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Abdul-Kareem HH, Al-Maqtoofi MY, Burghal AA. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on saliva immune barriers: IgA, lysozyme, and lactoferrin. Arch Virol 2023; 168:293. [PMID: 37973637 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of salivary constituents, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), in immune protection and defense mechanisms against microbial invasion and colonization of the airways is important in light of the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. The salivary immune barrier in individuals affected by COVID-19 may contribute to disease prognosis. Thus, the aim of the present review is to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the immunological composition of saliva. IgA antibodies generated by vaccination can neutralize the virus at mucosal surfaces, whereas antimicrobial peptides, such as lysozyme and lactoferrin, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Collectively, these components contribute to the protective immune response of the oral cavity and may help minimize viral transmission as well as the severity of COVID-19. Measuring the levels of these components in the saliva of COVID-19-vaccinated individuals can help in evaluating the vaccine's ability to induce mucosal immunity, and it might also provide insights into whether saliva can be used in diagnostics or surveillance for monitoring immune responses following vaccination. This also has implications for viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwan Y Al-Maqtoofi
- Biology Department, College of Science University of Basrah, Basrah, 61001, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed A Burghal
- Biology Department, College of Science University of Basrah, Basrah, 61001, Iraq
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2
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Park J, Yamamoto Y, Hidaka K, Wada-Takahashi S, Takahashi SS, Morozumi T, Kubota N, Saita M, Saruta J, Sakaguchi W, To M, Shimizu T, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Tsukinoki K. Effects of Diabetes and Voluntary Exercise on IgA Concentration and Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Expression in the Submandibular Gland of Rats. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040789. [PMID: 37109747 PMCID: PMC10144866 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Patients with diabetes are more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) because they are easily infected. Salivary IgA (sali-IgA) levels play a major role in transmitting URTIs. Sali-IgA levels are determined by salivary gland IgA production and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-IgR) expression. However, it is unknown whether salivary gland IgA production and poly-IgR expression are decreased in patients with diabetes. While exercise is reported to increase or decrease the sali-IgA levels, it is unclear how exercise affects the salivary glands of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effects of diabetes and voluntary exercise on IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Ten spontaneously diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (eight-week-old) were divided into two groups of five rats each: a non-exercise group (OLETF-C) and a voluntary wheel-running group (OLETF-E). Five Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats without diabetes were bred under the same conditions as the OLETF-C. Sixteen weeks after the study began, the submandibular glands (SGs) were collected and analyzed for IgA and poly-IgR expression levels. Results: IgA concentrations and poly-IgR expression levels in SGs were lower in OLETF-C and OLETF-E than in LETO (p < 0.05). These values did not differ between the OLETF-C and OLETF-E. Conclusions: Diabetes decreases IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of rats. Moreover, voluntary exercise increases sali-IgA levels but does not increase IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of diabetic rats. Increasing IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands, which is reduced in diabetes, might require slightly higher-intensity exercise than voluntary exercise under the supervision of a doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebum Park
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouki Hidaka
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoko Wada-Takahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun-Suke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Department of Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 9518580, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Saita
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Clinical Oral Anatomy, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Implantology and Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan
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Thomas SN, Karger AB, Altawallbeh G, Nelson KM, Jacobs DR, Gorlin J, Barcelo H, Thyagarajan B. Ultrasensitive detection of salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals with natural and COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8890. [PMID: 35614113 PMCID: PMC9132168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the feasibility of a highly sensitive immunoassay method based on single molecule array (Simoa) technology to detect IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) in saliva from individuals with natural or vaccine-induced COVID-19 immunity. The performance of the method was compared to a laboratory-developed SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Paired serum and saliva specimens were collected from individuals (n = 40) prior to and 2 weeks after receiving an initial prime COVID-19 vaccine dose (Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna mRNA-1273). Saliva was collected using a commercially available collection device (OraSure Inc.) and SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies were measured by an indirect ELISA using concentrated saliva samples and a Simoa immunoassay using unconcentrated saliva samples. The IgG results were compared with paired serum specimens that were analyzed for total RBD antibodies using the ELISA method. The analytical sensitivity of the saliva-based Simoa immunoassay was five orders of magnitude higher than the ELISA assay: 0.24 pg/mL compared to 15 ng/mL. The diagnostic sensitivity of the saliva ELISA method was 90% (95% CI 76.3-97.2%) compared to 91.7% (95% CI 77.5-98.2%) for the Simoa immunoassay without total IgG-normalization and 100% (95% CI 90.3-100%) for the Simoa immunoassay after total IgG-normalization when compared to the serum ELISA assay. When analyzed using the SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibody ELISA, the average relative increase in antibody index (AI) between the saliva of the post- and pre-vaccinated individuals was 8.7 (AIpost/pre). An average relative increase of 431 pg/mL was observed when the unconcentrated saliva specimens were analyzed using the Simoa immunoassay (SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgGpost/pre). These findings support the suitability of concentrated saliva specimens for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies via ELISA, and unconcentrated saliva specimens for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG and IgA using an ultrasensitive Simoa immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani N Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Amy B Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ghaith Altawallbeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Intermountain Central Laboratory, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Kathryn M Nelson
