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Wang ZJ, Hu X, Xie YF, Yao WJ, Deng L, Li ZQ, Pu MJ, Lv XN, Hu ZC, Zhang JT, Li Q. Prevalence of small vessel disease and incidental DWI-positive lesions in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage versus intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Stroke J 2024; 9:639-647. [PMID: 38372251 PMCID: PMC11418497 DOI: 10.1177/23969873241232327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are main forms of hemorrhagic stroke. Data regarding cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) burden and incidental small lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) following aSAH are sparse. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a prospective cohort of aSAH and ICH patients with brain MRI within 30 days after onset from March 2015 to January 2023. White matter hyperintensity (WMH), lacune, perivascular space, cerebral microbleed (CMB), total SVD score, and incidental DWI lesions were assessed and compared between aSAH and ICH. Clinical and radiological characteristics associated with small DWI lesions in aSAH were investigated. RESULTS We included 180 patients with aSAH (median age [IQR] 53 [47-61] years) and 299 with ICH (63 [53-73] years). DWI lesions were more common in aSAH than ICH (47.8% vs 14.4%, p < 0.001). Higher total SVD score was associated with ICH versus aSAH irrespective of hematoma location, whereas DWI lesions and strictly lobar CMBs were correlated with aSAH. Multivariable analysis showed that shorter time from onset to MRI, anterior circulation aneurysm rupture, CMB ⩾ 5, and total SVD score were associated with DWI lesions in aSAH. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Incidental DWI lesions and strictly lobar CMBs were more frequent in aSAH versus ICH whereas ICH had higher SVD burden. Incidental DWI lesions in aSAH were associated with multiple clinical and imaging factors. Longitudinal studies to investigate the dynamic change and prognostic value of the covert hemorrhagic and ischemic lesions in aSAH seem justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Jun Yao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuo-Qiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Jun Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Ni Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zi-Cheng Hu
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Hechuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Chongqing, China
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Hori S, Okamoto S, Kubo M, Horie Y, Kuroda S. Cerebral microbleeds is a predictor of recurrent small vessel cerebrovascular disease: Evaluation based on the recurrent stroke pattern. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107812. [PMID: 38878842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An increased number of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) is considered a predictive factor for recurrent small vessel cerebrovascular diseases, including lacunar infarction and non-lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, it is unclear which recurrent stroke pattern is mainly reflected in the number of CMBs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study enrolled 217 patients with their first stroke (148 deep lacunar infarctions and 69 non-lobar ICHs), between January 2009 and March 2015. The numbers of baseline and newly appearing CMBs in patients with recurrent stroke were compared with those in patients with non-recurrent stroke, and the dynamics of the number of CMBs was evaluated according to recurrent stroke patterns. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients with recurrent stroke were included in this study. A larger number of baseline and newly appearing CMBs was significantly associated with recurrent stroke (p = 0.04, p < 0.001, respectively). Recurrent stroke patterns were divided into four types: deep lacunar infarction/deep lacunar infarction (37 patients), deep lacunar infarction/non-lobar ICH (eight patients), non-lobar ICH/deep lacunar infarction (eight patients), and non-lobar ICH/non-lobar ICH (six patients). The number of newly appearing CMBs was significantly higher in patients with deep lacunar infarction/non-lobar ICH than in those with other recurrent stroke patterns (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The number of CMBs is associated with recurrent stroke, including deep lacunar infarction and non-lobar ICH, and differs depending on the recurrent stroke patterns. The increase in the number of CMBs was strongly correlated with the deep lacunar infarction/non-lobar ICH recurrence pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Saiseikai Toyama Hospital, Toyama, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Soshi Okamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Saiseikai Toyama Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michiya Kubo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Saiseikai Toyama Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yukio Horie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Saiseikai Toyama Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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Xia P, Hui ES, Chua BJ, Huang F, Wang Z, Zhang H, Yu H, Lau KK, Mak HKF, Cao P. Deep-Learning-Based MRI Microbleeds Detection for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease on Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 60:1165-1175. [PMID: 38149750 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) are indicators of severe cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) that can be identified through hemosiderin-sensitive sequences in MRI. Specifically, quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and deep learning were applied to detect CMBs in MRI. PURPOSE To automatically detect CMB on QSM, we proposed a two-stage deep learning pipeline. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. SUBJECTS A total number of 1843 CMBs from 393 patients (69 ± 12) with cerebral small vessel disease were included in this study. Seventy-eight subjects (70 ± 13) were used as external testing. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T/QSM. ASSESSMENT The proposed pipeline consisted of two stages. In stage I, 2.5D fast radial symmetry transform (FRST) algorithm along with a one-layer convolutional network was used to identify CMB candidate regions in QSM images. In stage II, the V-Net was utilized to reduce false positives. The V-Net was trained using CMB and non CMB labels, which allowed for high-level feature extraction and differentiation between CMBs and CMB mimics like vessels. The location of CMB was assessed according to the microbleeds anatomical rating scale (MARS) system. STATISTICAL TESTS The sensitivity and positive predicative value (PPV) were reported to evaluate the performance of the model. The number of false positive per subject was presented. RESULTS Our pipeline demonstrated high sensitivities of up to 94.9% at stage I and 93.5% at stage II. The overall sensitivity was 88.9%, and the false positive rate per subject was 2.87. With respect to MARS, sensitivities of above 85% were observed for nine different brain regions. DATA CONCLUSION We have presented a deep learning pipeline for detecting CMB in the CSVD cohort, along with a semi-automated MARS scoring system using the proposed method. Our results demonstrated the successful application of deep learning for CMB detection on QSM and outperformed previous handcrafted methods. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward S Hui
- Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bryan J Chua
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuojun Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry K F Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wu J, Liu Z, Yao M, Zhu Y, Peng B, Ni J. Clinical characteristics of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and risk factors of cerebral amyloid angiopathy related intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurol 2024; 271:5025-5034. [PMID: 38796800 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is limited understanding of the differences between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) with and without intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This article aimed to describe the characteristics of CAA and identify the risk factors of CAA-ICH in a multicenter cohort. METHODS Patients consecutively enrolled in the national multicenter prospective Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Cohort Study who met the Boston diagnostic criteria for CAA or CAA-related inflammation were included in this study. The demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected. The clinical and radiographic differences between CAA with and without ICH were compared to identify the risk factors for CAA-ICH. RESULTS A total of 219 CAA patients were included, with an average age of 67.12 ± 9.93. Of all patients, 26.0% were CAA with ICH. Univariate analysis showed that CAA-ICH is associated with carrying more APOE ε2 allele, less lobar cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), lower Fazekas scale, a tendency of gait disorder, and acute onset (P < 0.05). The generalized linear mixed model yielded statistically significant associations between CAA with ICH and carrying the APOE ε2 allele, cSS, the lower number of lobar CMBs, and the lower Fazekas scale (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It is meaningful to classify CAA with and without ICH, as there may be different mechanisms between the two. CAA with ICH has a susceptibility to carrying APOE ε2, cSS, and a relatively small number of CMBs. Fewer CMBs do not mean lower susceptibility to ICH in CAA. Larger prospective cohort studies are necessary to further clarify these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Haidegger M, Klock N, Kneihsl M, Fandler-Höfler S, Eppinger S, Eller K, Seiler S, Enzinger C, Gattringer T. Recurrent cerebrovascular events after recent small subcortical infarction. J Neurol 2024; 271:5055-5063. [PMID: 38802623 PMCID: PMC11319362 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent small subcortical infarcts (RSSI) are the neuroimaging hallmark feature of small vessel disease (SVD)-related acute lacunar stroke. Long-term data on recurrent cerebrovascular events including their aetiology after RSSI are scarce. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study included all consecutive ischaemic stroke patients with an MRI-confirmed RSSI (in the supply area of a small single brain artery) at University Hospital Graz between 2008 and 2013. We investigated associations between clinical and SVD features on MRI (STRIVE criteria) and recurrent cerebrovascular events, using multivariable Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, vascular risk factors and MRI parameters. RESULTS We analysed 332 consecutive patients (mean age 68 years, 36% women; median follow-up time 12 years). A recurrent ischaemic cerebrovascular event occurred in 70 patients (21.1%; 54 ischaemic strokes, 22 transient ischaemic attacks) and was mainly attributed to SVD (68%). 26 patients (7.8%) developed intracranial haemorrhage. In multivariable analysis, diabetes (HR 2.43, 95% CI 1.44-3.88), severe white matter hyperintensities (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.14-3.41), and cerebral microbleeds (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.32-3.14) on baseline MRI were related to recurrent ischaemic stroke/TIA, while presence of cerebral microbleeds increased the risk for intracranial haemorrhage (HR 3.25, 95% CI 1.39-7.59). A widely used SVD summary score indicated high risks of recurrent ischaemic (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.49) and haemorrhagic cerebrovascular events (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.11-2.22). CONCLUSION Patients with RSSI have a substantial risk for recurrent cerebrovascular events-particularly those with coexisting chronic SVD features. Recurrent events are mainly related to SVD again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haidegger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Klock
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Kneihsl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Fandler-Höfler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036, Graz, Austria.
