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Liu Y, Hughes MC, Wang H. Financial train, health behaviors, and psychological well-being of family caregivers of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. PEC INNOVATION 2024; 4:100290. [PMID: 38799257 PMCID: PMC11127198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2024.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to examine the change in financial strain, health behaviors, and psychological well-being of family caregivers of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the differences in mental health outcomes by gender, race, and relationship status. Methods Using the 2020 National Health and Aging Trends Study COVID-19 supplement, our sample included 2026 family caregivers of older adults. Structural equation modeling was conducted. Results Caregivers with financial strain showed worse mental health than those with no financial strain. Female or adult children caregivers reported significantly less time walking, more financial strain, and a higher level of negative mental health outcomes compared to male or spouse caregivers; non-White caregivers reported greater positive mental health outcomes compared to White caregivers during the pandemic. Discussion Health professionals should consider the financial and mental health impact of COVID-19 among family caregivers when designing and delivering caregiver support programs. Innovation This study provides nationally representative estimates of several important health behaviors and health outcomes for caregivers of older adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, helping to fill the knowledge gap about the characteristics of caregivers whose health and well-being were most affected by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Liu
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, IL 815-753-1301, United States of America
| | - M. Courtney Hughes
- School of Health Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States of America
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Marchi M, Alkema A, Xia C, Thio CHL, Chen LY, Schalkwijk W, Galeazzi GM, Ferrari S, Pingani L, Kweon H, Evans-Lacko S, David Hill W, Boks MP. Investigating the impact of poverty on mental illness in the UK Biobank using Mendelian randomization. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01919-3. [PMID: 38987359 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
It is unclear whether poverty and mental illness are causally related. Using UK Biobank and Psychiatric Genomic Consortium data, we examined evidence of causal links between poverty and nine mental illnesses (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anorexia nervosa, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia). We applied genomic structural equation modelling to derive a poverty common factor from household income, occupational income and social deprivation. Then, using Mendelian randomization, we found evidence that schizophrenia and ADHD causally contribute to poverty, while poverty contributes to major depressive disorder and schizophrenia but decreases the risk of anorexia nervosa. Poverty may also contribute to ADHD, albeit with uncertainty due to unbalanced pleiotropy. The effects of poverty were reduced by approximately 30% when we adjusted for cognitive ability. Further investigations of the bidirectional relationships between poverty and mental illness are warranted, as they may inform efforts to improve mental health for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Alkema
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charley Xia
- Lothian Birth Cohort Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Winni Schalkwijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gian M Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Hyeokmoon Kweon
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Evans-Lacko
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - W David Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohort Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Dimence Institute for Specialized Mental Health Care, Dimence Group, Deventer, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zheng M, Kong D, Wu K, Li G, Zhang Y, Chen W, Hall BJ. The determinants of mental health inequalities between Chinese migrants and non-migrants during the Shanghai 2022 lockdown: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:136. [PMID: 38982412 PMCID: PMC11232248 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mental health inequality between migrants and non-migrants was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying key determinants of this inequality is essential in promoting health equity. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited Shanghai residents by purposive sampling during the city-wide lockdown (from April 29 to June 1, 2022) using an online questionnaire. Migration statuses (non-migrants, permanent migrants, and temporary migrants) were identified by migration experience and by household registration in Shanghai. Mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, loneliness, and problematic anger) were assessed by self-report scales. The nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to quantify mental health inequality (i.e., differences in predicted probabilities between migration groups) and the contribution of expected correlates (i.e., change in predicted probability associated with variation in the correlate divided by the group difference). RESULTS The study included 2738 participants (771 [28.2%] non-migrants; 389 [14.2%] permanent migrants; 1578 [57.6%] temporary migrants). We found inequalities in depression (7.1%) and problematic anger (7.8%) between permanent migrants and non-migrants, and inequalities in anxiety (7.3%) and loneliness (11.3%) between temporary migrants and non-migrants. When comparing permanent migrants and non-migrants, age and social capital explained 12.7% and 17.1% of the inequality in depression, and 13.3% and 21.4% of the inequality in problematic anger. Between temporary migrants and non-migrants, age and social capital also significantly contributed to anxiety inequality (23.0% and 18.2%) and loneliness inequality (26.5% and 16.3%), while monthly household income (20.4%) and loss of monthly household income (34.0%) contributed the most to anxiety inequality. CONCLUSIONS Significant inequalities in depression and problematic anger among permanent migrants and inequalities in anxiety and loneliness among temporary migrants were observed. Strengthening social capital and economic security can aid in public health emergency preparedness and promote mental health equity among migrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Kong
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gen Li
- Center for Global Healthy Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Center for Global Healthy Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
| | - Brian J Hall
- Center for Global Healthy Equity, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
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Reuschke D, Houston D, Sissons P. Impacts of Long COVID on workers: A longitudinal study of employment exit, work hours and mental health in the UK. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306122. [PMID: 38924025 PMCID: PMC11207153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had enormous implications for the world of work. However, there has been relatively little focus on the employment and workforce challenges of the virus in relation to workforce health, beyond the immediate management of the spread of the disease. There is an important gap in understanding the ongoing workforce issues created by the significant incidence of Long COVID in the population. AIM This paper examines the effects of Long COVID on employment and workers' mental health to contribute to understanding of work-limiting health conditions and to offer policy implications for COVID-19 and similar health conditions on employment and the workforce. METHODS A large national panel study for the UK is used to estimate the likelihood of exiting employment as well as on changes in working hours and general mental health and happiness of those who remain in work. The sample includes individuals 16 years and older who were in employment in January/February 2020 and followed during the pandemic 2020-2021. Long COVID is self-reported in the data. Informed by conceptual consideration of employment protection in the UK, two groups of individuals with Long COVID are defined based on the duration of symptoms. Group 1 has Long COVID 5-28 weeks after an infection with COVID-19, which is up to the maximum length of Statutory Sick Pay in the UK. Group 2 has symptoms for 29+ weeks, which is beyond the statutory entitlement to sickness pay. Panel regression models are fitted both with fixed-effects and random-effects. Individual and job characteristics are used as controls Those with no COVID-19 symptoms are the reference group. RESULTS In between-person comparison, Group 2 is at higher risk of exiting employment compared to those with no COVID-19 symptoms. Between-person estimates of mental health and well-being show negative effects of Long COVID for both groups but these are greatest in Group 2. Within-person estimates suggest that factors associated with earnings mediate the negative Long COVID effects on mental health in Group 1 and that Group 2 adapts to working with Long COVID. Group 1 is at risk of working zero hours (i.e. being on sick leave) but neither Group 1 nor Group 2 have a higher probability of working fewer hours compared to those with no COVID-19 symptoms. The negative impact of Long COVID on working hours stems primarily from working zero hours (sickness leave) rather than working fewer hours, suggesting a lack of accommodation by employers of Long COVID at work. POLICY IMPLICATIONS The extension of Statutory Sickness Pay and greater flexibility to manage partial (returns to) work would help preserve employment and mental health. Those with Long COVID for 12 months are likely to meet the definition of disability and so have a right to receive reasonable workplace adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Reuschke
- Birmingham Business School, City-Region Economic Development Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Houston
- Birmingham Business School, City-Region Economic Development Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sissons
- Keele Business School, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Igelström E, Kopasker D, Craig P, Lewsey J, Katikireddi SV. Estimating the causal effects of income on health: how researchers' definitions of "income" matter. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1572. [PMID: 38862961 PMCID: PMC11165736 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a well-established cross-sectional association between income and health, but estimates of the causal effects of income vary substantially. Different definitions of income may lead to substantially different empirical results, yet research is often framed as investigating "the effect of income" as if it were a single, easily definable construct. METHODS/RESULTS The aim of this paper is to introduce a taxonomy for definitional and conceptual issues in studying individual- or household-level income for health research. We focus on (1) the definition of the income measure (earned and unearned; net, gross, and disposable; real and nominal; individual and household; relative and absolute income) and (2) the definition of the causal contrast (amount, functional form assumptions/transformations, direction, duration of change, and timing of exposure and follow-up). We illustrate the application of the taxonomy to four examples from the published literature. CONCLUSIONS Quantified estimates of causal effects of income on health and wellbeing have crucial relevance for policymakers to anticipate the consequences of policies targeting the social determinants of health. However, much prior evidence has been limited by lack of clarity in distinguishing between different causal questions. The present framework can help researchers explicitly and precisely articulate income-related exposures and causal questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Igelström
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Daniel Kopasker
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Craig
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim Lewsey
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Rhead R, Wels J, Moltrecht B, Shaw RJ, Silverwood R, Zhu J, Hughes A, Chaturvedi N, Demou E, Katikireddi SV, Ploubidis G. Long COVID and financial outcomes: evidence from four longitudinal population surveys. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024; 78:458-465. [PMID: 38508701 PMCID: PMC11187380 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-221059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term sequelae of COVID-19 (long COVID) include muscle weakness, fatigue, breathing difficulties and sleep disturbance over weeks or months. Using UK longitudinal data, we assessed the relationship between long COVID and financial disruption. METHODS We estimated associations between long COVID (derived using self-reported length of COVID-19 symptoms) and measures of financial disruption (subjective financial well-being, new benefit claims, changes in household income) by analysing data from four longitudinal population studies, gathered during the first year of the pandemic. We employed modified Poisson regression in a pooled analysis of the four cohorts adjusting for a range of potential confounders, including pre-pandemic (pre-long COVID) factors. RESULTS Among the 20 112 observations across four population surveys, 13% reported having COVID-19 with symptoms that impeded their ability to function normally-10.7% had such symptoms for <4 weeks (acute COVID-19), 1.2% had such symptoms for 4-12 weeks (ongoing symptomatic COVID-19) and 0.6% had such symptoms for >12 weeks (post-COVID-19 syndrome). We found that post-COVID-19 syndrome was associated with worse subjective financial well-being (adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs)=1.57, 95% CI=1.25, 1.96) and new benefit claims (aRRR=1.79, CI=1.27, 2.53). Associations were broadly similar across sexes and education levels. These results were not meaningfully altered when scaled to represent the population by age. CONCLUSIONS Long COVID was associated with financial disruption in the UK. If our findings reflect causal effects, extending employment protection and financial support to people with long COVID may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rhead
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jacques Wels
- University College London, London, UK
- BE, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Richard John Shaw
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jingmin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alun Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Evangelia Demou
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George Ploubidis
- Centre of Longitudinal Studies, University College London, London, UK
