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Lestari SM, Khatun MF, Acharya R, Sharma SR, Shrestha YK, Jahan SMH, Aye TT, Lynn OM, Win NKK, Hoat TX, Thi Dao H, Tsai CW, Lee J, Hwang HS, Kil EJ, Lee S, Kim SM, Lee KY. Genetic diversity of cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci in Asia. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21981. [PMID: 36331499 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is a species complex consisting of various genetically different cryptic species worldwide. To understand the genetic characteristics and geographic distribution of cryptic species of B. tabaci in Asia, we conducted an extensive collection of B. tabaci samples in ten Asian countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam) from 2013 to 2020 and determined 56 different partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA. In addition, information on 129 COI sequences of B. tabaci identified from 16 Asian countries was downloaded from the GenBank database. Among the total 185 COI sequences of B. tabaci, the sequence variation reached to 19.68%. In addition, there were 31 cryptic species updated from 16 countries in Asia, that is, Asia I, Asia I India, Asia II (1-13), Asia III, Asia IV, Asia V, China 1-6, MEAM (1, 2, K), MED, Australia/Indonesia, Japan (1 and 2). Further, MED cryptic species consisted of 2 clades, Q1 and Q2. This study provides updated information to understand the genetic variation and geographic diversity of B. tabaci in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanti Mugi Lestari
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mst Fatema Khatun
- Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajendra Acharya
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sushant Raj Sharma
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - S M Hemayet Jahan
- Department of Entomology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Tin-Tin Aye
- Department of Entomology, Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Myanmar
| | - Ohn Mar Lynn
- Department of Entomology, Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Myanmar
| | - Nang Kyu Kyu Win
- Department of Plant Pathology, Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Myanmar
| | | | - Hang Thi Dao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jangha Lee
- PT. Koreana Seed Indonesia, Kediri Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Hwal-Su Hwang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Plant Medicine, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sunkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Kim
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Bertin S, Parrella G, Nannini M, Guercio G, Troiano E, Tomassoli L. Distribution and Genetic Variability of Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Italy. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060521. [PMID: 34199806 PMCID: PMC8229085 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is a key pest of horticultural, fibre and ornamental crops worldwide, primarily as a vector of plant viruses. In Italy, B. tabaci has established since the 1980s-1990s in southern regions as well as in Sicily and Sardinia. Recent reports of infestations in some areas of central Italy prompted a new survey to assess the whitefly distribution in the country as well as to update the species and haplotype composition of the populations present in southern Italy and in the main islands. The survey confirmed that B. tabaci is nowadays established in central Italy even at more northern latitudes than those noticed before. Most of the specimens collected throughout the country belonged to the Mediterranean (MED) species. The MEDQ1 and Q2 haplogroups were prevailing in open-field and greenhouse cultivations, respectively, except in Sardinia where only Q1 specimens were found on a wide range of crops and weeds. Population genetics analyses showed that several MEDQ1 haplotypes currently occur in Italy and their distribution is unrelated to evident temporal and geographic trends, except for a new genetic variant which seems to have originated in Sardinia. The MED species is known to better adapt to insecticide treatments and high temperatures, and its northward spread in Italy may have been favoured by the intensive agricultural practices and steady increase in both winter and summer temperatures occurring in the last few decades. The extensive presence of B. tabaci in Italy proves that a strict surveillance for possible new outbreaks of whitefly-transmitted viruses should be addressed to a range of sites that are expanding northwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bertin
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-8207-0242
| | - Giuseppe Parrella
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, Napoli, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Mauro Nannini
- Agris Sardegna, Servizio Ricerca Studi Ambientali, Difesa delle Colture e Qualità Delle Produzioni, Viale Trieste 111, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Guercio
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (L.T.)
| | - Elisa Troiano
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, Napoli, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Laura Tomassoli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, via C.G. Bertero 22, 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (L.T.)