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Hayden MR. Cerebral Microbleeds Associate with Brain Endothelial Cell Activation-Dysfunction and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction/Disruption with Increased Risk of Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1463. [PMID: 39062035 PMCID: PMC11274519 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are increasingly being viewed not only as a marker for cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) but also as having an increased risk for the development of stroke (hemorrhagic/ischemic) and aging-related dementia. Recently, brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction and blood-brain barrier dysfunction and/or disruption have been shown to be associated with SVD, enlarged perivascular spaces, and the development and evolution of CMBs. CMBs are a known disorder of cerebral microvessels that are visualized as 3-5 mm, smooth, round, or oval, and hypointense (black) lesions seen only on T2*-weighted gradient recall echo or susceptibility-weighted sequences MRI images. CMBs are known to occur with high prevalence in community-dwelling older individuals. Since our current global population is the oldest recorded in history and is only expected to continue to grow, we can expect the healthcare burdens associated with CMBs to also grow. Increased numbers (≥10) of CMBs should raise a red flag regarding the increased risk of large symptomatic neurologic intracerebral hemorrhages. Importantly, CMBs are also currently regarded as markers of diffuse vascular and neurodegenerative brain damage. Herein author highlights that it is essential to learn as much as we can about CMB development, evolution, and their relation to impaired cognition, dementia, and the exacerbation of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Hu X, Liu L, Xiong M, Lu J. Application of artificial intelligence-based magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of cerebral small vessel disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14841. [PMID: 39045778 PMCID: PMC11267174 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is an important cause of stroke, cognitive impairment, and other diseases, and its early quantitative evaluation can significantly improve patient prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important method to evaluate the occurrence, development, and severity of CSVD. However, the diagnostic process lacks quantitative evaluation criteria and is limited by experience, which may easily lead to missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses. With the development of artificial intelligence technology based on deep learning, the extraction of high-dimensional features in imaging can assist doctors in clinical decision-making, and it has been widely used in brain function and mental disorders, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This paper summarizes the global research results in recent years and briefly describes the application of deep learning in evaluating CSVD signs in MRI imaging, including recent small subcortical infarcts, lacunes of presumed vascular origin, vascular white matter hyperintensity, enlarged perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds, brain atrophy, cortical superficial siderosis, and cortical cerebral microinfarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Hu
- Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical ImagingThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Digital Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical ImagingThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Balali P, Hart RG, Smith EE, Saad F, Colorado P, Lemmens R, De Marchis GM, Caso V, Xu L, Heenan L, Connolly SJ, Mundl H, Shoamanesh A. Cerebral microbleeds and asundexian in non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke: Secondary analyses of the PACIFIC-STROKE randomized trial. Int J Stroke 2024; 19:526-535. [PMID: 37950392 PMCID: PMC11134999 DOI: 10.1177/17474930231216339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cerebral microbleeds are magnetic imaging resonance (MRI) markers of hemorrhage-prone cerebral small vessel disease that predict future risk of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH). There exist concerns about the net benefit of antithrombotic therapy in patients with microbleeds. We aimed to investigate the effects of an oral factor-XIa inhibitor (asundexian), that is hypothesized to inhibit thrombosis without compromising hemostasis, on the development of new microbleeds over time and interactions between microbleeds and asundexian treatment on clinical outcomes. We additionally assessed associations between baseline microbleeds and the risks of clinical and neuroimaging outcomes in patients with non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of the PACIFIC-STROKE, international, multi-center Phase 2b double-blind, randomized clinical trial. PACIFIC-STROKE enrolled patients aged ⩾ 45 years with mild-to-moderate non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke who presented within 48 h of symptom onset for whom antiplatelet therapy was intended. Microbleeds were centrally adjudicated, and participants with an interpretable T2*-weighted sequence at their baseline MRI were included in this analysis. Patients were randomized to asundexian (10/20/50 mg daily) versus placebo plus standard antiplatelet treatment. Regression models were used to estimate the effects of (1) all pooled asundexian doses and (2) asundexian 50 mg daily on new microbleed formation on 26-week MRIs. Cox proportional hazards or regression models were additionally used to estimate interactions between treatment assignment and microbleeds for ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) (primary outcome), and ICrH, all-cause mortality, hemorrhagic transformation (HT), and new microbleeds (secondary outcomes). RESULTS Of 1746 participants (mean age, 67.0 ± 10.0; 34% female) with baseline MRIs, 604 (35%) had microbleeds. During a median follow-up of 10.6 months, 7.0% (n = 122) had ischemic stroke/TIA, 0.5% (n = 8) ICrH, and 2.1% (n = 37) died. New microbleeds developed in 10.3% (n = 155) of participants with adequate follow-up MRIs and HT in 31.4% (n = 345). In the total sample of patients with adequate baseline and 26-week follow-up MRIs (n = 1507), new microbleeds occurred in 10.2% of patients assigned to any asundexian dose and 10.5% of patients assigned to placebo (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.66-1.41). There were no interactions between microbleeds and treatment assignment for any of the outcomes (p for interaction > 0.05). The rates of new microbleeds, HT, and ICrH were numerically less in patients with microbleeds assigned to asundexian relative to placebo. The presence of microbleeds was associated with a higher risk of HT (aOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1) and new microbleeds (aOR, 4.4; 95% CI, 3.0-6.3). CONCLUSION Factor XIa inhibition with asundexian appears safe in patients with non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke and hemorrhage-prone cerebral small vessel disease marked by microbleeds on MRI. These preliminary findings will be confirmed in the ongoing OCEANIC-STROKE randomized trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04304508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pargol Balali
- Department of Neuroscience and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert G Hart
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric E Smith
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Feryal Saad
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Robin Lemmens
- Divison of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gian Marco De Marchis
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Caso
- Stroke Unit, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lizhen Xu
- Department of Statistics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Heenan
- Department of Statistics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart J Connolly
- Department of Statistics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Prats-Sanchez L, Camps-Renom P, Nash PS, Wilson D, Ambler G, Best JG, Guasch-Jiménez M, Ramos-Pachón A, Martinez-Domeño A, Lambea-Gil Á, Díaz GE, Guisado-Alonso D, Du H, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GY, Ay H, Jung S, Bornstein NM, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, van Dam-Nolen DH, Koga M, Toyoda K, Fluri F, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Heo JH, Bae HJ, Kelly PJ, Imaizumi T, Staals J, Köhler S, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Smith EE, Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Makin SD, Mas JL, Calvet D, Bordet R, Chen CP, Veltkamp R, Kandiah N, Simister RJ, De Leeuw FE, Engelter ST, Peters N, Soo YO, Zietz A, Hendrikse J, Mess WH, Werring DJ, Marti-Fabregas J. Statin Therapy for Secondary Prevention in Ischemic Stroke Patients With Cerebral Microbleeds. Neurology 2024; 102:e209173. [PMID: 38471056 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The association between statin use and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH) following ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) remains uncertain. This study investigated the risk of recurrent IS and ICrH in patients receiving statins based on the presence of CMBs. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network, comprising 32 hospital-based prospective studies fulfilling the following criteria: adult patients with IS or TIA, availability of appropriate baseline MRI for CMB quantification and distribution, registration of statin use after the index stroke, and collection of stroke event data during a follow-up period of ≥3 months. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of recurrent symptomatic stroke (IS or ICrH), while secondary endpoints included IS alone or ICrH alone. We calculated incidence rates and performed Cox regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, and use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs to explore the association between statin use and stroke events during follow-up in patients with CMBs. RESULTS In total, 16,373 patients were included (mean age 70.5 ± 12.8 years; 42.5% female). Among them, 10,812 received statins at discharge, and 4,668 had 1 or more CMBs. The median follow-up duration was 1.34 years (interquartile range: 0.32-2.44). In patients with CMBs, statin users were compared with nonusers. Compared with nonusers, statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of any stroke (incidence rate [IR] 53 vs 79 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.68 [95% CI 0.56-0.84]), a reduced risk of IS (IR 39 vs 65 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51-0.82]), and no association with the risk of ICrH (IR 11 vs 16 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.73 [95% CI 0.46-1.15]). The results in aHR remained consistent when considering anatomical distribution and high burden (≥5) of CMBs. DISCUSSION These observational data suggest that secondary stroke prevention with statins in patients with IS or TIA and CMBs is associated with a lower risk of any stroke or IS without an increased risk of ICrH. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with IS or TIA and CMBs, statins lower the risk of any stroke or IS without increasing the risk of ICrH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Philip S Nash
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachón
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Lambea-Gil
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Garbiñe Ezcurra Díaz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Houwei Du
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Y Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Ay
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne H van Dam-Nolen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Staals
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Eric E Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen D Makin
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David Calvet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yannie O Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Werner H Mess
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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10
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Zhao B, Yuan Y, Li Z, Chen Y, Gao Y, Yang B, Wu J, Jia W. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients using anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation after cerebral microbleeds combined with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1372231. [PMID: 38560733 PMCID: PMC10978779 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1372231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) risk in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) undergoing anticoagulation therapy for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, UpToDate, Scopus, WOS, and SinoMed. The search covered observational literature published from each database inception until February 1, 2023. We analyzed the prevalence of CMBs during the follow-up period, compared future ICH risk between patients with and without baseline CMBs (CMBs presence/absence, ≧5 CMBs), and examined factors influencing ICH occurrence in patients with CMBs. Also studied recurrent stroke during anticoagulation therapy, the risk of future ICH when white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and CMBs coexist, and the effects of anticoagulants vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) on future ICH. Results We included 7 articles involving 5,134 participants. The incidence of CMBs was 24%; baseline CMBs were associated with an increased ICH risk compared to patients without CMBs. ICH-risk was more significant in patients with baseline ≥5 CMBs. After anticoagulant therapy, ICH risk was higher than that of recurrent IS. The risk of future ICH was significantly increased with anticoagulant VKAs compared with NOAC. Conclusion Anticoagulant therapy for ischemic stroke patients with non-valvular AF and CMBs increases future ICH risk. Discontinuing anticoagulation due to ICH risk should be avoided. NOACs are safe and effective for patients with CMBs and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Gao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoling Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Weihua Jia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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DiPaola E, Cameron S, Rylander H, Zidan N, Hetzel S. Comparison of D-dimer concentration and thromboelastography for diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents in dogs: A retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1083-1091. [PMID: 38328940 PMCID: PMC10937503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) in dogs are diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This modality is sometimes unavailable, and CVAs can resemble other lesions on MRI. D-dimer concentration and thromboelastography (TEG) are utilized in human medicine in addition to diagnostic imaging to support diagnosis of CVAs, but their use in veterinary patients has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE Assess utility of blood D-dimer concentration and TEG in supporting the imaging diagnosis of CVAs in dogs. ANIMALS Sixty-eight client-owned dogs with neurologic signs that had brain MRI and D-dimer concentration or TEG performed. METHODS Multicenter, retrospective study. The incidence of abnormal D-dimer concentration or TEG was compared between patients with MRI evidence of CVA and a control population. Analysis methods included Fisher's exact test or Chi-squared test for association and comparison of independent proportions. RESULTS Neither D-dimer concentration nor TEG was significantly associated with a CVA (P = .38 and .2, respectively). D-dimer testing was performed in a low-risk population and showed low sensitivity (30.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-61%) and high specificity (86.4%; 95% CI, 64%-96%) for CVA diagnosis. Thromboelastography was performed in a high-risk population and showed moderate sensitivity (64.3%; 95% CI, 44%-81%) and specificity (66.7%; 95% CI, 24%-94%) for CVA diagnosis. Abnormal D-dimer concentration or TEG were not helpful in differentiating hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke (P = .43 and .41, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although blood D-dimer concentration or TEG alone are not diagnostic of CVAs in dogs, a positive D-dimer result supports additional testing for CVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth DiPaola
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Starr Cameron
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Helena Rylander
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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12
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Hakim A, Gallucci L, Sperber C, Rezny-Kasprzak B, Jäger E, Meinel T, Seiffge D, Goeldlin M, Westphalen F, Fischer U, Wiest R, Arnold M, Umarova R. The analysis of association between single features of small vessel disease and stroke outcome shows the independent impact of the number of microbleeds and presence of lacunes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3402. [PMID: 38336856 PMCID: PMC10858245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of small vessel disease (SVD) on stroke outcome was investigated either separately for its single features in isolation or for SVD sum score measuring a qualitative (binary) assessment of SVD-lesions. We aimed to investigate which SVD feature independently impacts the most on stroke outcome and to compare the continuous versus binary SVD assessment that reflects pronouncement and presence correspondingly. Patients with a first-ever anterior circulation ischemic stroke were retrospectively investigated. We performed an ordered logistic regression analysis to predict stroke outcome (mRS 3 months, 0-6) using age, stroke severity, and pre-stroke disability as baseline input variables and adding SVD-features (lacunes, microbleeds, enlarged perivascular spaces, white matter hyperintensities) assessed either continuously (model 1) or binary (model 2). The data of 873 patients (age 67.9 ± 15.4, NIHSS 24 h 4.1 ± 4.8) was analyzed. In model 1 with continuous SVD-features, the number of microbleeds was the only independent predictor of stroke outcome in addition to clinical parameters (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.07-1.37). In model 2 with the binary SVD assessment, only the presence of lacunes independently improved the prediction of stroke outcome (OR 1.48, 1.1-1.99). In a post hoc analysis, both the continuous number of microbleeds and the presence of lacunes were independent significant predictors. Thus, the number of microbleeds evaluated continuously and the presence of lacunes are associated with stroke outcome independent from age, stroke severity, pre-stroke disability and other SVD-features. Whereas the presence of lacunes is adequately represented in SVD sum score, the microbleeds assessment might require another cutoff and/or gradual scoring, when prediction of stroke outcome is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsany Hakim
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Gallucci
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Sperber
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beata Rezny-Kasprzak
