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Hawton K, Knipe D, Pirkis J. Restriction of access to means used for suicide. Lancet Public Health 2024:S2468-2667(24)00157-9. [PMID: 39265608 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
One of the most effective public health measures to prevent suicide is the restriction of access to means used in suicidal acts. This approach can be especially effective if a method is common and readily accessible. Suicide methods vary widely, and there have been several examples where means restriction has been applied, often with considerable success. Factors contributing to availability of suicide methods can include access to physical means as well as cognitive awareness of methods. In this paper, which is the second in a Series on a public health approach to suicide prevention, we focus primarily on examples of restricting access to physical means of suicide, such as pesticides, firearms, and medication. We also discuss restricting the cognitive availability of means through attention to media and other representations of suicide methods. There are challenges associated with restricting access to means, including resistance to measures required to change the availability of some methods (which might, in part, be commercially determined) and method substitution, whereby one suicide method is replaced by another. Nevertheless, means restriction must be an integral part of all national and local suicide prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Hawton
- Centre for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Duleeka Knipe
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Lange S, Kim KV, Jiang H, Shield KD, Rehm J, Hennis AJM, Oliveira E Souza R. Forecasting the impact of means restriction on the suicide mortality rate in the Region of the Americas: an ecological modeling study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 36:100831. [PMID: 39233874 PMCID: PMC11372382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Background The suicide mortality rate has been increasing in Region of the Americas, despite decreasing in all other World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Means restriction is an effective evidence-based intervention for suicide prevention. The objective of the current study was to estimate the impact of implementing national-level means restriction policies (i.e., firearm and pesticide restrictions) on the suicide mortality rate in the Region of the Americas. Methods In this ecological modeling study, two counterfactual scenarios were investigated using sex-specific suicide mortality data from the WHO Global Health Estimates database for 2000 to 2019. Forecasted sex-specific age-standardized suicide mortality rates were then estimated for each country for 2020 to 2030. Counterfactual scenario 1 involved modeling the impact of a firearm or pesticide restriction implemented in 2020 for those countries where the respective means accounted for 40% or more of all suicides for at least one sex in 2019, while in counterfactual scenario 2 this threshold was reduced to 20% or more. Findings It was estimated that if a firearm or pesticide restriction had been implemented in 2020 in those countries where the respective means accounted for 40% or more of all suicides for at least one sex in 2019, by 2030 the male and female suicide mortality rate in the Region of the Americas would be 20.5% (from 14.5 [95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 14.1, 15.0] per 100,000 males to 11.5 [95% CI: 11.1, 12.0] per 100,000 males) and 11.1% (from 4.5 [95% CI: 4.4, 4.7] per 100,000 females to 4.0 [95% CI: 3.9, 4.2] per 100,000 females) lower than the rate if no such restrictions were implemented, respectively. When the threshold was reduced to 20% or more, minimal additional gains in terms of number of suicides avoided and suicide mortality rate reduction would be achieved. Interpretation The implementation of a firearm or pesticide restriction policy in countries where the respective means account for a large proportion of suicides (e.g., at least 40%) could aid the Region of the Americas in achieving the WHO target of a one third reduction in the suicide mortality rate by 2030. Funding This work received no funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kawon V Kim
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO European Region Collaboration Centre, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81 - 95, 08005, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Suchtforschung (ZIS), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anselm J M Hennis
- Pan American Health Organization, 525 23rd St. NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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Schölin L, Hashini P, Kanapathy R, van Schalkwyk MCI, Eddleston M, Konradsen F, Weerasinghe M. "Ad hoc policy decisions" in the news: Media framing analysis of a pesticide import ban in Sri Lanka. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003497. [PMID: 39012886 PMCID: PMC11251609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Modern agriculture relies on pesticides to maximise outputs. While many highly hazardous pesticides (HHPs) are banned in places like the European Union due to concerns about harm to the environment and human health, their use continues in many low- and middle-income counties (LMICs). Pesticide suicide is a public health problem unique to countries where HHPs are used, and Sri Lanka has successfully implemented several HHP bans as part of a suicide prevention strategy. On 27 April 2021, the Sri Lankan government announced an imminent import ban of all fertilizers and pesticides which was later revoked in November 2021. The aim of this article was to explore the media framing of the import ban as it pertained to pesticides. Guided by Entman's typology of frame functions, we analysed newspaper articles from nine Sri Lankan newspapers (N = 102) between 20 April to 31 October 2021. Overall, most framings were supportive of the ban, captured by framings that articulated the ban through a health, environment, and organic farming narrative. Framings that foregrounded farmer or industry livelihoods and the pesticide market were primarily adopted to express opposition to the ban. The presence of frames opposing the ban within media articles increased over time during the study period. There was a greater proportion of opposing frames in private newspapers compared to government (78% vs 22%). Many of the articles analysed described the widespread impact of the ban, but only 11% of articles represented the voices of policy end users. This study adds understanding to the ways communication via outlets like mainstream newspapers may shape public support or opposition to pesticide bans in a LMIC. Mass media is an under-recognised factor in policy implementation and this study may inform planning to implement pesticide bans in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schölin
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Hashini
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajaratnam Kanapathy
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - May CI van Schalkwyk
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjula Weerasinghe
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
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Krysinska K, Andriessen K, Bandara P, Reifels L, Flego A, Page A, Schlichthorst M, Pirkis J, Mihalopoulos C, Khanh-Dao Le L. The Cost-Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions Following Self-Harm in Australia. CRISIS 2024; 45:118-127. [PMID: 37904498 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Psychosocial interventions following self-harm in adults, in particular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can be effective in lowering the risk of repeated self-harm. Aims: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CBT for reducing repeated self-harm in the Australian context. Method: The current study adopted the accessing cost-effectiveness (ACE) approach using return-on-investment (ROI) analysis. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses (Sas) tested the robustness of the model outputs to changes in three assumptions: general practitioner referral pathway (SA1), private setting intervention delivery (SA2), and training costs (SA3). Results: The intervention produced cost savings of A$ 46M (95% UI -223.7 to 73.3) and A$ 18.3M (95% UI -86.2 to 24.6), subject to the effect of intervention lasting 2- or 1-year follow-up. The ROI ratio reduced to 5.22 in SA1 (95% UI -10.1 to 27.9), 2.5 in SA2 (95% UI -4.8 to 13.3), and 5.1 in SA3 (95% UI -9.8 to 27.8). Limitations: We assumed that the effectiveness would reduce 50% within 5 years in the base case, and we used Australian data and a partial social perspective. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated cost-effectiveness of CBT for adults who have self-harmed with the return-on-investment ratio of A$ 2.3 to $6.0 for every A$ 1 invested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Krysinska
