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Cavalcanti MB, Silva IDCGD, Lamarca F, de Castro IRR. Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13675. [PMID: 38956436 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A scoping review of publications about commercial milk formulas intended for or consumed by children 12-36 months (CMF 12-36) was conducted. This review aimed to comprehensively map the existing literature, identify key concepts in the field and understand its evolution through time. A total of 3329 articles were screened and 220 were included, published between 1986 and 2024. Most works were published after 2016 (70.0%) and in high-income countries (71.8%). Original studies were the vast majority (81.8%) of publications. Most publications dealt with feeding practices or analysed the composition and/or contamination of specific products (44.1% and 35.9%), but since the late 2000s, publications about marketing, policy, legislation, and consumer perception started to appear. Most published works (65.5%) did not focus exclusively on CMF 12-36 and included formulas for other demographics or other foods. About half of the works (55.5%) did not consider CMF 12-36 to be a breast milk substitute. We found 81 distinct product denominations used to refer to CMF 12-36, Growing Up Milk was the most common (25.9%). CMF industry was involved in 41.8% of all analysed works, and industry participation and funding were not always clearly informed (22.5% lacked a conflict of interest statement, and 25.5% did not present any information about funding). In the last decade, publications about CMF 12-36 have increased in volume and diversified in scope and subject matter. CMF-industry participation has always been and still is present in the field, so possible vested interests should be taken into account when appreciating the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Lamarca
- Department of Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Reyes-Domínguez AI, Bernabeu-Sendra J, Rodríguez-Sinovas C, Santamaria-Orleans A, de Castellar-Sanso R, Martinez-Perez J. Post-Pandemic Feeding Patterns and Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Spanish Toddlers. Nutrients 2023; 15:2049. [PMID: 37432177 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, feeding patterns, more specifically those of children, have worsened-affecting dietary habits and Mediterranean diet adherence. Here, we examine the post-pandemic feeding habits of Spanish toddlers. A total of 2465 parents of children aged between 12 and 36 months completed an online 25-item multiple-choice survey asking about dietary habits and Mediterranean diet adherence. Only 34 children (1.38%) had an adequate intake of all of the food groups included in the questionnaire. Adherence worsened as toddlers grew (p < 0.0001). Further, lower compliance was found in children with a higher intake of fast food (p < 0.001), those with siblings (p = 0.0045), and children who were the second or third child (p = 0.0005). The food group with the most commonly reported adequate intake was fish (88% of children), followed by pulses (80%), water (79%), and meat (78%). Cow's milk was the most commonly consumed dairy product among all age groups analyzed. Half of the children exhibited a low consumption of milk and dairy products. These results showed that a lack of adherence to a balanced diet is common among Spanish toddlers in the post-pandemic period and that greater parent education could improve the nutrition of toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Reyes-Domínguez
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Rodríguez-Sinovas
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge Martinez-Perez
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, 28009 Madrid, Spain
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Brooker PG, Rebuli MA, Williams G, Muhlhausler BS. Effect of Fortified Formula on Growth and Nutritional Status in Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:5060. [PMID: 36501090 PMCID: PMC9737957 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reviews of the effect of young child formulas on health outcomes in infants and toddlers have been inconclusive. In this study, we undertook a contemporary synthesis of studies investigating the effects of consuming fortified milk beverages (compared to cow’s milk or unfortified comparator formula) on growth and/or nutritional status in children 1−3 years of age. Five electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library) for randomised controlled trials comparing fortified milk against control milk in young children (9−48 months), published between January 1990 and June 2022. Outcomes were growth, body composition, biochemical markers, and/or nutritional status. Mean differences (MD) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis where there were ≥3 studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Nineteen articles (12 studies; n = 4795) met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity was substantial, likely attributable to considerable variation in study characteristics. Fortified milk was associated with increased weight gain (MD = 0.14 kg [95% CI 0.06, 021], p = 0.0003) compared with control milk. Subgroup analyses demonstrated increases in weight in lower-income countries, and in studies with intervention periods > 6 months. There were no effects of fortified milks on other anthropometric measures. Haemoglobin (MD = 3.76 g/L [95% CI 0.17, 7.34], p = 0.04) and ferritin (MD = 0.01 nmol/L [95% CI 0.00, 0.02], p = 0.02) concentrations were increased in infants consuming fortified milks. Fortified milk beverages appear to offer a safe and acceptable source of complementary nutrition as a short-term strategy for addressing nutritional deficits and may modestly promote weight gain in vulnerable populations when provided for periods > 6 months. This study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022339920) and funded by the Infant Nutrition Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige G. Brooker