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Kopasker D, Bronka P, Thomson RM, Khodygo V, Kromydas T, Meier P, Heppenstall A, Bambra C, Lomax N, Craig P, Richiardi M, Katikireddi SV. Evaluating the influence of taxation and social security policies on psychological distress: A microsimulation study of the UK during the COVID-19 economic crisis. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351:116953. [PMID: 38759385 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Economic determinants are important for population health, but actionable evidence of how policies can utilise these pathways remains scarce. This study employs a microsimulation framework to evaluate the effects of taxation and social security policies on population mental health. The UK economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic provides an informative context involving an economic shock accompanied by one of the strongest discretionary fiscal responses amongst OECD countries. The analytical setup involves a dynamic, stochastic, discrete-time microsimulation model (SimPaths) projecting changes in psychological distress given predicted economic outcomes from a static tax-benefit microsimulation model (UKMOD) based on different policy scenarios. We contrast projections of psychological distress for the working-age population from 2017 to 2025 given the observed policy environment against a counterfactual scenario where pre-crisis policies remained in place. Levels of psychological distress and potential cases of common mental disorders (CMDs) were assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The UK policy response to the economic crisis is estimated to have prevented a substantial fall (over 12 percentage points, %pt) in the employment rate in 2020 and 2021. In 2020, projected psychological distress increased substantially (CMD prevalence increase >10%pt) under both the observed and the counterfactual policy scenarios. Through economic pathways, the policy response is estimated to have prevented a further 3.4%pt [95%UI 2.8%pt, 4.0%pt] increase in the prevalence of CMDs, approximately 1.2 million cases. Beyond 2021, as employment levels rapidly recovered, psychological distress returned to the pre-pandemic trend. Sustained preventative effects on poverty are estimated, with projected levels 2.1%pt [95%UI 1.8%pt, 2.5%pt] lower in 2025 than in the absence of the observed policy response. The study shows that policies protecting employment during an economic crisis are effective in preventing short-term mental health losses and have lasting effects on poverty levels. This preventative effect has substantial public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kopasker
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Patryk Bronka
- Centre for Microsimulation and Policy Analysis, University of Essex, UK
| | - Rachel M Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Vladimir Khodygo
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Petra Meier
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison Heppenstall
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK; School of Political and Social Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare Bambra
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Nik Lomax
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Craig
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Matteo Richiardi
- Centre for Microsimulation and Policy Analysis, University of Essex, UK
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Alemu WG, Due C, Muir-Cochrane E, Mwanri L, Azale T, Ziersch A. Quality of life among people living with mental illness and predictors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Life Res 2024; 33:1191-1209. [PMID: 37906348 PMCID: PMC11045618 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-023-03525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quality of life (QoL) of patients with mental illness has been examined internationally but to a lesser extent in developing countries, including countries in Africa. Improving QoL is vital to reducing disability among people with mental illness. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of QoL and associated factors among people living with mental illness in Africa. METHODS Using the PICOT approach, Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. A structured search was undertaken, comprising terms associated with mental health, mental illness, QoL, and a list of all African countries. The Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Appraisal Checklist is used to evaluate research quality. Subgroup analysis with Country, domains of QoL, and diagnosis was tested using a random-effect model, and bias was assessed using a funnel plot and an inspection of Egger's regression test. A p value, OR, and 95% CI were used to demonstrate an association. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of poor QoL was 45.93% (36.04%, 55.83%), I2 = 98.6%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that Ethiopia (48.09%; 95% CI = 33.73, 62.44), Egypt (43.51%; 95% CI = 21.84, 65.18), and Nigeria (43.49%; 95% CI = 12.25, 74.74) had the highest mean poor QoL prevalence of the countries. The pooled prevalence of poor QoL by diagnosis was as follows: bipolar disorder (69.63%; 95% CI = 47.48, 91.77), Schizophrenia (48.53%; 95% CI = 29.97, 67.11), group of mental illnesses (40.32%; 95% CI = 23.98, 56.66), and depressive disorders (38.90%; 95% CI = 22.98, 54.81). Being illiterate (3.63; 95% CI = 2.35, 4.91), having a comorbid medical illness (4.7; 95% CI = 2.75, 6.66), having a low monthly income (3.62; 95% CI = 1.96, 5.27), having positive symptoms (0.32; 95% CI = 0.19, 0.55), and having negative symptoms (0.26; 95% CI = 0.16, 0.43) were predictors of QoL. Thus, some factors are significantly associated with pooled effect estimates of QoL. CONCLUSIONS The current systematic review and meta-analysis showed that almost half of patients with mental illness had poor QoL. Being illiterate, having a comorbid medical condition, having a low monthly income, having positive symptoms, and having negative symptoms of mental illness were independent predictors of poor QoL. This systematic review and meta-analysis emphasize that poor QoL of people with mental illness in Africa needs attention to reduce its negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondale Getinet Alemu
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Clemence Due
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eimear Muir-Cochrane
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide Campus, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Telake Azale
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anna Ziersch
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Schoemaker J, Vertommen T, Stevens V, de Boer W. Estimating and monetizing the causal effect of severe interpersonal violence against children in sports on subjective well-being. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 151:106719. [PMID: 38457982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal Violence (IV) against children in sports is a prevalent problem and has a major impact on their well-being. However, the causal relationship and the costs for society remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to estimate the causal effect of severe IV in sports on Subjective Well-Being (SWB) and to monetize the collective loss for society. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study used survey data from 4003 respondents in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium). The questionnaire included current SWB as well as 41 items to assess experiences with psychological, physical and sexual IV in sports before the age of 18. Severity was quantified by experts and reported frequency. METHODS By using the number of sports that someone participated in during their youth as an instrumental variable to control for confounding, the study estimates the causal effect of severe IV on SWB. The Three-Stage Well-Being Valuation Approach was used to monetize the loss in SWB in terms of income compensation. RESULTS The results show that experiencing severe IV in sports results in significant lower SWB levels (b = -0.45, p < .01). The lower SWB is comparable to an annual loss of income of 9672 euro per person. CONCLUSIONS We have found evidence for a causal effect of severe IV in childhood on the SWB later in life. The results highlight the long-term, extensive impact of experiencing severe IV in sports that exceeds direct physical and psychological health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Schoemaker
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Heyendaalseweg 141, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Molenstraat 8, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vidar Stevens
- Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem de Boer
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Heyendaalseweg 141, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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10
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Chan JK, Marzuki AA, Vafa S, Thanaraju A, Yap J, Chan XW, Harris HA, Todi K, Schaefer A. A systematic review on the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and emotional disorder symptoms during Covid-19: unearthing the potential role of economic concerns and financial strain. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:237. [PMID: 38671542 PMCID: PMC11046828 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 has disrupted the lives of many and resulted in high prevalence rates of mental disorders. Despite a vast amount of research into the social determinants of mental health during Covid-19, little is known about whether the results are consistent with the social gradient in mental health. Here we report a systematic review of studies that investigated how socioeconomic condition (SEC)-a multifaceted construct that measures a person's socioeconomic standing in society, using indicators such as education and income, predicts emotional health (depression and anxiety) risk during the pandemic. Furthermore, we examined which classes of SEC indicators would best predict symptoms of emotional disorders. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted search over six databases, including Scopus, PubMed, etc., between November 4, 2021 and November 11, 2021 for studies that investigated how SEC indicators predict emotional health risks during Covid-19, after obtaining approval from PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021288508). Using Covidence as the platform, 362 articles (324 cross-sectional/repeated cross-sectional and 38 longitudinal) were included in this review according to the eligibility criteria. We categorized SEC indicators into 'actual versus perceived' and 'static versus fluid' classes to explore their differential effects on emotional health. RESULTS Out of the 1479 SEC indicators used in these 362 studies, our results showed that 43.68% of the SEC indicators showed 'expected' results (i.e., higher SEC predicting better emotional health outcomes); 51.86% reported non-significant results and 4.46% reported the reverse. Economic concerns (67.16% expected results) and financial strains (64.16%) emerged as the best predictors while education (26.85%) and living conditions (30.14%) were the worst. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes how different SEC indicators influenced emotional health risks across 98 countries, with a total of 5,677,007 participants, ranging from high to low-income countries. Our findings showed that not all SEC indicators were strongly predictive of emotional health risks. In fact, over half of the SEC indicators studied showed a null effect. We found that perceived and fluid SEC indicators, particularly economic concerns and financial strain could best predict depressive and anxiety symptoms. These findings have implications for policymakers to further understand how different SEC classes affect mental health during a pandemic in order to tackle associated social issues effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Kei Chan
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Malaysia, Jalan Universiti, No 5, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Sunway University Malaysia, Room: 4-4-11, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Aleya A Marzuki
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Malaysia, Jalan Universiti, No 5, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Samira Vafa
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Malaysia, Jalan Universiti, No 5, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Arjun Thanaraju
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Malaysia, Jalan Universiti, No 5, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jie Yap
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Malaysia, Jalan Universiti, No 5, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Xiou Wen Chan
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Atasha Harris
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khushi Todi
- Department of Psychology, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Alexandre Schaefer
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Malaysia, Jalan Universiti, No 5, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Lotzin A, Stahlmann K, Acquarini E, Ajdukovic D, Ajdukovic M, Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous X, Ardino V, Bondjers K, Bragesjö M, Böttche M, Dragan M, Figueiredo-Braga M, Gelezelyte O, Grajewski P, Javakhishvili JD, Kazlauskas E, Lenferink L, Lioupi C, Lueger-Schuster B, Mooren T, Sales L, Tsiskarishvili L, Novakovic IZ, Schäfer I. A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors for symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2318944. [PMID: 38644753 PMCID: PMC11036902 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2318944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused multiple stressors that may lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder.Objective: We longitudinally examined relationships between risk and protective factors, pandemic-related stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether these relationships differed by the time of assessment.Method: The European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) ADJUST Study included N = 15,169 participants aged 18 years and above. Participants from 11 European countries were recruited and screened three times at 6-month intervals from June 2020 to January 2022. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender), stressors (e.g. fear of infection), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (AjD, ADNM-8) and their interaction with time of assessment were examined using mixed linear regression.Results: The following predictors were significantly associated with higher AjD symptom levels: female or diverse gender; older age; pandemic-related news consumption >30 min a day; a current or previous mental health disorder; trauma exposure before or during the pandemic; a good, satisfactory or poor health status (vs. very good); burden related to governmental crisis management and communication; fear of infection; restricted social contact; work-related problems; restricted activity; and difficult housing conditions. The following predictors were associated with lower AjD levels: self-employment or retirement; working in healthcare; and face-to-face contact ≥ once a week with loved ones or friends. The effects of the following predictors on AjD symptoms differed by the time of assessment in the course of the pandemic: a current or previous mental disorder; burden related to governmental crisis management; income reduction; and a current trauma exposure.Conclusions: We identified risk factors and stressors predicting AjD symptom levels at different stages of the pandemic. For some predictors, the effects on mental health may change at different stages of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Lotzin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Stahlmann
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Dean Ajdukovic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Ajdukovic
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Kristina Bondjers
- National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bragesjö
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Böttche
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Margarida Figueiredo-Braga
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Trauma Observatory, Centre for Social Studies (CES), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Odeta Gelezelyte
- Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Evaldas Kazlauskas
- Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lonneke Lenferink
- Department of Psychology, Health, & Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Chrysanthi Lioupi
- Psychology Program, School of Ηumanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Brigitte Lueger-Schuster
- Unit of Psychotraumatology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Trudy Mooren
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Sales
- Trauma Observatory, Centre for Social Studies (CES), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Unit of Psychiatry, Hospital Militar, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Irina Zrnic Novakovic
- Unit of Psychotraumatology, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - ADJUST Study Consortium
