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Ben-Aderet MA, Louis S, Grein JD, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM, Uslan DZ. A Survey of Infection Prevention and Animal Assisted Activity Policies in Healthcare Facilities - United States, 2023. Am J Infect Control 2024:S0196-6553(24)00583-2. [PMID: 38964660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2024.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In a survey of 104 U.S. infectious disease specialists, 88% reported working in facilities that allow Animal Assisted Activities or Pet Visitation. Variability existed in the species of animals allowed, restricted areas, and veterinary assessments, demonstrating a need to standardize infection prevention approaches across healthcare facilities to mitigate potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Souci Louis
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Infectious Disease Readiness and Innovation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Susan E Beekmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Philip M Polgreen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel Z Uslan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Chubak J, Adler A, Bobb JF, Hawkes RJ, Ziebell RA, Pocobelli G, Ludman EJ, Zerr DM. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Animal-assisted Activities for Pediatric Oncology Patients: Psychosocial and Microbial Outcomes. J Pediatr Health Care 2024; 38:354-364. [PMID: 37930283 PMCID: PMC11066653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence about the effectiveness and safety of dog visits in pediatric oncology is limited. METHOD We conducted a randomized controlled trial (n=26) of dog visits versus usual care among pediatric oncology inpatients. Psychological functioning and microbial load from hand wash samples were evaluated. Parental anxiety was a secondary outcome. RESULTS We did not observe a difference in the adjusted mean present functioning score (-3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], -12.4 to 6.4). The difference in microbial load on intervention versus control hands was -0.04 (95% CI, -0.60 to 0.52) log10 CFU/mL, with an upper 95% CI limit below the prespecified noninferiority margin. Anxiety was lower in parents of intervention versus control patients. DISCUSSION We did not detect an effect of dog visits on functioning; however, our study was underpowered by low recruitment. Visits improved parental anxiety. With hand sanitization, visits did not increase hand microbial levels. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03471221.
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Pandey RP, Himanshu, Gunjan, Mukherjee R, Chang CM. The Role of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Enhancing Patients' Well-Being: Systematic Study of the Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence. JMIRX MED 2024; 5:e51787. [PMID: 38606668 PMCID: PMC10986847 DOI: 10.2196/51787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Background Animal-assisted therapy, also known as pet therapy, is a therapeutic intervention that involves animals to enhance the well-being of individuals across various populations and settings. Objective This systematic study aims to assess the outcomes of animal-assisted therapy interventions and explore the associated policies. Methods A total of 16 papers published between 2015 and 2023 were selected for analysis. These papers were chosen based on their relevance to the research topic of animal-assisted therapy and their availability in scholarly databases. Thematic synthesis and meta-analysis were used to synthesize the qualitative and quantitative data extracted from the selected papers. Results The analysis included 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were deemed to be of moderate or higher quality. Among these studies, 4 demonstrated positive results for therapeutic mediation and one for supportive mediation in psychiatric disorders. Additionally, all studies showed positive outcomes for depression and neurological disorders. Regarding stress and anxiety, 3 studies indicated supportive mediation, while 2 studies showed activating mediation. Conclusions The overall assessment of animal-assisted therapy shows promise as an effective intervention in promoting well-being among diverse populations. Further research and the establishment of standardized outcome assessment measures and comprehensive policies are essential for advancing the field and maximizing the benefits of animal-assisted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra Pati Pandey
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Himanshu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Master & PhD Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gunjan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Master & PhD Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Master & PhD Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & PhD Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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4
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Cuny C, Layer-Nicolaou F, Werner G, Witte W. A look at staphylococci from the one health perspective. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 314:151604. [PMID: 38367509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal species are resident and transient multihost colonizers as well as conditional pathogens. Especially S. aureus represents an excellent model bacterium for the "One Health" concept because of its dynamics at the human-animal interface and versatility with respect to host adaptation. The development of antimicrobial resistance plays another integral part. This overview will focus on studies at the human-animal interface with respect to livestock farming and to companion animals, as well as on staphylococci in wildlife. In this context transmissions of staphylococci and of antimicrobial resistance genes between animals and humans are of particular significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Cuny
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Franziska Layer-Nicolaou
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Division of Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
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Jones MG, Filia K, Rice SM, Cotton SM. Guidance on Minimum Standards for Canine-Assisted Psychotherapy in Adolescent Mental Health: Delphi Expert Consensus on Health, Safety, and Canine Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:705. [PMID: 38473090 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As interest in animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and canine-assisted psychotherapy (CAP) grows, there are increasing calls for the management of related health, safety, and welfare concerns for canines, providers, and clients. Existing health and safety guidelines lack empirical support and are, at times, contradictory. Welfare is increasingly prioritized; however, tools to monitor and manage welfare are underutilized and under-reported. The aim of this study was to provide expert consensus on the minimum health, safety, and welfare standards required to develop and deliver a CAP group program to adolescents experiencing common mental health disorders. Diverse AAT experts were recruited globally. Using Delphi methodology, over two rounds, 40 panelists reached a consensus agreement to include 32 items from a possible 49 into the minimum standards. Health and safety measures included risk assessment, veterinary screening, preventative medicine, training in infection control, and first aid. Welfare measures included training in welfare assessment, documentation of welfare, and flexible, individualized responses to promote wellbeing. Intestinal screening for parasites and the prohibition of raw food were not supported. Flexible and individualized assessment and management of canine welfare were supported over fixed and time-limited work schedules. Clinical practice implications are discussed, and recommendations are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie G Jones
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Lead The Way Institute, Ferntree Gully, Melbourne, VIC 3156, Australia
| | - Kate Filia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sue M Cotton
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Wolken S, Dreesman J, Rocker D, Henke-Gendo C. Characteristics of Animal-assisted Interventions in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany, with a focus on hygiene in health care facilities. One Health 2023; 17:100620. [PMID: 38024270 PMCID: PMC10665140 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted Interventions (AAIs) are becoming increasingly popular. To date, information on the extent of AAIs in Germany is limited. With a focus on infection control measures in health care facilities (HCFs), two studies were conducted in Lower Saxony to gain knowledge about the structure, characteristics and frequency of AAIs. An online survey among AAI providers identified dogs as the most important animal species in AAI, which mainly operated in educational facilities (53%) and/or on own property (46%). Twenty-nine percent offered their services in HCFs. The majority (55%) of the animal handlers was highly trained in AAI, but their awareness of hygiene and infection control measures to prevent zoonotic disease transmission was limited. Nineteen percent of animal handlers dewormed dogs only when faecal examinations were positive and 13% of dogs received ectoparasiticides only when infestations were present. Raw meat diets were frequent (82%). There was little awareness among animal handlers about the possibility of a zoonotic transmission from the client to the animal. Thus, handling of therapy dogs often reflected that of a "normal" pet ownership and did not always account for the special situation in HCFs. A telephone survey in 148 hospitals showed that 28% of the hospitals had experiences with animal-assisted therapies or animal visits, but 22% of these were lacking regulations on handling these animal contacts. While 28% of all hospitals had regulations for assistance dogs only 5% were aware of a new law that grants people accompanied by an assistance dog broad admission rights to public spaces, including HCFs. With an expected further increase in popularity of AAIs high quality standards which include infection control measures and animal welfare should be adopted by all AAI providers and recipients. This will ensure a safe implementation of this complementary medicine, where both sides - the human and the animal - can benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Wolken
- Public Health Agency of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Rocker
- Public Health Agency of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany
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Naik SS, Joshi A, Winnier JJ, Patil DD, Gore PJ, Mali SS. Evaluation of dental anxiety in children with Down's syndrome using dog-assisted therapy: A pilot study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2023; 41:322-327. [PMID: 38235819 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_493_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental anxiety and fear are the major treatment challenges faced by pediatric dentists. Oral hygiene in children with Down's syndrome is highly compromised in comparison to their healthy counterparts. Animal-assisted therapy, through dogs, has been beneficial in alleviating dental fear and anxiety in healthy pediatric population. AIM The aim of the study was to assess the impact of dog-assisted therapy (DAT) on children with Down's syndrome undergoing dental examination and fluoride varnish application in dental operatory. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty children with Down's syndrome between 5 and 12 years of age were selected. Group A (intervention group): DAT was carried out in the dental operatory. Group B (control group): Dental treatment was performed in the absence of a therapy dog in the dental operatory. Anxiety levels were evaluated by recording the pulse rate and revised modified faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS[f]). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The intergroup comparison of pulse rate was done using an unpaired t-test, whereas the variation in intragroup pulse rate was analyzed using the Analysis of Variance test. The anxiety scores were subjected to a paired t-test for intragroup comparison with P < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Reduction in dental anxiety was observed in the intervention group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION DAT can be used as an effective behavior management technique for children with Down's syndrome undergoing dental examination and simple dental procedures in the dental operatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa S Naik