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jed Gorlin
- Memorial Blood Centers-A Division of New York Blood Center Enterprises, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Helene Barcelo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE MMC 609, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Ishimaru T, Mine Y, Odgerel CO, Miyake F, Kubo T, Ikaga T, Fujino Y. Prospective cohort study of bedroom heating and risk of common cold in children. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14755. [PMID: 33899990 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In countries with mild winter climates and inadequate heating, the relationship between housing conditions and health outcomes in winter have not been well studied. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between heater type and temperature factors in the bedroom and incidence of the common cold among children in Japan. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we distributed baseline questionnaires and temperature loggers in December 2019 and administered follow-up questionnaires in March 2020. We recruited children under the age of 15 years. We performed Poisson regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 297 participants, air conditioners were the most prevalent (n = 105, 35%), followed by gas or kerosene heaters (n = 50, 17%), and floor heaters (n = 31, 10%). Air-conditioners were associated with higher incidence of all events related to the common cold, especially having a fever (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) = 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41-2.40). Gas or kerosene and floor heaters showed a lower incidence rate of some events related to the common cold, such as school or nursery school absence (aIRR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37-0.82 and aIRR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23-0.67, respectively). Bedroom temperature did not show a positive association, but children who always felt cold showed a higher incidence of some events related to the common cold. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that the heating approach and modal thermal comfort, such as location of heating appliances, humidity, airflow, and radiant heat, may be more important for the onset of common cold in children than bedroom temperature itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishimaru
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuko Mine
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fuyu Miyake
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kubo
- Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ikaga
- Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujino
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Tsukinoki K, Yamamoto T, Handa K, Iwamiya M, Saruta J, Ino S, Sakurai T. Detection of cross-reactive immunoglobulin A against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike 1 subunit in saliva. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249979. [PMID: 34813596 PMCID: PMC8610234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in the mucus, breast milk, and saliva provides immunity against infection of mucosal surfaces. Pre-pandemic breast milk samples containing SIgA have been reported to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2; however, it remains unknown whether SIgA showing the cross-reaction with SARS-CoV-2 exists in saliva. We aimed to clarify whether SIgA in saliva cross-reacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 subunit in individuals who have not been infected with this virus. The study involved 137 (men, n = 101; women, n = 36; mean age, 38.7; age range, 24-65 years) dentists and doctors from Kanagawa Dental University Hospital. Saliva and blood samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunochromatography for IgG and IgM, respectively. We then identified patients with saliva samples that were confirmed to be PCR-negative and IgM-negative for SARS-CoV-2. The cross-reactivity of IgA-positive saliva samples with SARS-CoV-2 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a biotin-labeled spike recombinant protein (S1-mFc) covering the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive IgA-positive individuals was 46.7%, which correlated negatively with age (r = -0.218, p = 0.01). The proportion of IgA-positive individuals aged ≥50 years was significantly lower than that of patients aged ≤49 years (p = 0.008). SIgA was purified from the saliva of patients, which could partially suppress the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor. This study demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive SIgA in the saliva of individuals who had never been infected with the virus, suggesting that SIgA may help prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Sociology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Handa
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Iwamiya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kanagawa Dental University Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ino
- Department of Minimal Intervention Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Effect of High Fat and Fructo-Oligosaccharide Consumption on Immunoglobulin A in Saliva and Salivary Glands in Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041252. [PMID: 33920202 PMCID: PMC8070188 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of indigestible dietary fiber increases immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in saliva. The purpose of this study is to clarify the synergistic effect of the intake of a high amount of fats and indigestible dietary fiber on IgA levels in saliva and submandibular glands (SMG). Seven-week-old Wistar rats were fed a low-fat (60 g/kg) fiberless diet, low-fat fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS, 30 g/kg) diet, high-fat (220 g/kg) fiberless diet, or high-fat FOS diet for 70 days. The IgA flow rate of saliva (IgA FR-saliva) was higher in the low-fat FOS group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase (a marker of sympathetic nerve activation) in the SMG was higher in the low-fat FOS group (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with the IgA FR-saliva (rs = 0.68. p < 0.0001. n = 32) in comparison to that in the other groups. These findings suggest that during low-fat FOS intake, salivary IgA levels may increase through sympathetic nerve activation.
