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Parent C, Mauvieux B, Lespagnol E, Hingrand C, Vauthier JC, Noirez P, Hurdiel R, Martinet Q, Delaunay PL, Besnard S, Heyman J, Gabel V, Baron P, Gamelin FX, Maboudou P, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Jouffroy R, Heyman E. Glycaemic Effects of a 156-km Ultra-trail Race in Athletes: An Observational Field Study. Sports Med 2024; 54:2169-2184. [PMID: 38555307 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-trail running races pose appreciable physiological challenges, particularly for glucose metabolism. Previous studies that yielded divergent results only measured glycaemia at isolated times. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the impact of an ultra-endurance race on continuously measured glycaemia and to understand potential physiological mechanisms, as well as the consequences for performance and behavioural alertness. METHODS Fifty-five athletes (78% men, 43.7 ± 9.6 years) ran a 156-km ultra-trail race (six 26-km laps, total elevation 6000 m). Participants wore a masked continuous glucose monitoring sensor from the day before the race until 10 days post-race. Blood was taken at rest, during refuelling stops after each lap, and after 24-h recovery. Running intensity (% heart rate reserve), performance (lap times), psychological stress, and behavioural alertness were explored. Linear mixed models and logistic regressions were carried out. RESULTS No higher risk of hypo- or hyperglycaemia was observed during the exercise phases of the race (i.e. excluding stops for scientific measurements and refuelling) compared with resting values. Laps comprising a greater proportion of time spent at maximal aerobic intensity were nevertheless associated with more time > 180 mg/dL (P = 0.021). A major risk of hyperglycaemia appeared during the 48-h post-race period compared with pre-race (P < 0.05), with 31.9% of the participants spending time with values > 180 mg/dL during recovery versus 5.5% during resting. Changes in circulating insulin, cortisol, and free fatty acids followed profiles comparable with those usually observed during traditional aerobic exercise. However, creatine phosphokinase, and to a lesser extent lactate dehydrogenase, increased exponentially during the race (P < 0.001) and remained high at 24-h post-race (P < 0.001; respectively 43.6 and 1.8 times higher vs. resting). Glycaemic metrics did not influence physical performance or behavioural alertness. CONCLUSION Ultra-endurance athletes were exposed to hyperglycaemia during the 48-h post-race period, possibly linked to muscle damage and inflammation. Strategies to mitigate muscle damage or subsequent inflammation before or after ultra-trail races could limit recovery hyperglycaemia and hence its related adverse health consequences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05538442 2022-09-21 retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Parent
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Elodie Lespagnol
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean-Charles Vauthier
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine - Département du Grand Est de Recherche en Soins Primaires, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Interpsy (UR 4432), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Noirez
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (IRMES), Paris, France
- T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- PSMS, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Rémy Hurdiel
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Besnard
- UR 7480 Vertex - Université de Caen, Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Joris Heyman
- CNRS, UMR 6118, Transferts d'eau et de Matière dans les Milieux Hétérogènes Complexes - Géosciences, Université Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Pauline Baron
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François-Xavier Gamelin
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Maboudou
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Lille, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, Lille, France
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Romain Jouffroy
- Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne Billancourt, France
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations - U1018, INSERM - Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
- EA 7329 - Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport - Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Heyman
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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Höld E, Chmelar S, Aubram T, Leitner G, Nehrer S, Neubauer O, Wagner KH, Wondrasch B. Nutrition and movement to improve quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis: the NUMOQUA study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:245. [PMID: 38594710 PMCID: PMC11005166 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been considered as a degenerative disease of cartilage tissue resulting from bodily wear and tear. However, there is accumulating evidence that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA. In knee OA, the most common form of OA, exercise therapy as an effective component of early treatment addresses functional deficits, pain and inflammation. Since inflammation is critical for the development and progress of OA, anti-inflammatory therapies must be combined strategically. In the course of the NUMOQUA project, an anti-inflammatory therapeutic diet named 'Austrian Osteoarthritis Cuisine' was developed. It is based on the framework of the New Nordic Diet combined with the food-based dietary guidelines of Austria, the guidelines for OA, the Austrian food culture and the principles of a sustainable diet. The present study examines the implementation of the 'Austrian OA Cuisine' combined with the evidence-based training programme GLA:D® (Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark) in Austrian patients with knee OA and the effects on quality of life, nutritional and inflammatory status, as well as oxidative stress parameters. METHODS A total of 60 participants aged 50 to 75 with knee OA will be included and randomly assigned either to the intervention group or the control group. All participants will undergo the GLA:D® programme in the first 6 weeks. Additionally, the intervention group will receive nutritional group training and individual nutritional counselling on the 'Austrian OA Cuisine' over 9 months. The control group will receive general information about a healthy lifestyle. Measurements at baseline and at 4 follow-up dates include nutritional, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, anthropometric, behavioural and clinical data will be obtained. The recruitment process lasted from autumn 2022 to January 2024, followed by the intervention until October 2024. DISCUSSION The prevalence of OA is expected to increase in the future due to ongoing demographic changes and rising obesity rates. The expected results will provide important evidence on whether this interdisciplinary therapeutic approach could be a new, cost-effective and sustainable strategy to address the disease process of OA without negative side effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05955300. Date of registration: 23rd of October 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Höld
- Department of Health Sciences, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria.