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, DY Patil University - School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Salmon AJ, Pachana NA. Cultivating the Acceptance of Assistance Dogs in Aged Care through Deliberative Democracy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2680. [PMID: 37627471 PMCID: PMC10451324 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Assistance dogs provide significant benefits to older adult owners. However, despite protective legislation, aged care facilities continue to not allow owners to retain their dogs on relocation. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether older adults should be allowed to retain their dog on relocation to an aged care facility, and what factors should impact this decision. Further, if allowed to retain their dog, what would be the best practice to allow for this? A deliberative democracy methodology was used, with a range of key stakeholders recruited. Focus groups were held, with follow-up questionnaires to establish deliberation for all questions. Results indicated that with sufficient objective measurement, fair decisions can be made to ensure the welfare and well-being of the owner and dog. Key policy and procedure changes would also be necessary to ensure ongoing support, such as training, care plans, and emergency directives. By ensuring sufficient policies and procedures are in place, training and support could lead to an ideal outcome where facilities could be at the forefront of a better future for aged care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy A. Pachana
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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Liguori G, Costagliola A, Lombardi R, Paciello O, Giordano A. Human-Animal Interaction in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI)s: Zoonosis Risks, Benefits, and Future Directions-A One Health Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101592. [PMID: 37238022 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions (AAI)s represent the expression of integrated medicine, according to the One Health approach. Actually, animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities are implemented in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, etc. The efficacy of AAIs is based on interspecific interactions and would be impacted by different factors, such as the characters of both the animal and the handler, a suitable selection of animal species, an appropriate animal educational protocol, the relationship between the handler and the animal, and mutual relationship among the animal, the patients, and members of the working team. AAIs produce many advantages for the patients but could expose them to zoonotic-pathogens transmission. Therefore, positive animal welfare, as preventative medicine to avoid incidents or transmission of zoonosis, is a relevant aspect with implications for human and animal health and wellbeing. This review aims to summarize the current published knowledge regarding the occurrence of pathogens in AAIs and to discuss their relevance in light of health and safety in AAIs participants. In addition, this review will contribute to defining the state of the art of AAIs through a careful benefits/challenges analysis and offers discussion points on the possible future developments according to the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
- Local Health Authority, ASL Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Horton L, Griffen M, Chang L, Newcomb AB. Efficacy of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Treatment of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Trial. J Trauma Nurs 2023; 30:68-74. [PMID: 36881697 DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe traumatic brain injury carries major public health consequences, with patients suffering long-term disability with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Animal-assisted therapy, the use of human and animal bonds in goal-directed interventions, has been a suggested therapy, but its efficacy in acute brain injury outcomes remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess animal-assisted therapy's effects on cognitive outcome scores of hospitalized severe traumatic brain-injured patients. METHODS This single-center, randomized, prospective trial was conducted from 2017 to 2019 and examined the effects of canine animal-assisted therapy on the Glasgow Coma Scale, Rancho Los Amigo Scale, and Levels of Command of adult severe traumatic brain-injured patients. Patients were randomized to receive animal-assisted therapy or usual standard of care. Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to study group differences. RESULTS Study patients (N = 70) received 151 sessions with a hander and dog (intervention, n = 38) and 156 without (control, n = 32) from a total of 25 dogs and nine handlers. When comparing the patients' response during hospitalization to animal-assisted therapy versus control, we controlled for sex, age, baseline Injury Severity Score, and corresponding enrollment score. Although there was no significant change in Glasgow Coma Score (p = .155), patients in the animal-assisted therapy group reported significantly higher standardized change in Rancho Los Amigo Scale (p = .026) and change commands (p < .001) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Patients with traumatic brain injury receiving canine-assisted therapy demonstrated significant improvement compared with a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Horton
- Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia
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Salmon A, Driscoll C, Paterson MBA, Harpur P, Pachana NA. Issues Regarding the Welfare of Assistance Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233250. [PMID: 36496771 PMCID: PMC9737606 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the roles and efficacy of assistance animals have received attention in the literature, there has been less research focused on animal welfare issues regarding assistance animals. This is a pertinent area, given the burgeoning of types of assistance animals, situations in which they are employed, and access issues arising from increased assistance animal engagement. Animal welfare as pertains to assistance animals is discussed in this paper with respect to overall research on animal welfare concerns in a variety of contexts, training and access issues, and legal and regulatory concerns. Relevant examples from global contexts, as well as the specific Australian context, are offered. Conclusions include that while human quality of life is often considered and protected in laws and policies, this is much less true for assistance animals. Additional attention is required to ensure that the quality of life of both persons with disabilities and their assistance animals can be ensured. Support for a person to meet the needs of an assistance animal, as well as considerations for keeping such working dyads together in changed circumstances (e.g., following a move to an assisted living mode of accommodation), are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Salmon
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Carlie Driscoll
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mandy B. A. Paterson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4076, Australia
| | - Paul Harpur
- TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nancy A. Pachana
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Animal-assisted activities in the intensive care unit: A scoping review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2022; 73:103304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Townsend L, Heatwole JK, Gee NR. Reactivation of a Hospital-Based Therapy Dog Visitation Program during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141842. [PMID: 35883389 PMCID: PMC9312259 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined human−animal interactions during the reactivation of a hospital-based therapy dog program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from human−dog interactions at an academic medical center in Virginia. Interaction length, participant role, age group (pediatric or adult), and observed gender were recorded. Handler adherence to human and animal safety protocols (donning personal protective equipment (PPE), using hand sanitizer, and limiting visit length) was measured. Observations from 1016 interactions were collected. t-tests and analysis of variance were conducted. Most visit recipients were healthcare workers (71.69%). Patients received longer visits than other participants (F(4880) = 72.90, p = <0.001); post hoc Bonferroni analyses (p = 0.05/4) showed that patients, both adult (M = 2.58 min, SD = 2.24) (95% C.I = 0.35−1.68) and pediatric (M = 5.81, SD = 4.38) (95% C.I. 3.56−4.97), had longer interaction times than healthcare workers (M = 1.56, SD = 1.92) but not visitors (p = 1.00). Gender differences were not statistically significant (t(552) = −0.736), p = 0.462). Hand sanitizer protocols were followed for 80% of interactions. PPE guidelines were followed for 100% of visits. Most interactions occurred with healthcare workers, suggesting that therapy dog visits are needed for this population. High adherence to COVID-19 safety protocols supports the decision to reactivate therapy animal visitation programs in hospitals. Challenges to safety protocol adherence included ultra-brief interactions and crowds of people surrounding the dog/handler teams. Program staff developed a “buddy system” mitigation strategy to minimize departures from safety protocols and reduce canine stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Townsend
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Children’s Hospital of Richmond (CHoR), Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Center for Human-Animal Interaction, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennifer K. Heatwole
- Center for Human-Animal Interaction, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Nancy R. Gee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Center for Human-Animal Interaction, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Meers LL, Contalbrigo L, Samuels WE, Duarte-Gan C, Berckmans D, Laufer SJ, Stevens VA, Walsh EA, Normando S. Canine-Assisted Interventions and the Relevance of Welfare Assessments for Human Health, and Transmission of Zoonosis: A Literature Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899889. [PMID: 35782560 PMCID: PMC9247644 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CAIs (canine-assisted interventions) include "canine-assisted therapy" in which a therapist sets client-oriented goals, 'canine-assisted activities' with recreational goals for clients, and 'canine-assisted education/learning' in which teachers or coaches create learning goals for students or clients. CAIs vary in nearly every way; their only common trait is the involvement of dogs to respond to human need. However, the benefits of involving dogs are highly dependent on the animal's health and behavior. A dog exhibiting negative behavior or an unwell dog might pose a risk, especially for CAI target groups, specifically individuals with immunosuppression, chronic illness, children, elderly, etc. Therefore, positive animal welfare as preventative medicine to avoid incidents or transmission of zoonosis is an attractive hypothesis, with implications for human and animal, health and well-being. This review aims to summarize the current published knowledge regarding different aspects of welfare in CAIs and to discuss their relevance in the light of health and safety in CAI participants. As method for this study, a literature search was conducted (2001-2022) using the Prisma method, describing issues of dog welfare as defined in the Welfare Quality® approach. This welfare assessment tool includes 4 categories related to behavior, health, management, and environment; it was, therefore, applicable to CAIs. Results indicate that dogs working in CAIs are required to cope with diverse variables that can jeopardize their welfare. In conclusion, we propose regular welfare assessments for dogs in CAIs, which would also protect the quality of the CAI sessions and the clients' safety and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Contalbrigo