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eugen Jäger
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Meinel
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Westphalen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roza Umarova
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Feng Y, Lin L, Wu T, Feng Y, Liang F, Li G, Li Y, Guan Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Xu G, Pei Z. Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:36. [PMID: 38216560 PMCID: PMC10786939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Microinfarcts are common among the elderly and patients with microinfarcts are more vulnerable to another stroke. However, the impact of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke has yet to be fully understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the negative effects of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke. To achieve this, two-photon laser was used to induce microinfarcts, while photothrombotic stroke was induced on the opposite side. The results showed that microinfarcts led to trained immunity in microglia, which worsened the pro-inflammatory response and ischemic injury in the secondary photothrombotic stroke. Additionally, the study clarified the role of NLRP3 in microglial nuclei, indicating that it interacts with the MLL1 complex through NACHT domain and increases H3K4 methylation, which suggests that NLRP3 is critical in the formation of innate immune memory caused by microinfarcts. Furthermore, the knockout of NLRP3 in microglia alleviated the trained immunity and reduced the harmful effects of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke. This study emphasizes the detrimental effect of trained immunity on recurrent stroke and highlights the critical role of NLRP3 in mediating the formation of this memory, which may offer a potential therapeutic target for mitigating recurrent strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lishan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tengteng Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yukun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yalun Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Shuhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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14
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Du H, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Teo KC, Mak H, Kim YD, Song TJ, Selcuk Demirelli D, Nishihara M, Yoshikawa M, Kubacka M, Zietz A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Panos L, Goeldlin MB, Slater LA, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Bellut M, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Leung TW, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin SDJ, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Kooi ME, Köhler S, Staals J, Kuchcinski G, Bordet R, Dubost F, Wardlaw JM, Soo YOY, Fluri F, Srikanth VK, Jung S, Peters N, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Necioglu Orken D, Heo JH, Lau GKK, Bae HJ, Werring DJ. Clinical Associations and Prognostic Value of MRI-Visible Perivascular Spaces in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or TIA: A Pooled Analysis. Neurology 2024; 102:e207795. [PMID: 38165371 PMCID: PMC10834118 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Visible perivascular spaces are an MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease and might predict future stroke. However, results from existing studies vary. We aimed to clarify this through a large collaborative multicenter analysis. METHODS We pooled individual patient data from a consortium of prospective cohort studies. Participants had recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), underwent baseline MRI, and were followed up for ischemic stroke and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia (BGPVS) and perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale (CSOPVS) were rated locally using a validated visual scale. We investigated clinical and radiologic associations cross-sectionally using multinomial logistic regression and prospective associations with ischemic stroke and ICH using Cox regression. RESULTS We included 7,778 participants (mean age 70.6 years; 42.7% female) from 16 studies, followed up for a median of 1.44 years. Eighty ICH and 424 ischemic strokes occurred. BGPVS were associated with increasing age, hypertension, previous ischemic stroke, previous ICH, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, and white matter hyperintensities. CSOPVS showed consistently weaker associations. Prospectively, after adjusting for potential confounders including cerebral microbleeds, increasing BGPVS burden was independently associated with future ischemic stroke (versus 0-10 BGPVS, 11-20 BGPVS: HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.93-1.53; 21+ BGPVS: HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.06; p = 0.040). Higher BGPVS burden was associated with increased ICH risk in univariable analysis, but not in adjusted analyses. CSOPVS were not significantly associated with either outcome. DISCUSSION In patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, increasing BGPVS burden is associated with more severe cerebral small vessel disease and higher ischemic stroke risk. Neither BGPVS nor CSOPVS were independently associated with future ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Houwei Du
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay Cheong Teo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Henry Mak
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Derya Selcuk Demirelli
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Kubacka
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Anne Slater
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Francesca Chappell
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen D J Makin
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - M Eline Kooi
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Staals
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Grégory Kuchcinski
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Dubost
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Jung
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nils Peters
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Kui Kai Lau
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - David J Werring
- From the UCL Stroke Research Centre (J.G.B., D.W., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology (K.-J.L.), Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul; Department of Neurology (J.-S.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (K.C.T., G.K.K.L.) and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (H.M.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., J.-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology (T.-J.S.), Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology (D.S.D.), Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Turkey; Department of Radiology (M.N.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine; Division of Neurology (M.Y., H.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich (M.K., N.P.); University of Basel (M.K.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center University Hospital and University of Basel (A.Z.), Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S., F.C., J.M.W.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.H.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (L.P., M.B.G., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (L.-A.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health (C.C.K.), and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (T.G.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (M.B., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology (J.A., W.C.) and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (C.C., T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (S.D.J.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam (F.D.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.K.D.-N.), Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.) and Neurology (J.S.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology (S.K.), School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; University of Lille (G.K., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, France; National Centre for Healthy Ageing (V.K.S.), Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; and Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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15
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Li D, Sun Y, Ding L, Fu Y, Zhou J, Yu JT, Tan L. Associations of Growth-Associated Protein 43 with Cerebral Microbleeds: A Longitudinal Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1913-1922. [PMID: 38339928 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) play an important role in neurodegenerative pathology. Objective The present study aims to test whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) level is linked to CMBs in elderly people. Methods A total of 750 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) who had measurements of GAP-43 and CMBs were included in the study. According to the presence and extent of CMBs, participants were stratified into different groups. Regression analyses were used to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between GAP-43 and CMBs. Results Participants with CMB were slightly older and had higher concentrations of CSF GAP43. In multivariable adjusted analyses for age, gender, APOEɛ4 status, and cognitive diagnoses, higher CSF GAP-43 concentrations were modestly associated with CMB presence (OR = 1.169, 95% CI = 1.001-1.365) and number (β= 0.020, SE = 0.009, p = 0.027). Similarly, higher CSF GAP43 concentrations were accrual of CMB lesions, associated with higher CMB progression (OR = 1.231, 95% CI = 1.044-1.448) and number (β= 0.017, SE = 0.005, p = 0.001) in the follow up scan. In stratified analyses, slightly stronger associations were noted in male participants, those 65 years and older, carriers of APOEɛ4 alleles, and with more advanced cognitive disorders. Conclusions CSF GAP-43 was cross-sectionally associated with the presence and extent of CMBs. GAP-43 might be used as a biomarker to track the dynamic changes of CMBs in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Lim J, Lee K, Kim BJ, Ryu W, Chung J, Gwak D, Lee JS, Kim S, Ko E, Lee J, Han M, Smith EE, Kim D, Bae H. Nonhypertensive White Matter Hyperintensities in Stroke: Risk Factors, Neuroimaging Characteristics, and Prognosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030515. [PMID: 38014679 PMCID: PMC10727348 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the risk factors, neuroimaging features, and prognostic implications of nonhypertensive white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 2283 patients with hypertension and 1003 without from a pool of 10 602. Associations of moderate-to-severe WMH with known risk factors, functional outcome, and a composite of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality were evaluated. A subset of 351 patients without hypertension and age- and sex-matched pairs with hypertension and moderate-to-severe WMH was created for a detailed topographic examination of WMH, lacunes, and microbleeds. Approximately 35% of patients without hypertension and 65% of patients with hypertensive stroke exhibited moderate-to-severe WMH. WMH was associated with age, female sex, and previous stroke, irrespective of hypertension. In patients without hypertension, WMH was associated with initial systolic blood pressure and was more common in the anterior temporal region. In patients with hypertension, WMH was associated with small vessel occlusion as a stroke mechanism and was more frequent in the periventricular region near the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. The higher prevalence of occipital microbleeds in patients without hypertension and deep subcortical lacunes in patients with hypertension were also observed. Associations of moderate-to-severe WMH with 3-month functional outcome and 1-year cumulative incidence of the composite outcome were significant (both P<0.01), although the latter lost significance after adjustments. The associations between WMH and outcomes were consistent across hypertensive status. CONCLUSIONS One-third of patients without hypertension with stroke have moderate-to-severe WMH. The pathogenesis of WMH may differ between patients without and with hypertension, but its impact on outcome appears similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae‐Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Keon‐Joo Lee
- Department of NeurologyKorea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Jinyong Chung
- Medical Science Research CenterDongguk University Medical CenterGoyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Seok Gwak
- Department of NeurologyDongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of MedicineGoyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research CenterAsan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Eun Kim
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunvin Ko
- Department of BiostatisticsKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of BiostatisticsKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Moon‐Ku Han
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Eric E. Smith
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Dong‐Eog Kim
- Department of NeurologyDongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of MedicineGoyangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hee‐Joon Bae
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamRepublic of Korea
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17
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Lv K, Liu Y, Chen Y, Buch S, Wang Y, Yu Z, Wang H, Zhao C, Fu D, Wang H, Wang B, Zhang S, Luo Y, Haacke EM, Shen W, Chai C, Xia S. The iron burden of cerebral microbleeds contributes to brain atrophy through the mediating effect of white matter hyperintensity. Neuroimage 2023; 281:120370. [PMID: 37716591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to explore the total iron burden of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) using a semi-automatic quantitative susceptibility mapping and to establish its effect on brain atrophy through the mediating effect of white matter hyperintensities (WMH). A total of 95 community-dwelling people were enrolled. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) combined with a dynamic programming algorithm (DPA) was used to measure the characteristics of 1309 CMBs. WMH were evaluated according to the Fazekas scale, and brain atrophy was assessed using a 2D linear measurement method. Histogram analysis was used to explore the distribution of CMBs susceptibility, volume, and total iron burden, while a correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between volume and susceptibility. Stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for CMBs and their contribution to brain atrophy. Mediation analysis was used to explore the interrelationship between CMBs and brain atrophy. We found that the frequency distribution of susceptibility of the CMBs was Gaussian in nature with a mean of 201 ppb and a standard deviation of 84 ppb; however, the volume and total iron burden of CMBs were more Rician in nature. A weak but significant correlation between the susceptibility and volume of CMBs was found (r = -0.113, P < 0.001). The periventricular WMH (PVWMH) was a risk factor for the presence of CMBs (number: β = 0.251, P = 0.014; volume: β = 0.237, P = 0.042; total iron burden: β = 0.238, P = 0.020) and was a risk factor for brain atrophy (third ventricle width: β = 0.325, P = 0.001; Evans's index: β = 0.323, P = 0.001). PVWMH had a significant mediating effect on the correlation between CMBs and brain atrophy. In conclusion, QSM along with the DPA can measure the total iron burden of CMBs. PVWMH might be a risk factor for CMBs and may mediate the effect of CMBs on brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanzhen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sagar Buch
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Magnetic Resonance Innovations, Inc., Bingham Farms, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dingwei Fu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huapeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yu Luo
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Magnetic Resonance Innovations, Inc., Bingham Farms, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Institute of Imaging Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Institute of Imaging Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Institute of Imaging Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Mu R, Qin X, Zheng W, Yang P, Huang B, Li X, Liu F, Deng K, Zhu X. Amide proton transfer could be a surrogate imaging marker for predicting vascular cognitive impairment. Brain Res Bull 2023; 204:110793. [PMID: 37863439 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Emerging evidence suggests an overlap in the underlying pathways contributing to both cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and the neurodegenerative disease. Studies investigating the progression of CSVD should incorporate markers that reflect neurodegenerative lesions. OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate whether Amide proton transfer (APT) can serve as a potential marker for reflecting vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). METHOD Participants were categorized into one of three groups based on their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores: normal control group (age,54.9 ± 7.9; male, 52.9%), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (age,55.7 ± 6.9; male, 42.6%), or vascular dementia (VaD) group (age,57.6 ± 5.5, male, 58.5%). One way analysis of variance was performed to compare the demographic and APT variables between groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis wwas constructed to examine the relationship between APT values and VCI grouping. A hierarchical linear regression model was employed to examine the associations between patients' demographic factors, imaging markers, APT values, and MoCA. RESULTS The APT values of frontal white matter, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus were significantly different among different groups (p < 0.05). The APT values of frontal white matter, amygdala, and thalamus indicate a significant positive effect on MCI grouping. the APT values of frontal white matter, amygdala, and thalamus indicate a significant positive effect on VaD grouping. The demographic data, CSVD imaging markers and APT values can account for 5.1%, 20.1% and 27.7% of the variation in MoCA, respectively. CONCLUSION APT imaging can partially identifying and predicting the occurrence of VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Mu
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qin
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China
| | - Bingqin Huang
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China; Graduate School, Guilin Medical University, 541002 Guilin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China
| | - Fuzhen Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China
| | - Kan Deng
- Philips (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Branch, 510000 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiqi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541004 Guilin, China.