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3
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Hu J, Yang JJ, Liu BM, Cui HY, Zhang YJ, Jiao XG. Feeding behavior explains the different effects of cabbage on MEAM1 and MED cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1276-1284. [PMID: 31769205 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MEAM1 (Middle East-Asia Minor 1, "B" biotype) and MED (Mediterranean, "Q" biotype) are the two most destructive cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci complex on the planet. Our previous studies have shown that MEAM1 outcompetes MED on cabbage; the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the Brassicaceae family, the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system plays a crucial role in deterring feeding, inhibiting growth, and causing acute toxicity against a wide range of generalist herbivores. In the present study, we first compared the survival of MEAM1 and MED exposed to sinigrin (a glucosinolate) and myrosinase (an enzyme that degrades glucosinolates); we found that survival of both species was high in response to sinigrin alone but was near zero in response to sinigrin + myrosinase. We then used electropenetrography (electrical penetration graphs, EPG) to assess the feeding behaviors of MEAM1 and MED whiteflies on cabbage. The EPG results revealed that the mean duration of each potential drop (pd, indicating an intracellular puncture) was substantially longer for MED than MEAM1 on cabbage, indicating that the exposure to the toxic hydrolysates of glucosinolate and myrosinase is greater for MED than for MEAM1. We therefore conclude that differences in penetrating behaviors may help explain the different effects of cabbage on MEAM1 and MED whitefly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ming Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Ying Cui
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wongnikong W, van Brunschot SL, Hereward JP, De Barro PJ, Walter GH. Testing mate recognition through reciprocal crosses of two native populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Australia. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:328-339. [PMID: 31640818 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) represents a relatively large cryptic species complex. Australia has at least two native populations of B. tabaci sensu lato and these were first found on different host plants in different parts of Australia. The species status of these populations has not been resolved, although their mitochondrial sequences differ by 3.82-4.20%. We addressed the question of whether these AUSI and AUSII B. tabaci populations are distinct species. We used reciprocal cross-mating tests to establish whether the insects from these different populations recognize one another as potential mating partners. The results show that the two native Australian populations of B. tabaci have a mating sequence with four phases, each of which is described. Not all pairs in the control crosses mated and the frequency of mating differed across them. Some pairs in the AUSI-M × AUSII-F did mate (15%) and did produce female progeny, but the frequency was extremely low relative to controls. Microsatellite genotyping of the female progeny produced in the crosses showed these matings were successful. None of the AUSII-M × AUSI-F crosses mated although some of the males did search for females. These results demonstrate the critical role of the mate recognition process and the need to assess this directly in cross-mating tests if the species status of different populations is to be tested realistically. In short, AUSI and AUSII B. tabaci populations are distinct species because the individual males and females do not recognize individuals of the alternative population as potential mating partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wongnikong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - S L van Brunschot
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
- Agriculture, Health & Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - J P Hereward
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - P J De Barro
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia
| | - G H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
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Hashmi TR, Devi SR, Ahmad A, Meshram NM, Prasad R. Genetic Status and Endosymbionts Diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on Hosts Belonging to Family Malvaceae in India. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:207-218. [PMID: 30374735 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A study was instigated to examine the genetic status and distribution of known endosymbionts namely Portiera, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus in the populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from three host plants: cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), and China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) belonging to the family Malvaceae. The presence of four secondary endosymbionts Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus was checked in Bemisia tabaci populations. Phylogenetic analyses grounded on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1) unveiled the presence of Asia 1, Asia II 1, and Asia II 7 genetic groups for Bemisia tabaci on abovementioned crops. Individuals were examined for symbiotic bacterial infection with specific primers amplifying the 16S rRNA gene for Portiera, Rickettsia, Cardinium, and Wolbachia, and the 23S rRNA gene for Arsenophonus. The results show that Portiera was present in all the Bemisia tabaci samples. However, variations were noted in the circulation frequencies of secondary endosymbionts among the Bemisia tabaci populations. A significant difference was noticed in the distribution frequency of Rickettsia between cotton and China rose or okra with their p values as 0.016 and 0.033 respectively. The uneven incidence of secondary endosymbionts ropes the assumption that each endosymbiotic bacterium not only has a role in the endurance but may contribute to the polyphagous nature of Bemisia tabaci. It also brings an uncomplicated evidence for progressive studies on control measures of this notorious insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Hashmi
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - S R Devi
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A Ahmad
