0074122. [PMID: 35980206 PMCID: PMC9472757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00741-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past 2 decades, three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses have emerged, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The health threats and economic burden posed by these tremendously severe coronaviruses have paved the way for research on their etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Compared to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV genome encoded fewer accessory proteins, among which the ORF4b protein had anti-immunity ability in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Our work for the first time revealed that ORF4b protein was unstable in the host cells and could be degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system. After extensive screenings, it was found that UBR5 (ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 5), a member of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases, specifically regulated the ubiquitination and degradation of ORF4b. Similar to ORF4b, UBR5 can also translocate into the nucleus through its nuclear localization signal, enabling it to regulate ORF4b stability in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Through further experiments, lysine 36 was identified as the ubiquitination site on the ORF4b protein, and this residue was highly conserved in various MERS-CoV strains isolated from different regions. When UBR5 was knocked down, the ability of ORF4b to suppress innate immunity was enhanced and MERS-CoV replication was stronger. As an anti-MERS-CoV host protein, UBR5 targets and degrades ORF4b protein through the ubiquitin proteasome system, thereby attenuating the anti-immunity ability of ORF4b and ultimately inhibiting MERS-CoV immune escape, which is a novel antagonistic mechanism of the host against MERS-CoV infection. IMPORTANCE ORF4b was an accessory protein unique to MERS-CoV and was not present in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 which can also cause severe respiratory disease. Moreover, ORF4b inhibited the production of antiviral cytokines in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, which was likely to be associated with the high lethality of MERS-CoV. However, whether the host proteins regulate the function of ORF4b is unknown. Our study first determined that UBR5, a host E3 ligase, was a potential host anti-MERS-CoV protein that could reduce the protein level of ORF4b and diminish its anti-immunity ability by inducing ubiquitination and degradation. Based on the discovery of ORF4b-UBR5, a critical molecular target, further increasing the degradation of ORF4b caused by UBR5 could provide a new strategy for the clinical development of drugs for MERS-CoV.
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Kumar S, Kumar GS, Maitra SS, Malý P, Bharadwaj S, Sharma P, Dwivedi VD. Viral informatics: bioinformatics-based solution for managing viral infections. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6659740. [PMID: 35947964 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new viral infections have emerged in the human population and establishing as global pandemics. With advancements in translation research, the scientific community has developed potential therapeutics to eradicate or control certain viral infections, such as smallpox and polio, responsible for billions of disabilities and deaths in the past. Unfortunately, some viral infections, such as dengue virus (DENV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), are still prevailing due to a lack of specific therapeutics, while new pathogenic viral strains or variants are emerging because of high genetic recombination or cross-species transmission. Consequently, to combat the emerging viral infections, bioinformatics-based potential strategies have been developed for viral characterization and developing new effective therapeutics for their eradication or management. This review attempts to provide a single platform for the available wide range of bioinformatics-based approaches, including bioinformatics methods for the identification and management of emerging or evolved viral strains, genome analysis concerning the pathogenicity and epidemiological analysis, computational methods for designing the viral therapeutics, and consolidated information in the form of databases against the known pathogenic viruses. This enriched review of the generally applicable viral informatics approaches aims to provide an overview of available resources capable of carrying out the desired task and may be utilized to expand additional strategies to improve the quality of translation viral informatics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | - Geethu S Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i., BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India.,Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, 59053 Ulrika, Sweden
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28
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Weskamm LM, Fathi A, Raadsen MP, Mykytyn AZ, Koch T, Spohn M, Friedrich M, Haagmans BL, Becker S, Sutter G, Dahlke C, Addo MM. Persistence of MERS-CoV-spike-specific B cells and antibodies after late third immunization with the MVA-MERS-S vaccine. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100685. [PMID: 35858586 PMCID: PMC9295383 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In follow up to a phase 1 trial, we perform a longitudinal analysis of immune responses following immunization with the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine MVA-MERS-S encoding the MERS-CoV-spike protein. Three homologous immunizations were administered on days 0 and 28 with a late booster vaccination at 12 ± 4 months. Antibody isotypes, subclasses, and neutralization capacity as well as T and B cell responses were monitored over a period of 3 years using standard and bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 50% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT50), enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot), and flow cytometry. The late booster immunization significantly increases the frequency and persistence of spike-specific B cells, binding immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and neutralizing antibodies but not T cell responses. Our data highlight the potential of a late boost to enhance long-term antibody and B cell immunity against MERS-CoV. Our findings on the MVA-MERS-S vaccine may be of relevance for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M Weskamm
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
| | - Anahita Fathi
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthijs P Raadsen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Till Koch
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Bioinformatics Core Unit, Hamburg University Medical Centre, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Friedrich