| | - Sabine Chmelar
- Department of Health Sciences, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Science (PhaNuSpo), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Aubram
- Institute for Innovation Systems, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Gabriele Leitner
- Department of Health Sciences, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Oliver Neubauer
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wondrasch
- Department of Health Sciences, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
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Ye M, Dewi L, Liao YC, Nicholls A, Huang CY, Kuo CH. DNA oxidation after exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1275867. [PMID: 38028771 PMCID: PMC10644354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1275867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a byproduct of DNA oxidation resulting from free radical attacks. Paradoxically, treatment with 8-OHdG accelerates tissue healing. The aim of this study is to quantify the 8-OHdG response after a single session of exercise in both trained and untrained adults. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention studies measuring changes in blood 8-OHdG following resistance exercise and aerobic exercise were conducted. The literature search included Web of Science, PubMed, BASE, and Scopus, with publications up to February 2023 included. Subgroup analysis of training status was also conducted. Results: Sixteen studies involving 431 participants met the eligibility criteria. Resistance exercise showed a medium effect on increasing circulating 8-OHdG levels (SMD = 0.66, p < 0.001), which was similar for both trained and untrained participants. However, studies on aerobic exercise presented mixed results. For trained participants, a small effect of aerobic exercise on increasing circulating 8-OHdG levels was observed (SMD = 0.42; p < 0.001). In contrast, for untrained participants, a large effect of decreasing circulating 8-OHdG levels was observed, mostly after long-duration aerobic exercise (SMD = -1.16; p < 0.05). Similar to resistance exercise, high-intensity aerobic exercise (5-45 min, ≥75% VO2max) significantly increased circulating 8-OHdG levels, primarily in trained participants. Conclusion: Pooled results from the studies confirm an increase in circulating 8-OHdG levels after resistance exercise. However, further studies are needed to fully confirm the circulating 8-OHdG response to aerobic exercise. Increases in 8-OHdG after high-intensity aerobic exercise are observed only in trained individuals, implicating its role in training adaptation. Systematic Review Registration: [https://Systematicreview.gov/], identifier [CRD42022324180].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Ye
- College of Physical Education and Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Luthfia Dewi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Liao
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew Nicholls
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D, Reed TT. Cellular Stress Response (Hormesis) in Response to Bioactive Nutraceuticals with Relevance to Alzheimer Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:643-669. [PMID: 36656673 PMCID: PMC10025851 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia associated with aging. As the large Baby Boomer population ages, risk of developing AD increases significantly, and this portion of the population will increase significantly over the next several decades. Recent Advances: Research suggests that a delay in the age of onset by 5 years can dramatically decrease both the incidence and cost of AD. In this review, the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in AD is examined in the context of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) and the beneficial potential of selected bioactive nutraceuticals. Critical Issues: Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to enhancer sequences in antioxidant response elements (ARE) of DNA, is significantly decreased in AD brain. Downstream targets of Nrf2 include, among other proteins, HO-1. BVR-A is activated when biliverdin is produced. Both HO-1 and BVR-A also are oxidatively or nitrosatively modified in AD brain and in its earlier stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), contributing to the oxidative stress, altered insulin signaling, and cellular damage observed in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Bioactive nutraceuticals exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties and are potential topics of future clinical research. Specifically, ferulic acid ethyl ester, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and resveratrol target Nrf2 and have shown potential to delay the progression of AD in animal models and in some studies involving MCI patients. Future Directions: Understanding the regulation of Nrf2 and its downstream targets can potentially elucidate therapeutic options for delaying the progression of AD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 643-669.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Debra Boyd-Kimball
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Physics, University of Mount Union, Alliance, Ohio, USA
| | - Tanea T. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, USA
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Effects of Continuous LPS Induction on Oxidative Stress and Liver Injury in Weaned Piglets. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010022. [PMID: 36669023 PMCID: PMC9865882 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to imperfections in their immune and digestive systems, weaned piglets are susceptible to invasions of the external environment and diseases, especially bacterial infections, which lead to slow growth, tissue damage, and even the death of piglets. Here, a model of weaned piglets induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was established to explore the effects of continuous low-dose LPS induction on the mechanism of liver injury. A total of forty-eight healthy 28-day-old weaned piglets (weight = 6.65 ± 1.19 kg) were randomly divided into two groups: the CON group and LPS group. During the experimental period of thirteen days, the LPS group was injected intraperitoneally with LPS (100 μg/kg) once per day, and the CON group was treated with the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. On the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th days, the serum and liver of the piglets were collected for the determination of serum biochemical indexes, an antioxidant capacity evaluation, and histopathological examinations. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of the TLR4 pathway and inflammatory cytokines were detected. The results showed that the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum increased after LPS induction. The activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the serum and liver homogenate of the LPS group were lower than those of the CON group, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the serum and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver of the LPS group were higher than those in the CON group. At the same time, morphological impairment of the livers occurred, including hepatocyte caryolysis, hepatocyte vacuolization, karyopycnosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration, and the mRNA expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were upregulated in the livers after LPS induction. The above results were more obvious on the 1st and 5th days of LPS induction, while the trend during the later period was not significant. It was concluded that the oxidative stress and liver injury occurred at the early stage of LPS induction, while the liver damage weakened at the later stage. The weaned piglets probably gradually developed tolerance to the endotoxin after the continuous low-dose induction of LPS.
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Woronyczová J, Nováková M, Leníček M, Bátovský M, Bolek E, Cífková R, Vítek L. Serum Bilirubin Concentrations and the Prevalence of Gilbert Syndrome in Elite Athletes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:84. [PMID: 35759151 PMCID: PMC9237193 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Bilirubin is a potent endogenous antioxidant and immunomodulating substance, which is also implicated in both cell signalling and various metabolic pathways. Mild elevation of systemic bilirubin concentrations provides substantial protection against many diseases of civilization. Rare published reports have suggested that serum bilirubin might also be relevant to sports performance. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate serum bilirubin concentrations and the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome (GS) in elite athletes. Methods The study was carried out in 536 consecutive healthy elite athletes and in 2594 individuals of the Czech post-MONICA study representing the general Czech population. Serum bilirubin concentrations, the prevalence of benign hyperbilirubinemia > 17 µmol/L (1 mg/dL, a phenotypic sign of GS), and a variant of the UGT1A1 gene promoter responsible for GS manifestation in Caucasians (rs81753472) were evaluated in study subjects.