- National Reference Centre for Animal Assisted Interventions, Instituto Zooprofilattico, Legnaro, Italy
| | - William Ellery Samuels
- Hunter College, School of Nursing, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Duarte-Gan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Daniel Berckmans
- Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dier en Mens, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Simona Normando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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All for One Health and One Health for All: Considerations for Successful Citizen Science Projects Conducting Vector Surveillance from Animal Hosts. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060492. [PMID: 35735829 PMCID: PMC9225105 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Vector-borne diseases are often zoonotic and so a One Health approach must be employed in order to investigate and control them. Therefore, surveillance of arthropod vectors and pathogens among animal populations should complement human disease surveillance. Since traditional surveillance methods to collect arthropod vectors and conduct pathogen testing from animals can be challenging, data collection can be supplemented with citizen science approaches, where the general public is actively involved in collecting animals and/or samples. In this review, we discuss considerations for researchers to create a successful vector surveillance program using citizen science approaches with different stakeholders who own, have interests in, or work with animals. Abstract Many vector-borne diseases that affect humans are zoonotic, often involving some animal host amplifying the pathogen and infecting an arthropod vector, followed by pathogen spillover into the human population via the bite of the infected vector. As urbanization, globalization, travel, and trade continue to increase, so does the risk posed by vector-borne diseases and spillover events. With the introduction of new vectors and potential pathogens as well as range expansions of native vectors, it is vital to conduct vector and vector-borne disease surveillance. Traditional surveillance methods can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially when surveillance involves sampling from animals. In order to monitor for potential vector-borne disease threats, researchers have turned to the public to help with data collection. To address vector-borne disease and animal conservation needs, we conducted a literature review of studies from the United States and Canada utilizing citizen science efforts to collect arthropods of public health and veterinary interest from animals. We identified common stakeholder groups, the types of surveillance that are common with each group, and the literature gaps on understudied vectors and populations. From this review, we synthesized considerations for future research projects involving citizen scientist collection of arthropods that affect humans and animals.
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Colonization of Dogs and Their Owners with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Households, Veterinary Practices, and Healthcare Facilities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040677. [PMID: 35456729 PMCID: PMC9024920 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are uncertainties with respect to the transmission of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius between dogs and humans. In this study, we investigated concomitant nasal colonization of dogs and humans in three cohorts. Cohort I, households owning dogs: In 42 of 84 households, 66 humans (36.9%) and 10 dogs (8.9%) carried S. aureus. MRSA, attributed to sequence type (ST) 22 and ST130, were detected in two (1.1%) of the humans but in none of the dogs. Typing by means of spa-typing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) indicated eight transmissions of S. aureus between humans and dogs in 8 of 42 (19.0%) households with human S. aureus carriers, whereas in 11 of 38 (29.0%) households with ≥two persons and S. aureus colonization of humans, 15 human-to-human transmissions were observed (p = 0.43). S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 42 dogs (37.5%), but from only one human (0.6%). In this case, WGS-based typing indicated strong relatedness of this isolate with a canine isolate from the same household. Cohort II, dogs and their owners visiting a veterinary practice: Among 17 humans and 17 dogs attending a veterinary practice, MSSA was detected in three humans and two dogs, and S. pseudintermedius in only six dogs. Cohort III, dogs used for animal-assisted interventions in human healthcare facilities and their owners: MSSA was obtained in 1 of 59 dogs (1.7%) and in 17 of 60 (28.3%) of the dog owners, while S. pseudintermedius was isolated from seven (12%) dogs and one (1.7%) human owner. We conclude that the risk of exchanging S. aureus/MRSA between humans and dogs is higher than that for S. pseudintermedius.
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Dalton KR, Altekruse W, Campbell P, Ruble K, Carroll KC, Thorpe RJ, Agnew J, Davis MF. Perceptions and Practices of Key Worker Stakeholder Groups in Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs on Occupational Benefits and Perceived Risks. PEOPLE AND ANIMALS (WEST LAFAYETTE, IN) 2022; 5:4. [PMID: 35765567 PMCID: PMC9235541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-assisted intervention (AAI) programs, used widely for patient benefit, have increasingly been used for healthcare workers (HCW) to reduce occupational stress. However, there are barriers to these programs which limit their utilization, for both patients and HCW, specifically infectious disease concerns. The aim of the research project is to identify barriers and facilitators to AAI program use for healthcare worker benefit, and determine knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding infectious disease risk and control policies, in order to understand the contextual parameters of program implementation. METHODS We collected perceptions of key stakeholders involved with hospital AAI programs (HCW and AAI workers) through semi-structured in-depth interviews. We used framework analysis to guide thematic coding, completed independently by three researchers. RESULTS We interviewed 37 participants in this study. We divided our themes into two topic areas: program use for HCW and perceived infectious disease risk. Use for healthcare workers included perspectives on the benefits for HCW and program barriers and facilitators (specifically collaboration and leadership). Perceived risk included opinions on infection concerns with AAI, thoughts on control measures to reduce this risk, and responsibility for safety during these programs. CONCLUSIONS While significant benefits were reported for HCW, they were limited by administrative barriers and hazard concerns. Facilitators to surmount these barriers are best implemented with collaboration across the hospital and appropriate leadership roles to direct safe program implementation. By addressing these barriers through targeted facilitators in the form of evidence-backed guidelines, AAI programs can be used to benefit both patients and HCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R. Dalton
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore Maryland
| | | | | | - Kathy Ruble
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Karen C. Carroll
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Roland J. Thorpe
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore Maryland
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Rodríguez-Martínez MDC, De la Plana Maestre A, Armenta-Peinado JA, Barbancho MÁ, García-Casares N. Evidence of Animal-Assisted Therapy in Neurological Diseases in Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12882. [PMID: 34948491 PMCID: PMC8701659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the possibility of intervening humans with animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has been growing due to numerous physical, psychological, and social benefits provided to humanity, enabling them to maintain or improve their quality of life. There exist different animals through which this therapy can be performed. The purpose of this systematic review will focus on the effects of AAT in several neurological diseases. METHODS The search of clinical trials was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo, Embase and PEDro databases. The selection of articles was made according to the different inclusion and exclusion criteria, incorporating those that approached neurological diseases to be reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-five clinical trials were identified, seventeen of which were finally included in the review. The results indicate that animal-assisted therapy (AAT) in different neurological diseases has many benefits in several areas, for example, in motor and physical ability as well as in mental and behavioural health. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides occupational therapy practitioners with evidence on the use of activity based on animal-assisted therapy as a novel field of intervention that can complement other therapies and obtain benefits in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Antonio Armenta-Peinado
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, C/Arquitecto Francisco Peñalosa 3, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Barbancho
- Pathological Anatomy and Physical-Sports, Education, Department of Human Physiology, Human Histology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Casares
- Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), University of Malaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
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Trevathan-Minnis M, Johnson A, Howie AR. Recommendations for Transdisciplinary Professional Competencies and Ethics for Animal-Assisted Therapies and Interventions. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120303. [PMID: 34941831 PMCID: PMC8706351 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AAI is a transdisciplinary field that has grown exponentially in recent decades. This growth has not always been synergistic across fields, creating a need for more consistent language and standards, a call for which many professionals in the field have made. Under the umbrella of human–animal interactions (HAI) is animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), which have a more goal-directed intention with animals who have been assessed for therapeutic, educational, or vocational work. The current article offers a brief history and efficacy of HAI, describes the limitations and gaps within the field and recommends a new set of competencies and guidelines that seek to create some of the needed common language and standards for AAI work to address these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Trevathan-Minnis
- Psychology and Counseling Program, Goddard College, 123 Pitkin Rd, Plainfield, VT 05667, USA
- Human-Animal Interaction Program, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.J.); (A.R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Amy Johnson
- Human-Animal Interaction Program, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.J.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Ann R. Howie
- Human-Animal Interaction Program, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK; (A.J.); (A.R.H.)