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Centre for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research, München, Germany; Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Zeng H, Zhang P, Jiang X, Duan C, Yu Y, Wu Q, Yang X. Rapid RNA detection through intra-enzyme chain replacement-promoted Cas13a cascade cyclic reaction without amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1217:340009. [PMID: 35690427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical methods to detect RNA viruses and disease-related RNAs suffer from time-consuming processes, high false-positive rates, or limited sensitivity. Here, we propose a strategy for rapid RNA detection through intra-enzyme chain replacement-mediated Cas13a cascade cyclic reaction without target amplification. A hairpin RNA mediator (a cleavage substrate for target-activated Cas13a) and a guiding RNA recognized by the cleavage product through intra-enzyme chain replacement were designed and optimized. Upon the recognition and binding of the target RNA to the Cas13a/CrRNA complex, Cas13a is initially activated to cleave the mediator, and the cleavage products recognize the corresponding Cas13a/CrRNA complex by intra-enzyme chain replacement and initiate the circular cascade of Cas13a cleavage and activation. The accumulated active Cas13a cleaves fluorescent reporter probe for achieving target RNA detection. This "mix & read" RNA detection at room temperature was performed in total 30 min. Using miRNA-21 as the target, the changes in fluorescence intensity were linearly correlated to the concentrations from 10 fM to 50 pM with the detection limit of 75 aM, while no significant changes in fluorescence intensity were detected for non-targets. This method applied to the clinical sputum respiratory syncytial virus-positive samples gave results consistent with those from the clinical fluorescence immunoassay. Thus, intra-enzyme chain replacement-promoted Cas13a cascade cyclic reaction for detection of RNA viruses in the "mix & read" mode at room temperature is rapid, simple, convenient, and efficient for RNA detection and can be adapted to point-of-care testing for high throughput screening of RNA virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Penghui Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development Diseases and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Changyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Qiaoming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China.
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30
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Kim D, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Kwon KT, Kim S. Clinical evaluation of an innovative isothermal amplification detection system for COVID-19 diagnosis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2578-2585. [PMID: 35748579 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A pre-integrated system design intended for a point-of-care (POC) and sample-to-result diagnostic platform with nucleic acid amplification has been developed, which is equipment/electricity-free without any permanent instruments or manual sample processing. This semi-integrated system focuses on pandemic situations that are suitable for the Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Robust and rapid, Equipment-free, and Deliverable to the end-user "ASSURED" concept recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nucleic acid amplification is an essential rate-limiting factor in the performance of integrated systems that involve sample preparation and detection. The ORF1ab (RdRp) gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been targeted by RT-LAMP optimization and evaluation using a commercial hot-pack as a heat source that successfully achieves a femto-scale (<6.8 × 102 copies per rxn) limit of detection (LOD) within 40 min (except for the RNA extraction step). Therefore, the prototype system was assessed using COVID-19-suspected clinical samples (eighty eight) and compared with the results of a commercial real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay (Allplex SARS-CoV-2 Assay kit (Seegene, Seoul, Republic of Korea)). These innovative approaches achieved over 95% sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the developed system using a hot-pack as a heat source is a promising tool that enables the rapid identification of infectious diseases in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dami Kim
- Philmedi R&D Center, Philmedi Incorporation, Seongnam, 13211, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Kim
- Philmedi R&D Center, Philmedi Incorporation, Seongnam, 13211, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanghyo Kim
- Philmedi R&D Center, Philmedi Incorporation, Seongnam, 13211, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Graziano E, Peghin M, De Martino M, De Carlo C, Da Porto A, Bulfone L, Casarsa V, Sozio E, Fabris M, Cifù A, Grassi B, Curcio F, Isola M, Sechi LA, Tascini C, Croatto L, Ditaranto P, Ditaranto LM. The impact of body composition on mortality of COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A prospective study on abdominal fat, obesity paradox and sarcopenia. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:437-444. [PMID: 36184240 PMCID: PMC9295328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims Obesity has been described as a predisposing risk factor to severe forms of COVID-19, but conflicting results are emerging on its real impact on the mortality of COVID-19. We aimed to compare clinical outcomes and mortality among COVID-19 patients according to obesity, metabolic syndrome and adiposity distribution. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of all consecutive adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the Infectious Diseases Clinic at Udine Hospital, Italy, from January 2021 to February 2021. At admission, the study population was submitted to specific anthropometric, laboratory and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) measurements and divided into five groups according to: 1) BMI < or >30 kg/m2; 2) waist circumference (WC) < or >98 cm for women, < or >102 cm for men; 3) presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MS); 4) visceral adipose tissue (VAT) distribution; and 5) presence or absence of sarcopenia (SP) both based on BIA. We then compared clinical outcomes (ventilatory support, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU length of stay, total hospital length of stay and mortality), immune and inflammatory makers and infectious and non-infectious acute complications within the five groups. Results A total of 195 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of patients was 71 years (IQR 61–80) and 64.6% (126) were male. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (55.9%) and MS (55.4%). Overall mortality was 19.5%. Abdominal adiposity, measured both with WC and with BIA, and SP were significantly associated with need for increased ventilator support (p = 0.013 for WC; p = 0.037, 0.027 and 0.009 for VAT; p = 0.004 and 0.036 for FMI; and p = 0.051 for SP), but not with ICU admission (WC p = 0.627, VAT p = 0.153, FMI p = 0.519 and SP p = 0.938), length of stay (WC p = 0.345, VAT p = 0.650, FMI p = 0.159 and SP p = 0.992) and mortality (WC p = 0.277, VAT p = 0.533, FMI p = 0.957 and SP p = 0.211). Obesity and MS did not discriminate for the intensity of ventilatory outcome (p = 0.142 and p = 0.198, respectively), ICU admission (p = 0.802 and p = 0.947, respectively), length of stay (p = 0.471 and p = 0.768, respectively) and mortality (p = 0.495 and p = 0.268, respectively). We did not find significant differences in inflammatory markers and secondary complications within the five groups. Conclusions In patients admitted with COVID-19, increased WC, visceral abdominal fat and SP are associated with higher need for ventilatory support. However, obesity, MS, SP and abdominal adiposity are not sensitive predictive factors for mortality.