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karl Andriessen
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Piumee Bandara
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Lennart Reifels
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Flego
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Marisa Schlichthorst
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- Health Economics Division, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Long Khanh-Dao Le
- Health Economics Division, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Li S, Nianogo RA, Lin Y, Wang H, Yu Y, Paul KC, Ritz B. Cost-effectiveness analysis of insecticide ban aimed at preventing Parkinson's disease in Central California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168913. [PMID: 38042187 PMCID: PMC11121568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study assessed whether banning specific insecticides to reduce the PD burden in three Central California (CA) counties is cost-effective. METHOD We applied a cost-effectiveness analysis using a cohort-based Markov model to estimate the impact and costs of banning seven insecticides that were previously associated with PD in these counties as well as mixture exposures to some of these pesticides. We relied for our estimations on the cohort of 65- and 66-year-olds living in these counties who were unaffected by PD at baseline in 2020 and projected their incidence, costs, and reduction in quality-adjusted-life-years (QALY) loss due to developing PD over a 20-year period. We included a shiny app for modeling different scenarios (https://sherlockli.shinyapps.io/pesticide_pd_economics_part_2/). RESULTS According to our scenarios, banning insecticides to reduce the occurrence of PD in three Central CA counties was cost-effective relative to not banning insecticides. In the worst-case scenario of exposure to a single pesticide, methomyl, versus none would result in an estimated 205 (95 % CI: 75, 348) additional PD cases or 12 % (95 % CI: 4 %, 20 %) increase in PD cases over a 20-year period based on residential proximity to pesticide applications. The increase in PD cases due to methomyl would increase health-related costs by $72.0 million (95 % CI: $5.5 million, $187.4 million). Each additional PD patient due to methomyl exposure would incur $109,327 (95 % CI, $5554, $347,757) in costs per QALY loss due to PD. Exposure to methomyl based on workplace proximity to pesticide applications generated similar estimates. The highest PD burden and associated costs would be incurred from exposure to multiple pesticides simultaneously. CONCLUSION Our study provides an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of banning specific insecticides to reduce PD burden in terms of health-related QALYs and related costs. This information may help policymakers and stakeholders to make decisions concerning the regulation of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Li
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roch A Nianogo
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuyuan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanwen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ashraf S, Patwary MM, Shoib S. Suicide prevention among farmers in Bangladesh. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 91:103853. [PMID: 38071782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ashraf
- Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary
- Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Health Services, Srinagar 190001, India; Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; Psychosis Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Healing Mind and Wellness Initiative, Nawab Bazar, Srinagar, India
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Peng H, Zhao D, Tang W, Peng A. Dienediamine: A safe surrogate for the herbicide paraquat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1962-1975. [PMID: 37924209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) has been used as an herbicide worldwide because of its potent activity against weeds. However, it is highly toxic to humans. The very high fatality of PQ poisoning is due to its inherent toxicity and the lack of any effective treatment. Consequently, developing a non-toxic herbicide with comparable efficacy to PQ will contribute to global food security and help prevent PQ-related fatalities. Herein, we report a new herbicide called dienediamine, which was discovered from how to intervene the redox cycle of PQ, an inherent toxicity nature. Dienediamine, the "reduced" form of PQ with no function as an electron transfer agent, was shown to be non-toxic through comprehensive in vivo and in vitro experiments at molar concentrations equivalent to PQ's absolute lethal dose. Remarkably, dienediamine can undergo conversion to PQ under natural sunlight and ambient air conditions, exhibiting herbicidal activities that are comparable to those of PQ. The conversion of dienediamine to PQ, which is toxic to chloroplasts, is the key mechanism underlying its potent herbicidal activity. Our study discovers that dienediamine is a safe and superior alternative to PQ, possessing significant potential for application in sustainable agriculture globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dake Zhao
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Ai Peng
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Schölin L, Knipe D, Bandara P, Eddleston M, Sethi A. Banning highly hazardous pesticides saves the lives of young people, particularly females, in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2249. [PMID: 37968702 PMCID: PMC10647157 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide self-poisoning is a public health problem mostly affecting low- and middle-income countries. In Sri Lanka, India and China suicide rates have reduced among young people, particularly females, following highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) bans. This success story requires attention to encourage more research on differential effects of HHP bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schölin
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Duleeka Knipe
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Piumee Bandara
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Aastha Sethi
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Kaur S, Chowdhary S, Kumar D, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides: Molecular toxicology and laboratory testing. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 551:117584. [PMID: 37805177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Population and food requirements are increasing daily throughout the world. To fulfil these requirements application of pesticides is also increasing. Organophosphorous (OP) and Organocarbamate (OC) compounds are widely used pesticides. These pesticides are used for suicidal purposes too. Both inhibit Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinergic symptoms are mainly used for the diagnosis of pesticide poisoning. Although the symptoms of the intoxication of OP and OC are similar, recent research has described different targets for OP and OC pesticides. Researchers believe the distinction of OP/OC poisoning will be beneficial for the management of pesticide exposure. OP compounds produce adducts with several proteins. There is a new generation of OP compounds like glyphosate that do not inhibit AChE. Therefore, it's high time to develop biomarkers that can distinguish OP poisoning from OC poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanpreet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sheemona Chowdhary