Results Compared to the general Czech population, significantly higher serum bilirubin concentrations were found in elite athletes (9.6 vs. 11.6 µmol/L, p < 0.001), both in men (11.3 vs. 12.6 µmol/L, p < 0.001) and women (8.3 vs. 10.5 µmol/L, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the prevalence of GS was also significantly higher in elite athletes (9.6 vs. 22%, p < 0.001) together with the tendency to higher frequencies of the genotypes (TA)7/7 and (TA)6/7UGT1A1. Conclusion Elite athletes have significantly higher concentrations of serum bilirubin, the most potent endogenous antioxidant substance known. Simultaneously, the prevalence of GS syndrome is also much higher in elite athletes, suggesting that a mild elevation of serum bilirubin might predispose to better sports performance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00463-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Woronyczová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bojišti 3, Praha 2, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic.,Sports Research Institute of the Czech Armed Forces, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Nováková
- Sports Research Institute of the Czech Armed Forces, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bojišti 3, Praha 2, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Bátovský
- Slovak Army Sport Centre Dukla Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Emil Bolek
- Sports Research Institute of the Czech Armed Forces, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Cífková
- Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Na Bojišti 3, Praha 2, 12000, Prague, Czech Republic. .,4th Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine,, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kim KC, Sin SI, Ri MR, Jo CH, Mun SH. Effect of dietary Pinus densiflora bark extract on activity and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzyme in weaning piglets. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Jordan AC, Perry CGR, Cheng AJ. Promoting a pro-oxidant state in skeletal muscle: Potential dietary, environmental, and exercise interventions for enhancing endurance-training adaptations. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:189-202. [PMID: 34560246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence now shows that supplemental antioxidants including vitamin C, vitamin E and N-Acetylcysteine consumption can suppress adaptations to endurance-type exercise by attenuating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formation within skeletal muscle. This emerging evidence points to the importance of pro-oxidation as an important stimulus for endurance-training adaptations, including mitochondrial biogenesis, endogenous antioxidant production, insulin signalling, angiogenesis and growth factor signaling. Although sustained oxidative distress is associated with many chronic diseases, athletes have, on average, elevated levels of certain endogenous antioxidants to maintain redox homeostasis. As a result, trained athletes may have a better capacity to buffer oxidants during and after exercise, resulting in a reduced oxidative eustress stimulus for adaptations. Thus, higher levels of RONS input and exercise-induced oxidative stress may benefit athletes in the pursuit of continuous endurance training redox adaptations. This review addresses why athletes should be looking to enhance exercise-induced oxidative stress and how it can be accomplished. Methods covered include high-intensity interval training, hyperthermia and heat stress, dietary antioxidant restriction and modified antioxidant timing, dietary antioxidants and polyphenols as adjuncts to exercise, and vitamin C as a pro-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Jordan
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada.
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Devrim-Lanpir A, İlktaç HY, Wirnitzer K, Hill L, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Vegan vs. omnivore diets paradox: A whole-metagenomic approach for defining metabolic networks during the race in ultra-marathoners- a before and after study design. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255952. [PMID: 34555041 PMCID: PMC8459986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of vegan diets on metabolic processes in the body is still controversial in ultra endurance athletes. The study aims to determine gut microbiome adaptation to extreme exercise according to vegan or omnivore diet consumed in ultra-marathoners. We also seek to evaluate long-term vegan diets' effects on redox homeostasis, and muscle fatigue, and assess energy availability. METHODS Seventy participants will be assigned to the study, including 35 vegan ultra-marathoners and 35 omnivores competing in the Sri-Chinmoy ultra marathon race. Research data will be collected from the participants at four steps (three visits to the research laboratory and the race day) throughout the study. At the first visit (seven days before the race), fecal samples, and anthropometric measurements will be collected. Body composition will be measured using DXA. Participants will be informed about keeping detailed food records and will be asked to record their diet data and activity logs during the entire study period. At second visit, maximum oxygen consumption will be measured on treadmill. On race day, blood samples will be collected immediately before, and 0. min, 2 hours, and 24 hours after the race. Body weight will be measured before and after the race. The blood and fecal samples will be stored at -80 C until analysis. Plasma malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen metabolites, total antioxidant capacity, Heatshockprotein-70, and serum Orosomucoid-1 will be analyzed in blood samples. Fecal samples will be analyzed with shotgun metagenomic analysis and interpreted using bioinformatics pipeline (HumanN2). Statistical tests will be analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and R Software. DISCUSSION Study findings will determine the effects of the vegan diet on sports performance, revealing the multiple interactions between host and gut microbiome at the whole metagenomic level. Additionally, results will show the possible adaptation throughout the race by analyzing blood and fecal samples. Furthermore, by assessing energy availability and determining host-metabolite crosstalk for ultra-endurance athletes, possible nutritional deficiencies can be identified. Thus, advanced nutritional strategies can be developed based on metabolic needs. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current controlled trials, ISRCTN registry 69541705. Registered on 8 December 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havvanur Yoldaş İlktaç
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Centre Medical Humanities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tyrol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, Tyrolean University Conference, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Creeden JF, Gordon DM, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Bilirubin as a metabolic hormone: the physiological relevance of low levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E191-E207. [PMID: 33284088 PMCID: PMC8260361 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00405.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on bilirubin, a historically well-known waste product of heme catabolism, suggests an entirely new function as a metabolic hormone that drives gene transcription by nuclear receptors. Studies are now revealing that low plasma bilirubin levels, defined as "hypobilirubinemia," are a possible new pathology analogous to the other end of the spectrum of extreme hyperbilirubinemia seen in patients with jaundice and liver dysfunction. Hypobilirubinemia is most commonly seen in patients with metabolic dysfunction, which may lead to cardiovascular complications and possibly stroke. We address the clinical significance of low bilirubin levels. A better understanding of bilirubin's hormonal function may explain why hypobilirubinemia might be deleterious. We present mechanisms by which bilirubin may be protective at mildly elevated levels and research directions that could generate treatment possibilities for patients with hypobilirubinemia, such as targeting of pathways that regulate its production or turnover or the newly designed bilirubin nanoparticles. Our review here calls for a shift in the perspective of an old molecule that could benefit millions of patients with hypobilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Darren M Gordon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
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11
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L, Knechtle B. How N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Affects Redox Regulation, Especially at Mitohormesis and Sarcohormesis Level: Current Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020153. [PMID: 33494270 PMCID: PMC7909817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise frequently alters the metabolic processes of oxidative metabolism in athletes, including exposure to extreme reactive oxygen species impairing exercise performance. Therefore, both researchers and athletes have been consistently investigating the possible strategies to improve metabolic adaptations to exercise-induced oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been applied as a therapeutic agent in treating many diseases in humans due to its precursory role in the production of hepatic glutathione, a natural antioxidant. Several studies have investigated NAC’s possible therapeutic role in oxidative metabolism and adaptive response to exercise in the athletic population. However, still conflicting questions regarding NAC supplementation need to be clarified. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the metabolic effects of NAC on exercise-induced oxidative stress and adaptive response developed by athletes against the exercise, especially mitohormetic and sarcohormetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34862, Turkey;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-0-71-226-93-00
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12
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Anticancer effect of physical activity is mediated by modulation of extracellular microRNA in blood. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2106-2119. [PMID: 32547708 PMCID: PMC7275780 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies provide evidence that physical activity reduces the risk of cancer, particularly of breast cancer. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms as related to microRNAs. The goal of the herein presented study is to explore the involvement of miRNAs in beneficial effects exerted by physical activity in breast cancer prevention. Thirty subjects (mean age: 57.1 ± 14.7 years) underwent 45 minutes of treadmill walking under standardized conditions. The levels of extracellular miRNAs were evaluated in blood plasma before and after structured exercise by means of microarray analysis of 1,900 miRNAs identifying mostly modulated miRNAs. Structured exercise has been found to modulate the expression of 14 miRNAs involved in pathways relevant to cancer. The different expression of two miRNAs involved in breast cancer progression, i. e. up-regulation of miR-206 and down-regulation of anti-miR-30c, were the most striking effects induced by exercise. The biological effects of these miRNAs were investigated in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. miR-206 transfection and anti-miR-30c silencing, inhibited cell growth and increased apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the combined use of the two miRNAs further enhanced apoptosis and induced growth arrest in the G1/S phase of cell cycle. Our results support that physical activity effectively change the expression of extracellular miRNAs. Specifically, miR-206 up-regulation and anti-miR-30c down-regulation act as suppressors in breast cancer cells. The evaluation of these miRNAs in blood can be used as non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancer prevention.