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Al‐Qudimat AR, Al‐Zoubi RM, Elaarag M, Nashwan AJ, Hamze AK, Bawadi H, Yassin A, Assim A, Aboumarzouk OM, Zarour A, Al‐Ansari AA. Clinical outcomes of Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 vaccine in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e740. [PMID: 35873396 PMCID: PMC9297383 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The BioNTech‐Pfizer vaccine is the only vaccine offered to children among all available vaccines. However, limited evidence is available about the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 vaccines, especially among children and adolescents. This review offers a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the BioNTech‐Pfizer vaccine's current information on children and adolescents. Methods The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines; a comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases for research publications COVID‐19 published between December 2019 and October 2021. All studies reporting on the outcomes of vaccinating children in their respective institutes were included. Results A total of 78 vaccinated children and adolescents from six studies were included. The majority of symptomatic vaccinated pediatrics were males (71%). The mean age was 15.6 years, and the BMI was 24.1. The most common clinical symptoms were found in chest pain (35%), fever (32%), and myalgia (17%). The most common cardiac symptom in the EKG results was ST elevation, and 35% of vaccinated pediatrics had elevated serum troponin. The hospitalization, including ICU admission, was lower than in unvaccinated groups. Statistically significant associations (p ≤ 0.05) were found in two symptoms (fever and headache) between the vaccinated and nonvaccinated pediatric groups. Conclusions Although we found better outcomes in the vaccinated group versus the nonvaccinated pediatric group, more studies are still crucial to further understand the specific etiology underlying postvaccination, particularly myocarditis, psychological impact, and other cardiac clinical symptoms in children and adolescents after receiving the BioNTech‐Pfizer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed M. Al‐Zoubi
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
- Department of Chemistry Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Aksam Yassin
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences Dresden International University Dresden Germany
| | - Aseel Assim
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences Dresden International University Dresden Germany
| | - Omar M. Aboumarzouk
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing The University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - Abdulla A. Al‐Ansari
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
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Lerch A, Ten Bosch QA, L'Azou Jackson M, Bettis AA, Bernuzzi M, Murphy GAV, Tran QM, Huber JH, Siraj AS, Bron GM, Elliott M, Hartlage CS, Koh S, Strimbu K, Walters M, Perkins TA, Moore SM. Projecting vaccine demand and impact for emerging zoonotic pathogens. BMC Med 2022; 20:202. [PMID: 35705986 PMCID: PMC9200440 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite large outbreaks in humans seeming improbable for a number of zoonotic pathogens, several pose a concern due to their epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary potential. To enable effective responses to these pathogens in the event that they undergo future emergence, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations is advancing the development of vaccines for several pathogens prioritized by the World Health Organization. A major challenge in this pursuit is anticipating demand for a vaccine stockpile to support outbreak response. METHODS We developed a modeling framework for outbreak response for emerging zoonoses under three reactive vaccination strategies to assess sustainable vaccine manufacturing needs, vaccine stockpile requirements, and the potential impact of the outbreak response. This framework incorporates geographically variable zoonotic spillover rates, human-to-human transmission, and the implementation of reactive vaccination campaigns in response to disease outbreaks. As proof of concept, we applied the framework to four priority pathogens: Lassa virus, Nipah virus, MERS coronavirus, and Rift Valley virus. RESULTS Annual vaccine regimen requirements for a population-wide strategy ranged from > 670,000 (95% prediction interval 0-3,630,000) regimens for Lassa virus to 1,190,000 (95% PrI 0-8,480,000) regimens for Rift Valley fever virus, while the regimens required for ring vaccination or targeting healthcare workers (HCWs) were several orders of magnitude lower (between 1/25 and 1/700) than those required by a population-wide strategy. For each pathogen and vaccination strategy, reactive vaccination typically prevented fewer than 10% of cases, because of their presently low R0 values. Targeting HCWs had a higher per-regimen impact than population-wide vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our framework provides a flexible methodology for estimating vaccine stockpile needs and the geographic distribution of demand under a range of outbreak response scenarios. Uncertainties in our model estimates highlight several knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to target vulnerable populations more accurately. These include surveillance gaps that mask the true geographic distribution of each pathogen, details of key routes of spillover from animal reservoirs to humans, and the role of human-to-human transmission outside of healthcare settings. In addition, our estimates are based on the current epidemiology of each pathogen, but pathogen evolution could alter vaccine stockpile requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Lerch