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Yan Y, Jiang Y, Liu R, Eddleston M, Tao C, Page A, Wang L, Feng G, Liu S. Impact of pesticide regulations on mortality from suicide by pesticide in China: an interrupted time series analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1189923. [PMID: 37732083 PMCID: PMC10507350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1189923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pesticide bans and regulatory restrictions have been shown to be effective strategies for preventing suicide in several countries. Suicide and suicide by pesticides have decreased significantly in China over the past two decades. However, whether the reduction was associated with pesticide regulation is unknown. Methods The monthly data on suicide and suicide by pesticide from 2006 to 2018 were obtained from China's Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) system. Information on China's pesticide regulations since 1970 was obtained from Pesticide Action Network International (PAN International), Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management Highly Hazardous Pesticides (JMPM HHP) lists, the website of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Pesticide Information Network of China, and the Wan Fang database. Change point detection and policy analysis were combined to identify the time of any trend change breakpoint of suicide and suicide by pesticide. Interrupted time series analysis was used to investigate the pre- and post-breakpoint trends of monthly standardized rates in suicide and suicide by pesticide. Results The standardized pesticide suicide rate decreased by 60.5% from 6.50 in 2006 to 2.56 per 100,000 in 2018. Larger declines were evident among people in urban areas (67.3%), female individuals (63.5%), and people aged 15-44 years (68.1%). The effect of policies banning highly hazardous organophosphorus pesticides (HHOP) [rate ratio (RR) = 0.993, 95% CIs (0.991-0.994)] in December 2008 and stopping domestic sales and use of paraquat aqueous solution (RR = 0.992, 95% CIs: 0.990-0.994) in July 2016 were more pronounced than regulating the paraquat-related products (RR = 1.003, 95% CIs: 1.002-1.004) in April 2012. Conclusion Declines in suicide by pesticide in China occurred contemporaneously with regulatory bans and restrictions implemented on several pesticides, particularly in urban areas, among female individuals, and the relatively low age profile. These findings indicate the potential influence of these bans on trends of suicide by pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Yan
- Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Liu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chuanjiang Tao
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lijun Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshuang Feng
- Big Data Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Eddleston M. Banning toxic pesticides is effective at preventing suicides in South Asia. BMJ 2023; 382:1838. [PMID: 37586726 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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12
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Chisholm D, Lee YY, Baral PP, Bhagwat S, Dombrovskiy V, Grafton D, Kontsevaya A, Huque R, Kalani Okware K, Kulikov A, Marahatta K, Mavunganidze P, Omar N, Prasai D, Putoud N, Tsoyi E, Vergara J. Cross-country analysis of national mental health investment case studies in sub-Saharan Africa and Central, South and South-East Asia. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2023; 3:1214885. [PMID: 37533704 PMCID: PMC10392930 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2023.1214885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the increasing interest in and political commitment to mental health service development in many regions of the world, there remains a very low level of financial commitment and corresponding investment. Assessment of the projected costs and benefits of scaling up the delivery of effective mental health interventions can help to promote, inform and guide greater investment in public mental health. Methods A series of national mental health investment case studies were carried out (in Bangladesh, Kenya, Nepal, Philippines, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Zimbabwe), using standardized guidance developed by WHO and UNDP and implemented by a multi-disciplinary team. Intervention costs and the monetized value of improved health and production were computed in national currency units and, for comparison, US dollars. Benefit-cost ratios were derived. Findings Across seven countries, the economic burden of mental health conditions was estimated at between 0.5%-1.0% of Gross Domestic Product. Delivery of an evidence-based package of mental health interventions was estimated to cost US$ 0.40-2.40 per capita per year, depending on the country and its scale-up period. For most conditions and country contexts there was a return of >1 for each dollar or unit of local currency invested (range: 0.0-10.6 to 1) when productivity gains alone are included, and >2 (range: 0.4-30.3 to 1) when the intrinsic economic value of health is also considered. There was considerable variation in benefit-cost ratios between intervention areas, with population-based preventive measures and treatment of common mental, neurological and conditions showing the most attractive returns when all assessed benefits are taken into account. Discussion and Conclusion Performing a mental health investment case can provide national-level decision makers with new and contextualized information on the outlays and returns that can be expected from renewed local efforts to enhance access to quality mental health services. Economic evidence from seven low- and middle-income countries indicates that the economic burden of mental health conditions is high, the investment costs are low and the potential returns are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chisholm
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yong Yi Lee
- Health Economics Division, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Phanindra Prasad Baral
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Anna Kontsevaya
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rumana Huque
- Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Alexey Kulikov
- United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nasri Omar
- Division of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Devi Prasai
- Nepal Development Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nadia Putoud
- United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tsoyi
- Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Chan LF, Chin SJ, Loo TH, Panirselvam RR, Chang SS, Chang HY, Mokhzani AR, Rahman FHA, Utyasheva L, Eddleston M. Surveillance of pesticide poisoning in an East and a West Malaysian hospital: characteristics of pesticide poisoning and the early impact of a national Paraquat ban. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:472. [PMID: 37380953 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that pesticide bans were associated with reduced fatal pesticide self-poisoning cases in high, and low-and-middle-income countries. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of pesticide poisoning patients admitted to two Malaysian hospitals and the early impact of the national paraquat ban implemented on 1st January 2020 in a culturally heterogenous South-East-Asian upper-middle-income setting. METHODS Data were collected from an East (Bintulu) and a West (Ipoh) Malaysian hospital medical records in 2015-2021 and 2018-2021, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association of aspects such as socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, paraquat ban with the types of pesticides involved (paraquat versus non-paraquat versus unknown) ,and the outcomes (fatal versus non-fatal). RESULTS From the study sample of 212 pesticide poisoning patients aged 15 years or above, the majority were self-poisoning cases (75.5%) with a disproportionate over-representation of Indian ethnic minority (44.8%). Most pesticide poisoning cases had socio-environmental stressors (62.30%). The commonest stressors were domestic interpersonal conflicts (61.36%). 42.15% of pesticide poisoning survivors had a psychiatric diagnosis. Paraquat poisoning accounted for 31.6% of all patients and 66.7% of fatalities. Case fatality was positively associated with male gender, current suicidal intent, and paraquat poisoning. After the paraquat ban, the proportion of pesticide poisoning cases using paraquat decreased from 35.8 to 24.0%, and the overall case-fatality dropped slightly from 21.2 to 17.3%. CONCLUSIONS Socio-environmental stressors in specific domestic interpersonal conflicts, seemed more prominent in pesticide poisoning compared to psychiatric diagnosis. Paraquat accounted for the majority of pesticide-associated deaths occurring in hospitals in the study areas. There was preliminary evidence that the 2020 paraquat ban led to a fall in case fatality from pesticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Fong Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Song Jie Chin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tsui Huei Loo
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei Yuen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Global Health Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anissa Raudhah Mokhzani
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farynna Hana Ab Rahman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leah Utyasheva