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, BC 5000, Australia
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Madrigal C, Soto-Méndez MJ, Hernández-Ruiz Á, Ruiz-López MD, Samaniego-Vaesken MDL, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G, Gil Á. Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Food Sources of Selected Antioxidant Minerals and Vitamins; and Their Relationship with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged 1 to <10 Years: Results from the EsNuPI Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194132. [PMID: 36235784 PMCID: PMC9573671 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Minerals and vitamins involved in the antioxidant defense system are essential for healthy growth and proper development during infancy. Milk and dairy products are of particular importance for improving the supply of these nutrients to children. Indeed, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutrient intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), retinol and carotenoids (sources of vitamin A), and vitamins C and E, and to analyze their relationships with personal and familiar factors in Spanish children from the EsNuPI study. One subpopulation representative of the Spanish population from 1 to <10 years old (n = 707) (reference group, REF) who reported consuming all types of milk over the last year, and another subpopulation of the same age who reported consuming fortified milk formulas (FMFs) (including follow-on formula, young child formula, growing up milk, toddler’s milk, and enriched and fortified milk) (n = 741) (fortified milk consumers, FMCs) completed two 24 h dietary recalls used to estimate their nutrient intakes and to compare them to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). The REF reported higher median intakes than FMCs for Se (61 µg/kg vs. 51 µg/kg) and carotenoids (1079 µg/day vs. 998 µg/day). Oppositely, FMCs reported higher intakes than REF for Zn (7.9 mg/day vs. 6.9 mg/day), vitamin A (636 µg/day vs. 481 µg/day), vitamin E (8.9 mg/day vs. 4.5 mg/day), vitamin C (113 mg/day vs. 71 mg/day), and retinol (376 µg/day vs. 233 µg/day). In the REF group, more than 50% of the children met the EFSA recommendations for Zn (79.6%), Se (87.1%), vitamin A (71.3%), and vitamin C (96.7%), respectively. On the other hand, 92.2% were below the EFSA recommendations for vitamin E. In the FMC group, more than 50% of the children met the EFSA recommendations for Zn (55.2%), Se (90.8%), vitamin A (75.7%), vitamin E (66.7%), and vitamin C (100%). We found statistically significant differences between subpopulations for all cases except for Se. In both subpopulations, the main sources of all antioxidant nutrients were milk and dairy products. For carotenoids, the main sources were vegetables and fruits followed by milk and dairy products. A high percentage of children had vitamins A and E intakes below the recommendations, information of great importance to stakeholders. More studies using intakes and biomarkers are needed, however, to determine an association with diverse factors of oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Madrigal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - María Dolores Ruiz-López
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, Ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation (FINUT), 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Reverri EJ, Arensberg MB, Murray RD, Kerr KW, Wulf KL. Young Child Nutrition: Knowledge and Surveillance Gaps across the Spectrum of Feeding. Nutrients 2022; 14:3093. [PMID: 35956275 PMCID: PMC9370290 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first 1000 days is a critical window to optimize nutrition. Young children, particularly 12-24 month-olds, are an understudied population. Young children have unique nutrient needs and reach important developmental milestones when those needs are met. Intriguingly, there are differences in the dietary patterns and recommendations for young children in the US vs. globally, notably for breastfeeding practices, nutrient and food guidelines, and young child formulas (YCFs)/toddler drinks. This perspective paper compares these differences in young child nutrition and identifies both knowledge gaps and surveillance gaps to be filled. Parental perceptions, feeding challenges, and nutrition challenges are also discussed. Ultimately, collaboration among academia and clinicians, the private sector, and the government will help close young child nutrition gaps in both the US and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Reverri
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (M.B.A.); (K.W.K.); (K.L.W.)
| | - Mary Beth Arensberg
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (M.B.A.); (K.W.K.); (K.L.W.)
| | - Robert D. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43219, USA;
| | - Kirk W. Kerr
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (M.B.A.); (K.W.K.); (K.L.W.)
| | - Karyn L. Wulf
- Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA; (M.B.A.); (K.W.K.); (K.L.W.)