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Quirine A Ten Bosch
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alison A Bettis
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Mauro Bernuzzi
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), London, UK
| | | | - Quan M Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - John H Huber
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Amir S Siraj
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Gebbiena M Bron
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Carson S Hartlage
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sojung Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Kathyrn Strimbu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Magdalene Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Sean M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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Jedrzejak AP, Urbaniak EK, Wasko JA, Ziojla N, Borowiak M. Diabetes and SARS-CoV-2–Is There a Mutual Connection? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:913305. [PMID: 35769263 PMCID: PMC9234398 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.913305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged virus described for the first time in late 2019, affects multiple organs in humans, including the pancreas. Here, we present the bilateral link between the pathophysiology of diabetes and COVID-19, with diabetes being COVID-19 comorbidity, and a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of clinical data indicates that patients with chronic conditions like diabetes are at increased risk of severe COVID-19, hospitalization, ICU admission, and death compared to the healthy subjects. Further, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection might be also associated with the development of new-onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis. We then discuss the options for studying SARS-CoV-2 infection in pancreatic settings, including the use of human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic organoids. Further, we review the presence of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in different pancreatic cell types and the infection efficiency based on pancreatic sections from COVID-19 patients and primary human islet in vitro studies. Finally, we discuss the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human pancreatic cell homeostasis, focusing on β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Jedrzejak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Edyta K. Urbaniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga A. Wasko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Ziojla
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Malgorzata Borowiak,
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Divergent Viruses Discovered in Swine Alter the Understanding of Evolutionary History and Genetic Diversity of the Respirovirus Genus and Related Porcine Parainfluenza Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0024222. [PMID: 35647875 PMCID: PMC9241844 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00242-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a rapidly growing family of viruses, whose potential for cross-species transmission makes it difficult to predict the harm of newly emerging viruses to humans and animals. To better understand their diversity, evolutionary history, and co-evolution with their hosts, we analyzed a collection of porcine parainfluenza virus (PPIV) genomes to reconstruct the species classification basis and evolutionary history of the Respirovirus genus. We sequenced 17 complete genomes of porcine respirovirus 1 (also known as porcine parainfluenza virus 1; PPIV-1), thereby nearly tripling the number of currently available PPIV-1 genomes. We found that PPIV-1 was widely prevalent in China with two divergent lineages, PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b. We further provided evidence that a new species, porcine parainfluenza virus 2 (PPIV-2), had recently emerged in China. Our results pointed to a need for revising the current species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. In addition, we used PPIV-1 as an example to explore recombination and diversity of the Respirovirus genus. Interestingly, we only detected heterosubtypic recombination events between PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b with no intrasubtypic recombination events. The recombination hotspots highlighted a diverse geography-dependent genome structure of paramyxovirus infecting swine in China. Furthermore, we found no evidence of co-evolution between respirovirus and its host, indicating frequent cross-species transmission. In summary, our analyses showed that swine can be infected with a broad range of respiroviruses and recombination may serve as an important evolutionary mechanism for the Respirovirus genus’ greater diversity in genome structure than previously anticipated. IMPORTANCE Livestock have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of paramyxovirus diversity, including pigs serving as the source of Nipah virus (NiV) and swine parainfluenza virus type 3, and goats and bovines harboring highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identified a new species of Respirovirus genus named PPIV-2 in swine and proposed to revise the species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. We found heterosubtypic recombination events and high genetic diversity in PPIV-1. Further, we showed that genetic recombination may have occurred in the Respirovirus genus which may be associated with host range expansion. The continued expansion of Respirovirus genus diversity in livestock with relatively high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging cross-species transmission threats.