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University Of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University Of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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van Schalkwyk MCI, Collin J, Eddleston M, Petticrew M, Pearson M, Schölin L, Maani N, Konradsen F, Gunnell D, Knipe D. Conceptualising the commercial determinants of suicide: broadening the lens on suicide and self-harm prevention. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:363-370. [PMID: 37019125 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(23)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is preventable, yet, in many settings, robust suicide prevention strategies have not been implemented. Although a commercial determinants of health lens is increasingly being applied to industries important to the field of suicide prevention, the interplay between the vested interests of commercial actors and suicide has received little attention. There is a need to shift attention to the causes of the causes, directing more focus to the ways that commercial determinants influence suicide and shape suicide prevention strategies. Such a shift in perspective, with an evidence base and precedents to draw upon, has transformative potential for research and policy agendas dedicated to understanding and addressing upstream modifiable determinants of suicide and self-harm. We propose a framework intended to help guide efforts to conceptualise, research, and address the commercial determinants of suicide and their inequitable distribution. We hope these ideas and lines of inquiry help to catalyse connections between disciplines and open further debate and discussion as to how to take such an agenda forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- May C I van Schalkwyk
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jeff Collin
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Prevention Research Partnership SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Mark Petticrew
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Prevention Research Partnership SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Melissa Pearson
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Schölin
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nason Maani
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Prevention Research Partnership SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Gunnell
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Duleeka Knipe
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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15
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Dabholkar S, Pirani S, Davis M, Khan M, Eddleston M. Suicides by pesticide ingestion in Pakistan and the impact of pesticide regulation. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:676. [PMID: 37041526 PMCID: PMC10088141 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is a major public health problem in Pakistan, accounting to approximately 19,331 deaths every year. Many are due to consumption of acutely toxic pesticides; however, there is a lack of national suicide data, limiting knowledge and potential for intervention. In this paper, we aimed to review the literature on pesticide self-poisoning in Pakistan to identify the most problematic pesticides in relation to national pesticide regulations. METHODS Information on the currently registered and banned pesticides was obtained from Ministry of National Food Security and Research while data on pesticide import and use was extracted from FAOSTAT. We searched the following sources for articles and research papers on poisoning in Pakistan: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Google Scholar, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), Excerpta Medica (EMBASE), National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE (PUBMED), PS102YCHINFO and Pakmedinet.com using the search terms 'self-poisoning', 'deliberate self-harm', 'suicide', 'methods and means of suicide', 'organophosphate', 'wheat pill', 'aluminium phosphide', 'acute poisoning', OR 'pesticides', AND 'Pakistan'. RESULTS As of May 2021, 382 pesticide active ingredients (substances) were registered in Pakistan, of which five were WHO hazard class Ia (extremely hazardous) and 17 WHO hazard class Ib (highly hazardous). Twenty-six pesticides, four formulations, and seven non-registered pesticides had been banned, of which two were WHO class Ia and five Ib. We identified 106 hospital-level studies of poisoning conducted in Pakistan, of which 23 did not mention self-poisoning cases and one reported no suicidal poisoning cases. We found no community or forensic medicine studies. Of 52,323 poisoning cases identified in these papers, 24,546 [47%] were due to pesticides. The most commonly identified pesticide classes were organophosphorus (OP) insecticides (13,816 cases, 56%) and the fumigant aluminium phosphide (3 g 56% tablets, often termed 'wheat pills'; 686 cases, 2.7%). Few studies identified the particular pesticides involved or the resulting case fatality. CONCLUSION We found pesticide poisoning to be a major cause of poisoning in Pakistan, with OP insecticides and the fumigant aluminium phosphide the main pesticides identified. Withdrawal of Class I pesticides (as proposed to occur nationally in 2022) and high concentration aluminium phosphide tablets should rapidly reduce suicidal deaths by reducing the case fatality for low-intention poisoning cases. National cause of death data and forensic toxicology laboratory data identifying the pesticides responsible for deaths will be important to assess impacts of the proposed national ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dabholkar
- Centre For Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, QMRI E3.22a, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shahina Pirani
- Department of Psychiatry, & Brain & Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mark Davis
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Murad Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, & Brain & Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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16
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Lin HY, Chen WR, Lu LC, Chen HL, Chen YH, Pan M, Chen CC, Chen C, Yen TH, Wan D. Direct Thermal Growth of Gold Nanopearls on 3D Interweaved Hydrophobic Fibers as Ultrasensitive Portable SERS Substrates for Clinical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207404. [PMID: 36974592 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based biosensors have attracted much attention for their label-free detection, ultrahigh sensitivity, and unique molecular fingerprinting. In this study, a wafer-scale, ultrasensitive, highly uniform, paper-based, portable SERS detection platform featuring abundant and dense gold nanopearls with narrow gap distances, are prepared and deposited directly onto ultralow-surface-energy fluorosilane-modified cellulose fibers through simple thermal evaporation by delicately manipulating the atom diffusion behavior. The as-designed paper-based SERS substrate exhibits an extremely high Raman enhancement factor (3.9 × 1011 ), detectability at sub-femtomolar concentrations (single-molecule level) and great signal reproductivity (relative standard deviation: 3.97%), even when operated with a portable 785-nm Raman spectrometer. This system is used for fingerprinting identification of 12 diverse analytes, including clinical medicines (cefazolin, chloramphenicol, levetiracetam, nicotine), pesticides (thiram, paraquat, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos), environmental carcinogens (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene), and illegal drugs (methamphetamine, mephedrone). The lowest detection concentrations reach the sub-ppb level, highlighted by a low of 16.2 ppq for nicotine. This system appears suitable for clinical applications in, for example, i) therapeutic drug monitoring for individualized medication adjustment and ii) ultra-early diagnosis for pesticide intoxication. Accordingly, such scalable, portable and ultrasensitive fibrous SERS substrates open up new opportunities for practical on-site detection in biofluid analysis, point-of-care diagnostics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, 10449, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chia Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hsuen-Li Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-MAT), National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Michael Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chia Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hai Yen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, 10449, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33378, Taiwan
| | - Dehui Wan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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17