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13
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Fang L, Li M, Zhao L, Han S, Li Y, Xiong B, Jiang L. Dietary grape seed procyanidins suppressed weaning stress by improving antioxidant enzyme activity and mRNA expression in weanling piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1178-1185. [PMID: 32189416 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of grape seed procyanidins (GSP) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant enzyme activity and mRNA expression in weanling piglets. A total of 96 piglets (Pietrain × Large White) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 8.4 ± 1.7 kg were weaned at 28 days, and randomly divided into 4 groups. Four groups of animals were fed with a basic diet supplemented with various doses of GSP (0, 40, 70 and 100 mg/kg respectively) during the 28-day treatment period. The results showed that the group receiving 40 mg/kg GSP significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG, p < .05) and decrease the feed/gain ratio (F/G, p < .05). Interestingly, the incidence of diarrhoea was significantly reduced in the groups of 40 and 70 mg/kg GSP, but it was increased in the group of 100 mg/kg GSP. Subsequent biochemical studies indicated that dietary GSP significantly increased the activities of digestive enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, including amylase (Amy), lipase(LPS, p < .05), glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px, p < .05), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD, p < .05) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < .05) in serum, liver and muscle, increased the expression of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT genes (p < .05) in the liver, and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA, p < .05) in serum, liver and muscle. Taken together, these studies revealed that low GSP supplement in diets can improve growth performance of weaned piglets, which is associated with increased digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities and enhanced resistance to weanling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Luyv Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Siyv Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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14
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Franzke B, Schober-Halper B, Hofmann M, Oesen S, Tosevska A, Strasser EM, Marculescu R, Wessner B, Wagner KH. Fat Soluble Vitamins in Institutionalized Elderly and the Effect of Exercise, Nutrition and Cognitive Training on Their Status-The Vienna Active Aging Study (VAAS): A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061333. [PMID: 31197107 PMCID: PMC6627161 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutionalized elderly are at higher risk for micronutrient deficiency. In particular, fat soluble micronutrients, which additionally have antioxidative function, are of interest. The purpose of this secondary investigation of the Vienna Active Ageing Study was to assess and evaluate the plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, as well as vitamin D (25(OH)D) in a cohort of institutionalized elderly. We further determined the effect of six months strength training with or without supplementing (antioxidant) vitamins and protein on the plasma status of these ten micronutrients. METHODS Three groups (n = 117, age = 83.1 ± 6.1 years)-resistance training (RT), RT combined with protein and vitamin supplementation (RTS), or cognitive training (CT)-performed two guided training sessions per week for six months. Micronutrients were measured with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) at baseline and after 6 months of intervention. Physical fitness was assessed by the 6-min-walking, the 30-s chair rise, isokinetic dynamometry, and the handgrip strength tests. RESULTS At baseline, the plasma status of retinol was satisfactory, for alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and 25(OH)D, the percentage of individuals with an insufficient status was 33%, 73% and 61%/81% (when using 50 nmol/L or 75 nmol/L as threshold levels for 25(OH)D), respectively. Plasma analyses were supported by intake data. Six months of elastic band resistance training with or without protein-vitamin supplementation had no biological impact on the status of fat soluble micronutrients. Even for vitamin D, which was part of the nutritional supplement (additional 20 µg/d), the plasma status did not increase significantly, however it contributed to a lower percentage of elderly below the threshold levels of 50/75 nmol/L (49%/74%). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study lead to the strong recommendation for regular physical activity and increased consumption of plant-based foods in institutionalized elderly. When supported by blood analysis, supplementing micronutrients in a moderate range should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Schober-Halper
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlene Hofmann
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Oesen
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anela Tosevska
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Eva-Maria Strasser
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Remobilization and Functional Health/Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaiser Franz Joseph Spital, SMZ-Süd, Kundratstraße 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Estruel-Amades S, Massot-Cladera M, Garcia-Cerdà P, Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À, Castell M, Camps-Bossacoma M. Protective Effect of Hesperidin on the Oxidative Stress Induced by an Exhausting Exercise in Intensively Trained Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040783. [PMID: 30987366 PMCID: PMC6520900 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive exercise can lead to oxidative stress, which can be particularly deleterious for lymphoid tissues. Hesperidin has demonstrated its antioxidant activity, but few studies focus on its influence on intensive training. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of hesperidin on the oxidant/antioxidant status of lymphoid tissues after an intensive training program. Wistar rats were trained for five weeks (five days per week), including two exhaustion tests plus three trainings per week. During this period, animals were orally administrated with 200 mg/kg of hesperidin or vehicle (three days per week). The oxidative status was determined before, immediately after and 24 h after an additional exhaustion test. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peritoneal macrophages, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in spleen, thymus and liver, and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) were assessed. Hesperidin prevented an increase in ROS production induced by the additional exhaustion test. Likewise, hesperidin avoided a decrease in SOD and catalase activities in the thymus and spleen that was found after the additional exhaustion test. The antioxidant effects of hesperidin were associated with a higher performance in the assessed training model. These results suggest that hesperidin, acting as an antioxidant, can prevent oxidative stress induced by exercise and improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Estruel-Amades
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Pau Garcia-Cerdà
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
| | - Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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16