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Sinai T, Axelrod R, Shimony T, Boaz M, Kaufman-Shriqui V. Dietary Patterns among Adolescents Are Associated with Growth, Socioeconomic Features, and Health-Related Behaviors. Foods 2021; 10:3054. [PMID: 34945606 PMCID: PMC8700870 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns (DPs), usually established in adolescents, are important modifiable risk factors in the etiology of malnutrition and chronic diseases. This study aimed to identify DPs of adolescents and examine their associations with growth, sociodemographic, and lifestyle characteristics. A nationally representative, school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Israeli adolescents aged 11-18 years during 2015-2016. A self-administered survey queried sociodemographics, health behaviors, and diet. Weight and height were measured, and WHO height z-scores and BMI cutoffs were calculated. Food frequency questionnaire data were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) to identify DPs. Associations between growth, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics and DPs were modeled using multivariable logistic regressions. A total of 3902 adolescents (46% males, mean age 15.2 ± 1.6 years) completed the survey. PCA identified five DPs, accounting for 38.3% of the total variance. The first two prominent DPs were the 'plant-based food' DP, which was associated with the female sex, higher socioeconomic status, overweight/obesity, and healthy lifestyle and the 'junk food' DP, which was associated with lower SES, unhealthy lifestyle, and lower height z-scores. Our results elucidate major DPs that strongly correlate with lifestyle risk behaviors and suboptimal growth among adolescents. Implementing screening for DPs should be further examined to identify higher risk health factors among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Sinai
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel; (T.S.); (R.A.); (T.S.)
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rachel Axelrod
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel; (T.S.); (R.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Tal Shimony
- Israel Center for Disease Control, State of Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel; (T.S.); (R.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Mona Boaz
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada 3, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Vered Kaufman-Shriqui
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Kiryat Hamada 3, Ariel 40700, Israel;
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Verduci E, Di Profio E, Corsello A, Scatigno L, Fiore G, Bosetti A, Zuccotti GV. Which Milk during the Second Year of Life: A Personalized Choice for a Healthy Future? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103412. [PMID: 34684413 PMCID: PMC8540900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition in early life is a crucial element to provide all essential substrates for growth. Although this statement may appear obvious, several studies have shown how the intake of micro and macronutrients in toddlers differs a lot from the recommendations of scientific societies. Protein intake often exceeds the recommended amount, while the intake of iron and zinc is frequently insufficient, as well as Vitamin D. Nutritional errors in the first years of life can negatively impact the health of the child in the long term. To date, no clear evidence on which milk is suggested during the second year of life is yet to be established. In this study, we compare the nutrient profiles of cow’s milk and specific formulas as well as nutritional risks in toddlers linked to growth and childhood obesity development. The purpose of this review is to resume the latest clinical studies on toddlers fed with cow’s milk or young children formula (YCF), and the potential risks or benefits in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Corsello
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Scatigno
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (A.B.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Buckner T, Vanderlinden LA, DeFelice BC, Carry PM, Kechris K, Dong F, Fiehn O, Frohnert BI, Clare-Salzler M, Rewers M, Norris JM. The oxylipin profile is associated with development of type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia 2021; 64:1785-1794. [PMID: 33893822 PMCID: PMC8249332 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Oxylipins are lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some oxylipins are proinflammatory (e.g. those derived from arachidonic acid [ARA]), others are pro-resolving of inflammation (e.g. those derived from α-linolenic acid [ALA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]) and others may be both (e.g. those derived from linoleic acid [LA]). The goal of this study was to examine whether oxylipins are associated with incident type 1 diabetes. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control analysis in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), a prospective cohort study of children at risk of type 1 diabetes. Plasma levels of 14 ARA-derived oxylipins, ten LA-derived oxylipins, six ALA-derived oxylipins, four DHA-derived oxylipins and two EPA-related oxylipins were measured by ultra-HPLC-MS/MS at multiple timepoints related to autoantibody seroconversion in 72 type 1 diabetes cases and 71 control participants, which were frequency matched on age at autoantibody seroconversion (of the case), ethnicity and sample availability. Linear mixed models were used to obtain an age-adjusted mean of each oxylipin prior to type 1 diabetes. Age-adjusted mean oxylipins were tested for association with type 1 diabetes using logistic regression, adjusting for the high risk HLA genotype HLA-DR3/4,DQB1*0302. We also performed principal component analysis of the oxylipins and tested principal components (PCs) for association with type 1 diabetes. Finally, to investigate potential critical timepoints, we examined the association of oxylipins measured before and after autoantibody seroconversion (of the cases) using PCs of the oxylipins at those visits. RESULTS The ARA-related oxylipin 5-HETE was associated with increased type 1 diabetes risk. Five LA-related oxylipins, two ALA-related oxylipins and one DHA-related oxylipin were associated with decreased type 1 diabetes risk. A profile of elevated LA- and ALA-related oxylipins (PC1) was associated with decreased type 1 diabetes risk (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40, 0.94). A profile of elevated ARA-related oxylipins (PC2) was associated with increased diabetes risk (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.03, 2.29). A critical timepoint analysis showed type 1 diabetes was associated with a high ARA-related oxylipin profile at post-autoantibody-seroconversion but not pre-seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The protective association of higher LA- and ALA-related oxylipins demonstrates the importance of both inflammation promotion and resolution in type 1 diabetes. Proinflammatory ARA-related oxylipins may play an important role once the autoimmune process has begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Buckner
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick M Carry
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Fran Dong
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marian Rewers
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Mak TN, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Tassy M, Capanzana MV, Offord EA. Contribution of Milk Beverages to Nutrient Adequacy of Young Children and Preschool Children in the Philippines. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020392. [PMID: 32024102 PMCID: PMC7071197 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a major public health concern in the Philippines. Milk and dairy products are important sources of energy, protein, and micronutrients for normal growth and development in children. This study aims to assess the contribution of different types of milk to nutrient intakes and nutrient adequacy among young and preschool children in the Philippines. Filipino children aged one to four years (n = 2992) were analysed while using dietary intake data from the 8th National Nutrition Survey 2013. Children were stratified by age (one to two years and three to four years) and by milk beverage consumption type: young children milk (YCM) and preschool children milk (PCM), other milks (mostly powdered milk with different degrees of fortification of micronutrients), and non-dairy consumers (no milks or dairy products). The mean nutrient intakes and the odds of meeting nutrient adequacy by consumer groups were compared, percentage of children with inadequate intakes were calculated. Half (51%) of Filipino children (all ages) did not consume any dairy on a given day, 15% consumed YCM or PCM, and 34% consumed other milks. Among children one to two years, those who consumed YCM had higher mean intakes of iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, B vitamins, folate, and vitamins C, D, and E (all p < 0.001) when compared to other milk consumers. Non-dairy consumers had mean intakes of energy, total fat, fibre, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, zinc, folate, and vitamins D and E that were far below the recommendations. Children who consumed YCM or PCM had the highest odds in meeting adequacy of iron, zinc, thiamin, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamins C, D, and E as compared to other milks or non-dairy consumers, after adjusting for covariates. This study supports the hypothesis that dairy consumers had higher intakes of micronutrients and higher nutrient adequacy than children who consumed no milk or dairy products. Secondly, YCM or PCM have demonstrated to be good dairy options to achieve nutrient adequacy in Filipino children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Ning Mak
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.T.); (E.A.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa
- Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City 1631, Philippines; (I.A.-A.); (M.V.C.)
| | - Marie Tassy
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.T.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Mario V. Capanzana
- Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City 1631, Philippines; (I.A.-A.); (M.V.C.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Offord
- Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.T.); (E.A.O.)
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