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Hjorth CF, Schmidt JA, Farkas DK, Cronin-Fenton D. Social characteristics and social benefit use among premenopausal breast cancer survivors in Denmark: a population-based cohort study. J Cancer Surviv 2024:10.1007/s11764-024-01598-z. [PMID: 38647591 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-024-01598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2020, one million women aged < 55 years were diagnosed with breast cancer globally. The impact of breast cancer and its treatments on these women's ability to work and need for social benefits may differ by social characteristics. We evaluated social benefit use following breast cancer by education and cohabitation. METHODS We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study, including women aged 18-55 years diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer in Denmark during 2002-2011. Statistics Denmark provided information on cohabitation, education, and social benefit use from 1 year pre-diagnosis to 10 years post-diagnosis. We calculated weekly proportions of self-support, unemployment, disability pension, flexi jobs, and sick leave according to education and cohabitation. RESULTS Of 5345 women, 81.8% were self-supporting, 4.5% received disability pensions, 1.6% had flexi jobs, 3.6% were on sick leave, and 5.5% were unemployed 1 year pre-diagnosis. Ten years post-diagnosis, the proportions were 69.0%, 13.0%, 10.5%, 3.4%, and 2.0% of 3663 survivors. Disability pensions and flexi jobs increased from 12.1 to 26.4% and 2.8 to 13.5% in women with short education, from 4.1 to 12.8% and 1.8 to 12.2% in women with medium education, and from 0.8 to 6.0% and 0.9 to 6.9% in longer educated. Disability pensions increased more in women living alone (7.8 to 19.9%), than in cohabiting women (3.6 to 11.3%). CONCLUSIONS Use of social benefits reflecting lost ability to work was highest in less educated women and in women living alone. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Awareness of these groups is crucial when tailoring efforts to support work participation in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine F Hjorth
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Dóra K Farkas
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Deirdre Cronin-Fenton
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Byrne CJ, Sani F, Thain D, Fletcher EH, Malaguti A. Psychosocial factors associated with overdose subsequent to Illicit Drug use: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:81. [PMID: 38622647 PMCID: PMC11017611 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Psychological and social status, and environmental context, may mediate the likelihood of experiencing overdose subsequent to illicit drug use. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesise psychosocial factors associated with overdose among people who use drugs. METHODS This review was registered on Prospero (CRD42021242495). Systematic record searches were undertaken in databases of peer-reviewed literature (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cinahl) and grey literature sources (Google Scholar) for work published up to and including 14 February 2023. Reference lists of selected full-text papers were searched for additional records. Studies were eligible if they included people who use drugs with a focus on relationships between psychosocial factors and overdose subsequent to illicit drug use. Results were tabulated and narratively synthesised. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included in the review, with 150,625 participants: of those 3,383-4072 (3%) experienced overdose. Twenty-one (81%) studies were conducted in North America and 23 (89%) reported polydrug use. Psychosocial factors associated with risk of overdose (n = 103) were identified and thematically organised into ten groups. These were: income; housing instability; incarceration; traumatic experiences; overdose risk perception and past experience; healthcare experiences; perception of own drug use and injecting skills; injecting setting; conditions with physical environment; and social network traits. CONCLUSIONS Global rates of overdose continue to increase, and many guidelines recommend psychosocial interventions for dependent drug use. The factors identified here provide useful targets for practitioners to focus on at the individual level, but many identified will require wider policy changes to affect positive change. Future research should seek to develop and trial interventions targeting factors identified, whilst advocacy for key policy reforms to reduce harm must continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Byrne
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
- Directorate of Public Health, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, UK.
| | - Fabio Sani
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Scrymgeour Building, Dundee, UK
| | - Donna Thain
- Directorate of Public Health, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Emma H Fletcher
- Directorate of Public Health, NHS Tayside, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Amy Malaguti
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Scrymgeour Building, Dundee, UK
- Tayside Drug and Alcohol Recovery Psychology Service, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
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14
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Cheng F, Wu Y, Yao M, Wang X, Li L. Exploring the relationship between adverse working environments and poor psychological states of Chinese workers: A comprehensive study. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:442-448. [PMID: 38280570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Employee mental health is linked with job satisfaction and productivity. However, there is a notable lack of empirical evidence regarding the adverse effects of Hazardous Work Environments (HWE) on employee mental health, indicating a significant gap in occupational health research. METHODS Data from the China Family Panel Studies involving 9972 participants were utilized. Mental health was assessed using the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale at baseline and the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale at follow-up. Associations between HWE exposure and mental health were explored cross-sectionally at baseline plus mediation analyses for the influence of sleep duration. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the longitudinal implications of HWE exposure. FINDINGS Participants exposed to HWE showed a higher risk of having serious psychological distress (OR (95%CI): 1.47 (1.29-1.69)) cross-sectionally at baseline, and this risk rose with increased number of HWE elements (1.30 (1.11-1.52) and 2.18 (1.75-2.72) for 1-2 and ≥ 3 elements, respectively). Longitudinally, HWE exposure was associated with an increased risk of depression (HR (95%CI): 1.10 (1.07-1.14)). Similarly, this risk risen with increased number of HWE elements (1.08 (1.06-1.09) and 1.20 (1.05-1.38) for 1-2 and ≥ 3 elements, respectively) and longer duration of exposure (1.01 (1.00-1.01)). Short sleep duration emerged as a significant mediator between HWE exposure and psychological distress. INTERPRETATION This study illuminates a robust association between HWE exposure and psychological distress, especially under prolonged and multiple exposures. We advocate for rigorous mental health monitoring and interventions for workers in adverse working environments. FUNDING CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0042 and cffkyqdj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Cheng
- Health Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Health Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Yao
- Research Center for Economy of Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Health Management Center, People's Hospital of Chong Qing Liang Jiang New Area, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ling'ou Li
- Health Management Center, People's Hospital of Chong Qing Liang Jiang New Area, Chongqing, China.
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Zamanzadeh A, Cavoli T, Ghasemi M, Rokni L. The effect of actual and expected income shocks on mental wellbeing: Evidence from three East Asian countries during COVID-19. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 53:101378. [PMID: 38593608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the effects of economic shocks to current and expected income reduction on mental wellbeing. We use individual-level data from three East Asian countries; China, Japan, and South Korea, during the early phases of the pandemic when the COVID-induced economic shocks were severe. The findings reveal significant causal effects from current and expected income reduction on different aspects of mental health deterioration, including anxiety, trouble sleeping, boredom, and loneliness. Interestingly, we found that expectations of future income loss have a significantly larger effect on people's mental wellbeing compared to current falls in income. This has significant implications for the design of policies to support income during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Zamanzadeh
- Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Markets, Values and Inclusion (CMVI), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tony Cavoli
- Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Markets, Values and Inclusion (CMVI), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Matina Ghasemi
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Girne American University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
| | - Ladan Rokni
- Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Jiménez-Solomon O, Irwin G, Melanie W, Christopher W. When money and mental health problems pile up: The reciprocal relationship between income and psychological distress. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101624. [PMID: 38380052 PMCID: PMC10876910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal studies suggest that socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health have a bidirectional relationship such that SES declines lead to a deterioration of mental health (social causation), while worsening mental health leads to SES declines (social drift). However, the dynamic relationship between income and psychological distress has not been sufficiently studied. Methods We use cross-lagged panel models with unit fixed effects (FE-CLPM) and data from a five-wave representative panel (n = 3103) of working-age (18-64) New York City adults. Yearly measures include individual earnings, family income (income-to-needs), and psychological distress. We also examine effects by age, gender, education, and racial/ethnic identification. Results We find significant bidirectional effects between earnings and distress. Increases in past-year individual earnings decrease past-month psychological distress (social causation effect [SCE], standardized β= -0.07) and increases in psychological distress reduce next-year individual earnings (social drift effect [SDE], β= -0.03). Family income and distress only have a unidirectional relationship from past-year family income to distress (SCE, β= -.03). Strongest evidence of bidirectional effects between earnings and distress is for prime working-age individuals (SCE, β= -0.1; SDE, β= -0.03), those with less than bachelor's degrees (SCE, β= -0.08; SDE, β= -0.05), and Hispanics (SCE, β= -0.06; SDE, β= -0.08). We also find evidence of reciprocal effects between family income and distress for women (SCE, β= -0.03; SDE, β= -0.05), and Hispanics (SDE, β= -0.04; SDE, β= -0.08). Conclusions Individual earnings, which are labor market indicators, may be stronger social determinants of mental health than family income. However, important differences in social causation and social drift effects exist across groups by age, education, gender, and racial/ethnic identities. Future research should examine the types of policies that may buffer the mental health impact of negative income shocks and the declines in income associated with worsening mental health, especially among the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Jiménez-Solomon
- Center on Poverty and Social Policy, School of Social Work, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence for Cultural Competence, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 69, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Garfinkel Irwin
- Center on Poverty and Social Policy, School of Social Work, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wall Melanie
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 48, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, R207, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wimer Christopher
- Center on Poverty and Social Policy, School of Social Work, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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SHIMONOVICH MICHAL, CAMPBELL MHAIRI, THOMSON RACHELM, BROADBENT PHILIP, WELLS VALERIE, KOPASKER DANIEL, McCARTNEY GERRY, THOMSON HILARY, PEARCE ANNA, KATIKIREDDI SVITTAL. Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self-Rated Health and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Milbank Q 2024; 102:141-182. [PMID: 38294094 PMCID: PMC10938942 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Income is thought to impact a broad range of health outcomes. However, whether income inequality (how unequal the distribution of income is in a population) has an additional impact on health is extensively debated. Studies that use multilevel data, which have recently increased in popularity, are necessary to separate the contextual effects of income inequality on health from the effects of individual income on health. Our systematic review found only small associations between income inequality and poor self-rated health and all-cause mortality. The available evidence does not suggest causality, although it remains methodologically flawed and limited, with very few studies using natural experimental approaches or examining income inequality at the national level. CONTEXT Whether income inequality has a direct effect on health or is only associated because of the effect of individual income has long been debated. We aimed to understand the association between income inequality and self-rated health (SRH) and all-cause mortality (mortality) and assess if these relationships are likely to be causal. METHODS We searched Medline, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and EconLit (PROSPERO: CRD42021252791) for studies considering income inequality and SRH or mortality using multilevel data and adjusting for individual-level socioeconomic position. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) for poor SRH and relative risk ratios (RRs) for mortality from random-effects meta-analyses. We critically appraised included studies using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies - of Interventions tool. We assessed certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework and causality using Bradford Hill (BH) viewpoints. FINDINGS The primary meta-analyses included 2,916,576 participants in 38 cross-sectional studies assessing SRH and 10,727,470 participants in 14 cohort studies of mortality. Per 0.05-unit increase in the Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, the ORs and RRs (95% confidence intervals) for SRH and mortality were 1.06 (1.03-1.08) and 1.02 (1.00-1.04), respectively. A total of 63.2% of SRH and 50.0% of mortality studies were at serious risk of bias (RoB), resulting in very low and low certainty ratings, respectively. For SRH and mortality, we did not identify relevant evidence to assess the specificity or, for SRH only, the experiment BH viewpoints; evidence for strength of association and dose-response gradient was inconclusive because of the high RoB; we found evidence in support of temporality and plausibility. CONCLUSIONS Increased income inequality is only marginally associated with SRH and mortality, but the current evidence base is too methodologically limited to support a causal relationship. To address the gaps we identified, future research should focus on income inequality measured at the national level and addressing confounding with natural experiment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- MICHAL SHIMONOVICH