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Yamamoto Y, Morozumi T, Takahashi T, Saruta J, To M, Sakaguchi W, Shimizu T, Kubota N, Tsukinoki K. Faster Short-Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Cecum Following Polydextrose Ingestion Increases the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Flow Rate in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061745. [PMID: 32545166 PMCID: PMC7353249 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a vital role in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). In our previous study, we showed that the intake of carbohydrates increases the intestinal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn increase salivary IgA levels. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated in rats the effect of polydextrose (PDX) ingestion on salivary IgA level and SCFA concentration in cecal digesta and the portal vein. Five-week-old rats were fed with a fiber-free diet (control) or with 40 g/kg of PDX for 28 days. Compared to the control, ingestion of PDX led to a higher salivary IgA flow rate (p = 0.0013) and a higher concentration of SCFAs in the portal vein (p = 0.004). These two data were positively correlated (rs = 0.88, p = 0.0002, n = 12). In contrast, the concentration of SCFAs in cecal digesta and cecal digesta viscosity were significantly lower following PDX ingestion, compared to the control (p = 0.008 and 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that the ingestion of PDX increases the absorption rate of SCFAs in the intestine through PDX-induced fermentation, which is accompanied by an increase in SCFA levels in the blood, and ultimately leads to increased salivary IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College, School of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Kanazawa Gakuin University, 10 Sue-machi, Kanazawa 9201392, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (J.S.); (W.S.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-46-822-8866
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Öztürk Y, Öztürk N. Plant- and Nutraceutical-based Approach for the Management of Diabetes and its Neurological Complications: A Narrative Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3536-3549. [PMID: 31612820 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191014165633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an important metabolic disease affecting many organs and systems in the body. The nervous system is one of the body systems affected by diabetes and neuropathic complications are troublesome in diabetic patients with many consequences. As diabetes has deleterious influences almost on bodily systems, an integrative approach seems to be necessary accepting the body as a whole and integrating body systems with lifestyle and living environment. Like some traditional health systems such as Ayurveda, integrative approach includes additional modalities to overcome both diabetes and diabetic complications. In general, these modalities consist of nutraceuticals and plant products. Prebiotics and probiotics are two types of nutraceuticals having active ingredients, such as antioxidants, nutrient factors, microorganisms, etc. Many plants are indicated for the cure of diabetes. All of these may be employed in the prevention and in the non-pharmacological management of mildto- moderate diabetes. Severe diabetes should require appropriate drug selection. Being complementary, prebiotics, probiotics, plants and exercise may be additive for the drug therapy of diabetes. Similarly, there are complementary approaches to prevent and cure neurological and/or behavioral manifestations of diabetes, which may be included in therapy and prevention plans. A scheme is given for the prevention and therapy of comorbid depression, which is one of the most common behavioral complications of diabetes. Within this scheme, the main criterion for the selection of modalities is the severity of diseases, so that personalized management may be developed for diabetic patients using prebiotics and probiotics in their diets, plants and drugs avoiding possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Öztürk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Tepebasi 26120, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Öztürk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26120, Tepebasi, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Portrait of Tissue-Specific Coexpression Networks of Noncoding RNAs (miRNA and lncRNA) and mRNAs in Normal Tissues. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9029351. [PMID: 31565069 PMCID: PMC6745163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9029351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genes that encode proteins playing a role in more than one biological process are frequently dependent on their tissue context, and human diseases result from the altered interplay of tissue- and cell-specific processes. In this work, we performed a computational approach that identifies tissue-specific co-expression networks by integrating miRNAs, long-non-coding RNAs, and mRNAs in more than eight thousands of human samples from thirty normal tissue types. Our analysis (1) shows that long-non coding RNAs and miRNAs have a high specificity, (2) confirms several known tissue-specific RNAs, and (3) identifies new tissue-specific co-expressed RNAs that are currently still not described in the literature. Some of these RNAs interact with known tissue-specific RNAs or are crucial in key cancer functions, suggesting that they are implicated in tissue specification or cell differentiation.