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Bulmer AC, Bakrania B, Du Toit EF, Boon AC, Clark PJ, Powell LW, Wagner KH, Headrick JP. Bilirubin acts as a multipotent guardian of cardiovascular integrity: more than just a radical idea. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H429-H447. [PMID: 29600900 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00417.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin, a potentially toxic catabolite of heme and indicator of hepatobiliary insufficiency, exhibits potent cardiac and vascular protective properties. Individuals with Gilbert's syndrome (GS) may experience hyperbilirubinemia in response to stressors including reduced hepatic bilirubin excretion/increased red blood cell breakdown, with individuals usually informed by their clinician that their condition is of little consequence. However, GS appears to protect from all-cause mortality, with progressively elevated total bilirubin associated with protection from ischemic heart and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Bilirubin may protect against these diseases and associated mortality by reducing circulating cholesterol, oxidative lipid/protein modifications, and blood pressure. In addition, bilirubin inhibits platelet activation and protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. These effects attenuate multiple stages of the atherosclerotic process in addition to protecting the heart during resultant ischemic stress, likely underpinning the profound reduction in cardiovascular mortality in hyperbilirubinemic GS. This review outlines our current knowledge of and uses for bilirubin in clinical medicine and summarizes recent progress in revealing the physiological importance of this poorly understood molecule. We believe that this review will be of significant interest to clinicians, medical researchers, and individuals who have GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Bulmer
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
| | - Bhavisha Bakrania
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Centre , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Eugene F Du Toit
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
| | - Ai-Ching Boon
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
| | - Paul J Clark
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Queensland and Princess Alexandra and Mater Hospitals , Brisbane, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Lawrie W Powell
- The Centre for the Advancement of Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - John P Headrick
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia
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17
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Danese E, Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Brocco G, Rizzo M, Banach M, Montagnana M. Physical Exercise and DNA Injury: Good or Evil? Adv Clin Chem 2017. [PMID: 28629589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Regular, low-intensity physical activity is currently advocated for lowering the risk of developing many acute and especially chronic diseases. However, several lines of evidence attest that strenuous exercise may enhance inflammation and trigger the generation of free radical-mediated damage, thus overwhelming the undisputable benefits of regular, medium-intensity physical activity. Since reactive oxygen species are actively generated during high-intensity exercise, and these reactive compounds are known to impact DNA stability, we review here the current evidence about strenuous exercise and DNA injury. Despite the outcome of the various studies cannot be pooled due to considerable variation in design, sample population, outcome, and analytical techniques used to assess DNA damage, it seems reasonable to conclude that medium- to high-volume exercise triggers a certain amount of DNA injury, which appears to be transitory and directly proportional to exercise intensity. This damage, reasonably attributable to direct effect of free radicals on nucleic acids, is efficiently repaired in vivo within 24-72h. Therefore, physical exercise should not bear long-term consequences for athlete's health provided that an appropriate time of recovery between volumes of high-intensity exercise is set. Regular exertion, with a step-by-step increase of exercise load, also seems to be the most safe approach for eluding DNA instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Giorgio Brocco
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Peake JM, Neubauer O, Walsh NP, Simpson RJ. Recovery of the immune system after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:1077-1087. [PMID: 27909225 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that prolonged, intense exercise causes an "open window" of immunodepression during recovery after exercise is well accepted. Repeated exercise bouts or intensified training without sufficient recovery may increase the risk of illness. However, except for salivary IgA, clear and consistent markers of this immunodepression remain elusive. Exercise increases circulating neutrophil and monocyte counts and reduces circulating lymphocyte count during recovery. This lymphopenia results from preferential egress of lymphocyte subtypes with potent effector functions [e.g., natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, and CD8+ T cells]. These lymphocytes most likely translocate to peripheral sites of potential antigen encounter (e.g., lungs and gut). This redeployment of effector lymphocytes is an integral part of the physiological stress response to exercise. Current knowledge about changes in immune function during recovery from exercise is derived from assessment at the cell population level of isolated cells ex vivo or in blood. This assessment can be biased by large changes in the distribution of immune cells between blood and peripheral tissues during and after exercise. Some evidence suggests that reduced immune cell function in vitro may coincide with changes in vivo and rates of illness after exercise, but more work is required to substantiate this notion. Among the various nutritional strategies and physical therapies that athletes use to recover from exercise, carbohydrate supplementation is the most effective for minimizing immune disturbances during exercise recovery. Sleep is an important aspect of recovery, but more research is needed to determine how sleep disruption influences the immune system of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; .,Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oliver Neubauer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil P Walsh
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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19
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He F, Li J, Liu Z, Chuang CC, Yang W, Zuo L. Redox Mechanism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Exercise. Front Physiol 2016; 7:486. [PMID: 27872595 PMCID: PMC5097959 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that regular exercise can benefit health by enhancing antioxidant defenses in the body. However, unaccustomed and/or exhaustive exercise can generate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress-related tissue damages and impaired muscle contractility. ROS are produced in both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Mitochondria, NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidases have all been identified as potential contributors to ROS production, yet the exact redox mechanisms underlying exercise-induced oxidative stress remain elusive. Interestingly, moderate exposure to ROS is necessary to induce body's adaptive responses such as the activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Dietary antioxidant manipulation can also reduce ROS levels and muscle fatigue, as well as enhance exercise recovery. To elucidate the complex role of ROS in exercise, this review updates on new findings of ROS origins within skeletal muscles associated with various types of exercises such as endurance, sprint and mountain climbing. In addition, we will examine the corresponding antioxidant defense systems as well as dietary manipulation against damages caused by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Chico Chico, CA, USA
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Physical Education, Anhui University Anhui, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Affiliated Ezhou Central Hospital at Medical School of Wuhan UniversityHubei, China; Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Chuang
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbus, OH, USA; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Wenge Yang
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences Beijing, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbus, OH, USA; Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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20