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - MHAIRI CAMPBELL
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - RACHEL M. THOMSON
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - PHILIP BROADBENT
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - VALERIE WELLS
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - DANIEL KOPASKER
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - GERRY McCARTNEY
- School of Social and Political SciencesUniversity of Glasgow
| | - HILARY THOMSON
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - ANNA PEARCE
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
| | - S. VITTAL KATIKIREDDI
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and WellbeingUniversity of Glasgow
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Thomson RM, Kopasker D, Bronka P, Richiardi M, Khodygo V, Baxter AJ, Igelström E, Pearce A, Leyland AH, Katikireddi SV. Short-term impacts of Universal Basic Income on population mental health inequalities in the UK: A microsimulation modelling study. PLoS Med 2024; 21:e1004358. [PMID: 38437214 PMCID: PMC10947674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population mental health in the United Kingdom (UK) has deteriorated, alongside worsening socioeconomic conditions, over the last decade. Policies such as Universal Basic Income (UBI) have been suggested as an alternative economic approach to improve population mental health and reduce health inequalities. UBI may improve mental health (MH), but to our knowledge, no studies have trialled or modelled UBI in whole populations. We aimed to estimate the short-term effects of introducing UBI on mental health in the UK working-age population. METHODS AND FINDINGS Adults aged 25 to 64 years were simulated across a 4-year period from 2022 to 2026 with the SimPaths microsimulation model, which models the effects of UK tax/benefit policies on mental health via income, poverty, and employment transitions. Data from the nationally representative UK Household Longitudinal Study were used to generate the simulated population (n = 25,000) and causal effect estimates. Three counterfactual UBI scenarios were modelled from 2023: "Partial" (value equivalent to existing benefits), "Full" (equivalent to the UK Minimum Income Standard), and "Full+" (retaining means-tested benefits for disability, housing, and childcare). Likely common mental disorder (CMD) was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12, score ≥4). Relative and slope indices of inequality were calculated, and outcomes stratified by gender, age, education, and household structure. Simulations were run 1,000 times to generate 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Sensitivity analyses relaxed SimPaths assumptions about reduced employment resulting from Full/Full+ UBI. Partial UBI had little impact on poverty, employment, or mental health. Full UBI scenarios practically eradicated poverty but decreased employment (for Full+ from 78.9% [95% UI 77.9, 79.9] to 74.1% [95% UI 72.6, 75.4]). Full+ UBI increased absolute CMD prevalence by 0.38% (percentage points; 95% UI 0.13, 0.69) in 2023, equivalent to 157,951 additional CMD cases (95% UI 54,036, 286,805); effects were largest for men (0.63% [95% UI 0.31, 1.01]) and those with children (0.64% [95% UI 0.18, 1.14]). In our sensitivity analysis assuming minimal UBI-related employment impacts, CMD prevalence instead fell by 0.27% (95% UI -0.49, -0.05), a reduction of 112,228 cases (95% UI 20,783, 203,673); effects were largest for women (-0.32% [95% UI -0.65, 0.00]), those without children (-0.40% [95% UI -0.68, -0.15]), and those with least education (-0.42% [95% UI -0.97, 0.15]). There was no effect on educational mental health inequalities in any scenario, and effects waned by 2026. The main limitations of our methods are the model's short time horizon and focus on pathways from UBI to mental health solely via income, poverty, and employment, as well as the inability to integrate macroeconomic consequences of UBI; future iterations of the model will address these limitations. CONCLUSIONS UBI has potential to improve short-term population mental health by reducing poverty, particularly for women, but impacts are highly dependent on whether individuals choose to remain in employment following its introduction. Future research modelling additional causal pathways between UBI and mental health would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kopasker
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patryk Bronka
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, England, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Richiardi
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, England, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Khodygo
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Baxter
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Igelström
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Pearce
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair H. Leyland
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - S. Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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19
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Li AKC, Nowrouzi-Kia B. Relationships between employment status with self-perceived mental and physical health in Canada. AIMS Public Health 2024; 11:236-257. [PMID: 38617416 PMCID: PMC11007413 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The annual cost of mental illnesses in Canada is estimated to be $50 billion. Research from other countries have suggested that employment status is associated with mental and physical health. Within the Canadian context, there is a dearth of research on the relationship between employment and mental health. Objective To explore the relationships between age, gender, income, and employment status on mental and physical health. Methods The 2021 Canadian Digital Health Survey dataset was used for this study. Data records, which included responses for the questions on age, gender, income, employment status, mental, and physical health, were used in the analysis. Ordinal logistics regression was applied to investigate the associations that may exist between mental and physical health with the various sociodemographic factors. Descriptive statistics were also provided for the data. Results The total sample size included in the analysis was 10,630. When compared to respondents who had full-time employment, those who were unemployed were more likely to have lower self-perceived mental health (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.55-2.34). Retired respondents were less likely to have worse mental health than respondents who were employed full-time (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68-0.90). Self-perceived physical health was more likely to be lower for those who were unemployed (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.41-2.14) or retired (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.12-1.48) when compared to respondents employed full-time. The likelihood of worsening mental and physical health was also found to be associated with age, gender, and income. Conclusion Our findings support the evidence that different factors contribute to worsening mental and physical health. Full-time employment may confer some protective effects or attributes leading to an increased likelihood of having improved mental health compared to those who are unemployed. Understanding the complex relationships on how various factors impact mental health will help better inform policymakers, clinicians, and other stakeholders on how to allocate its limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Kwok Choi Li
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M6
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
- ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1V7
| | - Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia
- ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1V7
- Krembil Research Institute-University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 0S8
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, Canada P3E 2C
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20
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Kirkbride JB, Anglin DM, Colman I, Dykxhoorn J, Jones PB, Patalay P, Pitman A, Soneson E, Steare T, Wright T, Griffiths SL. The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations. World Psychiatry 2024; 23:58-90. [PMID: 38214615 PMCID: PMC10786006 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
People exposed to more unfavourable social circumstances are more vulnerable to poor mental health over their life course, in ways that are often determined by structural factors which generate and perpetuate intergenerational cycles of disadvantage and poor health. Addressing these challenges is an imperative matter of social justice. In this paper we provide a roadmap to address the social determinants that cause mental ill health. Relying as far as possible on high-quality evidence, we first map out the literature that supports a causal link between social determinants and later mental health outcomes. Given the breadth of this topic, we focus on the most pervasive social determinants across the life course, and those that are common across major mental disorders. We draw primarily on the available evidence from the Global North, acknowledging that other global contexts will face both similar and unique sets of social determinants that will require equitable attention. Much of our evidence focuses on mental health in groups who are marginalized, and thus often exposed to a multitude of intersecting social risk factors. These groups include refugees, asylum seekers and displaced persons, as well as ethnoracial minoritized groups; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ+) groups; and those living in poverty. We then introduce a preventive framework for conceptualizing the link between social determinants and mental health and disorder, which can guide much needed primary prevention strategies capable of reducing inequalities and improving population mental health. Following this, we provide a review of the evidence concerning candidate preventive strategies to intervene on social determinants of mental health. These interventions fall broadly within the scope of universal, selected and indicated primary prevention strategies, but we also briefly review important secondary and tertiary strategies to promote recovery in those with existing mental disorders. Finally, we provide seven key recommendations, framed around social justice, which constitute a roadmap for action in research, policy and public health. Adoption of these recommendations would provide an opportunity to advance efforts to intervene on modifiable social determinants that affect population mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- City College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian Colman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Pitman
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Soneson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Steare
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Talen Wright
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Bowman S, Morris TT, Dickson M, Rice F, Howe LD, Hughes AM. Maternal depressive symptoms and young people's higher education participation and choice of university: Evidence from a longitudinal cohort study. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:339-346. [PMID: 37848086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in higher education has significant and long-lasting consequences for people's socioeconomic trajectories. Maternal depression is linked to poorer educational achievement for children in school, but its impact on university attendance is unclear. METHODS In an English longitudinal cohort study (N = 8952), we explore whether young people whose mothers experienced elevated depressive symptoms are less likely to attend university, and the role of potential mediators in the young person: educational achievement in school, depressive symptoms, and locus of control. We also examine whether maternal depressive symptoms influence young people's choice of university, and non-attendees' reasons for not participating in higher education. RESULTS Young people whose mothers experienced more recurrent depressive symptoms were less likely to attend university (OR = 0.88, CI = 0.82,0.94, p < 0.001) per occasion of elevated maternal depressive symptoms) after adjusting for confounders. Mediation analysis indicated this was largely explained by educational achievement in school (e.g., 82.7 % mediated by age 16 achievement) and locus of control at 16. There was mixed evidence for an impact on choice of university. For participants who did not study at university, maternal depressive symptoms were linked to stating as a reason having had other priorities to do with family or children (OR: 1.17, CI = 1.02,1.35). LIMITATIONS Lack of data on the other parent's depression, loss to follow-up, possibly selective non-response. CONCLUSIONS Young people whose mothers experience elevated depressive symptoms on multiple occasions are less likely to participate in higher education; educational achievement in secondary school, but not the young people's own depressive symptoms, substantially mediated the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Bowman
- Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Tim T Morris
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Dickson
- Institute for Policy Research, University of Bath, Bristol, UK
| | - Frances Rice
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amanda M Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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22
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Henking C, Reeves A, Chrisinger B. Global inequalities in mental health problems: understanding the predictors of lifetime prevalence, treatment utilisation and perceived helpfulness across 111 countries. Prev Med 2023; 177:107769. [PMID: 37952711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Socio-economic inequalities in mental health problems are found in measures covering prevalence, treatment utilisation, and treatment helpfulness. However, whether these inequalities exist globally and what factors explain between-country variation is unclear. We use a nationally representative individual-level survey dataset (Wellcome Global Monitor, 2020) in 111 countries (N = 117,088) to test if socio-economic factors (household income, education), psycho-social factors (stigma perception, trust in health professionals) and country-level factors (GDP, Gini, health expenditure) predict (1) self-reported lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression symptomology, (2) treatment utilisation and (3) perceived treatment helpfulness talking to a mental health professional and taking prescribed medication. Multi-level logistic regression models were used. Across both HICs and LMICs, being in the richest income quintile within each country is associated with a lower probability of experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to the poorest quintile (OR = 0.67 CI[0.64-0.70]), as well as a higher probability of talking to a mental health professional (OR = 1.25[1.14-1.36]), and of perceiving this treatment as very helpful (OR = 1.23[1.07-1.40]). However, being among the richest income quintile is not associated with taking prescribed medication (OR = 0.97[0.89-1.06]) and its perceived helpfulness (OR = 1.06[0.94-1.21]) across all countries. Trust in health practitioners is associated with higher mental health professional utilisation (OR = 1.10[1.06-1.14]) and helpfulness (OR = 1.32[1.25-1.40]). This analysis reveals a global 'triple inequality in mental health', whereby disadvantages of lower SES individuals persist in three outcomes (lifetime prevalence, treatment utilisation and helpfulness). Treatment utilisation and helpfulness also vary by trust in healthcare professionals and treatment type. Policymakers must address all three inequalities and their fundamental causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Henking
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 -37 Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2ER, United Kingdom.