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - N M Meshram
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - R Prasad
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mostafiz MM, Jhan PK, Shim JK, Lee KY. Methyl benzoate exhibits insecticidal and repellent activities against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208552. [PMID: 30513123 PMCID: PMC6279029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl benzoate (MB) is a plant-derived volatile organic compound with insecticidal properties, but such activity has not been evaluated against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a major crop pest. In this study, we tested methyl benzoate control efficacy on B. tabaci infecting tomato plants in a greenhouse, specifically measuring contact and fumigant toxicity, as well as repellent activity. For direct spray applications of 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% MB onto tomato leaves infested with adults of B. tabaci (< 5-d-old), 2% MB showed the highest corrected mortality (100%) at 24 h post-treatment. For residual toxicity in which the same MB solutions were sprayed onto tomato leaves and allowed to dry for 2 h before < 5-d-old adults were released, the 2% MB also showed the highest corrected mortality (100%) at 48 h post-treatment. The lethal median concentration (LC50) for eggs, fourth-instar nymphs, and adults were 0.3%, 0.2%, and 0.2%, respectively. In pot culture experiments, 1% MB concentration was found more effective at killing nymphs and preventing adult eclosion than all other concentrations, and gave 100 percent population reduction compared with the control. MB repelled adult whiteflies and caused 96.5% fumigant toxicity within 10 h post-treatment. Repellency and anti-oviposition rates against B. tabaci had median effective doses of 0.24% and 0.16%, respectively. Our results suggest that MB has strong potential as an environmentally friendly biopesticide for control of B. tabaci but field trials and further greenhouse studies are required to establish efficacy under more natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Munir Mostafiz
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Pijush Kanti Jhan
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyoung Shim
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Gunwi, Republic of Korea
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7
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Khatun MF, Jahan SMH, Lee S, Lee KY. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of the Bemisia tabaci species complex in Bangladesh. Acta Trop 2018; 187:28-36. [PMID: 30055176 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a species complex consisting of at least 40 cryptic species. Although the genetic diversity of B. tabaci has been studied in various regions, little is known about distribution in Bangladesh, which is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. We conducted an extensive survey throughout the country and determined the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) from 110 individuals. We then examined phylogenetic relationships. The results identified four cryptic species that expressed distinct interspecific variation but low intraspecific variation. Asia I was the most abundant, both Asia II 1 and Asia II 5 were moderately abundant, and Asia II 10 was found only in the central region. COI sequences of each cryptic species were distinctive and differentiated into many haplotypes. Our study provides important information to better understand the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of cryptic species in Bangladesh and nearby countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Khatun
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M H Jahan
- Department of Entomology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Li YH, Ahmed MZ, Li SJ, Lv N, Shi PQ, Chen XS, Qiu BL. Plant-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia endosymbiont between different whitefly species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 93:4562589. [PMID: 29069333 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have revealed the presence of closely related endosymbionts in phylogenetically distant arthropods, indicating horizontal transmission of these bacteria. Here we investigated the interspecific horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between two globally invasive whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and B. tabaci MED, via cotton plants. We found both scattered and confined distribution patterns of Rickettsia in these whiteflies. After entering cotton leaves, Rickettsia was restricted to the leaf phloem vessels and could be taken up by both species of the Rickettsia-free whitefly adults, but only the scattered pattern was observed in the recipient whiteflies. Both the relative quantity of Rickettsia and the efficiency of transmitting Rickettsia into cotton leaves were significantly higher in MEAM1 females than in MED females. The retention time of Rickettsia transmitted from MEAM1 into cotton leaves was at least 5 days longer than that of MED. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and gltA genes confirmed that the Rickettsia extracted from the donor MEAM1, the cotton leaves, the recipient MEAM1 and the recipient MED were all identical. We conclude that cotton plants can mediate horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between different insect species, and that the transmission dynamics of Rickettsia vary with different host whitefly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA
| | - Shao-Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ning Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pei-Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
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9