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Dos Santos JCP, Valli JB, Sesse NS, Mackenzie Ross S, Zandonade E, Ayres LR, Sampaio KN. Pesticide exposure and poisoning in Brazil: Outcome severity, clinical manifestations and management of cases reported to a poison control center. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2022; 78:177-186. [PMID: 36573257 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2022.2161456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to identify variables associated with increased risk of outcome severity as well as to describe clinical manifestations/symptoms and management of pesticide-related cases reported to a poison center in Brazil. An increased risk of more severe outcomes was observed when exposures occurred in rural areas, involved suicide attempts and moderately to extremely hazardous pesticides. Clinical manifestations with higher frequencies included vomiting, nausea, sialorrhea, headache, miosis and sweating. From the treatment initially applied to the patient, 51.91% encompassed gastric lavage, but this procedure was only recommended in 20.01% of cases by the CIATox. Identifying risk factors associated with poor outcome, describing clinical manifestations, and contrasting initial treatment measures adopted against those recommended by the Poison Center can help determine diagnosis, prognosis and ensure appropriate clinical interventions are used in cases of pesticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanina Bicalho Valli
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center of Espírito Santo (CIATox-ES), Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - Nixon Souza Sesse
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center of Espírito Santo (CIATox-ES), Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - Sarah Mackenzie Ross
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eliana Zandonade
- Public Health Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Statistical Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rocha Ayres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Karla Nívea Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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18
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Yousafzai AW, Khan SA, Bano S, Khan MM. Exploring the phenomenon of suicidal behaviour (SB): An explanatory, mixed-method study in rural Pakistan. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1629-1635. [PMID: 34515562 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211045414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite scientific literature and media reports of rising cases of suicide and attempted suicide in different parts of Pakistan, the extent of this problem remains unknown, particularly from outside the main urban centres of the country. AIMS To report data on Suicidal Behaviour (SB) from Malakand Division, a rural and marginalised part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, explore aetiological factors and propose preventive strategies. METHODS This study followed an explanatory, mixed-method study design. The first part quantitative [QUANT] comprised of police reports on suicidal behaviour, from 2001 till first 8 months of 2018. Detailed analysis of only data from 2013 was undertaken, as data prior to 2013 contained insufficient information. The second part that is, qualitative (QUAL) consisted of in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders. A mixed method of inductive and deductive analytical approach was used. RESULTS From 2013 until the first quarter of 2018, the police recorded 1,645 attempts of both males and females of which 144 (8.75%) resulted in fatalities. Suicide attempts rose by 83.4% over the 5 years and 8 months. Approximately, 43.3% of the attempts were attributed to 'depression'. Domestic abuse was reported in 49.6% of cases. Of the total victims, 1,049 (63.7%) were females, whereas 60.1% were married. Ingestion of the organophosphates poison (pesticide) was reported in 53.2% (n = 999) of suicide attempts. In more than 90% of the non-fatal suicide attempts, victims were booked under punitive laws. Poor socio-economic status, inter-personal stressors, violence against women and mental illnesses were the major causes of suicidal behaviour in Malakand [QUAL]. Investment in human development, strengthening of the healthcare system, de-stigmatisation of mental illnesses and women empowerment could possibly prevent suicidal behaviour in Malakand [QUAL]. CONCLUSION SB in Malakand Division is steadily increasing. The increase is more evident in vulnerable populations such as women and the younger population. 'Psychosocial stressors' and 'depression' were the main causes of suicidal behaviour. A broad-based, proactive, multi-sectorial approach is needed to prevent SB in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shakila Bano
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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19
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Röösli M, Fuhrimann S, Atuhaire A, Rother HA, Dabrowski J, Eskenazi B, Jørs E, Jepson PC, London L, Naidoo S, Rohlman DS, Saunyama I, van Wendel de Joode B, Adeleye AO, Alagbo OO, Aliaj D, Azanaw J, Beerappa R, Brugger C, Chaiklieng S, Chetty-Mhlanga S, Chitra GA, Dhananjayan V, Ejomah A, Enyoh CE, Galani YJH, Hogarh JN, Ihedioha JN, Ingabire JP, Isgren E, Loko YLE, Maree L, Metou’ou Ernest N, Moda HM, Mubiru E, Mwema MF, Ndagire I, Olutona GO, Otieno P, Paguirigan JM, Quansah R, Ssemugabo C, Solomon S, Sosan MB, Sulaiman MB, Teklu BM, Tongo I, Uyi O, Cueva-Vásquez H, Veludo A, Viglietti P, Dalvie MA. Interventions to Reduce Pesticide Exposure from the Agricultural Sector in Africa: A Workshop Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158973. [PMID: 35897345 PMCID: PMC9330002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that several cases of unsafe pesticide use among farmers in different parts of Africa have been documented, there is limited evidence regarding which specific interventions are effective in reducing pesticide exposure and associated risks to human health and ecology. The overall goal of the African Pesticide Intervention Project (APsent) study is to better understand ongoing research and public health activities related to interventions in Africa through the implementation of suitable target-specific situations or use contexts. A systematic review of the scientific literature on pesticide intervention studies with a focus on Africa was conducted. This was followed by a qualitative survey among stakeholders involved in pesticide research or management in the African region to learn about barriers to and promoters of successful interventions. The project was concluded with an international workshop in November 2021, where a broad range of topics relevant to occupational and environmental health risks were discussed such as acute poisoning, street pesticides, switching to alternatives, or disposal of empty pesticide containers. Key areas of improvement identified were training on pesticide usage techniques, research on the effectiveness of interventions targeted at exposure reduction and/or behavioral changes, awareness raising, implementation of adequate policies, and enforcement of regulations and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (S.C.-M.); (A.V.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.F.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (S.C.-M.); (A.V.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.F.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), YMCA Building, Plot 37/41, Buganda Road, Kampala P.O. BOX 12590, Uganda;
| | - Hanna-Andrea Rother
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa; (H.-A.R.); (L.L.)
| | - James Dabrowski
- Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 6531, George 6530, South Africa;
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Erik Jørs
- Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Paul C. Jepson
- Oregon IPM Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Leslie London
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa; (H.-A.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Ivy Saunyama
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Subregional Office for Southern Africa, Block 1 Tendeseka Office Park, Eastlea, Harare, Zimbabwe 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants’ Environmental Health Program (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica;
| | - Adeoluwa O. Adeleye
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.O.A.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Oyebanji O. Alagbo
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.O.A.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Dem Aliaj
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland;
| | - Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia;
| | - Ravichandran Beerappa
- ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Bangalore 562110, India; (R.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Curdin Brugger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (S.C.-M.); (A.V.)
| | - Sunisa Chaiklieng
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Shala Chetty-Mhlanga
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (S.C.-M.); (A.V.)
| | - Grace A. Chitra
- Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum 695024, Kerala, India;
| | - Venugopal Dhananjayan
- ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Bangalore 562110, India; (R.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Afure Ejomah
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City 300212, Nigeria; (A.E.); (O.U.)