| | - Aaron Reeves
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 -37 Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Chrisinger
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 -37 Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2ER, United Kingdom
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23
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Fleury MJ, Cao Z, Grenier G, Ferland F. Profiles of quality of life among patients using emergency departments for mental health reasons. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2023; 21:116. [PMID: 37880748 PMCID: PMC10601205 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-023-02200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study identified profiles associated with quality of life (QoL) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients using emergency departments (ED) for mental health reasons and associated these profiles with patient service use. METHODS Recruited in four Quebec (Canada) ED networks, 299 patients with mental disorders (MD) were surveyed from March 1st, 2021, to May 13th, 2022. Data from medical records were collected and merged with survey data. Cluster analysis was conducted to identify QoL profiles, and comparison analyses used to assess differences between them. RESULTS Four QoL profiles were identified: (1) Unemployed or retired men with low QoL, education and household income, mostly having substance-related disorders and bad perceived mental/physical health conditions; (2) Men who are employed or students, have good QoL, high education and household income, the least personality disorders, and fair perceived mental/physical health conditions; (3) Women with low QoL, multiple mental health problems, and very bad perceived mental/physical health conditions; (4) Mostly women with very good QoL, serious MD, and very good perceived mental/physical health conditions. CONCLUSION The profiles with the highest QoL (4 and 2) had better overall social characteristics and perceived their health conditions as superior. Profile 4 reported the highest level of satisfaction with services used. To improve QoL programs like permanent supportive housing, individual placement and support might be better implemented, and satisfaction with care more routinely assessed in response to patient needs - especially for Profiles 1 and 3, that show complex health and social conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josée Fleury
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | - Zhirong Cao
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Grenier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francine Ferland
- School of Social Work, Addiction Rehabilitation Center, Laval University, National Capital University Integrated Health and Social Services Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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24
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Lai S, Lu L, Shen C, Yan A, Lei Y, Zhou Z, Wang Y. Income loss and subsequent poor psychological well-being among the Chinese population during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:219. [PMID: 37848883 PMCID: PMC10583462 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-02022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had major ramifications for health and the economy at both the individual and collective levels. This study examined exogenous negative changes in household income and their implications on psychological well-being (PWB) among the Chinese population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Data were drawn from the early China COVID-19 Survey, a cross-sectional anonymous online survey administered to the general population in China. Self-reported PWB was measured using a 5-point Likert scale with five questions related to the participants' recent psychological state. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was employed to examine whether income loss during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with poor psychological health. RESULTS This study included 8,428 adults, of which 90% had suffered from a moderate or severe loss of household income due to the early COVID-19 pandemic. Those who had experienced moderate or severe loss of income scored significantly lower on psychological well-being than those who did not experience income loss (19.96 or 18.07 vs. 21.46; P < 0.001); after controlling for confounders, income loss was negatively associated with PWB scores (moderate income loss: B = - 0.603, P < 0.001; severe income loss: B = - 1.261, P < 0.001). An interaction effect existed between the degree of income loss and pre-pandemic income groups. Specifically, participants in the middle-income group who had suffered severe income loss scored the lowest on PWB (B = - 1.529, P < 0.001). There was also a main effect on income loss, such that participants with varying degrees of income loss differed across five dimensions, including anhedonia, sleep problems, irritability or anger, difficulty with concentration, and repeated disturbing dreams related to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Income loss during the pandemic has had detrimental consequences on psychological well-being, and the magnitude of the impact of income loss on psychological well-being varied according to previous income levels. Future policy efforts should be directed toward improving the psychological well-being of the economically vulnerable and helping them recover from lost income in the shortest time possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Lai
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Lu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chi Shen
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Alice Yan
- Division of Research Patient Care Services, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yanjun Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Youfa Wang
- School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
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25
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Chen T, Reed H, Parra-Mujica F, Johnson EA, Johnson M, O'Flaherty M, Collins B, Kypridemos C. Quantifying the mental health and economic impacts of prospective Universal Basic Income schemes among young people in the UK: a microsimulation modelling study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075831. [PMID: 37793925 PMCID: PMC10551934 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Universal Basic Income (UBI)-a largely unconditional, regular payment to all adults to support basic needs-has been proposed as a policy to increase the size and security of household incomes and promote mental health. We aimed to quantify its long-term impact on mental health among young people in England. METHODS We produced a discrete-time dynamic stochastic microsimulation that models a close-to-reality open cohort of synthetic individuals (2010-2030) based on data from Office for National Statistics and Understanding Society. Three UBI scheme scenarios were simulated: Scheme 1-Starter (per week): £41 per child; £63 per adult over 18 and under 65; £190 per adult aged 65+; Scheme 2-Intermediate (per week): £63 per child; £145 per adult under 65; £190 per adult aged 65+; Scheme 3-Minimum Income Standard level (per week): £95 per child; £230 per adult under 65; £230 per adult aged 65+. We reported cases of anxiety and depression prevented or postponed and cost savings. Estimates are rounded to the second significant digit. RESULTS Scheme 1 could prevent or postpone 200 000 (95% uncertainty interval: 180 000 to 210 000) cases of anxiety and depression from 2010 to 2030. This would increase to 420 000(400 000 to 440 000) for Scheme 2 and 550 000(520 000 to 570 000) for Scheme 3. Assuming that 50% of the cases are diagnosed and treated, Scheme 1 could save £330 million (£280 million to £390 million) to National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS), over the same period, with Scheme 2 (£710 million (£640 million to £790 million)) or Scheme 3 (£930 million (£850 million to £1000 million)) producing more considerable savings. Overall, total cost savings (including NHS, PSS and patients' related costs) would range from £1.5 billion (£1.2 billion to £1.8 billion) for Scheme 1 to £4.2 billion (£3.7 billion to £4.6 billion) for Scheme 3. CONCLUSION Our modelling suggests that UBI could substantially benefit young people's mental health, producing substantial health-related cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Public Health, Policy & Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Center for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Howard Reed
- Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Landman Economics Ltd, Colchester, UK
| | - Fiorella Parra-Mujica
- School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elliott Aidan Johnson
- Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Martin O'Flaherty
- Department of Public Health, Policy & Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brendan Collins
- Department of Public Health, Policy & Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Kypridemos
- Department of Public Health, Policy & Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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26
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Thomson RM, Kopasker D, Leyland A, Pearce A, Katikireddi SV. To what extent does income explain the effect of unemployment on mental health? Mediation analysis in the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6271-6279. [PMID: 36453184 PMCID: PMC10520578 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Employment and income are important determinants of mental health (MH), but the extent that unemployment effects are mediated by reduced income is unclear. We estimated the total effect (TE) of unemployment on MH and the controlled direct effect (CDE) not acting via income. METHODS We included adults 25-64 years from nine waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (n = 45 497/obs = 202 297). Unemployment was defined as not being in paid employment; common mental disorder (CMD) was defined as General Health Questionnaire-12 score ≥4. We conducted causal mediation analysis using double-robust marginal structural modelling, estimating odds ratios (OR) and absolute differences for effects of unemployment on CMD in the same year, before (TE) and after (CDE) blocking the income pathway. We calculated percentage mediation by income, with bootstrapped standard errors. RESULTS The TE of unemployment on CMD risk was OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.57-1.76), with 7.09% (6.21-7.97) absolute difference in prevalence; equivalent CDEs were OR 1.55 (1.46-1.66) and 6.08% (5.13-7.03). Income mediated 14.22% (8.04-20.40) of the TE. Percentage mediation was higher for job losses [15.10% (6.81-23.39)] than gains [8.77% (0.36-17.19)]; it was lowest for those 25-40 years [7.99% (-2.57 to 18.51)] and in poverty [2.63% (-2.22 to 7.49)]. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of the short-term effect of unemployment on MH is not explained by income, particularly for younger people and those in poverty. Population attributable fractions suggested 16.49% of CMD burden was due to unemployment, with 13.90% directly attributable to job loss rather than resultant income changes. Similar analytical approaches could explore how this differs across contexts, by other factors, and consider longer-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Kopasker
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alastair Leyland
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Pearce
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Yang F, Jiang Y, Bai X, Cai Y, Duan H. Social equity perception and public mental health: a Chinese study with panel data. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:263. [PMID: 37667305 PMCID: PMC10478489 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health is a vital part of an individual's overall health and well-being, and the relationship between society and individuals has always been a focus of academic and public attention. However, the effect of social equity perceptions on individual mental health remains unclear. METHODS Data were collected from 8,922 survey respondents with an average age of 47.533 years from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey 2016 and 2018. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale was used to assess mental health. A two-way fixed effects regression model was used to determine the association between social equity perception and individual mental health. RESULTS Individuals with higher perceptions of social equity were more likely to report better mental health ([Formula: see text] = -0.944, p < 0.01). Happiness, life satisfaction, and social trust partially play mediating roles in the relationship between social equity perception and individual mental health, while education and age play moderating roles. CONCLUSION Social equity perception is a vital factor that affects mental health. Public policies should focus on helping less educated and older people improve their social equity perception to improve their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Labor and Social Security, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of Demography, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiu Bai
- Department of Labor and Social Security, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- Department of Labor and Social Security, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiying Duan
- School of Economics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Ruggeri K, Tutuska OS, Ladini GAR, Al-Zahli N, Alexander N, Andersen MH, Bibilouri K, Chen J, Doubravová B, Dugué T, Durrani AA, Dutra N, Farrokhnia RA, Folke T, Ge S, Gomes C, Gracheva A, Grilc N, Gürol DM, Heidenry Z, Hu C, Krasner R, Levin R, Li J, Messenger AME, Nilsson F, Oberschulte JM, Obi T, Pan A, Park SY, Pelica S, Pyrkowski M, Rabanal K, Ranc P, Recek ŽM, Pascu DS, Symeonidou A, Vdovic M, Yuan Q, Garcia-Garzon E, Ashcroft-Jones S. The psychology and policy of overcoming economic inequality. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e174. [PMID: 37646271 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent arguments claim that behavioral science has focused - to its detriment - on the individual over the system when construing behavioral interventions. In this commentary, we argue that tackling economic inequality using both framings in tandem is invaluable. By studying individuals who have overcome inequality, "positive deviants," and the system limitations they navigate, we offer potentially greater policy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ruggeri
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA ; https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/dr2946
- Policy Research Group, Centre for Business Research, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Narjes Al-Zahli
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Alexander
- Department of Conflict Resolution, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Houe Andersen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jennifer Chen
- Department of Economics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbora Doubravová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatianna Dugué
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aleena Asfa Durrani
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA ; https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/dr2946
| | - Nicholas Dutra