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Hashmi TR, Devi SR, Meshram NM, Prasad R. Assessment of bacterial endosymbionts and the host, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), using rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:e1433442. [PMID: 29497475 PMCID: PMC5824966 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1433442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts are vital factor for arthropod ecology. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex composed of more than 34 putative species. Moreover to the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, six secondary endosymbionts Cardinium, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Hamiltonella and Fritschea are known in B. tabaci. Here, we tested four of the six secondary endosymbiont lineages (excluding Fritschea and Hamiltonella) from 180 whitely individuals collected from six host plants belonging to families Solanaceae (Brinjal, Tomato and Potato) and Fabaceae (Soyabean, Mungbean and Subabool). Phylogenetic studies grounded on the mitochondrial cytochrome I gene revealed the presence of Asia 1, Asia II 1 and Asia II 7 genetic groups for B. tabaci. Specific primers targeting 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA gene were used for estimating the bacterial endosymbionts. As a primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum was present in all the studied samples; whereas, an uneven distribution of secondary endosymbionts were recorded. Overall our finding exposes the variation and diversity of endosymbionts within the B. tabaci collected from different host plants and outlines the genetic groups of the insect pest. The study delivers a significant information concerning the circulation of secondary endosymbionts with host preferences of B. tabaci and provides suggestion for progressive studies on targeting the specific endosymbionts with respect to host for the control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen Raza Hashmi
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Salam Rita Devi
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh M Meshram
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Jiu M, Hu J, Wang LJ, Dong JF, Song YQ, Sun HZ. Cryptic Species Identification and Composition of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Complex in Henan Province, China. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3860170. [PMID: 28973577 PMCID: PMC5538324 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex, causing significant crop losses in China during the last decade. Although knowledge of cryptic species composition and dynamics within B. tabaci complex is critical for developing sustainable pest management strategies, limited information is available on this pest in the Henan province of China. A systematic survey of the cryptic species composition and distribution of B. tabaci complex in different locations of Henan province was conducted in 2012. The results of RAPD-PCR and the gene for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit-1 (mtCOI) based phylogenetic relationships established using Bayesian method indicated there were four known cryptic species MEAM1, MED, Asia II 3, Asia II 9 and a new cryptic species named China 6 in Henan province. In the survey, the invasive cryptic species MED and MEAM1 were found to be predominant with wide spread distribution across the surveyed regions. On the contrary, the indigenous B. tabaci cryptic species including Asia II 3, Asia II 9 and China 6 remained with low prevalence in some surveyed regions. Cryptic species MEAM1 and MED have not completely displaced the native B. tabaci in Henan province. This current study for the first time unifies our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of B. tabaci across Henan province of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China (; )
| | - Jian Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223 Kunming, China
| | - Lun-Ji Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China (; )
| | - Jun-Feng Dong
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China (; )
| | - Yue-Qin Song
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China (; )
| | - Hui-Zhong Sun
- College of Agricultural, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China ()
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Hu J, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Zhang F, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. New putative cryptic species detection and genetic network analysis of Bemisia tabaci (Hempitera: Aleyrodidae) in China based on mitochondrial COI sequences. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2017; 29:474-484. [PMID: 28366102 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2017.1307974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex and widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. To understand the B. tabaci cryptic species diversity in China more comprehensively, in the year 2014 and 2016, a large-scale sampling was conducted from the famous biodiversity hotspot of China, Yunnan province. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences were used to identify new putative cryptic species. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian methods to evaluate the position of new cryptic species in the context of the B. tabaci diversity in Asia. Two new cryptic species, China 5 and Asia V were identified. In total, 19 B. tabaci cryptic species are present in China, two invasive (MED and MEAM1) and 17 indigenous. A new sibling species of B. tabaci was first defined and reported. Based on the mtCOI sequences and haplotype network analyses, the genetic diversity of MED was far higher than MEAM1. We confirmed the exotic MED was originated from the western Mediterranean regions and first invaded into Yunnan, China. The genetic structures of other four indigenous species (Asia I, Asia II 1, Asia II 6, and China 1) with relatively wide distribution ranges in China were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- a Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation , Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- a Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation , Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Zhilin Jiang
- b School of Biology and Chemistry, Pu'er University , Pu'er , China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- a Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation , Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- a Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation , Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Zhan Li
- a Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation , Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- a Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation , Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