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19
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Ikeda S, Saito S, Hosoki S, Tonomura S, Yamamoto Y, Ikenouchi H, Ishiyama H, Tanaka T, Hattori Y, Friedland RP, Carare RO, Kuriyama N, Yakushiji Y, Hara H, Koga M, Toyoda K, Nomura R, Takegami M, Nakano K, Ihara M. Harboring Cnm-expressing Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity relates to both deep and lobar cerebral microbleeds. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3487-3496. [PMID: 36708081 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) influence long-term prognoses of stroke patients. Streptococcus mutans expressing the collagen-binding protein Cnm induces cerebrovascular inflammation, impairing blood brain barrier integrity and causing cerebral bleeding. Here, we examine the association of Cnm-positive S. mutans with CMBs. METHODS Acute stroke patients were selected from a single-center registry database. Oral carriage of Cnm-positive or Cnm-negative S. mutans was determined using polymerase chain reaction assays. The associations of Cnm-positive S. mutans with CMB number and specifically the presence of >10 CMBs were examined using quasi-Poisson and logistic regression models, respectively. RESULTS This study included 3154 stroke patients, of which 428 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 73.0 [63.0-81.0] years; 269 men [62.9%]) underwent oral bacterial examinations. In total, 326 patients harbored S. mutans. After excluding four patients without imaging data, we compared patients with Cnm-positive (n = 72) and Cnm-negative (n = 250) S. mutans. Harboring Cnm-positive S. mutans was independently associated with the presence of >10 CMBs (adjusted odds ratio 2.20 [1.18-4.10]) and higher numbers of deep and lobar CMBs (adjusted risk ratio 1.61 [1.14-2.27] for deep; 5.14 [2.78-9.51] for lobar), but not infratentorial CMBs, after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, stroke type, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. CONCLUSIONS Harboring Cnm-positive S. mutans was independently associated with a higher number of CMBs in deep and lobar locations. Reducing Cnm-positive S. mutans in the oral cavity may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Satoshi Hosoki
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tonomura
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Ikenouchi
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nagato Kuriyama
- Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misa Takegami
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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20
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Muppa J, Gunduz ME, Aleyadeh R, Yaghi S, Shu L, Henninger N. Small vessel disease is associated with later onset of major adverse cardiovascular events after acute cervicocerebral artery dissection. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120786. [PMID: 37703707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is common among the elderly and has been associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and increased risk of long-term disability. Little is known whether CSVD affects outcomes after cervicocerebral artery dissection (CAD), which predominantly affects younger patients. Specifically, there is a paucity as to whether CSVD increases the risk of MACE after CAD and whether this risk is different for early versus late events. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 140 consecutive patients with acute CAD. We determined CSVD on MRI using the STRIVE criteria and calculated the CSVD sum score based on the individual CSVD components. For statistical analysis the CSVD burden was dichotomized to mild (score 0-1) versus severe (score 2-4). The primary outcome of interest was the 6-month MACE risk. Secondary outcomes of interest were early versus late MACE, stroke at presentation, and good 90-day outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2). RESULTS There was no difference in overall MACE between subjects when stratified by CSVD burden (10.1% versus 9.8%, Log-rank P = 0.953). We found that patients with severe CSVD had significantly more late MACE as compared to mild CSVD (9.8% versus 1.1%, P = 0.024). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of stroke at the time of CAD diagnosis (50.6% versus 47.1%, P = 0.690) and the 90-day disability-free survival in subjects with mild versus severe CSVD (93.7% versus 91.7%, P = 0.729). CONCLUSION Severe CSVD burden was associated with a significantly greater risk of late MACE. CSVD assessment in CAD patients may aid risk stratification and treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandra Muppa
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Muhammed E Gunduz
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rozaleen Aleyadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shadi Yaghi
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Liqi Shu
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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21
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Kandiah N. Cognitive Outcomes Poststroke: A Need for Better Insights into Mechanisms. Brain Connect 2023; 13:438-440. [PMID: 37782227 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2023.29054.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaendran Kandiah
- Associate Professor of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Director, Dementia Research Centre (Singapore), LKC-Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Consultant Neurologist, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinician Scientist, National Medical Research Council, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Elfil M, Ghaith HS, Bayoumi A, Elmashad A, Aladawi M, Al-Ani M, Najdawi Z, Mammadli G, Russo B, Toth G, Nour M, Asif K, Nguyen TN, Gandhi CD, Kaur G, Hussain MS, Czap AL, El-Ghanem M, Mansour OY, Khandelwal P, Mayer S, Al-Mufti F. Impact of pre-treatment cerebral microbleeds on the outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107324. [PMID: 37660553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/AIM To investigate the effect of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) on the functional and safety outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). METHODS This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. We included observational studies that recruited AIS-LVO patients, used susceptibility-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect CMBs, and examined the association between them and predefined outcome events. The extracted data included study and population characteristics, risk of bias domains, and outcome measures. The outcomes of interest included functional independence, revascularization success, procedural and hemorrhagic adverse events. We conducted a meta-analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method and calculated the risk ratios. RESULTS Four studies with a total of 1,514 patients were included. A significant reduction in the likelihood of achieving a favorable functional outcome was observed in patients with CMBs (Risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52 to 0.91, P=0.01). No significant differences were observed between the CMBs and no CMBs groups in terms of successful revascularization, mortality, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and parenchymal hematoma. CONCLUSIONS The presence of CMBs significantly reduced the likelihood of achieving functional independence post-EVT in AIS-LVO patients. However, CMBs did not impact the rates of successful revascularization, mortality, or the occurrence of various hemorrhagic events. Future research should explore the mechanisms of this association and strategies to mitigate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elfil
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Ahmed Bayoumi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Elmashad
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohammad Aladawi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mina Al-Ani
- Department of Radiology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Zaid Najdawi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gular Mammadli
- Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Brittany Russo
- Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Gabor Toth
- Cerebrovascular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - May Nour
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaiz Asif
- Ascension Health and University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thanh N Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Gurmeen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - M Shazam Hussain
- Cerebrovascular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexandra L Czap
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad El-Ghanem
- Neuroendovascular Surgery, HCA Houston Northwest/University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ossama Yassin Mansour
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Priyank Khandelwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Stephan Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Fawaz Al-Mufti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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23
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Chen Y, Liu F, Chen J, Wu D, He J, Chen M, Liu Y. Prevalence and risk factors for cerebral microbleeds in elderly Chinese patients with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: A single-center study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107268. [PMID: 37487321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) frequently use antithrombotic agents and statins. The objective of the study was to explore the prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in elderly (≥ 65 years old) Chinese people with ASCVD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively included 755 eligible participants with complete MRI data, and CMBs were discerned on the SWI sequence. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze risk factors associated with CMBs. RESULTS The average age was 74.9 ± 9.5 years, and the prevalence of CMBs was 37.9% (286/755). Of those with CMBs, 65.0% (186/286) had strictly lobar CMBs, 35.0% (100/286) had deep or infratentorial CMBs with or without lobar CMBs. We divided CMBs into two groups according to their locations, lobar CMBs group (strictly lobar CMBs) and deep CMBs group (with or without lobar CMBs). Age per 10 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-1.72, p < 0.001), statin use (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.05-2.26, p = 0.03), and lacunes (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.09-2.68, p = 0.02) were associated with any CMBs. Age per 10 years (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.63, p < 0.001), statin use (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.12-2.50, p = 0.01), and white matter hyperintensities (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.17-2.51, p < 0.01) were associated with lobar CMBs. Only lacunes were associated with deep CMBs (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.85-5.87, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In elderly people with risk factors of ASCVD, antithrombotic drug use was not associated with any CMBs, lobar CMBs, or deep CMBs. Statin use was correlated with lobar CMBs but not deep CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Chen
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Yinhong Liu
- Department of Healthcare, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
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24
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Liu R, Shi X, Feng J, Piao J, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Yin H, Chen X. Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Microbleeds: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Neurol Ther 2023; 12:1299-1308. [PMID: 37270442 PMCID: PMC10310681 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent observational studies have reported the association between ischemic stroke (IS) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Whether this reflects a causal association remains to be established. Herein, we adopted a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to comprehensively evaluate the causal association of IS and CMBs. METHODS The summary-level genome-wide association studies (GWASs) data of IS were obtained from the GIGASTROKE consortium (62,100 European ancestry cases and 1,234,808 European ancestry controls). All IS cases could be further divided into large-vessel atherosclerosis stroke (LVS, n = 6399), cardio-embolic stroke (CES, n = 10,804) and small-vessel occlusion stroke (SVS, n = 6811). Meanwhile, we used publicly available summary statistics from published GWASs of CMBs (3556 of the 25,862 European participants across 2 large initiatives). A bidirectional MR analysis was conducted using inverse-variance weighting (IVW) as the major outcome, whereas MR-Egger and weighted median (WM) were used to complement the IVW estimates as they can provide more robust estimates in a broader set of scenarios but are less efficient (wider CIs). A Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p < 0.0125 was considered significant, and p values between 0.0125 and 0.05 were considered suggestive of evidence for a potential association. RESULTS We detected that higher risk of IS [IVW odds ratio (OR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-2.07, p = 0.03] and SVS (IVW OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.07-2.47, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with CMBs. Reverse MR analyses found no significant evidence for a causal effect of CMBs on IS and its subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides potential evidence that IS and SVS are causally linked to increased risk of CMBs. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms of association between IS and CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Liu
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Feng
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jianmin Piao
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongxi Yang
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Haoyuan Yin
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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25
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Mitchell A, Elmasry Y, van Poelgeest E, Welsh TJ. Anticoagulant use in older persons at risk for falls: therapeutic dilemmas-a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med 2023; 14:683-696. [PMID: 37392359 PMCID: PMC10447288 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-023-00811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this clinical narrative review was to summarise the existing knowledge on the use of anticoagulants and potential adverse events in older people at risk of falls with a history of atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism. The review also offers practical steps prescribers can take when (de-)prescribing anticoagulants to maximise safety. METHODS Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase and Scopus. Additional articles were identified by searching reference lists. RESULTS Anticoagulants are often underused in older people due to concerns about the risk of falls and intracranial haemorrhage. However, evidence suggests that the absolute risk is low and outweighed by the reduction in stroke risk. DOACs are now recommended first line for most patients due to their favourable safety profile. Off-label dose reduction of DOACs is not recommended due to reduced efficacy with limited reduction in bleeding risk. Medication review and falls prevention strategies should be implemented before prescribing anticoagulation. Deprescribing should be considered in severe frailty, limited life expectancy and increased bleeding risk (e.g., cerebral microbleeds). CONCLUSION When considering whether to (de-)prescribe anticoagulants, it is important to consider the risks associated with stopping therapy in addition to potential adverse events. Shared decision-making with the patient and their carers is crucial as patient and prescriber views often differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneka Mitchell
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), Bath, UK.