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Albohy A, Zahran EM, Abdelmohsen UR, Salem MA, Al-Warhi T, Al-Sanea MM, Abelyan N, Khalil HE, Desoukey SY, Fouad MA, Kamel MS. Multitarget in silico studies of Ocimum menthiifolium, family Lamiaceae against SARS-CoV-2 supported by molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:4062-4072. [PMID: 33317409 PMCID: PMC7784784 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1852964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The novel strain of human coronavirus, emerged in December 2019, which has been designated as SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Since then, it has arisen as a serious threat to the world public health. Since no approved vaccines or drugs has been found to efficiently stop the virulent spread of the virus, progressive inquiries targeting these viruses are urgently needed, especially those from plant sources. Metabolic profiling using LC-HR-ESI-MS of the butanol extract of Ocimum menthiifolium (Lamiaceae) aerial parts yielded 10 compounds including flavonoids, iridoids and phenolics. As it has been previously reported that some flavonoids can be used as anti-SARS drugs by targeting SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro, we chose to examine 14 flavonoids (detected by metabolomics and other compounds isolated via several chromatographic techniques). We investigated their potential binding interactions with the 4 main SARS-CoV-2 targets: Mpro, nsp16/nsp10 complex, ACE2-PD and RBD-S-protein via molecular docking. Docking results indicated that the nsp16/nsp10 complex has the best binding affinities where the strongest binding was detected with apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, prunin and acaciin with -9.4, -9.3 and -9.3 kcal/mol binding energy, respectively, compared to the control (SAM) with -8.2 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the stability of these complexes was studied using molecular dynamics of 150 ns, which were then compared to their complexes in the other three targets. MM-PBSA calculations suggested the high stability of acaciin-nsp16 complex with binding energy of -110 kJ/mol. This study sheds light on the structure-based design of natural flavonoids as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting the nsp16/10 complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad Albohy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Maher Zahran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - M. Alaraby Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University of Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narek Abelyan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hany Ezzat Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Yehia Desoukey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Ahmed Fouad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah Kamel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Elnaggar M, Abomhya A, Elkhattib I, Dawoud N, Doshi R. COVID-19 and liver diseases, what we know so far. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3969-3980. [PMID: 35665122 PMCID: PMC9131221 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i13.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia outbreak started in December 2019. On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes a pandemic, and as of May 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 167.3 million patients, including 3.4 million deaths, reported to WHO. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the liver. We will discuss how chronic liver diseases affect the COVID-19 disease course and outcomes. We will also discuss the SARS-CoV-2 effects on the liver, mechanisms of acute liver injury, and potential management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elnaggar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89052, United States
| | - Ahmed Abomhya
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11200, United States
| | - Ismail Elkhattib
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Nabila Dawoud
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, United States
| | - Rajkumar Doshi
- Department of Cardiology, St Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, NJ 07503, United States
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Kilavuz S, Kor D, Bulut F, Serbes M, Karagoz D, Altıntaş D, Bişgin A, Şeydaoğlu G, Mungan H. Real-world patient data on immunity and COVID-19 status of patients with MPS, Gaucher, and Pompe diseases from Turkey. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:415-423. [PMID: 35705384 PMCID: PMC9125140 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Az Khan M, Mahmood T, Konje JC. Covid-19 and its implications for the provision of gynecological services globally. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 272:58-63. [PMID: 35286919 PMCID: PMC8881888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covid-19 took the world by surprise and has completely changed the way humans live and work. There is hardly an aspect of life that has not been affected. Whether social, economic, physical, psychological, cultural or religious, this pandemic has revolutionized every aspect of our lives and some of these changes are here to stay for the unforeseeable time. Although much has been written about the negative effects of Covid-19 on our social lives, some technological advances on COVID-19 have profoundly affected various aspects of our lives. These are mostly to do with how we communicate, deliver health services, innovate and investigate new preventative measures and treatments, travel and indeed influenced the carbon footprint of the planet. Although most of gynaecology is elective and was therefore not considered a priority in the early phases of COVI-19, there are considerable consequences of delaying treatment for some of these elective conditions. Of particular importance are infertility, pre-malignant conditions, chronic pelvic pain, sexual disorders and those affecting the psychological and social aspects of women and families. The pandemic forced a rethink of how healthcare is delivered with wide adoption of remote/virtual consultation and triaging of clinical presentations. The rapid development of immunization and drugs against the virus was met with doubts by a large proportion of the population with reluctance to accept these. Consequently, there remains unvaccinated portions of both low and high-risk populations, some of whom may be denied access to gynaecological care. On the other hand, some pregnant women who are frightened of the impact of vaccination on pregnancy put their own lives at risk. While significant progress has been made to combat the pandemic, lessons about healthcare delivery (face-to-face versus virtual), education of the end users and introduction of new technologies into the development of drugs and vaccines must be evaluated and improved moving forward not only during the ongoing epidemic but with future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Az Khan
- Consultant Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Sidra Medicine, Qatar and Assistant Professor of Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, 26999 Doha, Qatar
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- Spire Murray Field Hospital, Edinburgh and School of Medicine St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Justin C Konje
- Emeritus Professor, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, UK and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar and Fetomaternal Centre Al Markhiya Doha, Qatar.