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Kong H, Zeng Y, Xie W, Wang S, Wu Q, Jiao X, Xu B, Zhang Y. Differing Behavioural Responses of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED to Cabbage Damaged by Conspecifics and Heterospecifics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35095. [PMID: 27731417 PMCID: PMC5059710 DOI: 10.1038/srep35095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest with an extensive host range. Previous research has shown that B. tabaci is a species complex with many cryptic species or biotypes and that the two most important species are MEAM1 (Middle East-Minor Asia 1) and MED (Mediterranean genetic group). MEAM1 and MED are known to differ in their preference for cabbage, Brassica oleracea, as a host plant, however, the mechanism underlying this preference is unknown. In the current study, a host choice experiment showed that MED prefers to settle and oviposit on undamaged cabbage plants rather than MED-damaged cabbage plants. However, MEAM1 prefers MED-damaged cabbage plants to undamaged plants and does not exhibit a significant preference for undamaged or MEAM1-damaged cabbage plants. On the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, the following volatiles were released in larger quantities from Q-damaged cabbage plants than from undamaged plants: 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, benzenemethanol, (E)-2-decenol, benzaldehyde, nonanal, acetic acid geraniol ester, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, decane, and α-longipinene. Only one volatile, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, was released in greater quantities from MEAM1-damaged cabbage plants than from undamaged plants. Our results suggest that differences in herbivore-induced host volatile release may help explain the differences between the preference of B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED for cabbage as a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Kong
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China.,School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Qin L, Pan LL, Liu SS. Further insight into reproductive incompatibility between putative cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly complex. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:215-24. [PMID: 27001484 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with its global distribution and extensive genetic diversity, is now known to be a complex of over 35 cryptic species. However, a satisfactory resolution of the systematics of this species complex is yet to be achieved. Here, we designed experiments to examine reproductive compatibility among species with different levels of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) divergence. The data show that putative species with mtCOI divergence of >8% between them consistently exhibited complete reproductive isolation. However, two of the putative species, Asia II 9 and Asia II 3, with mtCOI divergence of 4.47% between them, exhibited near complete reproductive compatibility in one direction of their cross, and partial reproductive compatibility in the other direction. Together with some recent reports on this topic from the literature, our data indicates that, while divergence in the mtCOI sequences provides a valid molecular marker for species delimitation in most clades, more genetic markers and more sophisticated molecular phylogeny will be required to achieve adequate delimitation of all species in this whitefly complex. While many attempts have been made to examine the reproductive compatibility among genetic groups of the B. tabaci complex, our study represents the first effort to conduct crossing experiments with putative species that were chosen with considerations of their genetic divergence. In light of the new data, we discuss the best strategy and protocols to conduct further molecular phylogenetic analysis and crossing trials, in order to reveal the overall pattern of reproductive incompatibility among species of this whitefly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Ellango R, Singh ST, Rana VS, Gayatri Priya N, Raina H, Chaubey R, Naveen NC, Mahmood R, Ramamurthy VV, Asokan R, Rajagopal R. Distribution of Bemisia tabaci Genetic Groups in India. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1258-1264. [PMID: 26314072 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a phloem-feeding, economically important pest of crops worldwide. In addition to direct damage, it also vectors a number of plant viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae. Its populations differ biologically with respect to insecticide resistance, virus transmission and host range. Therefore, understanding genetic variation among populations is important for management. We sequenced 850 bp of the mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) gene from B. tabaci populations surveyed across India. BLAST analysis of the mtCOI sequences generated in this study with sequences from the mtCOI dataset showed the presence of one invasive group, MEAM1, and eight other groups of B. tabaci in India. mtCOI sequence analyses showed the presence of Asia I, Asia I-India, Asia II-1, Asia II-5, Asia II-7, Asia II-8, and Asia II-11 genetic groups. We also found China-3 in a field in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India, suggesting a role of anthropogenic activities in the distribution of B. tabaci. Interestingly, more than one genetic group was found coexisting in the same field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ellango
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India-560089. Contributed Equally
| | - Shalini Thakur Singh
- Contributed Equally. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007
| | | | - N Gayatri Priya
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007
| | - Harpreet Raina
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India-560089.Contributed Equally.Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007.Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012.Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga-577451, India
| | - Rahul Chaubey
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012
| | - N C Naveen
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga-577451, India
| | - V V Ramamurthy
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012
| | - R Asokan
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India-560089.Contributed Equally.Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007.Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, India-110012.Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga-577451, India.