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Lippi G, Buonocore R, Tarperi C, Montagnana M, Festa L, Danese E, Benati M, Salvagno GL, Bonaguri C, Roggenbuck D, Schena F. DNA injury is acutely enhanced in response to increasing bulks of aerobic physical exercise. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:146-51. [PMID: 27374303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA damage in response to increasing bulks of aerobic physical exercise. Fifteen adult and trained athletes performed four sequential trials with increasing running distance (5-, 10-, 21- and 42-km) in different periods of the year. The γ-H2AX foci parameters were analyzed before and 3h after the end of each trial. The values of all γ-H2AX foci parameters were enhanced after the end of each trial, with values gradually increasing from the 5- to the 42-km trial. Interestingly, a minor increase of γ-H2AX foci was still evident after 5- to 10-km running, but a much higher increase occurred when the running distance exceeded 21km. The generation of DNA injury was then magnified by running up to 42-km. The increase of each γ-H2AX foci parameter was then found to be associated with both running distance and average intensity. In multivariate linear regression analysis, the running distance was significantly associated with average intensity and post-run variation in the percentage of cells with γ-H2AX foci. We can hence conclude that aerobic exercise may generate an acute DNA damage in trained athletes, which is highly dependent upon running distance and average intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Ruggero Buonocore
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luca Festa
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Benati
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bonaguri
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty 2, Brandenburg Technical University, Senftenberg, Germany and Medipan GmbH, Dahlewitz/Berlin, Germany
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Center for Research in Mountain, Sport and Health (CeRISM), Rovereto, Italy
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Ryu JH, Paik IY, Woo JH, Shin KO, Cho SY, Roh HT. Impact of different running distances on muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage in amateur marathon runners. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:450-5. [PMID: 27065529 PMCID: PMC4792989 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different marathon
running distances (10 km, 21 km, and 42.195 km) on muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage in
amateur marathon runners. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty male amateur runners were randomly
assigned to 10 km, 21 km, and 42 km groups, with 10 subjects in each group. Blood samples
were collected before and after the races and on the 3rd day of recovery to examine levels
of muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and lymphocyte DNA damage
(DNA in the tail, tail length, and tail moment). [Results] Serum creatine kinase, serum
lactate dehydrogenase, and tail moment were significantly higher after the races compared
with before the races in all groups. In addition, the 42 km group showed significantly
higher levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and tail moment than the 10 km
and 21 km groups after the races. [Conclusion] Strenuous endurance exercise can cause
muscle and lymphocyte DNA damage, and the extent of such damage can increase as running
distance increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Ryu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Young Paik
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Woo
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University: 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Although the sport of triathlon provides an opportunity to research the effect of multi-disciplinary exercise on health across the lifespan, much remains to be done. The literature has failed to consistently or adequately report subject age group, sex, ability level, and/or event-distance specialization. The demands of training and racing are relatively unquantified. Multiple definitions and reporting methods for injury and illness have been implemented. In general, risk factors for maladaptation have not been well-described. The data thus far collected indicate that the sport of triathlon is relatively safe for the well-prepared, well-supplied athlete. Most injuries 'causing cessation or reduction of training or seeking of medical aid' are not serious. However, as the extent to which they recur may be high and is undocumented, injury outcome is unclear. The sudden death rate for competition is 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [mostly swim-related] occurrences for every 100,000 participations. The sudden death rate is unknown for training, although stroke risk may be increased, in the long-term, in genetically susceptible athletes. During heavy training and up to 5 days post-competition, host protection against pathogens may also be compromised. The incidence of illness seems low, but its outcome is unclear. More prospective investigation of the immunological, oxidative stress-related and cardiovascular effects of triathlon training and competition is warranted. Training diaries may prove to be a promising method of monitoring negative adaptation and its potential risk factors. More longitudinal, medical-tent-based studies of the aetiology and treatment demands of race-related injury and illness are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vleck
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002, Portugal,
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Ultra-endurance exercise: unanswered questions in redox biology and immunology. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:989-95. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance races are extreme exercise events that can take place over large parts of a day, several consecutive days or over weeks and months interspersed by periods of rest and recovery. Since the first ultra-endurance races in the late 1970s, around 1000 races are now held worldwide each year, and more than 100000 people take part. Although these athletes appear to be fit and healthy, there have been occasional reports of severe complications following ultra-endurance exercise. Thus there is concern that repeated extreme exercise events could have deleterious effects on health, which might be brought about by the high levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species) produced during exercise. Studies that have examined biomarkers of oxidative damage following ultra-endurance exercise have found measurements to be elevated for several days, which has usually been interpreted to reflect increased ROS production. Levels of the antioxidant molecule GSH (reduced glutathione) are depleted for 1 month or longer following ultra-endurance exercise, suggesting an impaired capacity to cope with ROS. The present paper summarizes studies that have examined the oxidative footprint of ultra-endurance exercise in light of current thinking in redox biology and the possible health implications of such extreme exercise.
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Reliability of a Fully Automated Interpretation of γ -H2AX Foci in Lymphocytes of Moderately Trained Subjects under Resting Conditions. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:478324. [PMID: 25147735 PMCID: PMC4132490 DOI: 10.1155/2014/478324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Analysis of γ-H2AX foci is a promising approach to evaluate exercise-induced DNA damage. However, baseline levels and day-to-day variability of γ-H2AX foci have not been investigated in healthy subjects at rest. Methods. Blood was taken from eight moderately trained healthy males (29 ± 3 yrs, 1.84 ± 0.03 m, and 85 ± 6 kg) at two separate days (M1/M2) after 24-hour exercise cessation. Number of γ-H2AX foci per 100 lymphocytes (N), number of foci per affected lymphocyte (NAL), percentage of affected lymphocytes (PAL), and diameter (D) of γ-H2AX foci were analyzed (mean ± SD). Differences between M1 and M2 were analyzed using paired t-tests (α = 0.05). Day-to-day variability was evaluated by calculating the coefficients of variation (CV%), bias, and limits of agreement (LoA). Results. There were no statistically significant differences between M1 (N: 7.6 ± 4.4, NAL: 1.2 ± 0.2, PAL: 5.9 ± 2.6%, and D: 0.63 ± 0.07) and M2 (N: 8.4 ± 4.6, NAL: 1.3 ± 0.1, PAL: 6.9 ± 4.2%, and D: 0.66 ± 0.06). CV was calculated to be 98.5% (N), 88.9% (PAL), 11.3% (NAL), and 8.0% (D). Bias (LoA) was 0.75 (−15.2/13.7), −0.02 (−0.36/0.33), −1.0 (−11.9/9.9), and −0.04 (−0.16/0.09), respectively. Conclusions. Background level in healthy subjects is approximately 0.07 to 0.09 γ-H2AX foci/cell. NAL and D are reliable measures.