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tomas Folke
- Policy Research Group, Centre for Business Research, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suwen Ge
- Columbia University Business School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Gomes
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gracheva
- Department of Political Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Political Science, Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po), Paris, France
| | - Neža Grilc
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | | | - Zoe Heidenry
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clara Hu
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Krasner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romy Levin
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justine Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Fredrik Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Takashi Obi
- Department of Public Administration, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anastasia Pan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sofia Pelica
- Psicologia Social e das Organizações, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pika Ranc
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Mekiš Recek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daria Stefania Pascu
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Milica Vdovic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Media and Communications, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Qihang Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Garzon
- School of Education and Health Sciences, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang A, Gagné T, Walsh D, Ciancio A, Proto E, McCartney G. Trends in psychological distress in Great Britain, 1991-2019: evidence from three representative surveys. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:468-473. [PMID: 37188500 PMCID: PMC10313989 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously improving UK mortality trends stalled around 2012, with evidence implicating economic policy as the cause. This paper examines whether trends in psychological distress across three population surveys show similar trends. METHODS We report the percentages reporting psychological distress (4+ in the 12-item General Health Questionnaire) from Understanding Society (Great Britain, 1991-2019), Scottish Health Survey (SHeS, 1995-2019) and Health Survey for England (HSE, 2003-2018) for the population overall, and stratified by sex, age and area deprivation. Summary inequality indices were calculated and segmented regressions fitted to identify breakpoints after 2010. RESULTS Psychological distress was higher in Understanding Society than in SHeS or HSE. There was slight improvement between 1992 and 2015 in Understanding Society (with prevalence declining from 20.6% to 18.6%) with some fluctuations. After 2015 there is some evidence of a worsening in psychological distress across surveys. Prevalence worsened notably among those aged 16-34 years after 2010 (all three surveys), and aged 35-64 years in Understanding Society and SHeS after 2015. In contrast, the prevalence declined in those aged 65+ years in Understanding Society after around 2008, with less clear trends in the other surveys. The prevalence was around twice as high in the most deprived compared with the least deprived areas, and higher in women, with trends by deprivation and sex similar to the populations overall. CONCLUSION Psychological distress worsened among working-age adults after around 2015 across British population surveys, mirroring the mortality trends. This indicates a widespread mental health crisis that predates the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Zhang
- Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thierry Gagné
- International Centre for Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health, London, UK
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Walsh
- Glasgow Centre for Population Health, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alberto Ciancio
- Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eugenio Proto
- Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerry McCartney
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Wang Y, Bao S, Chen Y. How does social media use influence the mental health of pancreatic cancer patients: a chain mediating effect of online social support and psychological resilience. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1166776. [PMID: 37441643 PMCID: PMC10333754 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is an extremely malignant disease that poses a serious threat to the mental health of patients. Many cancer patients now use social media for online social support. However, the impact of social media on mental health is currently inconsistent in the academic community. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the mediating effects of online social support and psychological resilience in the relationship between social media use and mental health of pancreatic cancer patients. Methods Four hundred and twenty-five valid questionnaires were collected through convenience sampling. All data were processed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. We examine the influence relationships among latent variables by constructing a structural equation model. Then SPSS Process Macro was used to test the chain mediating effect of the model. Results The results showed that (1) anxiety situations occurred in 22.2% of participants (N = 94), while the incidence of depression was 20.2% (N = 86). (2) Social media use positively influenced online social support (β = 0.990, p < 0.001), psychological resilience (β = 0.504, p < 0.001), and mental health (β = 0.330, p < 0.001); online social support positively influenced psychological resilience (β = 0.535, p < 0.001) and mental health (β = 0.354, p < 0.001); psychological resilience significantly and positively influenced mental health (β = 0.243, p < 0.001). (3) The chain mediating effect of online social support and psychological resilience was significant at 0.253 with a confidence interval of [0.178, 0.340]. Conclusion Pancreatic cancer patients in China are exposed to a high burden of anxiety and depression, which requires urgent attention. Meanwhile, online social support and psychological resilience played a chain mediating role between social media use and mental health (anxiety and depression), and our results provide new insights and ways to support the mental health improvement of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheng Bao
- School of Journalism and Communication, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
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31
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Kovski N, Pilkauskas NV, Michelmore K, Shaefer HL. Unconditional cash transfers and mental health symptoms among parents with low incomes: Evidence from the 2021 child tax credit. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101420. [PMID: 37151915 PMCID: PMC10148983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic increased anxiety and depression in the U.S. population, particularly among low-income households, parents, and Black and Hispanic adults. To address the negative impacts of the pandemic, Congress temporarily expanded the Child Tax Credit (CTC) in 2021, providing a near-universal, unconditional cash transfer to families with children. Using a quasi-experimental, parameterized difference-in-differences research design, we examine the effects of the 2021 monthly CTC on symptoms of anxiety and depression in a large, national sample of parents with low incomes (N∼15,000). We study potential differences in the associations by race/ethnicity and consider whether CTC effects were stronger after a longer treatment period (for instance, due to greater dosage or delayed effects). We find some evidence that the monthly credit reduced parental anxiety and depression symptoms, although the results were not robust throughout all model specifications. Analyses stratified by race/ethnicity show stronger associations for non-Hispanic Black parents than for non-Hispanic White parents or Hispanic parents, although differences were small. We also find the credit reduced anxiety (but not depression) symptoms after three months of payments, suggesting that it took some time for the CTC to affect mental health symptoms. Overall, this study suggests that recurring cash transfers to families in poverty in the U.S. may have small beneficial effects on parental mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kovski
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Natasha V Pilkauskas
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Michelmore
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Luke Shaefer
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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32
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Cintron DW, Gottlieb LM, Hagan E, Tan ML, Vlahov D, Glymour MM, Matthay EC. A quantitative assessment of the frequency and magnitude of heterogeneous treatment effects in studies of the health effects of social policies. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101352. [PMID: 36873266 PMCID: PMC9975308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial heterogeneity in effects of social policies on health across subgroups may be common, but has not been systematically characterized. Using a sample of 55 contemporary studies on health effects of social policies, we recorded how often heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) were assessed, for what subgroups (e.g., male, female), and the subgroup-specific effect estimates expressed as Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs). For each study, outcome, and dimension (e.g., gender), we fit a random-effects meta-analysis. We characterized the magnitude of heterogeneity in policy effects using the standard deviation of the subgroup-specific effect estimates (τ). Among the 44% of studies reporting subgroup-specific estimates, policy effects were generally small (<0.1 SMDs) with mixed impacts on health (67% beneficial) and disparities (50% implied narrowing of disparities). Across study-outcome-dimensions, 54% indicated any heterogeneity in effects, and 20% had τ > 0.1 SMDs. For 26% of study-outcome-dimensions, the magnitude of τ indicated that effects of opposite signs were plausible across subgroups. Heterogeneity was more common in policy effects not specified a priori. Our findings suggest social policies commonly have heterogeneous effects on health of different populations; these HTEs may substantially impact disparities. Studies of social policies and health should routinely evaluate HTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W Cintron
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St., Suite 465, Campus Box 0844, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 2nd Floor, Campus Box 0560, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Laura M Gottlieb
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St., Suite 465, Campus Box 0844, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Erin Hagan
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St., Suite 465, Campus Box 0844, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - May Lynn Tan
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St., Suite 465, Campus Box 0844, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David Vlahov
- Yale School of Nursing at Yale University, 400 West Campus Drive, Room 32306, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - M Maria Glymour
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St., Suite 465, Campus Box 0844, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 2nd Floor, Campus Box 0560, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ellicott C Matthay
- Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Maara J, Cirillo C, Angeles G, Prencipe L, deMilliano M, Lima SM, Palermo T. Impacts of cash transfer and "cash plus" programs on self- perceived stress in Africa: Evidence from Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101403. [PMID: 37168249 PMCID: PMC10165453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Poverty and poor mental health are closely linked. Cash transfers have significantly expanded globally. Given their objectives around poverty reduction and improving food security, a major chronic stressor in Africa, cash transfers may affect mental health outcomes. We examine impacts of three large-scale government cash transfer or cash plus programs in Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania on self-perceived stress using an innovative, newly adapted measure for rural African settings. Linear regression models were used to estimate treatment impacts. We find that cash transfers reduced self-perceived stress in Malawi, but programs in Ghana and Tanzania had no impacts on self-perceived stress. These mixed findings, combined with recent reviews on cash transfers and mental health, suggest that cash transfers may play a role in improving mental health. However, cash alone may not be sufficient to overcome many challenges related to poverty, and complementary programming may also be needed to improve mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maara
- Department of Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Gustavo Angeles
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Leah Prencipe
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sarah M. Lima
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, USA
| | - Tia Palermo
- Division of Health Services Policy and Practice, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Maksimov SA, Kotova MB, Gomanova LI, Shalnova SA, Balanova YA, Evstifeeva SE, Drapkina OM. Mental Health of the Russian Federation Population versus Regional Living Conditions and Individual Income. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5973. [PMID: 37297577 PMCID: PMC10252309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to assess the impact of regional living conditions on the Russian population's mental health. For the analysis, we used data from the cross-sectional stage of a 2013-2014 study, "Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation (ESSE-RF)". The final sample included 18,021 men and women 25-64 years of age from 11 regions of Russia. Using principal component analysis, we performed an integral simultaneous assessment of stress, anxiety, and depression. To describe the regional living conditions, we utilized five regional indices, which were computed from publicly available data of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. Overall, mental health indicators were improved, on the one hand, with the deterioration of social conditions and an aggravation of the demographic depression in the region, but on the other hand, they were improved with an increase in economic and industrial development, along with economic inequality among the population. In addition, the impact of regional living conditions on mental health increased with a higher individual wealth. The obtained results provided new fundamental knowledge on the impact of the living environment on health, using the case study of the Russian population, which has been little studied in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liliya I. Gomanova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Petroverigsky Lane 10 bld., 101990 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.M.); (M.B.K.); (S.A.S.); (Y.A.B.); (S.E.E.); (O.M.D.)