| | - R Rajagopal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India-110007.
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15
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Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S, Jiao X, Guo L, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Transcriptome analysis of host-associated differentiation in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Front Physiol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25540625 PMCID: PMC4261700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated differentiation is one of the driving forces behind the diversification of phytophagous insects. In this study, host induced transcriptomic differences were investigated in the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci, an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Comparative transcriptomic analyses using coding sequence (CDS), 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) showed that sequence divergences between the original host plant, cabbage, and the derived hosts, including cotton, cucumber and tomato, were 0.11–0.14%, 0.19–0.26%, and 0.15–0.21%, respectively. In comparison to the derived hosts, 418 female and 303 male transcripts, respectively, were up-regulated in the original cabbage strain. Among them, 17 transcripts were consistently up-regulated in both female and male whiteflies originated from the cabbage host. Specifically, two ESTs annotated as Cathepsin B or Cathepsin B-like genes were significantly up-regulated in the original cabbage strain, representing a transcriptomic response to the dietary challenges imposed by the host shifting. Results from our transcriptome analysis, in conjunction with previous reports documenting the minor changes in their reproductive capacity, insecticide susceptibility, symbiotic composition and feeding behavior, suggest that the impact of host-associated differentiation in whiteflies is limited. Furthermore, it is unlikely the major factor contributing to their rapid range expansion/invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Litao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
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Parrella G, Nappo AG, Manco E, Greco B, Giorgini M. Invasion of the Q2 mitochondrial variant of Mediterranean Bemisia tabaci in southern Italy: possible role of bacterial endosymbionts. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1514-1523. [PMID: 24272923 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a complex of cryptic species, some of which, namely the Mediterranean (MED) and the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), are highly invasive and injurious crop pests worldwide and able to displace local genotypes. Invasiveness of B. tabaci may depend on the phenotype of inherited bacterial endosymbionts. Here, the B. tabaci genetic diversity variation that has occurred in recent years in southern Italy was examined. Whitefly was genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase-chain-reaction-amplified fragments (PCR-RFLP) of the COI gene and molecular identification of endosymbionts. Possible factors leading to the observed genetic diversity were examined. RESULTS Q1 and Q2 mitochondrial types of MED, the only species found, coexisted in the field, while MEAM1 disappeared. A large spreading of Q2 (70% of individuals) was observed for the first time in Italy. Q2 showed a significant female-biased sex ratio and largely outnumbered Q1 on solanaceous hosts, in greenhouses and on insecticide-treated plants. Q1, with an even sex ratio, slightly prevailed on non-solanaceous hosts, especially on wild and untreated plants. Endosymbiont composition was associated with the mitochondrial type. Hamiltonella and Rickettsia were found at near fixation in Q1 and Q2 respectively; Arsenophonus, Cardinium and Wolbachia were found in both types, although at different frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Q2 invasion seems to have been favoured by the agroecological conditions of southern Italy and by the female-biased sex ratio. Endosymbionts may have a role in Q2 invasiveness, acting as sex-ratio manipulators (e.g. Rickettsia) and possibly by benefiting the host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Parrella
- National Research Council, Institute for Plant Protection, Portici, Napoli, Italy
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17