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Kabasakalis A, Tsalis G, Zafrana E, Loupos D, Mougios V. Effects of endurance and high-intensity swimming exercise on the redox status of adolescent male and female swimmers. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:747-56. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.850595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kabasakalis
- Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Tsalis
- Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Demetrios Loupos
- Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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26
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Santhakumar AB, Bulmer AC, Singh I. A review of the mechanisms and effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress and thrombotic risk. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 27:1-21. [PMID: 24205990 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary sources of polyphenols, which are derivatives and/or isomers of flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins and phenolic acids, possess antioxidant properties and therefore might be important in preventing oxidative-stress-induced platelet activation and attenuating adverse haemostatic function. Free radicals, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, promote oxidative stress, leading to platelet hyperactivation and the risk of thrombosis. The consumption of antioxidant/polyphenol rich foods might therefore impart anti-thrombotic and cardiovascular protective effects via their inhibition of platelet hyperactivation or aggregation. Most commonly-used anti-platelet drugs such as aspirin block the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 pathway of platelet activation, similar to the action of antioxidants with respect to neutralising hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), with a similar effect on thromboxane production via the COX-1 pathway. Polyphenols also target various additional platelet activation pathways (e.g. by blocking platelet-ADP, collagen receptors); thus alleviating fibrinogen binding to platelet surface (GPIIb-IIIa) receptors, reducing further platelet recruitment for aggregation and inhibiting platelet degranulation. As a result of the ability of polyphenols to target additional pathways of platelet activation, they may have the potential to substitute or complement currently used anti-platelet drugs in sedentary, obese, pre-diabetic or diabetic populations who can be resistant or sensitive to pharmacological anti-platelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Santhakumar
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Qld, Australia
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27
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de Lucas RD, Caputo F, Mendes de Souza K, Sigwalt AR, Ghisoni K, Lock Silveira PC, Remor AP, da Luz Scheffer D, Guglielmo LGA, Latini A. Increased platelet oxidative metabolism, blood oxidative stress and neopterin levels after ultra-endurance exercise. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:22-30. [PMID: 24117160 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.797098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to identify muscle damage, inflammatory response and oxidative stress blood markers in athletes undertaking the ultra-endurance MultiSport Brazil race. Eleven well-trained male athletes (34.3 ± 3.1 years, 74.0 ± 7.6 kg; 172.2 ± 5.1 cm) participated in the study and performed the race, which consisted of about 90 km of alternating off-road running, mountain biking and kayaking. Twelve hours before and up to 15 minutes after the race a 10 mL blood sample was drawn in order to measure the following parameters: lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, protein carbonylation, respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV activities, oxygen consumption and neopterin concentrations. After the race, plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities were significantly increased. Erythrocyte TBA-RS levels and plasma protein carbonylation were markedly augmented in post-race samples. Additionally, mitochondrial complex II activity and oxygen consumption in post-race platelet-rich plasma were also increased. These altered biochemical parameters were accompanied by increased plasma neopterin levels. The ultra-endurance event provoked systemic inflammation (increased neopterin) accompanied by marked oxidative stress, likely by increasing oxidative metabolism (increased oxidative mitochondrial function). This might be advantageous during prolonged exercise, mainly for efficient substrate oxidation at the mitochondrial level, even when tissue damage is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- a Federal University of Santa Catarina , Sports Center, Physical Effort Laboratory , Florianópolis , Brazil
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28
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Böhm T, Berger H, Nejabat M, Riegler T, Kellner F, Kuttke M, Sagmeister S, Bazanella M, Stolze K, Daryabeigi A, Bintner N, Murkovic M, Wagner KH, Schulte-Hermann R, Rohr-Udilova N, Huber W, Grasl-Kraupp B. Food-derived peroxidized fatty acids may trigger hepatic inflammation: a novel hypothesis to explain steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:563-70. [PMID: 23665282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity and hepatic steatosis are frequently associated with the development of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms driving progression of a non-inflamed steatosis to NASH are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether ingestion of peroxidized lipids, as being present in Western style diet, triggers the development of hepatic inflammation. METHODS Corn oil containing peroxidized fatty acids was administered to rats by gavage for 6 days. In a separate approach, hepatocytes (HC), endothelial (EC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated from untreated livers, cultured, and incubated with peroxidized linoleic acid (LOOH; linoleic acid (LH) being the main fatty acid in corn oil). Samples obtained from in vivo and in vitro studies were mainly investigated by qRT-PCR and biochemical determinations of lipid peroxidation products. RESULTS Rat treatment with peroxidized corn oil resulted in increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, upregulation of nitric oxide synthetase-2 (NOS-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), elevation of total nitric oxides, and increase in cd68-, cd163-, TNFα-, and/or COX-2 positive immune cells in the liver. When investigating liver cell types, LOOH elevated the secretion of TNFα, p38MAPK phosphorylation, and mRNA levels of NOS-2, COX-2, and TNFα, mainly in KC. The elevation of gene expression could be abrogated by inhibiting p38MAPK, which indicates that p38MAPK activation is involved in the pro-inflammatory effects of LOOH. CONCLUSIONS These data show for the first time that ingestion of peroxidized fatty acids carries a considerable pro-inflammatory stimulus into the body which reaches the liver and may trigger the development of hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Böhm
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Meitern R, Sild E, Kilk K, Porosk R, Hõrak P. On the methodological limitations of detecting oxidative stress: effects of paraquat on measures of oxidative status in greenfinches. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2713-21. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.087528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Oxidative stress (OS) is widely believed to be responsible for generation of trade-offs in evolutionary ecology by means of constraining investment into a number of components of fitness. Yet the progress in understanding the true role of OS in ecology and evolution has remained elusive. Interpretation of current findings is particularly hampered by the scarcity of experiments demonstrating which of the many available parameters of oxidative status respond most sensitively to and are relevant for measuring OS. We addressed these questions in wild-caught captive greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) by experimental induction of OS by administration of the pro-oxidant compound paraquat with drinking water. Treatment induced 50% of mortality and a significant drop in body mass and an increase in oxidative DNA damage and glutathione levels in erythrocytes among the survivors of the high paraquat (0.2 g/L during 7 days) group. Three days after the end of the treatment, paraquat had no effect on peroxidation of lipids (plasma malondialdehyde), carbonylation of proteins (in erythrocytes), parameters of plasma antioxidant protection (TAC and OXY), uric acid or carotenoids. Our findings of an increase in one marker of damage and one marker of protection from the multitude of measured variables indicate that detection of OS is difficult even under most stringent experimental induction of oxidative insult. We hope that this study highlights the need for reconsideration of over-simplistic models of OS and draws attention to the limitations of detection of OS due to time-lagged and hormetic up-regulation of protective mechanisms. This study also underpins the diagnostic value of measurement of oxidative damage to DNA bases and assessment of erythrocyte glutathione levels.