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK.
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Yasmin Elmasry
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Tomas J Welsh
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), Bath, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
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26
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Neuro-Vulnerability in Energy Metabolism Regulation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3106. [PMID: 37513524 PMCID: PMC10383861 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive narrative review explores the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation and its implications for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the complex interactions among the neural, hormonal, and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. The key topics discussed include the role of organs, hormones, and neural circuits in maintaining metabolic balance. The review investigates the association between neuro-vulnerability and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and eating disorders, considering genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that influence neuro-vulnerability and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Neuroendocrine interactions and the neural regulation of food intake and energy expenditure are examined, with a focus on the impact of neuro-vulnerability on appetite dysregulation and altered energy expenditure. The role of neuroinflammation in metabolic health and neuro-vulnerability is discussed, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysregulation and neuroinflammatory processes. This review also evaluates the use of neuroimaging techniques in studying neuro-vulnerability and their potential applications in clinical settings. Furthermore, the association between neuro-vulnerability and eating disorders, as well as its contribution to obesity, is examined. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuro-vulnerability, including pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications, are reviewed. In conclusion, understanding the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation is crucial for addressing metabolic disorders. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and their implications for metabolic health. Targeting neuro-vulnerability holds promise for developing innovative strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, ultimately improving metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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27
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Soo Y, Zietz A, Yiu B, Mok VCT, Polymeris AA, Seiffge D, Ambler G, Wilson D, Leung TWH, Tsang SF, Chu W, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak H, Collet R, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein NM, Assayag EB, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jager R, Lip GYH, Goeldlin MB, Panos LD, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Bellut M, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams D, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Mendyk AM, Köhler S, van Oostenburgge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Wardlaw J, Kelly P, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Toyoda K, Yoshimura S, Bae HJ, Martí-Fàbregas J, Prats-Sánchez L, Lyrer P, Best J, Werring D, Engelter ST, Peters N. Impact of Cerebral Microbleeds in Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:61-74. [PMID: 36928609 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral microbleeds are associated with the risks of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, causing clinical dilemmas for antithrombotic treatment decisions. We aimed to evaluate the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke associated with microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and combination therapy (i.e. concurrent oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet). METHODS We included patients with documented atrial fibrillation from the pooled individual patient data analysis by the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network. Risks of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke were compared between patients with and without microbleeds, stratified by antithrombotic use. RESULTS A total of 7,839 patients were included. The presence of microbleeds was associated with an increased relative risk of intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.76-4.26) and ischemic stroke (aHR = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.59). For the entire cohort, the absolute incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than intracranial hemorrhage regardless of microbleed burden. However, for the subgroup of patients taking combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, the absolute risk of intracranial hemorrhage exceeded that of ischemic stroke in those with 2 to 4 microbleeds (25 vs 12 per 1,000 patient-years) and ≥ 11 microbleeds (94 vs 48 per 1,000 patient-years). INTERPRETATION Patients with atrial fibrillation and high burden of microbleeds receiving combination therapy have a tendency of higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage than ischemic stroke, with potential for net harm. Further studies are needed to help optimize stroke preventive strategies in this high-risk group. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:61-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannie Soo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Yiu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Wai Hong Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Suk Fung Tsang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Translational Neurovascular Centre, F-75475 Paris, France, FHU NeuroVasc, Université de Paris and INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg/Mannheim Hospital, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roger Collet
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Y K Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Wong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ender Uysal
- Antalya Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rolf Jager
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas D Panos
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neuroradiology Department, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chris Karayiannis
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Centre for Rural Health, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- Acute Medical Unit and Department of Age-related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland and Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenburgge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Regis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Dementia Research Centre (Singapore), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Hakan Ay
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Université de Paris-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, FHU NeuroVasc, INSERM NeuroDiderot U1141, Paris, France
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Prats-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden, Zürich, Switzerland
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Nagaraja N, Farooqui A, Reddy VBN, Shukla AM. Kidney impairment and outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke. Intern Med J 2023; 53:1231-1239. [PMID: 35717661 PMCID: PMC9760780 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased risk of stroke and mortality. AIMS To evaluate the clinical and imaging features and outcomes of patients with and without kidney impairment among t admitted for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). METHODS AIS patients with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included in the study. Kidney impairment was defined by an admission estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were evaluated using the Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale and Fazekas scales, respectively. Primary outcomes were defined by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and discharge disposition. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with the presence of kidney impairment and poor discharge outcomes. RESULTS Of the 285 patients with AIS, 80 had kidney impairment on admission. Patients with kidney impairment were older (mean age ± standard deviation: 74.7 ± 12.9 vs 64.4 ± 13.8 years, P < 0.0001) and had more neurological deficits on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (median 8.5 vs 5, P = 0.02). In unadjusted analysis, patients with kidney impairment were less likely to have a good functional outcome (mRS 0-2: 36% vs 57%, P = 0.002) and good discharge outcome (home or inpatient rehabilitation: 68% vs 82%, P = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, kidney impairment was associated with higher NIHSS score (odds ratio (OR) = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.002-1.08) and severe WMH (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.06-3.77) suggestive of small vessel disease, but kidney impairment was not associated with poor discharge outcome (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 0.75-3.53). CONCLUSION Presence of kidney impairment at the time of stroke presentation, regardless of previous renal function, is associated with more neurological deficits and severe WMH on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar Nagaraja
- Department of Neurology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amreen Farooqui
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ashutosh M Shukla
- North Florida/South Georgia VHS and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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29
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Martí-Fàbregas J, Camps-Renom P, Best JG, Ramos-Pachon A, Guasch-Jiménez M, Martinez-Domeño A, Guisado-Alonso D, Gómez-Ansón BM, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Bae HJ, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Toyoda K, Hennerici MG, Chabriat H, Jouvent E, Wong DYK, Mak H, Lau KK, Kim YD, Song TJ, Heo JH, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein N, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad JA, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Coutts SB, Smith E, Polymeris AA, Wagner B, Seiffge D, Lyrer PA, Peters N, Engelter ST, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Goeldlin M, Panos L, Karayiannis CC, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Christ N, Gunkel S, Fluri F, Leung TW, Soo YOY, Chu W, Abrigo J, Barbato C, Browning S, Simister R, Mendyk AM, Bordet R, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Jung S, Necioglu Orken D, Werring D, Prats-Sanchez L. Stroke Risk and Antithrombotic Treatment During Follow-up of Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Cortical Superficial Siderosis. Neurology 2023; 100:e1267-e1281. [PMID: 36535778 PMCID: PMC10033167 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), there are few data regarding the risk of future cerebrovascular events and also about the benefits and safety of antithrombotic drugs for secondary prevention. We investigated the associations of cSS and stroke risk in patients with recent IS or TIA. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON) database. We selected patients with IS or TIA from cohorts who had MRI-assessed cSS, available data on antithrombotic treatments, recurrent cerebrovascular events (intracranial hemorrhage [ICrH], IS, or any stroke [ICrH or IS]), and mortality. We calculated incidence rates (IRs) and performed univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Of 12,669 patients (mean age 70.4 ± 12.3 years, 57.3% men), cSS was detected in 273 (2.2%) patients. During a mean follow-up of 24 ± 17 months, IS was more frequent than ICrH in both cSS (IR 57.1 vs 14.6 per 1,000 patient-years) and non-cSS (33.7 vs 6.3 per 1,000 patient-years) groups. Compared with the non-cSS group, cSS was associated with any stroke on multivariable analysis {IR 83 vs 42 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for cSS 1.62 (95% CI: 1.14-2.28; p = 0.006)}. This association was not significant in subgroups of patients treated with antiplatelet drugs (n = 6,554) or with anticoagulants (n = 4,044). Patients with cSS who were treated with both antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants (n = 1,569) had a higher incidence of ICrH (IR 107.5 vs 4.9 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 13.26; 95% CI: 2.90-60.63; p = 0.001) and of any stroke (IR 198.8 vs 34.7 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted HR 5.03; 95% CI: 2.03-12.44; p < 0.001) compared with the non-cSS group. DISCUSSION Patients with IS or TIA with cSS are at increased risk of stroke (ICrH or IS) during follow-up; the risk of IS exceeds that of ICrH for patients receiving antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone, but the risk of ICrH exceeds that of IS in patients receiving both treatments. The findings suggest that either antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment alone should not be avoided in patients with cSS, but combined antithrombotic therapy might be hazardous. Our findings need to be confirmed by randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey.