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Gauthier N, Clouet C, Perrakis A, Kapantaidaki D, Peterschmitt M, Tsagkarakou A. Genetic structure of Bemisia tabaci Med populations from home-range countries, inferred by nuclear and cytoplasmic markers: impact on the distribution of the insecticide resistance genes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1477-1491. [PMID: 24458589 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance management in Bemisia tabaci is one of the main issues facing agricultural production today. An extensive survey was undertaken in five Mediterranean countries to examine the resistance status of Med B. tabaci species in its range of geographic origin and the relationship between population genetic structure and the distribution of resistance genes. The investigation combined molecular diagnostic tests, sequence and microsatellite polymorphism studies and monitoring of endosymbionts. RESULTS High frequencies of pyrethroid (L925I and T929V, VGSC gene) and organophosphate (F331W, ace1 gene) resistance mutations were found in France, Spain and Greece, but not in Morocco or Tunisia. Sequence analyses of the COI gene delineated two closely related mitochondrial groups (Q1 and Q2), which were found either sympatrically (Spain) or separately (France). Only Q1 was observed in Greece, Morocco and Tunisia. Bayesian analyses based on microsatellite loci revealed three geographically delineated genetic groups (France, Spain, Morocco/Greece/Tunisia) and high levels of genetic differentiation even between neighbouring samples. Evidence was also found for hybridisation and asymmetrical gene flow between Q1 and Q2. CONCLUSIONS Med B. tabaci is more diverse and structured than reported so far. On a large geographic scale, resistance is affected by population genetic structure, whereas on a local scale, agricultural practices appear to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gauthier
- IRD UMR (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro) Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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18
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Liu X, Xiang W, Jiao X, Zhang Y, Xie W, Wu Q, Zhou X, Wang S. Effects of plant virus and its insect vector on Encarsia formosa, a biocontrol agent of whiteflies. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5926. [PMID: 25096549 PMCID: PMC4122976 DOI: 10.1038/srep05926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the tritrophic interactions among a persistently transmitted plant virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), its insect vector, the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and a parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan, one of the most extensively used biological control agents. As an emerging invasive pest worldwide, the two most damaging whiteflies are B. tabaci B and Q cryptic species. On healthy tomato plants, parasitoid-induced mortality was significantly higher in B. tabaci B than in Q. In contrast, similar mortality levels of B and Q were observed on TYLCV-infected plants. A higher rate of parasitism was consistently observed in B, independent of the TYLCV infection. Similarly, the life history traits of E. formosa were influenced by both TYLCV and the two cryptic species of B. tabaci. Specifically, E. formosa parasitizing B had a greater adult longevity and shorter developmental time on healthy plants, whereas the parasitoids developing from Q has a greater adult longevity on TYLCV-infected plants. The emergence rate of E. formosa was unaffected by either B. tabaci cryptic species or the virus. These results suggest that the vector-borne pathogen can manipulate the host suitability of a parasitoid and hence the parasitoid-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Department of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Department of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, U.S.A
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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Sun DB, Li J, Liu YQ, Crowder DW, Liu SS. Effects of reproductive interference on the competitive displacement between two invasive whiteflies. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:334-46. [PMID: 24521733 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive interference is one of the major factors mediating species exclusion among insects. The cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex have invaded many parts of the world and often exhibit niche overlap and reproductive interference. However, contrasting patterns of competitive displacement between the two invaders have been observed between regions such as those in USA and China. Understanding the roles of reproductive interference in competitive interactions between populations of the two species in different regions will help unravel other factors related to their invasion. We integrated laboratory population experiments, behavioural observations and simulation modelling to investigate the role of reproductive interference on species exclusion between MEAM1 and MED in China. In mixed cohorts of the two species MEAM1 always excluded MED in a few generations when the initial proportion of MEAM1 was ⩾0.25. Even when the initial proportion of MEAM1 was only 0.10, however, MEAM1 still had a higher probability of excluding MED than that for MED to exclude MEAM1. Importantly, we show that as MEAM1 increased in relative abundance, MED populations became increasingly male-biased. Detailed behavioural observations confirmed that MEAM1 showed a stronger reproductive interference than MED, leading to reduced frequency of copulation and female progeny production in MED. Using simulation modelling, we linked our behavioural observations with exclusion experiments to show that interspecific asymmetric reproductive interference predicts the rate of species exclusion of MED by MEAM1. These