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Otto CM, Darling T, Murphy L, Ng Z, Pierce B, Singletary M, Zoran D. 2021 AAHA Working, Assistance, and Therapy Dog Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021; 57:253-277. [PMID: 34710214 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The guidelines are the first comprehensive consensus report on veterinary healthcare recommendations for working, assistance, and therapy dogs. This category of canine patients includes a broad assortment of animals, some with well-defined functions and others that provide a more generalized support role. The guidelines discuss recommendations for dogs trained for protection, odor/scent detection, service functions for people with diagnosed disabilities or physical limitations, emotional support, and therapeutic intervention. Although the term is often used to describe dogs providing animal-assisted activities, true therapy dogs provide goal-directed therapy, often under the supervision of a healthcare professional such as an occupational therapist or psychologist. Many working dogs undergo extensive training and have rigorous physical demands placed upon them. These factors make working, assistance, and therapy dogs inherently valuable and impose a need for a high level of primary veterinary care as described in the guidelines. Because working dogs have a particularly close relationship with their handlers, a trust relationship between the practice team and the working-dog client is imperative.
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Santaniello A, Cimmino I, Dipineto L, Agognon AL, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Fioretti A, Menna LF, Oriente F. Zoonotic Risk of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Animal-Assisted Interventions: Laboratory Strategies for the Diagnosis of Infections in Humans and Animals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179333. [PMID: 34501921 PMCID: PMC8430659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of animals for therapeutic purposes has very ancient roots. To date, it is clear that animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), in addition to ensuring the replacement of missing or deficient affects, improves psychophysiological parameters connected to human health. However, AAI could potentially present risks related to the transmission of infectious agents from animals to humans. Among these microorganisms, E. cuniculi is a microspore which induces pathological effects (fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, breathlessness, respiratory symptoms, and weakness) in both humans and animals. Consequently, an accurate and fast diagnosis of E. cuniculi infection, as well as the identification of new diagnostic approaches, is of fundamental importance. This literature review was carried out to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent diagnostic techniques to prevent and care for E. cuniculi-associated risks in the AAI field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (L.F.M.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Ayewa Lawoe Agognon
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.D.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (L.F.M.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.)
| | - Francesco Oriente
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (A.L.A.); (F.B.); (P.F.); (F.O.)
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Santaniello A, Garzillo S, Cristiano S, Fioretti A, Menna LF. The Research of Standardized Protocols for Dog Involvement in Animal-Assisted Therapy: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092576. [PMID: 34573542 PMCID: PMC8468867 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are considered the most important species involved in animal-assisted therapy (AAT), and the scientific literature focuses on the benefits linked to the involvement of dogs in various therapeutic areas. In this study, we carried out a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, exploring the scientific literature from the last 5 years (2016-2021) on three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to highlight the characteristics of the dogs involved in AATs. Based on the scientific literature relevant to such dogs, we considered different parameters (i.e., number, age, sex, breed, temperament, methods of choice and training, health status, research goals, and activities with dogs) to include studies in our paper. After screening 4331 papers identified on the searched databases, we selected 38 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the included articles showed that the characteristics of the dogs were neglected. Our findings indicated a lack of information about the dogs, as well as the absence of standardized and univocal criteria for dog selection, training programs, and health protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (L.F.M.); Tel.: +39-0812536134 (A.S. & L.F.M.)
| | - Susanne Garzillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Serena Cristiano
- SInAPSi Center, University of Naples Federico II, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (L.F.M.); Tel.: +39-0812536134 (A.S. & L.F.M.)
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Grové C, Henderson L, Lee F, Wardlaw P. Therapy Dogs in Educational Settings: Guidelines and Recommendations for Implementation. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:655104. [PMID: 34169105 PMCID: PMC8217446 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy dogs in educational settings have gained increase traction in recent years. Despite its potential benefits and popularity, there remain concerns of perceived risks such as sanitation, allergies, and safety issues, as well as a lack of guidelines, regulations and support resources available to school staff. Research is further lacking into the implementation process of therapy dog programs in educational settings. To construct a set of recommendations for school staff to achieve successful implementation of a therapy dog program, the present study investigated the perceived facilitative and impeding factors when implementing a therapy dog program. A total of 13 school staff and 2 coordinators from therapy dog organisations took part in an open-ended online survey and/or a semi-structured interview over the phone, with the aim of gathering their perspectives of implementing a therapy dog program in schools. The thematic analysis of the data indicated facilitative factors such as program flexibility, whole-school support, the need for communication and training for all staff, as well as dog welfare. Successful implementation of therapy dogs in an education setting appear to revolve around (1) flexibility of the dog therapy program to target school's needs, (2) qualities of program instigator, (3) whole-school support, (4) communication, training and education, (5) considerations for dog's welfare. Key barriers identified included a high workload, lack of guidelines on processes, lack of support from the school community, as well as the need for better understanding of the role of a therapy dog. The results highlighted the importance of a whole-school effort when implementing a therapy dog program, as well as the need for guidelines for assessing school readiness, key factors for consideration, and strategies to overcome challenges associated with program implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Grové
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda Henderson
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, Australia
| | - Felicia Lee
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, Australia
| | - Phoebe Wardlaw
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Victoria, VIC, Australia
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Santaniello A, Varriale L, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Pace A, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Presence of Campylobacterjejuni and C. coli in Dogs under Training for Animal-Assisted Therapies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3717. [PMID: 33918252 PMCID: PMC8038157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli in dogs at five dog training centers in Southern Italy. A total of 550 animals were sampled by collecting rectal swabs. The samples were processed to detect thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. by culture and molecular methods. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 135/550 (24.5-95% confidence interval) dogs. A total of 84 C. jejuni (62.2%) and 51 C. coli (37.8%) isolates were identified using conventional PCR. The dog data (age, sex, breed, and eating habits) were examined by two statistical analyses using the C. jejuni and C. coli status (positive or negative) as dependent variables. Dogs fed home-cooked food showed a higher risk of being positive for C. jejuni than dogs fed dry or canned meat for dogs (50.0%; p < 0.01). Moreover, purebred dogs had a significantly higher risk than crossbred dogs for C. coli positivity (16.4%; p < 0.01). This is the first study on the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in dogs frequenting dog training centers for animal-assisted therapies (AATs). Our findings emphasize the potential zoonotic risk for patients and users involved in AATs settings and highlight the need to carry out ad hoc health checks and to pay attention to the choice of the dog, as well as eating habits, in order to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Antonino Pace