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Onizuka H, Fukuda H. Associations between income changes and the risk of herpes zoster: LIFE study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 328:115981. [PMID: 37269744 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Economic stability is thought to be associated with health outcomes. Income changes may affect the occurrence of herpes zoster (HZ), which is a neurocutaneous disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the associations between annual income changes and incident HZ in a Japanese population. The analysis was conducted using a database of public health insurance claims data linked with administrative data containing income levels. The study population comprised 48,317 middle-aged persons aged 45-64 years from five municipalities, and participants were followed-up from April 2016 until March 2020. Income changes were categorized as income unchanged (income in the year of interest remained within 50% of income in the previous year), income rise (income increased by more than 50% from the previous year to the year of interest), and income drop (income decreased by more than 50% from the previous year to the year of interest). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to calculate the hazard ratios of HZ for income drop and income rise (reference: income unchanged) as time-varying variables. Covariates included age, sex, and immune-related conditions. The results showed that income drop was significantly associated with a higher hazard ratio (1.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.31) for HZ. In contrast, income rise was not associated with HZ. A subgroup analysis revealed that the lowest baseline income group had a significantly higher risk of HZ when experiencing an income drop (HR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.13-2.15). As zoster vaccination is voluntary and vaccination coverage in middle-aged persons is low in Japan, our findings indicate that it may be advantageous to promote and subsidize voluntary vaccinations for middle-aged people with low baseline income who have experienced substantial income reductions in order to reduce the risk of HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Onizuka
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science and Innovation, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukuda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Xiong C, Yao Y, Hu T, Cheng J, Xu S, Liu C. The Role of Subjective Wellbeing in Mediating Social Trust to the Mental Health of Health Workers. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091327. [PMID: 37174869 PMCID: PMC10177988 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health problems of health workers are attracting increasing concerns in China and the world. A trustful relationship between health workers and patients is the foundation of quality patient care, which is currently under serious threat. This study aimed to determine the associations of social trust on subjective wellbeing and mental health of health workers. Using the survey data of 262 health workers extracted from the 2018 Chinese Family Panel Studies, a structural equation model with partial least square approach was established. The results showed that social trust was linked to both subjective wellbeing (β = 0.251, p < 0.01) and mental health (β = -0.210, p < 0.01). The effect of social trust on mental health was partially mediated by subjective wellbeing (51.87%). The association between social trust and subjective wellbeing was moderated by socioeconomic status: social trust has a stronger effect on subjective wellbeing in those with higher socioeconomic status. Erosion of social trust may present a serious risk to mental health and subjective wellbeing of health workers. High socioeconomic status can amplify the effect of social trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Change Xiong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Social Development and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yanqiu Yao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Nursing Research, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Tong Hu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Social Development and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Social Development and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Shandan Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Social Development and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Chaojie Liu
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Husain Z, Dutta M, Ghosh S, Datta SS. Impact of economic shocks on mental health during COVID-19: A longitudinal study of adult residents of Indian metropolitan cities. Indian J Psychiatry 2023; 65:550-557. [PMID: 37397844 PMCID: PMC10309256 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_503_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The causal impact of income shocks on mental well-being in developing countries is an under-researched area. The COVID-19 pandemic, along with the economic recession caused by the lockdowns to reduce transmission, provides a natural experimental setting to examine the causal impact of a decline in monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on mental health of the general population in India during the pandemic. Aim To evaluate the impact of income shocks on mental health of adults in metro cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods The data were collected using the abridged version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Schedule administered through a telephonic survey on adult residents of six metropolitan cities in September-August 2020 and July-August 2021. Results In the present study, 994 adults participated from six metropolitan cities. Average treatment effects were estimated using Propensity Score Matching. The mean normalized scores are significantly higher for respondents whose MPCE had fallen (treated) vis-à-vis respondents whose MPCE had remained same or increased (control): anxiety (0.21 for treated vs -0.19 for control), stress (0.16 vs -0.14), and depression (0.04 vs -0.19). Propensity score matching reveals that the normalized scores for anxiety, stress, and depression were 33 (95% confidence intervals, CI: 20.0-46.7), 25 (95% CI: 12.9-36.9), and 36 (95% CI: 18.6-53.1) higher among the treated group vis-a-vis control group. The ATET was 34 (95% CI: 18.9-48.9), 26 (95% CI: 10.1-42.9), and 32 (955 CI: 12.3-50.7) for these three outcomes, respectively. The post-estimation tests indicated that the results are valid. Conclusions The study advocates that policies to ensure income security should be made an integral part of the response packages to tackle pandemics like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Husain
- Department of Economics, Presidency University, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Dutta
- Department of Economics, Presidency University, West Bengal, India
| | - Saswata Ghosh
- Institute of Development Studies Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumitra S. Datta
- Department of Palliative Care and Psycho-Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Sultana N, Rahman MM, Khanam R, Rayhan I, Hossain R. Food insecurity and health outcome nexus: empirical evidence from the informal sector enterprises in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:722. [PMID: 37081468 PMCID: PMC10116455 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity indicates the difficulty of constantly obtaining adequate food because of limited economic resources. Food insecurity challenges the desired health outcomes. Although extensive literature has examined the associations between food security and health, low-wage informal sector workers have been less frequently addressed in this topic. The present study has focused on food insecurity among the workers working in the informal sector enterprises who experienced entrenched disadvantage during COVID-19 and examines the relationship between food insecurity and health status as measured by self-reported physical and mental health conditions. METHODS This study has utilized cross-sectional data collected from workers working in informal manufacturing and business enterprises in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) with eight items is used to screen for food insecurity, and the Short Form 12v2 (SF12v2) scale with 12 questions, and validated for use with Bengali respondents, is used to measure the health status of the informal workers. A health production function has been constructed where the health status (both physical and mental) of workers is associated with food insecurity and other socio-economic and health care factors. Empirical analyses of the study have included descriptive statistics, mean score comparisons, and multivariate regression analyses to identify the predictive factors of the physical and mental health status of the workers. RESULTS A moderate to severe food insecurity is found to be responsible for the poor health status (both physical and mental) of the selected working group population. Moreover, age over 40 years, having a large family, dissatisfaction with the work place, and the prevalence of occupational health risks are linked to lower physical health, while dissatisfaction with the work place and the incidence of severe diseases contribute to poor mental health status along with food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS Extending social and economic protection towards health coverage and basic consumption is suggested as an immediate action to save lives and ensure productivity of the informal workers. Besides, an increase in income and ensuring decent working conditions are also recommended for the health, safety and satisfaction of workers working in informal sector enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Sultana
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
- Department of Economics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Rasheda Khanam
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Istihak Rayhan
- Department of Economics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Roni Hossain
- Department of Economics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
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Broadbent P, Thomson R, Kopasker D, McCartney G, Meier P, Richiardi M, McKee M, Katikireddi SV. The public health implications of the cost-of-living crisis: outlining mechanisms and modelling consequences. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 27:100585. [PMID: 37035237 PMCID: PMC10068020 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The UK, and other high-income countries, are experiencing substantial increases in living costs. Several overlapping and intersecting economic crises threaten physical and mental health in the immediate and longer term. Policy responses may buffer against the worst effects (e.g. welfare support) or further undermine health (e.g. austerity). We explore fundamental causes underpinning the cost-of-living crisis, examine potential pathways by which the crisis could impact population health and use a case study to model potential impacts of one aspect of the crisis on a specific health outcome. Our modelling illustrates how policy approaches can substantially protect health and avoid exacerbating health inequalities. Targeting support at vulnerable households is likely to protect health most effectively. The current crisis is likely to be the first of many in era of political and climate uncertainty. More refined integrated economic and health modelling has the potential to inform policy integration, or 'health in all policies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Broadbent
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kopasker
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry McCartney
- School of Social & Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Meier
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Richiardi
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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40
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Amate-Fortes I, Guarnido-Rueda A, Martínez-Navarro D, Oliver-Márquez FJ. Social Isolation, Healthy Habits, Inequality and Mental Health in the United States. APPLIED RESEARCH IN QUALITY OF LIFE 2023; 18:1-27. [PMID: 37359221 PMCID: PMC9999329 DOI: 10.1007/s11482-023-10155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to deepen the analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of mental health, paying special attention to the impact of inequality, not only in income distribution but also in gender, racial, health and education inequality, social isolation, including new variables to measure loneliness, and healthy habits, on the mental health status. For this purpose, a cross-sectional model for a sample of 2735 counties in the United States is estimated using Ordinary Least Squares in its robust version to solve the detected heteroscedasticity problems. The results obtained show that inequality, social isolation and certain lifestyles, such as smoking or insomnia, are detrimental to mental health, while sexual activity prevents mental distress. On the other hand, poor counties suffer more cases of suicide, with food insecurity being the main problem for mental health. Finally, we found detrimental effects of pollution on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Amate-Fortes
- Department of Economics and Business, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Almudena Guarnido-Rueda
- Department of Economics and Business, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Diego Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Economics and Business, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Oliver-Márquez
- Department of Economics and Business, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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Davisse-Paturet C, Orri M, Legleye S, Florence AM, Hazo JB, Warszawski J, Falissard B, Geoffroy MC, Melchior M, Rouquette A. Suicidal ideation following self-reported COVID-19-like symptoms or serology-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in France: A propensity score weighted analysis from a cohort study. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004171. [PMID: 36787340 PMCID: PMC10072374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher risk of suicidal ideation associated with self-report of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-like symptoms or COVID-19 infection has been observed in cross-sectional studies, but evidence from longitudinal studies remains limited. The aims of this study were 2-fold: (1) to explore if self-reported COVID-19-like symptoms in 2020 were associated with suicidal ideation in 2021; (2) to explore if the association also existed when using a biological marker of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in 2020. METHODS AND FINDINGS A total of 52,050 participants from the French EpiCov cohort were included (median follow-up time = 13.7 months). In terms of demographics, 53.84% were women, 60.92% were over 45 years old, 82.01% were born in mainland France from parents born in mainland France, and 59.38% completed high school. COVID-19-like symptoms were defined as participant report of a sudden loss of taste/smell or fever alongside cough, shortness of breath, or chest oppression, between February and November 2020. Symptoms were self-reported at baseline in May 2020 and at the first follow-up in Autumn 2020. Serology-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 was derived from Spike protein ELISA test screening in dried-blood-spot samples. Samples were collected from October 2020 to March 2021, with 94.4% collected in 2020. Suicidal ideation since December 2020 was self-reported at the second follow-up in Summer 2021. Associations of self-reported COVID-19-like symptoms and serology-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 with suicidal ideation in 2021 were ascertained using modified Poisson regression models, weighted by inverse probability weights computed from propensity scores. Among the 52,050 participants, 1.68% [1.54% to 1.82%] reported suicidal ideation in 2021, 9.57% [9.24% to 9.90%] had a serology-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020, and 13.23% [12.86% to 13.61%] reported COVID-19-like symptoms in 2020. Self-reported COVID-19-like symptoms in 2020 were associated with higher risks of later suicidal ideation in 2021 (Relative Riskipw [95% CI] = 1.43 [1.20 to 1.69]), while serology-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 was not (RRipw = 0.89 [0.70 to 1.13]). Limitations of this study include the use of a single question to assess suicidal ideation, the use of self-reported history of mental health disorders, and limited generalizability due to attrition bias. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported COVID-19-like symptoms in 2020, but not serology-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020, were associated with a higher risk of subsequent suicidal ideation in 2021. The exact role of SARS-CoV-2 infection with respect to suicide risk has yet to be clarified. Including mental health resources in COVID-19-related settings could encourage symptomatic individuals to care for their mental health and limit suicidal ideation to emerge or worsen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Legleye
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UVSQ, CESP, Paris, France
- Ensai, Bruz, France
| | - Aline-Marie Florence
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, Pierre Louis institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | | | - Josiane Warszawski
- APHP, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Melchior
- Sorbonne University, Inserm, Pierre Louis institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Rouquette
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UVSQ, CESP, Paris, France
- APHP, Paris-Saclay University, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Xu Q, Wang L, Zhang Y, Jiang X. On-call work and depressive mood: A cross-sectional survey among rural migrant workers in China. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1068663. [PMID: 36698555 PMCID: PMC9868730 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1068663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the rapid development of China's "gig economy," the on-call work model has grown increasingly prevalent in China and has attracted a large number of rural migrant workers with its low employment threshold. However, this irregular employment mode may negatively impact the mental health of workers. Methods This paper uses an ordinal logistic regression model to study the relationship between Chinese rural migrant workers' on-call work and their depression. Results The results showed that after controlling for relevant variables, the odds ratio of depressive mood among rural migrant workers engaged in on-call work was 1.22 (95% CI 1.04-1.43) compared with rural migrant workers who did not need to be on call. In further heterogeneity research, we found that on-call work is more likely to aggravate the depression risk of rural migrant workers who are highly dependent on the internet and have low-wage incomes. Discussion This research suggests that appropriate measures should be taken to mitigate the negative impact of on-call work on the mental health of rural migrant workers, and more attention needs to be paid to the mental health of lower salaried and gig workers. This paper provides a valuable sample of Chinese rural migrant workers for theoretical research on the relationship between on-call work and mental health and confirms the relationship between the two. These results contribute new ideas to the theory and practice of psychological crisis intervention aimed at Chinese rural migrant workers.