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10
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Nakagawa Y, To M, Saruta J, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto T, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Matsuo M, Tsukinoki K. Effect of social isolation stress on saliva BDNF in rat. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:516-520. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Junior College, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Masato Matsuo
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
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11
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Huang L, Sun C, Peng R, Liu Z. A study on the mechanism of agonists in regulating transcriptional level of pIgR in salivary gland epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4367-4372. [PMID: 30542385 PMCID: PMC6257701 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism of agonists in regulating transcriptional level of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in salivary gland epithelial cells, thus revealing the defense effect of salivary immune on bacteria in the oral cavity. Sixty patients with oral bacterial infection and 70 patients suffering from oral diseases without bacterial infection were selected randomly from patients in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from April 2015 to April 2017. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from salivary gland epithelial cells of all patients. Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) and western blotting methods were adopted to detect and compare the transcriptional level of pIgR. The salivary gland epithelial cells of the 60 patients with oral bacterial infection were isolated and extracted, and they were divided into two groups (observation group and control group) randomly. Agonists were added to the observation group for acting for 24 h. FQ-PCR and immunofluorescence (IF) were adopted to detect and compare the transcriptional level of pIgR after acting with agonists. The toxicity of agonists on the cells was detected with Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The isolated salivary gland epithelial cells conformed to the morphology of epithelial cells, and adhered to the wall for growing. The transcriptional level of pIgR in the bacterial infection group was lower than that in the non-bacterial infection group (p<0.05). The transcriptional level of pIgR in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (p<0.05) after acting with agonists. Agonists can promote the rise of transcriptional level of pIgR in salivary gland epithelial cells, and the increase in pIgR is closely related to the cure of oral bacterial infection. Therefore, agonists can improve the oral immune function by regulating the transcription of pIgR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chuankong Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ruobing Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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12
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Yamamoto Y, Kubota N, Takahashi T, To M, Hayashi T, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Tsukinoki K. Continuous combined intake of polydextrose and lactitol stimulates cecal fermentation and salivary IgA secretion in rats. J Oral Sci 2018; 59:603-610. [PMID: 29279570 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which plays an important role in infection defense, is upregulated in the large intestine and oral cavity through dietary fiber intake. However, the mechanism underlying salivary IgA increase through dietary fiber intake remains unknown. This study investigated time-dependent effects of non-absorbable polydextrose (PDX) and lactitol intake on salivary IgA secretion and cecal fermentation. Five-week-old rats were fed a fiber-free diet with or without 25 g/kg PDX and 25 g/kg lactitol for 1, 4, and 8 weeks. Compared to control, those who ingested PDX and lactitol had higher salivary IgA flow rates per weight of submandibular gland tissue at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05), greater cecal weight and digesta at 1, 4, and 8 weeks (P < 0.05), and lower concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal digesta (P = 0.0003). These findings suggest that the consumption of PDX and lactitol may upregulate salivary IgA secretion possibly by stimulating absorption of SCFAs produced by cecal fermentation. Thus, continuous ingestion of PDX and lactitol for up to 4 weeks could increase salivary IgA and promote immune defense against pathogen invasion through the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College
| | - Nobuhisa Kubota
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University
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13
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Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to focus on the utilisation of pre- and probiotics for oral care and the state of knowledge at this time.
Design/methodology/approach
Pre- and probiotics describe beneficial carbohydrates and microbiota, respectively, for optimal gut health. Carbohydrates provide energy selectively for the gut-friendly bacteria. The use of both carbohydrates and bacteria is, however, being expanded into other areas of the body – including the skin, vagina and oral cavity – for health-related applications.