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Marine Turtle Research Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Barker SB, Gee NR. Canine-Assisted Interventions in Hospitals: Best Practices for Maximizing Human and Canine Safety. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:615730. [PMID: 33869316 PMCID: PMC8044758 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.615730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine-assisted interventions (CAI) are becoming more popular in hospital settings, representing a crucial intersection between animals, veterinary medicine, and society. However, standardized policies and procedures to minimize risk and maximize benefit to vulnerable humans and protect therapy dog welfare are lacking, posing a challenge to safe practice. Few intervention programs are evaluated to document efficacy compounding the potential risk. This paper presents a rationale for CAI in hospitals and describes the evidence, issues, and challenges to establishing and maintaining safe and effective programs for humans and animals. Recommendations are made for best practices based on the existing scientific evidence and a model program in place in a major medical center for 19 years. Scientific and practical implications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B Barker
- Center for Human-Animal Interaction, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nancy R Gee
- Center for Human-Animal Interaction, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Silva Carvalho F, Carvalho S, Conde R, Esteves S. Cynotherapy in cancer pain management: a pilot study. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:3051-3061. [PMID: 33760046 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This was a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and impact of a single dog-assisted therapy (cynotherapy) session in reducing pain and emotional distress in oncological outpatients compared with typical waiting room experience (control). STUDY DESIGN Quasi-experimental before-after controlled study. SETTING Chronic pain outpatient clinic of a tertiary cancer center. PARTICIPANTS Adult oncological patients able to consent and without medical contra-indication. METHODS All participants completed self-reported questionnaires including a numeric rating scale for pain and distress thermometer at admission and immediately before departure from the clinic. RESULTS Eighty-one patients were enrolled over a ten-month study period, 41 in the cynotherapy group and 40 controls.Improvement was greater in cynotherapy than control group for pain (median difference score -1.0 versus 0.0, p = 0.037), distress levels (median -1.0 versus 0.0, p = 0.017), and depression (median -1.0 versus 0.0, p = 0.030). The proportion of patients with a clinically relevant improvement in pain (reduction ≥2 points) was approximately twofold in the cynotherapy group when compared to controls, although not statistically significant (39% versus 20%, OR = 2.53, 95% CI 0.86-8.02, p = 0.088).The mean satisfaction rate was 9.3/10 and no negative occurrences were reported. CONCLUSION A single session of dog-assisted therapy can provide immediate improvement in the perception of pain and distress for chronic cancer pain in an outpatient setting, with high satisfaction rates and no negative occurrences. This non-randomized pilot study points towards the clinical relevance of implementing cynotherapy at a cancer pain clinic and developing a larger scale, more directed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Silva Carvalho
- Unidade de Psiquiatria, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Clínica de Dor, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E
| | - Rita Conde
- Serviço de Oncologia Médica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E
| | - Susana Esteves
- Unidade de Investigação Clínica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E
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Assessment of dental anxiety in children between 5 and 10 years of age in the presence of a therapy dog: a randomized controlled clinical study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2020; 22:459-467. [PMID: 33245525 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children are often afraid to visit a dentist. Dental anxiety is a worldwide issue and a barrier to successful treatment outcome. Pet therapy, especially through dogs, has been demonstrated to be beneficial in reducing anxiety. In today's generation, where dopamine is prevalent, attention is hijacked, and children are tethered to screens-this research on animal-assisted therapy outlines the impact on children undergoing simple dental procedures, and to evaluate its use in long-term behavior management, and child and parental acceptance of this technique. METHODS One hundred and two children between five and 10 years of age and requiring simple dental procedures were selected randomly and divided into two groups. In Group A, dental treatment was carried out in the presence of a therapy dog, and in Group B (the control group), dental treatment was carried out in a regular dental setup. Anxiety levels were evaluated by pulse rate and anxiety rating scale. Prior to exiting the room, the parents were asked to rate the child's interaction with therapy dogs. RESULTS According to an independent t test, reduction in anxiety was highly significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Animal-assisted therapy is an effective behavior management strategy.
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Simonato G, Danesi P, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Dotto G, Tessarin C, Pietrobelli M, Pasotto D. Surveillance of Zoonotic Parasites in Animals Involved in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217914. [PMID: 33126661 PMCID: PMC7663587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are based on the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between animals and beneficiaries that is certain to provide positive effects, while currently, it reads as if AAIs aim at exposing stakeholders to potential risk of infection. The surveillance of zoonotic pathogens is necessary for guaranteeing common health. This study investigated the presence of potentially zoonotic parasites, including dermatophytes, in animals involved in AAIs. Between 2015 and 2017, 190 animals (equids, dogs, cats, birds, rabbits, rodents, and goats) were investigated. Anamnestic and management data were recorded. Individual faecal samples were analysed using a copromicroscopic procedure. Fur and skin were examined for ectoparasites during clinical examinations, and samples for mycological investigation were collected by brushing. Parasites were described in 60 (31.6%) investigated animals. Thirteen out of the 60 (21.7%) animals harboured potentially zoonotic parasites, mainly recovered in dogs (Ancylostomatidae, Eucoleus aerophilus, Toxocara canis, and Giardia duodenalis) and a cat (G. duodenalis). Nannizzia gypsea and Paraphyton mirabile, potential agents of cutaneous mycosis, were isolated in a dog and a horse, respectively. No ectoparasites were found. AAIs might represent a source of infections either directly or via environmental contamination. Thus, active surveillance is necessary and animal screenings should be planned and scheduled according to the risk of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Simonato
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.F.d.R.); (G.D.); (C.T.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272969
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.F.d.R.); (G.D.); (C.T.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Giorgia Dotto
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.F.d.R.); (G.D.); (C.T.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Cinzia Tessarin
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.F.d.R.); (G.D.); (C.T.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Mario Pietrobelli
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.F.d.R.); (G.D.); (C.T.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (A.F.d.R.); (G.D.); (C.T.); (M.P.); (D.P.)
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Schweon SJ, Vitale LJ. Zoonoses: Preventing disease transmission from animals. Nursing 2020; 50:13-16. [PMID: 32976298 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000697200.87222.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Schweon
- Steven J. Schweon is an infection prevention consultant in Saylorsburg, Pa., and Lisa Vitale is a nurse clinician in Des Moines, Iowa
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Santaniello A, Garzillo S, Amato A, Sansone M, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Occurrence of Pasteurella multocida in Dogs Being Trained for Animal-Assisted Therapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176385. [PMID: 32887269 PMCID: PMC7503519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a non-pharmacological therapy aimed at people with physical and/or mental disabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out interventions that guarantee its benefits for patients while also avoiding the risk of zoonoses due to contact with the animals or their mucous membranes. The present study aimed to detect the occurrence of Pasteurella multocida in the oral cavity of dogs attending a “dog educational centre” and training for AAT interventions. In addition, some of the potential predictable factors of infection (i.e., age, sex, breed, and living conditions) were analyzed. In total, 25/200 dogs examined (12.5%; 95% confidence interval = 8.4–18.1%) were positive for P. multocida, as confirmed by PCR. Sex, breed, and living conditions were risk factors associated with P. multocida as revealed by the logistic regression analysis. Specifically, cross-bred female dogs living prevalently outdoors were significantly associated with the presence of P. multocida (p < 0.05). This study represents the first epidemiological survey of the prevalence of P. multocida in the oral cavity of dogs involved subsequently in AAT interventions, highlighting the potential risk of P. multocida infection in patients, often belonging to risk categories (e.g., children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals). Therefore, healthcare guidelines could be suggested to integrate the current literature related to the health check of dogs involved in AAT. In this way, it could be ensured that, even with bodily contact during AAT, the risk of pathogen transmission by the co-therapist dog can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.); +39-081-768-3807 (M.S.)
| | - Susanne Garzillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Mario Sansone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-081-253-6134 (A.S.); +39-081-768-3807 (M.S.)