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Shousha HI, Ramadan A, Lithy R, El-Kassas M. Patterns of liver profile disturbance in patients with COVID-19. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:2063-2071. [PMID: 35321162 PMCID: PMC8895188 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i7.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever and cough are the most common clinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but complications (such as pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure) can occur in people with additional comorbidities. COVID-19 may be a new cause of liver disease, as liver profile disturbance is one of the most common findings among patients. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon, however, is still unknown. In this paper, we review the most current research on the patterns of change in liver profile among patients with COVID-19, the possible explanation for these findings, and the relation to pre-existing liver disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Ibrahim Shousha
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ramadan
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Rania Lithy
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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Robinson LB, Wang L, Fu X, Wallace ZS, Long AA, Zhang Y, Camargo CA, Blumenthal KG. COVID-19 severity in asthma patients: a multi-center matched cohort study. J Asthma 2022; 59:442-450. [PMID: 33650461 PMCID: PMC7938653 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2020.1857396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The evidence pertaining to the effects of asthma on Coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes has been unclear. To improve our understanding of the clinically important association of asthma and Coronavirus disease 2019. METHODS A matched cohort study was performed using data from the Mass General Brigham Health Care System (Boston, MA). Adult (age ≥18 years) patients with confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, or interstitial lung disease between March 4, 2020 and July 2, 2020 were analyzed. Up to five non-asthma comparators were matched to each asthma patient based on age (within 5 years), sex, and date of positive test (within 7 days). The primary outcomes were hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death, using multivariable Cox-proportional hazards models accounting for competing risk of death, when appropriate. Patients were followed for these outcomes from diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 until July 2, 2020. RESULTS Among 562 asthma patients, 199 (21%) were hospitalized, 15 (3%) received mechanical ventilation, and 7 (1%) died. Among the 2686 matched comparators, 487 (18%) were hospitalized, 107 (4%) received mechanical ventilation, and 69 (3%) died. The adjusted Hazard Ratios among asthma patients were 0.99 (95% Confidence Internal 0.80, 1.22) for hospitalization, 0.69 (95% Confidence Internal 0.36, 1.29) for mechanical ventilation, and 0.30 (95% Confidence Internal 0.11, 0.80) for death. CONCLUSIONS In this matched cohort study from a large Boston-based healthcare system, asthma was associated with comparable risk of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation but a lower risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey B. Robinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liqin Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary S. Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aidan A. Long
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos A. Camargo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly G. Blumenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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N7-Methylation of the Coronavirus RNA Cap Is Required for Maximal Virulence by Preventing Innate Immune Recognition. mBio 2022; 13:e0366221. [PMID: 35073761 PMCID: PMC8787479 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03662-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding the immunological and pathological processes of coronavirus diseases is crucial for the rational design of effective vaccines and therapies for COVID-19. Previous studies showed that 2'-O-methylation of the viral RNA cap structure is required to prevent the recognition of viral RNAs by intracellular innate sensors. Here, we demonstrate that the guanine N7-methylation of the 5' cap mediated by coronavirus nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) contributes to viral evasion of the type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated immune response and pathogenesis in mice. A Y414A substitution in nsp14 of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) significantly decreased N7-methyltransferase activity and reduced guanine N7-methylation of the 5' cap in vitro. Infection of myeloid cells with recombinant MHV harboring the nsp14-Y414A mutation (rMHVnsp14-Y414A) resulted in upregulated expression of IFN-I and ISG15 mainly via MDA5 signaling and in reduced viral replication compared to that of wild-type rMHV. rMHVnsp14-Y414A replicated to lower titers in livers and brains and exhibited an attenuated phenotype in mice. This attenuated phenotype was IFN-I dependent because the virulence of the rMHVnsp14-Y414A mutant was restored in Ifnar-/- mice. We further found that the comparable mutation (Y420A) in SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 (rSARS-CoV-2nsp14-Y420A) also significantly decreased N7-methyltransferase activity in vitro, and the mutant virus was attenuated in K18-human ACE2 transgenic mice. Moreover, infection with rSARS-CoV-2nsp14-Y420A conferred complete protection against subsequent and otherwise lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice, indicating the vaccine potential of this mutant. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, use several strategies to evade the host innate immune responses. While the cap structure of RNA, including CoV RNA, is important for translation, previous studies indicate that the cap also contributes to viral evasion from the host immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that the N7-methylated cap structure of CoV RNA is pivotal for virus immunoevasion. Using recombinant MHV and SARS-CoV-2 encoding an inactive N7-methyltransferase, we demonstrate that these mutant viruses are highly attenuated in vivo and that attenuation is apparent at very early times after infection. Virulence is restored in mice lacking interferon signaling. Further, we show that infection with virus defective in N7-methylation protects mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the N7-methylase might be a useful target in drug and vaccine development.