| | - Christian Ebere Enyoh
- Green and Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 3388570, Japan;
| | - Yamdeu Joseph Hubert Galani
- Section of Natural and Applied Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, UK;
| | - Jonathan N. Hogarh
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;
| | - Janefrances N. Ihedioha
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (J.N.I.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Jeanne Priscille Ingabire
- Horticulture Program, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali 5016, Rwanda;
| | - Ellinor Isgren
- Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), P.O. Box 170, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Yêyinou Laura Estelle Loko
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Biosciences et Biotechnologies Appliquées (ENSBBA), Université Nationale des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie et Mathématiques (UNSTIM), BP 2282 Abomey, Benin;
| | - Liana Maree
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7493, South Africa;
| | - Nkoum Metou’ou Ernest
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Cameroon, Direction of Regulation and Quality Control of Agricultural Inputs and Product, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 2082, Cameroon;
| | - Haruna Musa Moda
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BG, UK;
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Chemistry Department, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Mwema Felix Mwema
- School of Materials, Energy, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania;
| | - Immaculate Ndagire
- Southern and Eastern Africa Trade Information and Negotiation Institute (SEATINI) Uganda, Kampala P.O. Box 3138, Uganda;
| | - Godwin O. Olutona
- Industrial Chemistry Programme, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo 232101, Nigeria;
| | - Peter Otieno
- Pest Control Products Board, Loresho, Nairobi P.O. Box 13794-00800, Kenya;
| | - Jordan M. Paguirigan
- Common Services Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Philippines, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines;
| | - Reginald Quansah
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana;
| | - Charles Ssemugabo
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda;
| | - Seruwo Solomon
- CropLife Uganda, Chicken House, Plot1, Old Kampala Road, Second Floor Room 17, Kampala P.O. Box 36592, Uganda;
| | - Mosudi B. Sosan
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Nigeria; (A.O.A.); (O.O.A.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Mohammad Bashir Sulaiman
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (J.N.I.); (M.B.S.)
| | - Berhan M. Teklu
- Ethiopian Agriculture Authority, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 313003, Ethiopia;
- Faculty of Naval and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak P.O. Box 34469, Turkey
| | - Isioma Tongo
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City 300212, Nigeria;
| | - Osariyekemwen Uyi
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City 300212, Nigeria; (A.E.); (O.U.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Henry Cueva-Vásquez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Humana Lima, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru;
| | - Adriana Veludo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (S.C.-M.); (A.V.)
| | - Paola Viglietti
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health (CEOHR), School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health (CEOHR), School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.F.); (M.A.D.)
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Ha NT, Huong NT, Anh VN, Anh NQ. Modelling in economic evaluation of mental health prevention: current status and quality of studies. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:906. [PMID: 35831821 PMCID: PMC9281039 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to identify and critically appraise the quality of model-based economic evaluation studies in mental health prevention. METHODS A systematic search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently screened for eligible records using predefined criteria and extracted data using a pre-piloted data extraction form. The 61-item Philips Checklist was used to critically appraise the studies. Systematic review registration number: CRD42020184519. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were eligible to be included. Thirty studies (61.2%) were published in 2015-2021. Forty-seven studies were conducted for higher-income countries. There were mainly cost-utility analyses (n = 31) with the dominant primary outcome of quality-adjusted life year. The most common model was Markov (n = 26). Most of the studies were conducted from a societal or health care perspective (n = 37). Only ten models used a 50-year time horizon (n = 2) or lifetime horizon (n = 8). A wide range of mental health prevention strategies was evaluated with the dominance of selective/indicate strategy and focusing on common mental health problems (e.g., depression, suicide). The percentage of the Philip checkilst's criteria fulfilled by included studies was 69.3% on average and ranged from 43.3 to 90%. Among three domains of the Philip checklist, criteria on the model structure were fulfilled the most (72.1% on average, ranging from 50.0% to 91.7%), followed by the data domain (69.5% on average, ranging from 28.9% to 94.0%) and the consistency domain (54.6% on average, ranging from 20.0% to 100%). The practice of identification of 'relevant' evidence to inform model structure and inputs was inadequately performed. The model validation practice was rarely reported. CONCLUSIONS There is an increasing number of model-based economic evaluations of mental health prevention available to decision-makers, but evidence has been limited to the higher-income countries and the short-term horizon. Despite a high level of heterogeneity in study scope and model structure among included studies, almost all mental health prevention interventions were either cost-saving or cost-effective. Future models should make efforts to conduct in the low-resource context setting, expand the time horizon, improve the evidence identification to inform model structure and inputs, and promote the practice of model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thu Ha
- Department of Health Policy and Economics, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Huong
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Nguyen Quynh Anh
- Department of Health Policy and Economics, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Carvalho KP, Corassa RB, Petarli GB, Cattafesta M, Zandonade E, Salaroli LB. Exogenous pesticide poisoning in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2007-2016: spatial distribution and temporal trend in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of notified cases. EPIDEMIOLOGIA E SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE 2022; 31:e2021424. [PMID: 35830062 PMCID: PMC9887970 DOI: 10.1590/s2237-96222022000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the spatial distribution of pesticide poisoning cases and analyze the temporal trend in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of this event in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS This was a time series study of confirmed cases of pesticide poisoning registered on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN) between 2007 and 2016. Incidence rates were presented in thematic maps. Scatter plots were used to show the incidence and case fatality ratio of cases. RESULTS There was an increasing incidence rate of poisoning in the period regarding the total number of cases, by sex and age group - except for those aged 70 years and over. There was a decreasing case fatality ratio until 2012, with a subsequent increase. Eight municipalities presented the highest notification rates (30 to 46 new cases/100,000 inhabitants). CONCLUSION There was an increase in the incidence of notifications in the period. There was a decrease in case fatality ratio until 2012, subsequently followed by an increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Patrício Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Rafael Belo Corassa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Glenda Blaser Petarli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Monica Cattafesta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Eliana Zandonade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Luciane Bresciani Salaroli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade
Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Barnabas R, Yadav B, Jayakaran J, Gunasekaran K, Johnson J, Pichamuthu K, Iyadurai R. Direct Costs of Healthcare among Patients with Deliberate Self-harm: A Pilot Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022; 26:836-838. [PMID: 36864870 PMCID: PMC9973189 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deliberate self-harm (DSH) in developing nations has a significant impact on health and economic conditions of patients and families. Materials and methods This retrospective study aims to study the cost of hospitalization and the factors affecting the cost of medical care. Adult patients with a diagnosis of DSH were included. Results A total of 107 patients were included with the most common type of poison consumed being pesticides (35.5%) followed by a tablet overdose (31.8%). There was a male preponderance with a mean (SD) age of 30.04 (9.03) years. The median cost of admission was ₹13,690 (USD 195.57); DSH with pesticide increased the cost of care by 67% as compared to non-pesticides. Other factors which increased the cost were need for intensive care, ventilation, use of vasopressors, and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Conclusions Pesticide-based poisoning is the most frequent cause of DSH. Among different types of DSH, pesticide poisoning is associated with a higher direct cost of hospitalization. How to cite this article Barnabas R, Yadav B, Jayakaran J, Gunasekaran K, Johnson J, Pichamuthu K, et al. Direct Costs of Healthcare among Patients with Deliberate Self-harm: A Pilot Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(7):836-838.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Barnabas
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bijesh Yadav
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jonathan Jayakaran
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthik Gunasekaran
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India,Karthik Gunasekaran, Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, e-mail:
| | - Jacob Johnson
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kishore Pichamuthu
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Iyadurai
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Massazza A, Teyton A, Charlson F, Benmarhnia T, Augustinavicius JL. Quantitative methods for climate change and mental health research: current trends and future directions. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e613-e627. [PMID: 35809589 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative literature on climate change and mental health is growing rapidly. However, the methodological quality of the evidence is heterogeneous, and there is scope for methodological improvement and innovation. The first section of this Personal View provides a snapshot of current methodological trends and issues in the quantitative literature on climate change and mental health, drawing on literature collected through a previous scoping review. The second part of this Personal View outlines opportunities for methodological innovation concerning the assessment of the relationship between climate change and mental health. We then highlight possible methodological innovations in intervention research and in the measurement of climate change and mental health-related variables. This section draws upon methods from public mental health, environmental epidemiology, and other fields. The objective is not to provide a detailed description of different methodological techniques, but rather to highlight opportunities to use diverse methods, collaborate across disciplines, and inspire methodological innovation. The reader will be referred to practical guidance on different methods when available. We hope this Personal View will constitute a roadmap and launching pad for methodological innovation for researchers interested in investigating a rapidly growing area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Massazza
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Anaïs Teyton
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fiona Charlson
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Tharani A, Farooq S, Lakhdir MPA, Talib U, Khan MM. Characteristics and patterns of individuals who have self-harmed: a retrospective descriptive study from Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:367. [PMID: 35641917 PMCID: PMC9158237 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-Harm (SH) is a major global public health problem under-researched in Pakistan due to religious and legal implications. This study aims to identify the characteristics and patterns among patients with SH and factors associated with the intent to die. METHOD This retrospective descriptive study where SH cases presented to private tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2013 to December 2017 were extracted from HIMS records. Details related to demography, history, associated factors, access to methods used, and intent to die were collected on a structured proforma and analysed using STATA version 14. RESULTS: A total of 350 cases were analysed. More than half of the reported cases were in the age group 20-39 years. Though only one-fourth of the SH cases had a past psychiatric history, it was found to be significantly (P-value < 0.05) associated with intent to die. Notably, 81% of the cases do not have a history of SH. Drug overdose (61.6%) and insecticides (36.6%) were the two most common methods used. Depression was identified in nearly half of the cases. The most common reason for attempting SH was inter-personal relationship issues (54.3%). CONCLUSION This paper provides recent data on the characteristics and patterns associated with the intent to die of individuals who have self-harmed. In most cases of SH, past psychiatric history was not evident. Current psychiatric diagnosis and young adults were favoured in this study. The data from this study has limited representation for all demographic representation of SH cases from Pakistan as being from a single private hospital. There is a need for further research on SH in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Tharani
- grid.7147.50000 0001 0633 6224School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Second Floor, Stadium Road, P.O Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salima Farooq
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Second Floor, Stadium Road, P.O Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Maryam Pyar Ali Lakhdir
- grid.7147.50000 0001 0633 6224Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uroosa Talib
- Karwan-E-Hayat, Psychiatric Care and Rehabilitation Center, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Murad Moosa Khan
- grid.7147.50000 0001 0633 6224Department of Psychiatry, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Jaacks LM, Serupally R, Dabholkar S, Venkateshmurthy NS, Mohan S, Roy A, Prabhakaran P, Smith B, Gathorne-Hardy A, Veluguri D, Eddleston M. Impact of large-scale, government legislated and funded organic farming training on pesticide use in Andhra Pradesh, India: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e310-e319. [PMID: 35397219 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of pesticides in agriculture has been associated with the destruction of biodiversity and damage to human health. A marked reduction in pesticide use is urgently required globally, but whether this can be achieved rapidly and at scale is unclear. We aimed to assess whether government-legislated and funded organic farming training in Andhra Pradesh, India, reduced pesticide use by farmers and sales of pesticides by pesticide retailers. METHODS We did a cross-sectional survey between Aug 11 and Nov 26, 2020, among farmers and pesticide retailers in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh (India). We assessed the impact of the Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) programme, which aims to transition 100% of the agricultural land of Andhra Pradesh (population approximately 49 million, 6 million of whom are farmers) to organic farming practices by 2030. We did cross-sectional phone interview surveys of farmers and face-to-face surveys of pesticide retailers. We used multivariable Poisson regression models to estimate relative risks (RRs) and logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs). FINDINGS 962 farmers were invited to participate, of whom 894 (93%) consented (709 conventional farmers and 149 APCNF farmers). 47 pesticide retailers were invited to participate, of whom 38 (81%) consented. APCNF farmers had practised APCNF for a median of 2 years (IQR 1-3). APCNF farmers were less likely to use pesticides than conventional farmers (adjusted RR 0·65 [95% CI 0·57-0·75]), although pesticide use remained high among both APCNF and conventional farmers (73 [49%] of 148 APCNF farmers vs 695 [99%] of 700 conventional farmers; p<0·0001). APCNF farmers had lower pesticide expenditures than conventional farmers (median US$0 [IQR 0-170] for APCNF farmers vs $175 [91-281] for conventional farmers; p=0·0001). Increased frequency of meeting with agricultural extension workers was associated with reduced pesticide use among ACPNF farmers. Seven (18%) of 38 retailers reported a decrease in sales of pesticides in the past 4 years; no difference in the odds of reporting a decrease in pesticide sales in the past 4 years was identified between APCNF retailers and conventional retailers (OR 0·95 [95% CI 0·58-1·57]). INTERPRETATION Despite a major government drive for organic agriculture, about half of APCNF farmers continued to use pesticides and no impact on pesticide sales at local retailers was observed. A combination of policy instruments (eg, bans on highly hazardous pesticides), not solely training for farmers, might be needed to eliminate pesticide use in agriculture. FUNDING Scottish Funding Council and UK Research and Innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Shweta Dabholkar