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (S.G.); (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Walden M, Lovenstein A, Randag A, Pye S, Shannon B, Pipkin E, Ramick A, Helmick K, Strickland M. Methodological Challenges Encountered in a Study of the Impact of Animal-assisted Intervention in Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 53:67-73. [PMID: 32473534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the impact of animal-assisted intervention (AAI) on ambulation, physiologic stability, patient satisfaction, and perceived benefit in hospitalized pediatric heart transplant patients. DESIGN AND METHODS This pilot study used a two-period, two-sequence cross-over design. Using a convenience sample of heart transplant patients between the ages six and nineteen, each subject participated in one AAI and one non-AAI study session over one week. All study sessions started with an aspect of walking. RESULTS Three males and two females participated. Average age was 15 years. Subjects walked on average 1906 ft during the AAI session as compared to 1933 ft in the non-AAI session. Subjects spent a longer time (17 min) walking in the AAI session as compared to the non-AAI session (15 min). Blood pressure and respiratory rates remained stable. All subjects reported they liked working with the dog. Eighty percent of subjects actively engaged in physical contact and communication with the dog. No safety-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS AAI may assist adolescent heart transplant patients to be more motivated to participate in therapeutic ambulation when walking with a dog. Further studies are needed to identify successful recruitment strategies in this highly vulnerable patient population. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Many clinical challenges exist in implementing AAI research in the pediatric heart transplant population. A conceptual model is introduced to better understand the methodological challenges of conducting AAI research in the hospital setting. Key components include research, organizational, AAI, subject and time factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Walden
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States; Pet Partners of Central Arkansas, AR, United States.
| | | | - Amelia Randag
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States.
| | - Sherry Pye
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States.
| | - Brianna Shannon
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States.
| | - Esther Pipkin
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States.
| | - Amy Ramick
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States.
| | - Keri Helmick
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States.
| | - Margaret Strickland
- Arkansas Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Way, AR, United States; Pet Partners of Central Arkansas, AR, United States
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One Health in hospitals: how understanding the dynamics of people, animals, and the hospital built-environment can be used to better inform interventions for antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:78. [PMID: 32487220 PMCID: PMC7268532 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in hospital infection prevention and control, healthcare associated infections (HAIs) remain a challenge with significant patient morbidity, mortality, and cost for the healthcare system. In this review, we use a One Health framework (human, animal, and environmental health) to explain the epidemiology, demonstrate key knowledge gaps in infection prevention policy, and explore improvements to control Gram-positive pathogens in the healthcare environment. We discuss patient and healthcare worker interactions with the hospital environment that can lead to transmission of the most common Gram-positive hospital pathogens – methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus – and detail interventions that target these two One Health domains. We discuss the role of animals in the healthcare settings, knowledge gaps regarding their role in pathogen transmission, and the absence of infection risk mitigation strategies targeting animals. We advocate for novel infection prevention and control programs, founded on the pillars of One Health, to reduce Gram-positive hospital-associated pathogen transmission.
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The Best Medicine: Personal Pets and Therapy Animals in the Hospital Setting. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2020; 32:167-190. [PMID: 32402314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Companion animals can have a positive impact on people's health and well-being. Personal pet visitation and animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) can benefit patients' pain, blood pressure, stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as increasing mobility and socialization with staff and families. Implementing personal pet visitation and/or AAI programs requires the involvement of stakeholders from multiple disciplines. AAI is generally well received by staff. Animal presence in the intensive care unit carries few risks for humans and animals but is not risk free. Programs should be designed to minimize these risks. Effective planning can create programs that support patient-centered and family-centered care.
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Santaniello A, Sansone M, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Occurrence of ESKAPE Bacteria Group in Dogs, and the Related Zoonotic Risk in Animal-Assisted Therapy, and in Animal-Assisted Activity in the Health Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093278. [PMID: 32397230 PMCID: PMC7246456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions are widely implemented in different contexts worldwide. Particularly, animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities are often implemented in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and other health facilities. These interventions bring several benefits to patients but can also expose them to the risk of infection with potentially zoonotic agents. The dog is the main animal species involved used in these interventions. Therefore, we aimed at collecting data regarding the occurrence of the pathogens ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) in dogs, in order to draft guidelines concerning the possible monitoring of dogs involved in animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities in healthcare facilities. We performed a literature search using the PRISMA guidelines to examine three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Out of 2604 records found, 52 papers were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review/meta-analysis. Sixteen papers reported data on E. faecium; 16 on S. aureus; nine on K. pneumoniae; four on A. baumannii; eight on P. aeruginosa; and six on Enterobacter spp. This work will contribute to increased awareness to the potential zoonotic risks posed by the involvement of dogs in animal-assisted therapies, and animal-assisted activities in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-253-6134
| | - Mario Sansone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Dalton KR, Waite KB, Ruble K, Carroll KC, DeLone A, Frankenfield P, Serpell JA, Thorpe RJ, Morris DO, Agnew J, Rubenstein RC, Davis MF. Risks associated with animal-assisted intervention programs: A literature review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2020; 39:101145. [PMID: 32379677 PMCID: PMC7673300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of animal-assisted interventions (AAI), to utilize companion animals as an adjunctive treatment modality, is well-established and a burgeoning research field. However, few studies have evaluated the potential hazards of these programs, such as the potential for therapy animals to transfer hospital-associated pathogens between individuals and the hospital environment. Here we review the current literature on the possible risks of hospital-based AAI programs, including zoonotic pathogen transmission. We identified twenty-nine articles encompassing reviews of infection control guidelines and epidemiological studies on zoonotic pathogen prevalence in AAI. We observed substantial heterogeneity in infection control practices among hospital AAI programs. Few data confirmed pathogen transmission between therapy animals and patients. Given AAI's known benefits, we recommend that future research utilize a One Health framework to evaluate microbial dynamics among therapy animals, patients, and hospital environments. This framework may best promote safe practices to ensure the sustainability of these valuable AAI programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Dalton
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kaitlin B Waite
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathy Ruble
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra DeLone
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pam Frankenfield
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A Serpell
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald C Rubenstein
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Santaniello A, Dicé F, Claudia Carratú R, Amato A, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Methodological and Terminological Issues in Animal-Assisted Interventions: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050759. [PMID: 32349351 PMCID: PMC7277107 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) include a wide range of activities aimed at improving the health and well-being of people with the help of pets. Although there have been many studies on the effects of these interventions on animal and human wellbeing and health, univocal data on the methodological aspects, regarding type and duration of intervention, operators, involved animal species, and so on, are still lacking. In this regard, several systematic reviews in the scientific literature have already explored and outlined some methodological aspects of animal-assisted interventions. Therefore, we developed an umbrella review (UR) which summarizes the data of a set of suitable systematic reviews (SRs), in order to clarify how these Interventions are carried out. From our results, it is shown that there is a widespread heterogeneity in the scientific literature concerning the study and implementation of these interventions. These results highlight the need for the development and, consequently, the diffusion of protocols (not only operational, but also research approaches) providing for a univocal use of globally recognized terminologies and facilitating comparison between the numerous experiences carried out and reported in the field. Abstract Recently, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), which are defined as psychological, educational, and rehabilitation support activities, have become widespread in different contexts. For many years, they have been a subject of interest in the international scientific community and are at the center of an important discussion regarding their effectiveness and the most appropriate practices for their realization. We carried out an umbrella review (UR) of systematic reviews (SRs), created for the purpose of exploring the literature and aimed at deepening the terminological and methodological aspects of AAIs. It is created by exploring the online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. The SRs present in the high-impact indexed search engines Web of Sciences and Scopus are selected. After screening, we selected 15 SRs that met the inclusion criteria. All papers complained of the poor quality of AAIs; some considered articles containing interventions that did not always correspond to the terminology they have explored and whose operating practices were not always comparable. This stresses the need for the development and consequent diffusion of not only operational protocols, but also research protocols which provide for the homogeneous use of universally recognized terminologies, thus facilitating the study, deepening, and comparison between the numerous experiences described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812536134
| | - Francesca Dicé
- University Centre SinAPSi, Federico II University of Naples, via G.C. Cortese, 29-80133 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Roberta Claudia Carratú
- University Centre SinAPSi, Federico II University of Naples, via G.C. Cortese, 29-80133 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (R.C.C.)