Findings
There is increased interest in both pre- and probiotics for oral care products. The importance of oral microflora and their selective substrates is discussed against a background of contemporary oral care approaches. The issues and benefits are discussed in this review.
Originality/value
It is clear that consumption of prebiotics and probiotics may play a role as potential prophylactic or therapeutic agents for reducing the presence of organisms in the mouth associated with tooth decay. To confirm a beneficial effect of pre- and probiotics further in vivo studies involving healthy human volunteers should be considered.
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14
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Yamamoto Y, Fujino K, Saruta J, Takahashi T, To M, Fuchida S, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Misawa K, Tsukinoki K. Effects of yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii
ssp. bulgaricus
OLL1073R-1 on the IgA flow rate of saliva in elderly persons residing in a nursing home: A before-after non-randomised intervention study. Gerodontology 2017; 34:479-485. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Junior College; School of Dental Hygiene; Kanagawa Dental University; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fujino
- Department of Oral Science; Division of Environmental Pathology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental UniversityGraduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Science; Division of Environmental Pathology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental UniversityGraduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Fukuoka Women's University; Fukuoka UK
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Dental Anatomy; Department of Oral Science; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Shinya Fuchida
- Department of Dental Sociology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental University; Graduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Kyoko Misawa
- Elderly Nursing Home; Samukawa Home; Samukawa Japan
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Science; Division of Environmental Pathology; Graduate School of Dentistry; Kanagawa Dental UniversityGraduate School of Dentistry; Yokosuka Japan
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15
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Ide M, Saruta J, To M, Yamamoto Y, Sugimoto M, Fuchida S, Yokoyama M, Kimoto S, Tsukinoki K. Relationship between salivary immunoglobulin a, lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates and lifestyle factors in Japanese children: a cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand 2016; 74:576-583. [PMID: 27565888 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1223340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial substances in saliva contribute to the maintenance of both oral health and overall health of the body. Therefore, the associations among immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates in the saliva of children, and their relationships with the physical attributes and lifestyle factors of children, were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Saliva was collected from 90 children who visited the Kanagawa Dental University Hospital Pediatric Dentistry, and questionnaires were completed by guardians. IgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme concentrations were measured in the saliva samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS The IgA flow rate in saliva increased as age, height and weight increased. A correlation was found between lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates. When the antimicrobial substance flow rates in the saliva were divided into two groups of 22 children each based on the highest and lowest quartiles, children with either a low or high IgA flow rate also had a high or low lactoferrin flow rate, respectively. The same pattern was observed for lactoferrin and lysozyme flow rates. CONCLUSIONS There is a high probability that the IgA flow rate in the saliva of children reflects and corresponds to the developmental status of immune function as the child ages and increases in height and weight. The flow rates of lactoferrin and lysozyme were correlated in children. In addition, regarding lifestyle factors, the duration of sleep and lactoferrin flow rate were also related.
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16
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do Carmo MMR, Walker JCL, Novello D, Caselato VM, Sgarbieri VC, Ouwehand AC, Andreollo NA, Hiane PA, Dos Santos EF. Polydextrose: Physiological Function, and Effects on Health. Nutrients 2016; 8:E553. [PMID: 27618093 PMCID: PMC5037538 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydextrose (PDX) is a non-digestible oligosaccharide used widely across most sectors of the food industry. It is a randomly linked glucose oligomer containing small amounts of sorbitol and citric acid. The random bonds in PDX prevent mammalian digestive enzymes from readily hydrolyzing the molecule and it has a reported energy value of 1 kcal/g. These properties have led to the acceptance in many countries that PDX provides similar physiological effects as other dietary fibers and has shown prebiotic potential. Dietary intervention with prebiotics has been shown to selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of intestinal bacteria associated with several physiological benefits on health. Therefore, the objective of this review was a survey of the literature on the effect of supplementation with PDX in health, and to list the benefits for maintaining health and/or reducing the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Moreira Ramiro do Carmo
- Food Technology and Public Health Division, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Julia Clara Leite Walker
- Food Technology and Public Health Division, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Daiana Novello
- Sector of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, State University of Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-080, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Valeria Maria Caselato
- Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition & Health, Kantvik 02460, Finland.