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachon
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Beatriz M Gómez-Ansón
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Michael G Hennerici
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Jouvent
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Debbie Yuen Kwun Wong
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Henry Mak
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Young Dae Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Ender Uysal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Natan Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hen Hallevi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jeremy A Molad
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jun Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hideo Hara
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Eric Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Seiffge
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Philippe A Lyrer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Hans Rudolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Martina Goeldlin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Leonidas Panos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Charles Karayiannis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Nicolas Christ
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Thomas W Leung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Yannie O Y Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Winnie Chu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Jill Abrigo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Carmen Barbato
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simone Browning
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Robert Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Saima Hilal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Christopher Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - David Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M-F., P.C-R., A.R-P., M.G-J., A.M-D., D.G-A., L.P-S., L.P-S.), Neuroradiology Unit (B.M.G-A.), Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (J.G.B., D.W., C.B., S.B., R.S., D.W.), UCL Stroke Research Centre, University College London Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, UK; Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Seoul National University College of Medicine Cerebrovascular Disease Center (K-J.L., H-J.B.); Department of Neurology (J-S.L.), Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.S., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Japan; Federation Universitätsmedizin Mannheim (M.G.H.), University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology (H.C., E.J.), Translational Neurovascular Centre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, France; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Department of Diagnostic Radiology (D.Y.K.W., H.M., K.K.L.), The University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (Y.D.K., T-J.S., J-H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (S.E., T.G.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology (E.U., D.S.D.), Saglık Bilimleri University, Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology (N.B., E.B.A., H.H., J.A.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Department of Radiology and Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (M.N., J.T., H.H., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences (S.B.C., E.S.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.A.P., B.W., D.S., P.A.L., N.P., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (H.R.J.), University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (G.Y.H.L.), University of Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (M.G., L.P., S.J.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Peninsula Clinical School (C.C.K., T.G.P., V.K.S.), Peninsula Health and Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology (N.C., S.G., F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (T.W.L., Y.O.Y.S., W.C., J.A.), Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Univ Lille (A-M.M., R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Paris, France; Memory Aging & Cognition Centre (S.H., B.G., C.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
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Go AS, Al-Khatib SM, Desvigne-Nickens P, Bansal N, Bushnell CD, Fang MC, Freeman JV, Gage BF, Hanke T, Hylek EM, Lopes RD, Noseworthy PA, Reddy VY, Singer DE, Thomas KL, Hills MT, Turakhia MP, Zieman SJ, Cooper LS, Benjamin EJ. Research Opportunities in Stroke Prevention for Atrial Fibrillation: A Report From a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Virtual Workshop. Stroke 2023; 54:e75-e85. [PMID: 36848427 PMCID: PMC9995163 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.038273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the strongest risk factors for ischemic stroke, which is a leading cause of disability and death. Given the aging population, increasing prevalence of AF risk factors, and improved survival in those with cardiovascular disease, the number of individuals affected by AF will continue increasing over time. While multiple proven stroke prevention therapies exist, important questions remain about the optimal approach to stroke prevention at the population and individual patient levels. Our report summarizes the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute virtual workshop focused on identifying key research opportunities related to stroke prevention in AF. The workshop reviewed major knowledge gaps and identified targeted research opportunities to advance stroke prevention in AF in the following areas: (1) improving risk stratification tools for stroke and intracranial hemorrhage; (2) addressing challenges with oral anticoagulants; and (3) delineating the optimal roles of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion and surgical left atrial appendage closure/excision. This report aims to promote innovative, impactful research that will lead to more personalized, effective use of stroke prevention strategies in people with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Go
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sana M. Al-Khatib
- Division of Cardiology and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Patrice Desvigne-Nickens
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nisha Bansal
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Margaret C. Fang
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James V. Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Health Services Corporation, New Haven, CT
| | - Brian F. Gage
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Thorsten Hanke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Asklepios Klinikum Harburg-Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Renato D. Lopes
- Division of Cardiology and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Vivek Y. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniel E. Singer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin L. Thomas
- Division of Cardiology and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Mintu P. Turakhia
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto CA
- Center for Digital Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Susan J. Zieman
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lawton S. Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Biessels GJ, Costa AS. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-How to Translate Updated Diagnostic Criteria for This Multifaceted Disorder to Clinical Practice? JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:225-226. [PMID: 36689205 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses recent efforts to update diagnostic criteria for cerebral amyloid angiopathy as well as questions and challenges in counseling patients about prognosis and deciding on optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Sofia Costa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Research Center Juelich and RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Zhao JL, Ai CB, Wang L, Yang SJ, Wang J, Yang W, Tang J, Zhang L, Li Y, Yan TQ, Gou S, Xie GG, Xiang Y. A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial of intracranial hemorrhage risk of intensive statin therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke combined with cerebral microbleeds (CHRISTMAS): Study protocol. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1097078. [PMID: 36846138 PMCID: PMC9948086 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1097078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low serum levels of major lipid markers have been proved to be significantly associated with increased risks of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). However, there is no lipid modification guideline telling us how to maintain a balance between the prevention of ischemic stroke recurrence and the prevention of hemorrhagic events, especially in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and CMBs. Aim The Intracranial Hemorrhage Risk of Intensive Statin Therapy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke combined with Cerebral Microbleeds (CHRISTMAS) trial evaluates the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (i.e., HS and CMBs) of high-dose statin therapy in patients with AIS combined with CMBs. Methods and design This is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial design. Up to 344 eligible patients will be consecutively randomized to receive high-dose or low-dose atorvastatin in 1:1 ratio in 5 stroke centers in China. Outcomes CHRISTMAS trial has co-primary outcomes, namely, hemorrhage risk: the incidence of HS and the changes in degree of CMBs until the end of 36-month follow-up. Discussion The primary hypothesis of this study is that an excessive reduction in serum lipid levels by an intensive statin therapy in AIS patients with CMBs can increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. This study will shed light on new clinical decisions regarding the long-term serum lipid management in these patients with dilemma in clinical practice. Clinical trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05589454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-ling Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chi-bo Ai
- Department of Neurology, Yunyang County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zigong Third People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Shao-jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Eighth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ya'an People's Hospital, Yaan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yunyang County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurology, Zigong Third People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Eighth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Ya'an People's Hospital, Yaan, China
| | - Ting-qi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Gou
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Gui-gui Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yunyang County People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yang Xiang ✉
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Geisler T, Poli S, Huber K, Rath D, Aidery P, Kristensen SD, Storey RF, Ball A, Collet JP, Berg JT. Resumption of Antiplatelet Therapy after Major Bleeding. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:135-149. [PMID: 35785817 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Major bleeding is a common threat in patients requiring antiplatelet therapy. Timing and intensity with regard to resumption of antiplatelet therapy represent a major challenge in clinical practice. Knowledge of the patient's bleeding risk, defining transient/treatable and permanent/untreatable risk factors for bleeding, and weighing these against thrombotic risk are key to successful prevention of major adverse events. Shared decision-making involving various disciplines is essential to determine the optimal strategy. The present article addresses clinically relevant questions focusing on the most life-threatening or frequently occurring bleeding events, such as intracranial hemorrhage and gastrointestinal bleeding, and discusses the evidence for antiplatelet therapy resumption using individual risk assessment in high-risk cardiovascular disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Geisler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sven Poli
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rath
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Parwez Aidery
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Steen D Kristensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert F Storey
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Ball
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Collet
- ACTION Study Group, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jurriën Ten Berg
- Department of Cardiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Liu CH, Wu YL, Hsu CC, Lee TH. Early Antiplatelet Resumption and the Risks of Major Bleeding After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2023; 54:537-545. [PMID: 36621820 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appropriate timing of resuming antithrombotic therapy after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the risks of major bleeding between early and late antiplatelet resumption in ICH survivors. METHODS Between 2008 and 2017, ICH patients were available in the National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with a medication possession ratio of antiplatelet treatment ≥50% before ICH and after antiplatelet resumption were screened. We excluded patients with atrial fibrillation, heart failure, under anticoagulant or hemodialysis treatment, and developed cerebrovascular events or died before antiplatelet resumption. Finally, 1584 eligible patients were divided into EARLY (≤30 days) and LATE groups (31-365 days after the index ICH) based on the timing of antiplatelet resumption. Patients were followed until the occurrence of a clinical outcome, end of 1-year follow-up, death, or until December 31, 2018. The primary outcome was recurrent ICH. The secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, major hemorrhagic events, major occlusive vascular events, and ischemic stroke. Cox proportional hazard model after matching was used for comparison between the 2 groups. RESULTS Both the EARLY and LATE groups had a similar risk of 1-year recurrent ICH (EARLY versus LATE: 3.12% versus 3.27%; adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.967 [95% CI, 0.522-1.791]) after matching. Both groups also had a similar risk of each secondary outcome at 1-year follow-up. Subgroup analyses disclosed early antiplatelet resumption in the patients without prior cerebrovascular disease were associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (AHR, 0.199 [95% CI, 0.054-0.739]) and major hemorrhagic events (AHR, 0.090 [95% CI, 0.010-0.797]), while early antiplatelet resumption in the patients with chronic kidney disease were associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke (AHR, 0.065 [95% CI, 0.012-0.364]). CONCLUSIONS Early resumption of antiplatelet was as safe as delayed antiplatelet resumption in ICH patients. Besides, those without prior cerebrovascular disease or with chronic kidney disease may benefit more from early antiplatelet resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Liu
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (C.-H.L., T.-H.L.)
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei (C.-H.L.)
| | - Yi-Ling Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (Y.-L.W., C.-C. H.)
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan (Y.-L.W., C.-C. H.)
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Yunlin, Department of Family Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, and Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (C.-C. H.)
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan (C.-H.L., T.-H.L.)
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Best JG, Jesuthasan A, Werring DJ. Cerebral small vessel disease and intracranial bleeding risk: Prognostic and practical significance. Int J Stroke 2023; 18:44-52. [PMID: 35658630 PMCID: PMC9806476 DOI: 10.1177/17474930221106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Balancing the risks of recurrent ischemia and antithrombotic-associated bleeding, particularly intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), is a key challenge in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. In hyperacute ischemic stroke, the use of acute reperfusion therapies is determined by the balance of anticipated benefit and the risk of ICH. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) causes most spontaneous ICH. Here, we review the evidence linking neuroimaging markers of CSVD to antithrombotic and thrombolytic-associated ICH, with emphasis on cerebral microbleeds (CMB). We discuss their role in the prediction of ICH, and practical implications for clinical decision making. Although current observational data suggest CMB presence should not preclude antithrombotic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, they are useful for improving ICH risk prediction with potential relevance for determining the optimal secondary prevention strategy, including the use of left atrial appendage occlusion. Following ICH, recommencing antiplatelets is probably safe in most patients, while the inconclusive results of recent randomized controlled trials of anticoagulant use makes recruitment to ongoing trials (including those testing left atrial appendage occlusion) in this area a high priority. Concern regarding CSVD and ICH risk after hyperacute stroke treatment appears to be unjustified in most patients, though some uncertainty remains regarding patients with very high CMB burden and other risk factors for ICH. We encourage careful phenotyping for underlying CSVD in future trials, with the potential to enhance precision medicine in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David J Werring
- David J Werring, Stroke Research Centre,
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Russell
Square House, 10 - 12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.