| | - Alessia Amato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; (A.A.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Serpell JA, Kruger KA, Freeman LM, Griffin JA, Ng ZY. Current Standards and Practices Within the Therapy Dog Industry: Results of a Representative Survey of United States Therapy Dog Organizations. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:35. [PMID: 32118059 PMCID: PMC7020743 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizations that deliver animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), as well as those that train, evaluate, and register therapy dogs, have proliferated in recent decades in the United States (U.S.). Each of these organizations has its own policies and procedures for screening, evaluating, and instructing dogs and their owners/handlers, but little is currently known about the range of different practices that exist nationwide. The aim of this project was to survey a representative, national sample of U.S. therapy dog organizations to investigate commonalities and differences in the types of practices in current use and to compare these to recommendations in existing published guidelines. The findings suggest the need for further research, and highlight a number of areas relating to dog welfare, human safety, and infection control in which many organizations were inconsistent in their adherence to existing guidelines. Of particular concern with regard to animal welfare was the finding that approximately half of the organizations surveyed imposed no time limit on the length of visits. Also, given the potential for zoonotic disease transmission, the finding that only a small minority of organizations prohibit the feeding of raw meat diets and treats to visiting dogs is concerning. This information will help to raise awareness among facilities with therapy animal programs and assist in the development of future best practices within the therapy dog industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Serpell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Katherine A Kruger
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa M Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - James A Griffin
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zenithson Y Ng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Brown S, Snelders J, Godbold J, Moran-Peters J, Driscoll D, Donoghue D, Mathew L, Eckardt S. Effects of Animal-Assisted Activity on Mood States and Feelings in a Psychiatric Setting. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2020; 26:555-567. [PMID: 31179871 DOI: 10.1177/1078390319853617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Research has shown that animal-assisted activity (AAA) effectively improves physiological, psychological, emotional, and social well-being in various environments. AIMS: To identify how AAA affects mood states and feelings among both patients and staff on inpatient psychiatric units. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental, pre-/posttest design with nonequivalent comparison groups. Quantitative data were collected using the Visual Analog Mood Scale. Demographic data, with an open-ended question, were obtained postsessions. RESULTS: Significant changes were observed pre- and postexposure to AAA sessions with a therapy dog. Negative moods decreased, and positive moods increased as measured by the Visual Analog Mood Scale. Content analysis identified themes of feeling happy, feeling relaxed, and feeling calm. CONCLUSIONS: This research expands scientific evidence associated with AAA by identifying changes in mood states and feelings among individuals in a psychiatric setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brown
- Sandra Brown, BSN, RN-BC, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
| | - Jill Snelders
- Jill Snelders, BS, MBA, CTRS, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
| | - Joan Godbold
- Joan Godbold, BSN, RN, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
| | | | - Denise Driscoll
- Denise Driscoll, RN-BC, CARN, PMHCNS-BC, NPP, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
| | - Donna Donoghue
- Donna Donoghue, MD, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
| | - Lilly Mathew
- Lilly Mathew, PhD, RN, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA; CUNY School of Professional Studies, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Eckardt
- Sarah Eckardt, BA, MS, Mather Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY, USA
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Ng ZY, Fine AH. Considerations for the Retirement of Therapy Animals. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1100. [PMID: 31835308 PMCID: PMC6941057 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growth of animal-assisted interventions, the number of animals designated to work as therapy animals continues to increase. These animals participate in this work in varying capacities during life, but there will be a point in time when the animal can no longer engage in these activities. The concept of retirement, or withdrawing the animal from its working life, is an important phase of life that every therapy animal will inevitably face. Retirement is typically regarded as a well-deserved reward earned after a lifetime of work, but this termination of an animal's career has potential positive and negative implications for animal, handler, and human participants in these interventions. The question of precisely when and how to appropriately retire an animal is usually answered at the discretion of the handler; however, the validity of this question remains largely unanswered without scientific evidence. The purpose of this review is to describe the implications of therapy animal retirement for the handler, participant, and animal and to discuss the challenges in determining when to retire a therapy animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenithson Y. Ng
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Aubrey H. Fine
- Department of Education, CA Poly State University, 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
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Gussgard AM, Weese JS, Hensten A, Jokstad A. Dog-assisted therapy in the dental clinic: Part A-Hazards and assessment of potential risks to the health and safety of humans. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:692-700. [PMID: 31890307 PMCID: PMC6934338 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dog-assisted therapy in the dental clinic may be an attractive alternative to sedation for anxious patients. Including a dental therapy dog in a clinical setting introduces new hazards and potential risks to health and safety for both humans and animal. Objectives The study aims to describe potential hazards associated with risks to humans by having a therapy dog present in the dental clinic and to provide guidance on best practices to minimise and control risks for the patients, the dentist, and the dental clinic staff. Materials and Methods Literature searches in Medline, http://Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar for qualitative and quantitative assessments of hazards and risks associated with the use of therapy dogs in health care settings, in combination with a review of the reference list of the included studies. Identified hazards and risks were analysed with respect for the health and welfare of humans in a dental clinic setting that involves the presence of a therapy dog. Results Potential risks to health and safety for humans in dental clinics that offer dog-assisted therapy can be categorised within four general categories of hazards: the dog as a source of zoonotic pathogens and human diseases, exposure to canine allergens, adverse animal behaviour, and dangers associated with high activity in a congested dental clinic operatory. Risks to humans are reduced by maintaining awareness amongst the dental clinic staff and the dog handler of all potential hazards in the dental clinic, and on how to reduce these hazards as well as adverse events that may scare the dental therapy dog. Conclusions Risks to the health and safety of humans in the presence of therapy dog in the clinics are present but are low if the dental clinical staff and dog handlers comply with best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Gussgard
- Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Arne Hensten
- Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Asbjørn Jokstad
- Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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Cahn J. Clinical Issues—December 2019. AORN J 2019; 110:663-671. [DOI: 10.1002/aorn.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Maurelli MP, Santaniello A, Fioretti A, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L, Menna LF. The Presence of Toxocara Eggs on Dog's Fur as Potential Zoonotic Risk in Animal-Assisted Interventions: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E827. [PMID: 31635019 PMCID: PMC6826609 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) usually contribute to the well-being and health of users/patients, but it is essential that the animals involved in these activities do not represent a source of zoonoses. This systematic review focused on the evaluation of the potential risk of the transmission of Toxocara by dogs' fur, considering their involvement as the main animal species in AAIs. Three databases were considered: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and the PRISMA guidelines were used. Out of 162 articles found, 14 papers were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review. Although the findings were very heterogeneous, they showed that regular parasitological surveillance to plan effective control programs is strongly needed to guarantee the health of pets and consequently the public health, according to the concept of One Health. Since AAIs involve patients and/or users potentially susceptible, it is very important to appropriately treat dogs enrolled in these interventions after an accurate diagnosis of parasitic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Maurelli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Unit of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Unit of Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Napoli, Italy.