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Cheon S, Park U, Park H, Kim Y, Nguyen YTH, Aigerim A, Rhee JY, Choi JP, Park WB, Park SW, Kim Y, Lim DG, Yang JS, Lee JY, Kim YS, Cho NH. Longevity of seropositivity and neutralizing antibodies in recovered MERS patients: a 5-year follow-up study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:292-296. [PMID: 34139334 PMCID: PMC8200326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the longevity of spike-specific antibody responses and neutralizing activity in the plasma of recovered Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) patients. METHODS We traced the antibody responses and neutralizing activity against MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in peripheral blood samples collected from 70 recovered MERS patients for 5 years after the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea. We also measured the half-life of neutralizing antibody titres in the longitudinal specimens. RESULTS The seropositivity rate persisted for up to 4 years (50.7-56.1%), especially in MERS patients who suffered from severe pneumonia, and then decreased (35.9%) in the fifth year. Although the spike-specific antibody responses decreased gradually, the neutralizing antibody titres decreased more rapidly (half-life: 20 months) in 19 participants without showing negative seroconversion during the study period. Only five (26.3%) participants had neutralizing antibody titres greater than 1/1000 of PRNT50, and a high neutralizing antibody titre over 1/5000 was not detected in the participants at five years after infection. DISCUSSION The seropositivity rate of the recovered MERS patients persisted up to 4 years after infection and significantly dropped in the fifth year, whereas the neutralizing antibody titres against MERS-CoV decreased more rapidly and were significantly reduced at 4 years after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinhye Cheon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoree Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen Thi Hai Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdimadiyeva Aigerim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Phil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control & Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Wang P, Ding P, Wei Q, Liu H, Liu Y, Li Q, Xing Y, Li G, Zhou E, Zhang G. Precise location of two novel linear epitopes on the receptor-binding domain surface of MERS-CoV spike protein recognized by two different monoclonal antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:609-619. [PMID: 34871658 PMCID: PMC8641979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a coronavirus which can cause severe human respiratory diseases with a fatality rate of almost 36%. In this study, we report the generation, characterization and epitope mapping of several monoclonal antibodies against the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV. Two monoclonal antibodies (4C7 and 6E8) that can react with linearized RBD have been selected for subsequent identification of RBD mAb-binding epitopes. Two distinct novel linear epitopes, 423FTCSQIS429 and 546SPLEGGGWL554,were precisely located at the outermost surface of RBD by dot-blot hybridization and ELISAs. Multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that these two peptides were highly conserved. Alanine (A)-scanning mutagenesis demonstrated that residues 423F, 428I, and 429S are the crucial residues for the linear epitope 423FTCSQIS429 while residues 548L, 550G, 553W, 554L for epitope 546SPLEGGGWL554. These findings may be helpful for further understanding of the function of RBD protein and the development of subsequent diagnosis and detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunrui Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ge Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Enmin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Marwah M, Agrawala PK. COVID-19 lockdown and environmental pollution: an Indian multi-state investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:49. [PMID: 34978634 PMCID: PMC8721483 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Originating from China, COVID-19 became the first-ever coronavirus pandemic, wreaking havoc in 218 nations. The lack of a potential treatment exacerbated by the inability of the healthcare infrastructure to contain the viral trajectory led to a worldwide lockdown. The anthropogenic halt presented an unprecedented background to quantify the effect of the anthroposphere on environmental pollution. Consequently, we analyzed the variations in the air (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2) and water pollutants (BOD, COD, DO, coliform) using real-time monitoring data in the majorly hit Indian metropolitan states during the lockdown in contrast to 2019 levels. The overall AQI (air quality index) de-escalated by -31.35%, -34.35%, -32.63%, -29.25% in Delhi, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Karnataka, respectively, from the 2019 levels. The daily concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 plunged tremendously. The exact pre-disposing factors responsible for higher COVID-19 transmission in some geographical centers remain elusive. Investigations have corroborated putative links between air pollutants and COVID-19 mortalities. Therefore, we further mapped PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 to co-relate with COVID-19 infectivity and mortality across the study states. Significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation between COVID-19 transmission was established for all pollutants with maximum co-relation with AQI followed by NO2. River Ganga water in Uttarakhand was deemed "fit for drinking" for the first time in two decades. An aggregate of -71.94, -61.32, and -77.94 decrease in BOD, COD, total coliform levels, and an 11.75 rise in the average DO levels from 2019 data. This study will better assist the future framework of health and environment restoration policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Marwah
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Paban K Agrawala
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Hui DS, Azhar EI, Memish ZA, Zumla A. Human Coronavirus Infections—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022. [PMCID: PMC7241405 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pujani M, Raychaudhuri S, Singh M, Kaur H, Agarwal S, Jain M, Chandoke RK, Singh K, Sidam D, Chauhan V. An analysis of hematological, coagulation and biochemical markers in COVID-19 disease and their association with clinical severity and mortality: an Indian outlook. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2021; 11:580-591. [PMID: 35103112 PMCID: PMC8784646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "cytokine storm" (CS) in COVID-19 leads to the worst stage of illness which can be controlled only with timely intervention. There is an urgent need to identify laboratory markers of disease progression for optimum allocation of resources in developing countries like India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 COVID-19 positive patients over two months. The cases were sub-classified based on disease severity into mild to moderate (n=61), severe (n=26) and very severe (n=13) and into survivors (n=85) and non-survivors (n=15) based on survivor status. These patients were tested for hematological parameters (total blood lymphocyte counts, NLR, PLR, platelet indices etc.), coagulation markers (D-dimer, fibrin degradation products (FDP), fibrinogen etc.) and biochemical markers (LDH, ferritin, IL-6, procalcitonin, hs-CRP). RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed in hematological variables (ANC, NLR and ESR), coagulation parameters (D-dimer, FDP, fibrinogen and thrombin time) and biochemical markers (LDH, ferritin, IL-6, procalcitonin and hs-CRP) with regard to subcategories based of disease severity as well as survivor status. There was strong correlation between NLR, D-dimer, IL-6, procalcitonin and ferritin. IL-6 emerged as the single best marker of disease severity (AUC: 0.997, P=0.00), however procalcitonin, LDH, D-dimer, FDP and NLR could also predict severe disease with a good sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION To conclude, study demonstrates a plethora of biomarkers which could be utilized to accurately identify the hyperinflammation and tissue damage reminiscent of cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients so that timely, safe, and effective therapies can be administered to prevent progression and potentially reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Pujani
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sujata Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Mitasha Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Shivani Agarwal
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Jain
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - RK Chandoke
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kanika Singh
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Dipti Sidam
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Varsha Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and HospitalFaridabad, Haryana, India
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Abou-Elkhair RAI, Du J, Wasfy AA, Khaill NA, Maaroof HM, Hassan MH, Ahmed AS, Hassan AEA, Sheng J. Synthesis of 6-Aza-2-Hydroxyimino-5-Methylpyrimidine Nucleosides for Antiviral Evaluation. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e329. [PMID: 34878712 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of a series of novel 6-aza-2-hydroxyimino-5-methylpyrimidine and related nucleosides are described. A suitably protected 2-methylthiopyrimidine nucleoside was selected as the precursor for installing a hydroxyimino moiety at the C-2 position. The starting nucleobase 6-aza-5-methyl-2-thiouracil is prepared in two steps from thiosemicarbazone and ethyl pyruvate. This is subjected to coupling with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose under Vorbrüggen glycosylation conditions to provide the corresponding nucleoside in high yield. Activation of the nucleoside to the corresponding 2-methylthio derivative followed by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine provides the corresponding 2-hydroxyimino derivative in high yield. Finally, the synthesis of five free modified nucleoside analogs is described. The newly synthesized nucleosides have been evaluated against an RNA viral panel and moderate activity was observed against hepatitis C virus, Zika virus, and human respiratory syncytial virus. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of 6-aza-5-methyl-2-thiouracil Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of 6-aza-5-methyl-2-thiouridine and 6-aza-5-methyluridine Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of 6-aza-2-hydroxyimino-5-methyluridine Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of 6-aza-2-hydroxyimino-5-methyl-4-thiouridine and 6-aza-2-hydroxyimino-5-methylcytosine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinxi Du
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Abdalla A Wasfy
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nisrin A Khaill
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hend M Maaroof
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa H Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ayman S Ahmed
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdalla E A Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
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Capabilities of global high-level isolation units: A pre-workshop survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 43:1679-1685. [PMID: 34847983 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess experience, physical infrastructure, and capabilities of high-level isolation units (HLIUs) planning to participate in a 2018 global HLIU workshop hosted by the US National Emerging Special Pathogens Training and Education Center (NETEC). DESIGN An electronic survey elicited information on general HLIU organization, operating costs, staffing models, and infection control protocols of select global units. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The survey was distributed to site representatives of 22 HLIUs located in the United States, Europe, and Asia; 19 (86%) responded. METHODS Data were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS The mean annual reported budget for the 19 responding units was US$484,615. Most (89%) had treated a suspected or confirmed case of a high-consequence infectious disease. Reported composition of trained teams included a broad range of clinical and nonclinical roles. The mean number of HLIU beds was 6.37 (median, 4; range, 2-20) for adults and 4.23 (median, 2; range, 1-10) for children; however, capacity was dependent on pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Responding HLIUs represent some of the most experienced HLIUs in the world. Variation in reported unit infrastructure, capabilities, and procedures demonstrate the variety of HLIU approaches. A number of technical questions unique to HLIUs remain unanswered related to physical design, infection prevention and control procedures, and staffing and training. These key areas represent potential focal points for future evidence and practice guidelines. These data are important considerations for hospitals considering the design and development of HLIUs, and there is a need for continued global HLIU collaboration to define best practices.
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Schulz J, Yinda CK, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RA, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface‒Aerosol Stability and Pathogenicity of Diverse Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Strains, 2012‒2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3052-3062. [PMID: 34808078 PMCID: PMC8632154 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. Although some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, most natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. We report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV, as well as isolates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. Although most MERS-CoV isolates had similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel-derived isolate C/KSA/13 had reduced surface stability, and another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that although betacoronaviruses might have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the need for continual global viral surveillance.
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