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36
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Ikeda S, Yakushiji Y, Tanaka J, Nishihara M, Ogata A, Eriguchi M, Ono S, Kosugi M, Suzuyama K, Mizoguchi M, Shichijo C, Ide T, Nagaishi Y, Mori H, Ono N, Yoshikawa M, Ide K, Minagawa H, Iida K, Kawamoto K, Katsuki Y, Irie H, Abe T, Hara H. Hypertension, cerebral Amyloid, aGe Associated Known neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease Undertaken with stroke REgistry (HAGAKURE) prospective cohort study: Baseline characteristics and association of cerebral small vessel disease with prognosis in an ischemic stroke cohort. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1117851. [PMID: 36936499 PMCID: PMC10018806 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1117851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is one of the leading causes of stroke; each neuroimaging marker of SVD is correlated with vascular risk factors and associated with poor prognosis after stroke. However, longitudinal studies investigating the association between comprehensive SVD burden scoring system, "total SVD score" - which encompasses the established neuroimaging markers of lacunae, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensities (WMH) including periventricular hyperintensities, and perivascular spaces in basal ganglia- and clinical outcomes are limited. The aim of this study is to determine the association between SVD burden and long-term prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods and design This prospective, single-center, observational study enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke, including cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed, and then total SVD score (range, 0-4) was calculated. We recorded baseline characteristics and evaluated the relationships of long-term outcomes to SVD neuroimaging markers and total SVD score. Stroke recurrence was thought as primary outcome. Hazard ratios (HRs) of events during follow-up were calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling with adjustments for age, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and smoking. Cumulative event rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Consecutive 564 acute ischemic stroke patients were enrolled according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 467 participants with first-ever ischemic stroke were analyzed (median age 75.0 [interquartile range, 64.0-83.0] years, 59.3% male). Total SVD score was 0 point in 47 individuals (12.0%), 1 point in 83 (21.2%), 2 points in 103 (26.3%), 3 points in 85 (21.7%), and 4 points in 73 (18.7%). Twenty-eight recurrent stroke events were identified during follow-up. Total SVD score ≥ 2, presence of CMBs, and moderate-to-severe WMH were associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke events (HR 9.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33-64.23; HR 2.81, 95% CI 1.08-7.30; HR 2.90, 95% CI 1.22-6.88, respectively). Conclusion The accumulation of SVD biomarkers as determined by total SVD score offered a reliable predictor of stroke recurrence. This study established a firm understanding of SVD prognosis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ikeda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yusuke Yakushiji,
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Makoto Eriguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shohei Ono
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kosugi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuyama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Megumi Mizoguchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Chika Shichijo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nagaishi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hodo Mori
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kiku Ide
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiromu Minagawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kotaro Iida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawamoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Katsuki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Escudero-Martínez I, Morales-Caba L, Segura T. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: A review and new insights. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2023; 33:23-29. [PMID: 34890796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The link between heart and brain continues to be a matter of great interest for the scientific community. One of the most established associations between the two is that the heart is a significant source of emboli and is responsible for 20-25% of all ischemic strokes. The most frequent underlying cause of cardioembolic stroke is atrial fibrillation (AF), a disease that affects almost 3 million people in the USA and 4.5 million in Europe. AF increases the risk of ischemic stroke by a factor of 3 to 5 times. It is estimated that AF is responsible for 15% of all strokes worldwide. A more comprehensive understanding of this association and development of intensive stroke prevention measures are needed, as we know that AF incidence and prevalence will increase over the coming years, becoming one of the largest epidemics and public health challenges we face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Escudero-Martínez
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lluis Morales-Caba
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tomás Segura
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Spain
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38
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Forfang E, Larsen KT, Salman RA, Bell SM, Wester P, Berge E, Wyller TB, Rønning OM. Antithrombotic treatment after intracerebral hemorrhage: Surveys among stroke physicians in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1059. [PMID: 36698713 PMCID: PMC9854165 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims It is unclear whether patients with previous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) should receive antithrombotic treatment to prevent ischemic events. We assessed stroke physicians' opinions about this, and their views on randomizing patients in trials assessing this question. Methods We conducted three web-based surveys among stroke physicians in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Results Eighty-nine of 205 stroke physicians (43%) responded to the Scandinavian survey, 161 of 180 (89%) to the UK antiplatelet survey, and 153 of 289 (53%) to the UK anticoagulant survey. In Scandinavia, 19 (21%) stroke physicians were uncertain about antiplatelet treatment after ICH for ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 21 (24%) for prior myocardial infarction. In the United Kingdom, 116 (77%) were uncertain for ischemic stroke or TIA and 115 (717%) for ischemic heart disease. In Scandinavia, 32 (36%) were uncertain about anticoagulant treatment after ICH for atrial fibrillation, and 26 (29%) for recurrent deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. In the United Kingdom, 145 (95%) were uncertain about anticoagulants after ICH in at least some cases. In both regions combined, 191 of 250 (76%) would consider randomizing ICH survivors in a trial of starting versus avoiding antiplatelets, and 176 of 242 (73%) in a trial of starting versus avoiding anticoagulants. Conclusion Considerable proportions of stroke physicians in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom were uncertain about antithrombotic treatment after ICH. A clear majority would consider randomizing patients in trials assessing this question. These findings support the need for such trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Forfang
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kristin Tveitan Larsen
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Simon M. Bell
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Per Wester
- Department of Public Health and Clinical ScienceUniversity of UmeåUmeåSweden
- Department of Clinical ScienceKarolinska Institutet Danderyds HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Eivind Berge
- Department of CardiologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Torgeir Bruun Wyller
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Ole Morten Rønning
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of NeurologyAkershus University HospitalNordbyhagenNorway
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Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) causes lacunar stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and is the most common pathology underlying vascular cognitive impairment. Increasingly, the importance of other clinical features of SVD is being recognized including motor impairment, (vascular) parkinsonism, impaired balance, falls, and behavioral symptoms, such as depression, apathy, and personality change. Epidemiological data show a high prevalence of the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of white matter hyperintensities and lacunar infarcts in community studies, and recent data suggest that it is also a major health burden in low- and middle-income countries. In this review, we cover advances in diagnosis, imaging, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and treatment.The two most common pathologies underlying SVD are arteriolosclerosis caused by aging, hypertension, and other conventional vascular risk factors, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) caused by vascular deposition of β-amyloid. We discuss the revised Boston criteria of CAA based on MRI features, which have been recently validated. Imaging is providing important insights into pathogenesis, including improved detection of tissue damage using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) leading to its use to monitor progression and surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. Advanced MRI techniques can demonstrate functional or dynamic abnormalities of the blood vessels, while the high spatial resolution provided by ultrahigh field MRI at 7 T allows imaging of individual perforating arteries for the first time, and the measurement of flow velocity and pulsatility within these arteries. DTI and structural network analysis have highlighted the importance of network disruption in mediating the effect of different SVD pathologies in causing a number of symptoms, including cognitive impairment, apathy, and gait disturbance.Despite the public health importance of SVD, there are few proven treatments. We review the evidence for primary prevention, and recent data showing how intensive blood pressure lowering reduces white matter hyperintensities (WMH) progression and delays the onset of cognitive impairment. There are few treatments for secondary prevention, but a number of trials are currently evaluating novel treatment approaches. Recent advances have implicated molecular processes related to endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide synthesis, blood-brain barrier integrity, maintenance and repair of the extracellular matrix, and inflammation. Novel treatment approaches are being developed to a number of these targets. Finally, we highlight the importance of large International collaborative initiatives in SVD to address important research questions and cover a number which have recently been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kim DY, Han SG, Jeong HG, Lee KJ, Kim BJ, Han MK, Choi KH, Kim JT, Shin DI, Cha JK, Kim DH, Kim DE, Ryu WS, Park JM, Kang K, Kim JG, Lee SJ, Oh MS, Yu KH, Lee BC, Park HK, Hong KS, Cho YJ, Choi JC, Sohn SI, Hong JH, Park TH, Lee KB, Kwon JH, Kim WJ, Lee J, Lee JS, Lee J, Gorelick PB, Bae HJ. Covert Brain Infarction as a Risk Factor for Stroke Recurrence in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Stroke 2023; 54:87-95. [PMID: 36268719 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.038600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate covert brain infarction (CBI), frequently encountered during the diagnostic work-up of acute ischemic stroke, as a risk factor for stroke recurrence in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS For this prospective cohort study, from patients with acute ischemic stroke hospitalized at 14 centers between 2017 and 2019, we enrolled AF patients without history of stroke or transient ischemic attack and divided them into the CBI (+) and CBI (-) groups. The 2 groups were compared regarding the 1-year cumulative incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke and all-cause mortality using the Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model with nonstroke death as a competing risk and the Cox frailty model, respectively. Each CBI lesion was also categorized into either embolic-appearing (EA) or non-EA pattern CBI. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs of any CBI, EA pattern CBI only, non-EA pattern CBI only, and both CBIs were estimated. RESULTS Among 1383 first-ever stroke patients with AF, 578 patients (41.8%) had CBI. Of these 578 with CBI, EA pattern CBI only, non-EA pattern CBI only, and both CBIs were 61.8% (n=357), 21.8% (n=126), and 16.4% (n=95), respectively. The estimated 1-year cumulative incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke was 5.2% and 1.9% in the CBI (+) and CBI (-) groups, respectively (P=0.001 by Gray test). CBI increased the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI], 2.91 [1.44-5.88]) but did not the risk of all-cause mortality (1.32 [0.97-1.80]). The EA pattern CBI only and both CBIs elevated the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (2.76 [1.32-5.77] and 5.39 [2.25-12.91], respectively), while the non-EA pattern only did not (1.44 [0.40-5.16]). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that AF patients with CBI might have increased risk of recurrent stroke. CBI could be considered when estimating the stroke risk in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gil Han
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gil Jeong
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (H.-G.J.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.-J.L.)
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ku Han
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (K.-H.C., J.-T.K.)
| | - Joon-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (K.-H.C., J.-T.K.)
| | - Dong-Ick Shin
- Department of Neurology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea (D.-I.S.)
| | - Jae-Kwan Cha
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.K.C., D.H.K.)
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea (J.K.C., D.H.K.)
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea (D.-E.K., W.-S.R.)
| | - Wi-Sun Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea (D.-E.K., W.-S.R.).,Artificial Intelligence R&D, JLK Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea (W.-S.R.)
| | - Jong-Moo Park
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea (J.-M.P.)
| | - Kyusik Kang
- Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.K.)
| | - Jae Guk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.G.K., S.J.L.)
| | - Soo Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.G.K., S.J.L.)
| | - Mi-Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea (M.-S.O., K.-H.Y., B.-C.L.)
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea (M.-S.O., K.-H.Y., B.-C.L.)
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea (M.-S.O., K.-H.Y., B.-C.L.)
| | - Hong-Kyun Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.-K.P., K.-S.H., Y.-J.C.,)
| | - Keun-Sik Hong
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.-K.P., K.-S.H., Y.-J.C.,)
| | - Yong-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.-K.P., K.-S.H., Y.-J.C.,)
| | - Jay Chol Choi
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea (J.C.C.)
| | - Sung Il Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea (S.I.S., J.-H.H.)
| | - Jeong-Ho Hong
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea (S.I.S., J.-H.H.)
| | - Tai Hwan Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center, Republic of Korea (T.H.P.)
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.B.L.)
| | - Jee-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K., W.-J.K.)
| | - Wook-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K., W.-J.K.)
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea (J.L.)
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.S.L.)
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.L.)
| | - Philip B Gorelick
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (P.B.G.)