| | - Nelson Adami Andreollo
- School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Food Technology and Public Health Division, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Elisvânia Freitas Dos Santos
- Food Technology and Public Health Division, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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17
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Yamamoto Y, Takahahi T, To M, Nakagawa Y, Hayashi T, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Saruta J, Tsukinoki K. The Salivary IgA Flow Rate Is Increased by High Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Cecum of Rats Ingesting Fructooligosaccharides. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080500. [PMID: 27548207 PMCID: PMC4997413 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) serves as a major effector in mucosal immunity by preventing submucosal invasion of pathogens. However, the mechanism by which consumption of fermentable fibers increases IgA in saliva was not fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) intake and time after feeding on IgA levels in the saliva and cecal digesta and on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the cecum in rats. Five-week-old rats were fed a fiber-free diet or a diet with 50 g/kg FOS for zero, one, four, and eight weeks. Ingestion of FOS at one and eight weeks led to a higher IgA flow rate of saliva per weight of submandibular gland tissue (p < 0.05), which positively correlated with the concentration of SCFA in the cecal digesta (rs = 0.86, p = 0.0006, n = 12), but showed no correlation with the concentration of IgA in the cecal digesta (rs = 0.15, p = 0.3, n = 48). These results suggested that ingestion of FOS increased salivary IgA secretion through high levels of SCFA in the large intestine, which was produced by fermentation of FOS. Thus, continuously ingesting FOS for more than one week could increase secretion of salivary IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- School of Dental Hygiene, Department of Junior College, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Toru Takahahi
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan.
| | - Masahiro To
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Shimizu
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kamata
- Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Juri Saruta
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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18
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Kurimoto Y, Saruta J, To M, Yamamoto Y, Kimura K, Tsukinoki K. Voluntary exercise increases IgA concentration and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2490-2496. [PMID: 27499238 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1217145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salivary IgA-a primary factor in local immunity of the oral cavity-plays an important role in maintaining local immune function in the oral cavity and prevent upper respiratory tract infections. Oral IgA levels are known to fluctuate in an exercise-dependent manner; thus, we investigated the effects of voluntary exercise on salivary IgA secretion in rats to better understand the mechanism by which this occurs. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were placed in individual cages with or without access to exercise wheels for three weeks. Notably, animals who engaged in voluntary exercise demonstrated significant increases in IgA concentration in saliva and submandibular gland tissue, as well as a markedly higher salivary IgA flow rate. Moreover, active rats also exhibited elevated polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) mRNA expression in submandibular gland tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that voluntary exercise may increase salivary IgA concentration and boost immune function in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kurimoto
- a Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science , Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University , Yokosuka , Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- b Division of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Department of Oral Science , Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University , Yokosuka , Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- b Division of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Department of Oral Science , Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University , Yokosuka , Japan
| | - Yuko Yamamoto
- c Department of Junior College, School of Dental Hygiene , Kanagawa Dental University , Yokosuka , Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- d Department of Dental Education , Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University , Yokosuka , Japan
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- a Division of Environmental Pathology, Department of Oral Science , Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University , Yokosuka , Japan
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a 10 % cocoa (C10) diet, containing polyphenols and fibre among others, modifies intestinal and systemic Ig production. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of C10 on IgA and IgM production in the intestinal and extra-intestinal mucosal compartments, establishing the involvement of cocoa fibre (CF) in such effects. Mechanisms by which C10 intake may affect IgA synthesis in the salivary glands were also studied. To this effect, rats were fed either a standard diet, a diet containing C10, CF or inulin. Intestinal (the gut wash (GW), Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and extra-intestinal (salivary glands) mucosal tissues and blood samples were collected for IgA and IgM quantification. The gene expressions of IgA production- and homing-related molecules were studied in the salivary glands. The C10 diet decreased intestinal IgA and IgM production. Although the CF diet decreased the GW IgA concentration, it increased PP, MLN and serum IgA concentrations. Both the C10 and the CF diets produced a down-regulatory effect on IgA secretion in the extra-intestinal tissues. The C10 diet interacted with the mechanisms involved in IgA synthesis, whereas the CF showed particular effects on the homing and transcytosis of IgA across the salivary glands. Overall, CF was able to up-regulate IgA production in the intestinal-inductor compartments, whereas it down-regulated its production at the mucosal-effector ones. Further studies must be directed to ascertain the mechanisms involved in the effect of particular cocoa components on gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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