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Fine AH, Beck AM, Ng Z. The State of Animal-Assisted Interventions: Addressing the Contemporary Issues that will Shape the Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3997. [PMID: 31635430 PMCID: PMC6843928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the worldwide popularity of animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) increases, the fieldis quickly approaching a paradigm shift, adjusting its image to incorporate more evidence-basedresearch and aligning its purpose for advancing a new future. Contemporary critical issues thatconfront the field today include, but are not limited, to research, animal welfare, practice guidelines,and public policy. This article will provide an overview of the history of AAI and the majormilestones that the field has undergone. The current state of AAI research will be scrutinized, andthe areas that warrant further study will be recommended. Special attention will be given to thecurrent state of animal welfare in AAI, the research that has been done in the area, and practiceguidelines that safeguard animal wellbeing. This article will then discuss how evidence-basedresearch and animal welfare guidelines inform the development of comprehensive professionalstandards and influence changes in public policy regarding AAI. The authors' perceptions for thefield's future trajectory will be presented, which will include solutions to move the field in thedirection that best advances the human-animal bond in research, practice, and public perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey H Fine
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona- Department of Education 3801 W Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
| | - Alan M Beck
- Center for Human-Animal Bond, College Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Zenithson Ng
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Menna LF, Santaniello A, Todisco M, Amato A, Borrelli L, Scandurra C, Fioretti A. The Human-Animal Relationship as the Focus of Animal-Assisted Interventions: A One Health Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3660. [PMID: 31569460 PMCID: PMC6801464 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-assisted intervention (AAIs) represent an adequate expression of integrated medicine, according to the One Health approach. We argue that AAIs are interventions based on interspecific relationships between humans and animals. Although there are many studies on the effects of AAIs on animal and human health and wellbeing, research is still needed to give us more data. For example, information is still lacking on the aspects characterizing and influencing the interspecific relationships occurring in AAIs. The efficacy of an intervention based on interspecific relationships will be influenced by different factors, such as attachment styles and personalities of both the animal and the handler, an appropriate choice of animal species and their individuality, animal educational training techniques, the relationship between the handler and the animal, and relational reciprocity between animal, the patients, and members of the working team. METHOD This article aims to contribute to the study of interspecific relationships in AAIs via theoretical considerations. An interspecific relationship determines the result of safe interventions, which directly influences the welfare of the animal. Results and considerations: AAIs should be evaluated systemically as a network within a process in which every component interacts with and influences other components. Standardized methods using appropriate tests and parameters are needed to better select appropriate animals (i.e., species and individual subjects) using interspecific relational competences as well as appropriate educational training methods and health protocols to assess potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Margherita Todisco
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessia Amato
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Scandurra
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Uglow LS. The benefits of an animal-assisted intervention service to patients and staff at a children's hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:509-515. [PMID: 31002549 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.8.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An online survey of parents and staff was conducted to assess the effect of an animal-assisted intervention (AAI) service at a UK children's university teaching hospital. Three volunteer handlers with five golden retriever dogs provided AAIs across all eight paediatric wards including day, medical, surgical, oncology and intensive care. Interventions ranged from 'meet and greet' to assisting nursing care, physiotherapy and occupational therapy, as well as providing distraction during blood taking and other tests including radiology examinations. Two hundred surveys were completed and there was an overwhelmingly positive response to the service. No concerns were recorded with respect to the presence, cleanliness and behaviour of the dogs. There was a 100% recommendation that similar services should be supported across the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey S Uglow
- Lead Therapy Dog Handler, Southampton Children's Hospital, and Animal Assisted Intervention Advisor to the Royal College of Nursing Pets in Health Protocol
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48
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Machová K, Procházková R, Říha M, Svobodová I. The Effect of Animal-Assisted Therapy on the State of Patients' Health After a Stroke: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183272. [PMID: 31489875 PMCID: PMC6765888 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A stroke is a condition that can give rise to consequences such as cognitive and physical constraints, which sometimes manifest in the psychological condition of the patient. Such patients commence rehabilitation as soon as is possible, which involves a multi-disciplinary approach to treatment. One aspect of complementary rehabilitation could be animal-assisted therapy (AAT). A total of 15 individuals were split into an experimental group comprising 6 patients (2 males, 4 females), and a control group of 9 patients (3 males, 6 females). The participants in the control group were aged from 43 to 87 years and the experimental group featured participants aged from 45 to 76 years. Both groups received standard physiotherapy and occupational therapy. In addition, the experimental group was supplemented with AAT, with the animal in question being a dog. The tools primarily applied to measure the outcomes were the Barthel index, blood pressure, and heart rate measurements, whereas the Likert scale was employed to discern the mood of the patients. The results showed that changes in the values for heart rate and blood pressure were insignificant. However, a statistically significant aspect of the research pertained to the patients confirming that they felt better after the AAT sessions. Hence, AAT could potentially bolster the effectiveness of other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Machová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Procházková
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Říha
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Military University Hospital Prague, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, Military University Hospital and First Medical Faculty, Charles University, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivona Svobodová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Menna LF, Santaniello A, Amato A, Ceparano G, Di Maggio A, Sansone M, Formisano P, Cimmino I, Perruolo G, Fioretti A. Changes of Oxytocin and Serotonin Values in Dialysis Patients after Animal Assisted Activities (AAAs) with a Dog—A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E526. [PMID: 31382576 PMCID: PMC6721151 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to measure the levels of serotonin and oxytocin in patients affected by end-stage renal disease (ESRD), undergoing dialysis and participating in a program of animal-assisted activities (AAAs) with a dog. Ten patients with comparable levels of ESRD were enrolled. A blood sample was taken before the start of the study in order to establish basal levels. Eleven meetings were held once a week for 3 months during the last hour of dialysis, and blood samples were collected before and after AAAs. Two more meetings, one month apart from each other, were held two months later without the dog but with the same veterinarian zootherapist. Blood was drawn at the beginning and at the end of each meeting. The samples were then processed for the measurement of serotonin and oxytocin, and data obtained were analysed using analysis of variance with mixed effect models. The results show an increasing level of both serotonin and oxytocin between subsequent meetings with the dog and an increasing trend of inter-intervention levels. Overall, the results suggest that AAAs lead to modifications of serotonin and oxytocin levels, which are also accompanied by behavioural changes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Amato
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Sansone
- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Federico II University of Naples, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Dog-Assisted Therapy and Dental Anxiety: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080512. [PMID: 31370328 PMCID: PMC6720307 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The participation of animals, specifically dogs, in therapeutic activities has been demonstrated to improve individuals’ physical and mental health. However, few investigations have been carried out in the area of dentistry. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dog-assisted therapy for individuals with a history of anxiety related to dental visits. During preventative dental procedures (cleaning), a therapy dog accompanied the participant. After this intervention, people reported lower perceived discomfort at dental visits. The participation of therapy dogs in this area of health could help improve people’s experiences in dental offices. Abstract Animal-assisted therapy aimed at improving individuals’ mental or physical health has been widely reported. However, the data on how a therapy dog could help control anxiety during dental procedures is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dog-assisted therapy on people with a history of dental anxiety while receiving preventive dental treatment. Twelve adults participated (women: n = 11 (91.7%) and men: n = 1 (8.3%), mean age = 31.25 years, D.E. = 5.78). The Corah Dental Anxiety Scale was applied, the patient’s mood was assessed with a Likert scale before and after receiving the dental treatment, and their blood pressure was recorded for each of the three stages of treatment. A therapy dog accompanied the participants during the dental procedure. The main results indicated that a decrease in discomfort was perceived during the intervention, and there was also an improvement in the patient’s evaluation of the experience. The results are based on the decrease in patients’ blood pressure when taken in the middle of the dental treatment.
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