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center (D.Y.K., S.-G.H., H.-G.J., K.-J.L., B.J.K., M.-K.H., H.-J.B.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Swarup O, Barker JL, Watson R, Davis SM, Campbell BCV, Yassi N. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: clinical presentations and management challenges in the Australian context. Intern Med J 2022. [PMID: 36565446 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a disease with several clinical manifestations. It is characterised by amyloid-beta deposition in cerebral blood vessels, making them prone to bleeding. The incidence of CAA increases with age and may be associated or co-exist with intraparenchymal neurodegenerative proteinopathies, which makes it an increasingly relevant condition for adult physicians in all areas of medical practice. The vast majority of cases of CAA are sporadic with a small minority of familial cases. CAA is asymptomatic in many older adults but increases the risk of fatal intracerebral or subarachnoid haemorrhage. We review the existing literature on CAA and summarise the key findings. We specifically explore clinical challenges relevant to CAA, particularly in diagnosis, management of intracranial haemorrhage and management of concurrent medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshi Swarup
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James L Barker
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosie Watson
- Department of Geriatrics, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen M Davis
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce C V Campbell
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kulesh AA, Demin DA. Issues of improving the management of patients with ischemic stroke on the background of atrial fibrillation. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-115-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Kulesh
- Department of neurology and medical genetics, Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - D. A. Demin
- Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia
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Zhang X, Liu L, Jiang N, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tang X, Zhai Q, Zhao L. Correlation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cerebral microbleeds in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:482. [PMID: 36517761 PMCID: PMC9749267 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-03000-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) increase the risk of stroke occurrence and recurrence,and affect the prognosis of stroke patients. Therefore, identifying biological markers that predict CMBs after stroke is urgently needed. This study explored whether high levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2) are associated with an increased risk of CMBs in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). METHODS From April 2020 to October 2021, we enrolled 242 patients with AIS. At admission, the plasma levels of Lp-PLA2 were measured in all patients as well as the number of CMBs and white matter lesions. According to the results of the Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI), the patients were divided into a CMB group and a no-CMB group. The groups were compared with univariate and multivariate analyses to clarify the correlation between Lp-PLA2 levels and CMBs, and the optimal cut-off value of Lp-PLA2 that predicted CMBs was determined from the receiver-operating characteristic curve. RESULTS CMBs were detected in 71 (29.3%) of the 242 AIS patients. The median Lp-PLA2 level was 182.79 ng/ml. Using the 1st quartile of Lp-PLA2 levels (the lowest levels) as the reference group, univariate logistic regression analysis showed that individuals in the 4th quartile (the highest levels) had a higher risk of CMBs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.460, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.188-1.795, P = 0.000). This correlation persisted after adjusting for relevant risk factors (OR = 1.370, 95% CI: 1.096-1.713, P = 0.006). The optimal cut-off value of Lp-PLA2 that predicted the occurrence of CMBs was 184.36 ng/ml; at this threshold, the sensitivity was 69.0%, and the specificity was 60.2%. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a high level of Lp-PLA2 in patients with AIS is a potential risk factor for CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiu Zhang
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China ,grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Neurology, Hongze People’s Hospital, Hongze, 223100 Jiangsu China
| | - Lu Liu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Nan Jiang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Neurology, Lianshui people’s Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianshui, 223400 Jiangsu China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Wang
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaohong Tang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Neurology, Hongze People’s Hospital, Hongze, 223100 Jiangsu China
| | - Qijin Zhai
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Liandong Zhao
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
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Kubacka M, Zietz A, Schaedelin S, Polymeris AA, Hert L, Lieb J, Wagner B, Seiffge D, Traenka C, Altersberger VL, Dittrich T, Fladt J, Fisch U, Thilemann S, De Marchis GM, Gensicke H, Bonati LH, Lyrer P, Engelter ST, Peters N. Global Cortical Atrophy Is Associated with an Unfavorable Outcome in Stroke Patients on Oral Anticoagulation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 52:495-502. [PMID: 36513036 PMCID: PMC10627484 DOI: 10.1159/000527739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measures of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), such as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebral microbleeds (CMB), are associated with an unfavorable clinical course in stroke patients on oral anticoagulation (OAC) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Here, we investigated whether similar findings can be observed for global cortical atrophy (GCA). METHODS Registry-based prospective observational study of 320 patients treated with OAC following AF stroke. Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowing assessment of GCA. Using the simplified visual Pasquier scale, the severity of GCA was categorized as follows: 0: no atrophy, 1: mild atrophy; 2: moderate atrophy, and 3: severe atrophy. Using adjusted logistic and Cox regression analysis, we investigated the association of GCA using a composite outcome measure, comprising: (i) recurrent acute ischemic stroke (IS); (ii) intracranial hemorrhage (ICH); and (iii) death. RESULTS In our time to event analysis after adjusting for potential confounders (i.e., WMH, CMB, age, sex, diabetes, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and antiplatelet use), GCA was associated with an increased risk for the composite outcome in all three degrees of atrophy (grade 1: aHR 3.95, 95% CI 1.34-11.63, p = 0.013; grade 2: aHR 3.89, 95% CI 1.23-12.30, p = 0.021; grade 3: aHR 4.16, 95% CI 1.17-14.84, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION GCA was associated with our composite outcome also after adjusting for other cSVD markers (i.e., CMB, WMH) and age, indicating that GCA may potentially serve as a prognostic marker for stroke patients with atrial fibrillation on oral anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kubacka
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden, Zürich, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Sabine Schaedelin
- Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Hert
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Lieb
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Traenka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerian L Altersberger
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tolga Dittrich
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Fladt
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fisch
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Thilemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Marco De Marchis
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Gensicke
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Bonati
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Du J, Gu H, Cai S. LncRNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 11 (SNHG11) Participates in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Adrenal Phaeochromocytoma (PC12) Cell Damage in a ceRNA-Dependent Manner. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
How to prevent cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/R) is critical for treating ischemic stroke. LncRNA SNHG11 can participate in several diseases by competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), but its’ role in CI/R is unclear. Hypoxia/reoxygenation model (H/R group) cells were set
and separated into control team; H/R team; H/R+SNHG11 team and H/R+si-SNHG11 team followed by analysis of LncRNA SNHG11 by real-time PCR, LncRNA SNHG11 subcellular distribution by FISH assay, MTT assay for cell proliferation, flow cytometry for apoptosis, ROS and LDH content and PTEN expression
by Western blot. In H/R group, SNHG11 level significantly increased and cell proliferation significantly decreased, along with increased cell apoptosis, ROS activity, LDH content and PTEN expression in comparison of control group (P-value less than 0.05); The foregoing variation was
promoted further by the H/R group after overexpression of SNHG11 (P-value below 0.05) and reversed after transfection of SNHG1 siRNA (P <0.05). LncRNA SNHG11 is mainly localized on the cell membrane. miR-16 is a SNHG11 targeted miRNA. Transfection of miR-16 mimics into PC12
cells in H/R group can significantly promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, reduce ROS activity, LDH content and PTEN expression versus the H/R group (P-value less than 0.05). SNHG11 level in H/R condition is increased and might target miR-16 to regulate PTEN expression and
oxidative stress, leading to apoptosis and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Huiqin Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
| | - Shan Cai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437000, China
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Ravn J, Sejbæk T, Bor MV. Managing antithrombotic treatment in a patient with atrial fibrillation and coronary stent with transient neurological symptoms in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6624. [PMID: 36523373 PMCID: PMC9748239 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the antithrombotic dilemma in a case with atrial fibrillation and a coronary stent and suspected transient ischemic attacks after diagnosed as a probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy and discuss plausible treatment options for the patient based on the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ravn
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
| | - Tobias Sejbæk
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
- BRIDGE – Brain Research – Inter‐Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Mustafa Vakur Bor
- Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkEsbjergDenmark
- Thrombosis and Anticoagulation Clinic, Department of Clinical BiochemistryUniversity Hospital of SouthernEsbjergDenmark
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Risk factors and their correlation with severity of cerebral microbleed in acute large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 221:107380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Wagner B, Hert L, Polymeris AA, Schaedelin S, Lieb JM, Seiffge DJ, Traenka C, Thilemann S, Fladt J, Altersberger VL, Zietz A, Dittrich TD, Fisch U, Gensicke H, De Marchis GM, Bonati LH, Lyrer PA, Engelter ST, Peters N. Impact of type of oral anticoagulants in patients with cerebral microbleeds after atrial fibrillation-related ischemic stroke or TIA: Results of the NOACISP-LONGTERM registry. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964723. [PMID: 36203998 PMCID: PMC9531011 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCerebral microbleeds (CMBs) may have a differential impact on clinical outcome in stroke patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with different types of oral anticoagulation (OAC).MethodsObservational single-center study on AF-stroke-patients treated with OAC. Magnetic-resonance-imaging was performed to assess CMBs. Outcome measures consisted of recurrent ischemic stroke (IS), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), death, and their combined analysis. Functional disability was assessed by mRS. Using adjusted logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards models, we assessed the association of the presence of CMBs and OAC type (vitamin K antagonists [VKAs] vs. direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs]) with clinical outcome.ResultsOf 310 AF-stroke patients treated with OAC [DOACs: n = 234 (75%); VKAs: n = 76 (25%)], CMBs were present in 86 (28%) patients; of these, 66 (77%) received DOACs. In both groups, CMBs were associated with an increased risk for the composite outcome: VKAs: HR 3.654 [1.614; 8.277]; p = 0.002; DOACs: HR 2.230 [1.233; 4.034]; p = 0.008. Patients with CMBs had ~50% higher absolute rates of the composite outcome compared to the overall cohort, with a comparable ratio between treatment groups [VKAs 13/20(65%) vs. DOACs 19/66(29%); p < 0.01]. The VKA-group had a 2-fold higher IS [VKAs:4 (20%) vs. DOACs:6 (9%); p = 0.35] and a 10-fold higher ICH rate [VKAs: 3 (15%) vs. DOACs: 1 (1.5%); p = 0.038]. No significant interaction was observed between type of OAC and presence of CMBs. DOAC-patients showed a significantly better functional outcome (OR 0.40 [0.17; 0.94]; p = 0.04).ConclusionsIn AF-stroke patients treated with OAC, the presence of CMBs was associated with an unfavorable composite outcome for both VKAs and DOACs, with a higher risk for recurrent IS than for ICH. Strokes were numerically higher under VKAs and increased in the presence of CMBs.Clinical trial registrationhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov, Unique identifier: NCT03826927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Hert
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandros A. Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schaedelin
- Clinical Trial Unit, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna M. Lieb
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J. Seiffge
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Traenka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Thilemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Fladt
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerian L. Altersberger
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tolga D. Dittrich
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fisch
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Gensicke
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Marco De Marchis
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo H. Bonati
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan T. Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nils Peters
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Bae HJ. David G. Sherman Lecture Award: 15-Year Experience of the Nationwide Multicenter Stroke Registry in Korea. Stroke 2022; 53:2976-2987. [PMID: 35899613 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.039212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expected growth of stroke burden in Korea in early 2000s led to the initiation of a government-funded clinical research project with the goal of development and implementation of national stroke guidelines. The CRCS-K (Clinical Research Collaboration for Stroke in Korea) began as a part of this project. For stroke epidemiology and quality of care research, the CRCS-K developed a multicenter, prospective, stroke registry and began collection of data in 2008. Now, about 100 000 cases have been registered at 17 university hospitals or regional stroke centers and about 200 articles have been published based on the registry experience. The analysis of the 10-year secular trends showed overall improvement of stroke care and outcomes and areas for improvement. This large-scale, high-quality dataset provides opportunities to explore and compare treatment disparities using the comparative effectiveness research methods, design and conduct a registry-based randomized clinical trial, connect the registry data with other data sources including the national claims data and neuroimaging or genetic data, and collaborate with other international researchers. An international stroke registry consortium may be a viable future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Korea
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Komura S, Nomura T, Imaizumi T, Inamura S, Kanno A, Honda O, Hashimoto Y, Nonaka T. Asymptomatic cerebral findings on 3-Tesla MRI in patients with severe carotid artery stenoses. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 101:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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