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nikhil Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Sailesh Mohan
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Roy
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Poornima Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Barbara Smith
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Alfred Gathorne-Hardy
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Divya Veluguri
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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OUP accepted manuscript. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:529-536. [DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lim JS, Buckley NA, Chitty KM, Moles RJ, Cairns R. Association Between Means Restriction of Poison and Method-Specific Suicide Rates. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2021; 2:e213042. [PMID: 35977165 PMCID: PMC8727039 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Question Findings Meaning Importance Objective Evidence Review Findings Conclusions and Relevance
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy S. Lim
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Buckley
- Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate M. Chitty
- Discipline of Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebekah Jane Moles
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rose Cairns
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
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Inoue K, Seksenbayev N, Chaizhunusova N, Moldagaliyev T, Ospanova N, Tokesheva S, Zhunussov YT, Takeichi N, Noso Y, Hoshi M, Kawano N. An Exploration of the Labor, Financial, and Economic Factors Related to Suicide in the Republic of Kazakhstan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136992. [PMID: 34208831 PMCID: PMC8297109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Republic of Kazakhstan has one of the world’s highest suicide rates. A detailed study of the risk factors for suicide in that country is therefore important. We investigated country-wide statistics related to labor, financial, and economic factors and whether any of these factors contribute to the risk of suicide in Kazakhstan. Using the 20 year period from 2000 to 2019, we examined the annual suicide rates overall (all citizens) and for males and females in Kazakhstan, annual unemployment rates, annual rates of increase in the country’s consumer price index, annual total exports, and annual total imports. We then calculated the correlations between the suicide rates and these four items. We also performed a multiple regression analysis of the relationship between the suicide rate and those four items. The results of these analyses indicated that the unemployment rate was the correlation coefficient most highly correlated with the suicide rate; unemployment was significantly related to suicide and should be targeted as a risk factor in suicide prevention interventions in Kazakhstan. With this in mind, organizations, government agencies, and professionals in relevant fields need to devise and implement suicide prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Inoue
- Research and Education Faculty, Medical Sciences Cluster, Health Service Center, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 730-0053, Japan; (M.H.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nursultan Seksenbayev
- Department of Psychiatry, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan; (N.S.); (T.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Nailya Chaizhunusova
- Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan; (N.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Timur Moldagaliyev
- Department of Psychiatry, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan; (N.S.); (T.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Nargul Ospanova
- Department of Psychiatry, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan; (N.S.); (T.M.); (N.O.)
| | - Sholpan Tokesheva
- Department of Public Health, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan; (N.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Yersin T. Zhunussov
- Chairman of the Board-Rector, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
| | | | - Yoshihiro Noso
- Department of Health Services Management, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan;
| | - Masaharu Hoshi
- The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 730-0053, Japan; (M.H.); (N.K.)
| | - Noriyuki Kawano
- The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 730-0053, Japan; (M.H.); (N.K.)
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Buckley NA, Fahim M, Raubenheimer J, Gawarammana IB, Eddleston M, Roberts MS, Dawson AH. Case fatality of agricultural pesticides after self-poisoning in Sri Lanka: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e854-e862. [PMID: 33901424 PMCID: PMC8131203 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide poisoning is among the most common means of suicide globally, but can be prevented with regulation of the most hazardous agents. We aimed to compare the lethality of pesticides ingested by our cohort, seek evidence on variation between human and regulatory animal toxicity, and establish change over time in the case fatality of individual pesticides in Sri Lanka. METHODS We examined the case fatality of agricultural pesticides in a prospective cohort in nine hospitals serving rural populations in Sri Lanka. We included all patients (>11 years) who had presented to a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration study hospital during the study period. Patients were enrolled by clinical research assistants and were regularly reviewed. Identification of the ingested pesticide was generally on the basis of history or positive identification of the container, supported by nested blood analysis. FINDINGS From March 31, 2002, to Dec 31, 2019, 34 902 patients (median age 29 years [IQR 21-40]; 23 060 [66·1%] male) presented with a possible or known pesticide self-poisoning. We identified 23 139 specific pesticides that were ingested. Poisoning was fatal in 2299 (6·6%) patients. Case fatality varied greatly from 0·0% (several substances) to 41·8% (paraquat). The three most toxic agents (ie, paraquat, dimethoate, and fenthion) were banned between 2008 and 2011. Since 2013, the five agents causing the most deaths (ie, profenofos, propanil, fenobucarb, carbosulfan, and quinalphos) had a case fatality of 7·2-8·6%. A steady decline was seen in overall case fatality of pesticide poisoning (10·5% for 2002-06 to 3·7% for 2013-19), largely attributable to pesticide bans. A modest fall in case fatality for non-banned pesticides was also seen. INTERPRETATION Declines seen in case fatalities of poisonings with non-banned pesticides suggest that medical management improved over time. The human data for acute toxicity of pesticides should drive hazard classifications and regulation. We believe that a global benchmark for registration of pesticides should include a less than 5% case fatality after self-poisoning, which could prevent many deaths and have a substantial effect on global suicide rates. FUNDING The Wellcome Trust and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. TRANSLATIONS For the Sinhala and Tamil translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Buckley
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Pharmacology, Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mohamed Fahim
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Pharmacology, Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacques Raubenheimer
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Pharmacology, Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Indika B Gawarammana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Eddleston
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael S Roberts
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew H Dawson
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Pharmacology, Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Dandona R, Gunnell D. Pesticide surveillance and deaths by suicide. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 9:e738-e739. [PMID: 33901425 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Dandona
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram 122 002, India; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - David Gunnell
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Rother HA. Pesticide suicides: what more evidence is needed to ban highly hazardous pesticides? Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e225-e226. [PMID: 33607020 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Andrea Rother
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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