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43
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Zhang Z, Hong M. Research on the heterogeneous effects of residents' income on mental health. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:5043-5065. [PMID: 36896535 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The influence of residents' income on mental health is complex, and there are heterogeneous effects of residents' income on different types of mental health. Based on the annual panel data of 55 countries from 2007 to 2019, this paper divides residents' income into three dimensions: absolute income, relative income and income gap. Mental health is divided into three aspects: subjective well-being, prevalence of depression and prevalence of anxiety. Panel Tobit model is used to study the heterogeneous impact of residents' income on mental health. The results show that, on the one hand, different dimensions of residents' income have a heterogeneous impact on mental health, specifically, absolute income has a positive impact on mental health, while relative income and income gap have no significant impact on mental health. On the other hand, the impact of different dimensions of residents' income on different types of mental health is heterogeneous. Specifically, absolute income and income gap have heterogeneous effects on different types of mental health, while relative income has no significant impact on different types of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Hong
- Guangzhou Institute of International Finance, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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44
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Toro-Devia O, Leyton G. COVID-19 pandemic and mental healthcare: Impact on health insurance with guaranteed universal access in Chile. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1005033. [PMID: 36684988 PMCID: PMC9848212 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1005033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Universal health coverage (UHC) is a goal of the member states of the United Nations. The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, inequalities in access to care, and financing gaps set a problematic scenario for universal mental health coverage. In Latin America, depression and anxiety disorders have increased by more than 30%. Chile implemented a reform for UHC in 2005 generating a mandatory guaranteed plan for health insurance (GES) that covers schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. We assume that the pandemic increased cases of mental illness in GES of public and private insurance. Objectives This study aimed to explore the effects of the pandemic on the use of the GES mental health plan of public and private insurance. Methods A descriptive analysis of secondary data from public and private insurance on the use and expenditure of the GES plan in mental illness between 2005 and 2020 was carried out. An aggregate analysis of the use of psychiatric consultations without a guaranteed plan and sick leave was performed. Results Between 2005 and 2020, 18.5% of GES cases corresponded to four mental health illnesses (1,682,021 cases). Public insurance covered 80% of cases. In the pandemic, cases of mental illness fell by 10.5% in public insurance and 28.7% in private ones, reducing spending by 33 and 6.2%, respectively. Psychiatric consultations without using the GES plan doubled in 2020 in private insurance, and medical discharges due to mental illness also increased. Leave due to mental illness increased by 20% in both types of insurance. Conclusion The results suggest that the demand for mental healthcare increased during the pandemic, but public and private health insurance reduced admissions to the GES universal plan for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. A universal guaranteed plan in an individual contribution system can have essential weaknesses for people when the principles of social security are not complied with, especially concerning the solidarity of the health insurance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Toro-Devia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Leyton
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Superintendence of Health, Studies Department, Santiago, Chile
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45
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Li C, Ning G, Wang L, Chen F. More income, less depression? Revisiting the nonlinear and heterogeneous relationship between income and mental health. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1016286. [PMID: 36591032 PMCID: PMC9795204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper uses a large-scale nationally representative dataset to examine the nonlinear effect of income on mental health. To investigate their causal relationship, the exogenous impact of automation on income is utilized as the instrument variable (IV). In addition, to explore their nonlinear relationship, both income and its quadratic term are included in regressions. It is found that the impact of income on mental health is U-shaped rather than linear. The turning point (7.698) of this nonlinear relation is near the midpoint of the income interval ([0, 16.113]). This suggests that depression declines as income increases at the lower-income level. However, beyond middle income, further increases in income take pronounced mental health costs, leading to a positive relationship between the two factors. We further exclude the possibility of more complex nonlinear relationships by testing higher order terms of income. In addition, robustness checks, using other instrument variables and mental health indicators, different IV models and placebo analysis, all support above conclusions. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that males, older workers, ethnic minorities and those with lower health and socioeconomic status experience higher levels of depression. Highly educated and urban residents suffer from greater mental disorders after the turning point. Religious believers and Communist Party of China members are mentally healthier at lower income levels, meaning that religious and political beliefs moderate the relationship between income and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Research Unit of Public Health and Health Economics, Research Center of Labor Economics, Business School, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Guangjie Ning
- Research Unit of Public Health and Health Economics, Research Center of Labor Economics, Business School, Shandong University, Weihai, China,*Correspondence: Guangjie Ning,
| | - Lin Wang
- Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feier Chen
- Research Unit of Public Health and Health Economics, Research Center of Labor Economics, Business School, Shandong University, Weihai, China
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46
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Thomson RM, Kopasker D, Leyland A, Pearce A, Katikireddi SV. Effects of poverty on mental health in the UK working-age population: causal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 52:512-522. [PMID: 36479855 PMCID: PMC10114108 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addressing poverty through taxation or welfare policies is likely important for public mental health; however, few studies assess poverty's effects using causal epidemiology. We estimated the effect of poverty on mental health. METHODS We used data on working-age adults (25-64 years) from nine waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Survey (2009-19; n = 45 497/observations = 202 207 following multiple imputation). We defined poverty as a household equivalized income <60% median, and the outcome likely common mental disorder (CMD) as a General Health Questionnaire-12 score ≥4. We used double-robust marginal structural modelling with inverse probability of treatment weights to generate absolute and relative effects. Supplementary analyses separated transitions into/out of poverty, and stratified by gender, education, and age. We quantified potential impact through population attributable fractions (PAFs) with bootstrapped standard errors. RESULTS Good balance of confounders was achieved between exposure groups, with 45 830 observations (22.65%) reporting poverty. The absolute effect of poverty on CMD prevalence was 2.15% [%-point change; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45, 2.84]; prevalence in those unexposed was 20.59% (95% CI 20.29%, 20.88%), and the odds ratio was 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.24). There was a larger absolute effect for transitions into poverty [2.46% (95% CI 1.56, 3.36)] than transitions out of poverty [-1.49% (95% CI -2.46, -0.53)]. Effects were also slightly larger in women than men [2.34% (95% CI 1.41, 3.26) versus 1.73% (95% CI 0.72, 2.74)]. The PAF for moving into poverty was 6.34% (95% CI 4.23, 8.45). CONCLUSIONS PAFs derived from our causal estimates suggest moves into poverty account for just over 6% of the burden of CMD in the UK working-age population, with larger effects in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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47
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Li S, Zhu T. A Panel Data Analysis of Subjective Well-Being Based on Microblog User Information. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:2305. [PMID: 36421629 PMCID: PMC9690581 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Big data modelling using microblogs is applied to acquire nationwide representative panel data on subjective well-being. The analysis directly validates the influence of China's Livelihood Index on subjective well-being. Using panel data on subjective well-being collected for the period from 2010 to 2021 from users of the Weibo (Sina Corporation, Beijing, China) microblogging platform, this study finds Granger causality running from China's Livelihood Index to subjective well-being and that the two are positively correlated. We also find Granger causality running from a life stress indicator to a life satisfaction indicator. The education indicator model is found to be positively correlated with life satisfaction and positive emotions, whereas the life stress indicator and life satisfaction are negatively correlated. Medical and health indicators are positively related to life satisfaction, while a negative correlation is found between the traffic indicator model and life satisfaction. The relationship between economic development and subjective well-being also displays bidirectional Granger causality and a positive correlation. However, in China's provinces and prefecture-level cities with relatively strong economic growth, the correlation between the livelihood index and economic development appears to be weaker. We suggest boosting gross domestic product per capita and absolute per capita income to increase subjective well-being in less developed western China. Bridging the gross domestic product per capita gap nationwide may also positively influence subjective well-being. To achieve this, we suggest measures that include improving medical and health services, alleviating traffic congestion, increasing the teacher-student ratio and improving the education universalisation rate. These steps would improve the equitable and balanced development of China's Livelihood Index across the country's 31 provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tingshao Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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48
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Yang D, Hu B, Ren Z, Li M. Impact of income on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Based on the 2020 China family panel survey. Front Psychol 2022; 13:977609. [PMID: 36033101 PMCID: PMC9403752 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the COVID-19 has continued to rage, and epidemic prevention policies have limited contact between individuals, which may has a great influence on the income of individuals, exacerbate anxiety and depression, and cause serious mental health problems. The current study aims to examine the association between income and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the data of 9,296 observations from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies. Employing ordinary least squares regression and two-stage least squares regression, we find the significant positive effect of income on Chinese mental health during this pandemic. In addition, the number of cigarettes smoked per day has significant negative effects on mental health. Education levelˎmarriage and exercise frequency have significant positive correlation with mental health. Furthermore, the impact of income on individuals of different groups is heterogeneous during this pandemic. The impact of income for well-educated individuals is less strong than their less-educated counterparts. People who exercise regularly respond less strongly to changes in income than those who do not exercise. Finally, individuals’ salary satisfaction and interpersonal relationship are shown to be the potential mechanism for the effect of income on Chinese mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Yang
- Northeast Asian Research Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingbin Hu
- Department of Regional Economics, School of Northeast Asian, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhichao Ren
- Department of Regional Economics, School of Northeast Asian, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Department of Preschool Education, School of Literature, Changchun University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Mingna Li,
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Li M, Zhou B, Hu B. Relationship between Income and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158944. [PMID: 35897317 PMCID: PMC9330058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mental health problems represent one most pressing concerns in the world, which produce costly consequences for individuals, families and society as a whole. One of the determinants on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic is income. To complement relevant research and provide valuable recommendations for governments and societies, this study investigates the nexus between income and mental health in China by employing 8049 observations from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies. Using ordinary least squares regression we find the significant positive relationship between income and mental health, and estimate the effect of income on mental health. Furthermore, this effect is heterogeneous depending on individuals’ education level and registered residence type. Finally, individuals’ economic status and happiness are shown to be the potential mechanism through which the effect of income on mental health operates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingna Li
- School of Literature, Changchun University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Economy, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Bingbin Hu
- School of Northeast Asian, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
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50
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The impact of income on mental health. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 7:e486-e487. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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