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Heger A, Ferk F, Nersesyan A, Szekeres T, Kundi M, Wagner K, Haidinger G, Mišík M, Knasmüller S. Intake of a resveratrol-containing dietary supplement has no impact on DNA stability in healthy subjects. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 749:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Oxidants, antioxidants, and the beneficial roles of exercise-induced production of reactive species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:756132. [PMID: 22701757 PMCID: PMC3372226 DOI: 10.1155/2012/756132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the influence of reactive species produced during exercise and their effect on exercise adaptation. Reactive species and free radicals are unstable molecules that oxidize other molecules in order to become stable. Although they play important roles in our body, they can also lead to oxidative stress impairing diverse cellular functions. During exercise, reactive species can be produced mainly, but not exclusively, by the following mechanisms: electron leak at the mitochondrial electron transport chain, ischemia/reperfusion and activation of endothelial xanthine oxidase, inflammatory response, and autooxidation of catecholamines. Chronic exercise also leads to the upregulation of the body's antioxidant defence mechanism, which helps minimize the oxidative stress that may occur after an acute bout of exercise. Recent studies show a beneficial role of the reactive species, produced during a bout of exercise, that lead to important training adaptations: angiogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis, and muscle hypertrophy. The adaptations occur depending on the mechanic, and consequently biochemical, stimulus within the muscle. This is a new area of study that promises important findings in the sphere of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the relationship between oxidative stress and exercise.
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Sepp T, Sild E, Blount JD, Männiste M, Karu U, Hõrak P. Individual Consistency and Covariation of Measures of Oxidative Status in Greenfinches. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:299-307. [DOI: 10.1086/664827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies in humans provide evidence that moderate physical activity significantly decreases artery oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, DNA-adducts related to age and dyslipedemia, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Maintenance of adequate mitochondrial function is crucial for preventing lipid accumulation and peroxidation occurring in atherosclerosis. Studies performed on human muscle biopsies analyzing gene expression in living humans reveal that physically active subjects improve the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function and of related microRNAs. The attenuation of oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA by physical activity resulted in beneficial effects due to polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases genes. Subjects bearing null GSTM1/T1 polymorphisms have poor life expectancy in the case of being sedentary, which was increased 2.6-fold in case they performed physical activity. These findings indicate that the preventive effect of physical activity undergoes interindividual variation affected by genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Rowlands DS, Pearce E, Aboud A, Gillen JB, Gibala MJ, Donato S, Waddington JM, Green JG, Tarnopolsky MA. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle soreness in an 894-km relay trail run. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1839-48. [PMID: 21922261 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the effects of multi-day relay trail running on muscle soreness and damage, and systemic immune, inflammatory, and oxidative responses. 16 male and 4 female athletes ran 894 km in 47 stages over 95 h, with mean (SD) 6.4 (1.0) stages per athlete and 19.0 (1.7) km per stage. We observed post-pre run increases in serum creatine kinase (qualified effect size extremely large, p = 0.002), IL-6 (extremely large, p < 0.001), urinary 8-isoprostane/creatinine (extremely large, p = 0.04), TNF-α (large, p = 0.002), leukocyte count (very large, p < 0.0001) and neutrophil fraction (very large, p < 0.001); and reductions in hemoglobin (moderate, p < 0.001), hematocrit (moderate, p < 0.001), and lymphocyte fraction (trivial, p < 0.001). An increase in ORAC total antioxidant capacity (TAC, small, p = 0.3) and decrease in urinary 8-OHdG/creatinine (small, p = 0.1) were not statistically significant. During the run, muscle soreness was most frequent in the quadriceps. The threshold for muscle pain (pain-pressure algometry) in the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius was lower post-run (small, p = 0.04 and 0.03). Average running speed was correlated with algometer pain and leukocyte count (large, r = 0.52), and TAC was correlated with IL-6 (very large, r = 0.76) and 8-isoprostane/creatinine (very large, r = -0.72). Multi-day stage-racing increases inflammation, lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and soreness without oxidative DNA damage. High TAC is associated with reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but is not related to immune response or muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Pvt Box 756, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
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Wagner KH, Reichhold S, Neubauer O. Impact of endurance and ultraendurance exercise on DNA damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:115-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Song P, Zhang R, Wang X, He P, Tan L, Ma X. Dietary grape-seed procyanidins decreased postweaning diarrhea by modulating intestinal permeability and suppressing oxidative stress in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6227-6232. [PMID: 21534629 DOI: 10.1021/jf200120y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grape-seed procyanidins in controlling weaning diarrhea using a rat model. Weaned rats were fed either the basal diet or basal diet supplemented with either 250 mg/kg grape-seed procyanidins or 2000 mg/kg ZnO. Treated rats had better performance with a reduced incidence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). Both ZnO and grape-seed procyanidins significantly reduced urinary lactulose to mannitol ratios (P < 0.05) and enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins Ocln/ZO-1 (P < 0.05). Grape-seed procyanidins increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH while decreasing the level of MDA in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05). Furthermore, an in vitro investigation revealed that supplementation with grape-seed procyanidins in IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells significantly enhanced the expression of Ocln/ZO-1 under H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these results indicate that grape-seed procyanidins have the potential to prevent weaning diarrhea by reducing intestinal permeability and improving antioxidant indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixia Song
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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