findings not only reveal the importance of reproductive interference in the competitive interactions between the two invasive whiteflies as well as the detailed behavioural mechanisms, but also provide a valuable framework against which the effects of other factors mediating species exclusion can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Bing Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, PO Box 646382, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Transcriptomic dissection of sexual differences in Bemisia tabaci, an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4088. [PMID: 24526031 PMCID: PMC3924218 DOI: 10.1038/srep04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex difference involving chromosomes and gene expression has been extensively documented. In this study, the gender difference in the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci was investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis. Gender-based RNAseq data produced 27 Gb reads, and subsequent de novo assembly generated 93,948 transcripts with a N50 of 1,853 bp. A total of 1,351 differentially expressed genes were identified between male and female B. tabaci, and majority of them were female-biased. Pathway and GO enrichment experiments exhibited a gender-specific expression, including enriched translation in females, and enhanced structural constituent of cuticle in male whiteflies. In addition, a putative transformer2 gene (tra2) was cloned, and the structural feature and expression profile of tra2 were investigated. Sexually dimorphic transcriptome is an uncharted territory for the agricultural insect pests. Molecular understanding of sex determination in B. tabaci, an emerging invasive insect pest worldwide, will provide potential molecular target(s) for genetic pest control alternatives.
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21
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Hu J, Chen YD, Jiang ZL, Nardi F, Yang TY, Jin J, Zhang ZK. Global haplotype analysis of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci cryptic species Asia I in Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 26:232-41. [PMID: 24460161 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.830289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidiae), is a cryptic species complex comprising a minimum of 24 cryptic species. Some members of this complex are important agricultural pests, causing considerable damage to vegetable as well as ornamental and horticultural crops. Asia I, one of the cryptic species of B. tabaci, is widely distributed in Asia. One hundred and sixty mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences from eight countries have been analyzed to investigate the geographic origin and current genetic structure of this cryptic species. Sixty different haplotypes were identified, with levels of genetic distances ranging from 0.001 to 0.021. A sign of possible genetic differentiation emerges from the differential distribution of dominant haplotypes in Indonesia and India compared to China. A possible ancient separation between Asia I in India and Indonesia and secondary contact in China has been hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
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22
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Hu J, Jiang ZL, Nardi F, Liu YY, Luo XR, Li HX, Zhang ZK. Members of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species and the status of two invasive alien species in the Yunnan Province (China). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu143. [PMID: 25502045 PMCID: PMC5657883 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex that includes some of the most significant pests of agriculture and horticulture worldwide. To understand the diversity and distribution of B. tabaci cryptic species in Yunnan, a famous biodiversity hotspot in China, a large-scale sampling was conducted from year 2010 to 2013 in 10 prefectures. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences were used to identify different cryptic species. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian methods to assess the position of a new B. tabaci cryptic species in the context of the B. tabaci diversity in Asia. The survey indicates at least eight B. tabaci cryptic species are present in Yunnan, two invasive (MEAM1 and MED) and six indigenous (China 2, China3, China 4, Asia I, Asia II 1, and Asia II 6), MEAM1, MED, and Asia I being the three predominant cryptic species in Yunnan. Compared with MEAM1, MED has a wider distribution. Based on molecular data, a new cryptic species, here named China 4, was identified that appears to be related to China 1, China 2, and China 3. Future efforts should focus on the interactions between predominant B. tabaci cryptic species and begomoviruses and on the development of effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | | | - Francesco Nardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Luo
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jinghong City, 666100, Jinghong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Li
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of XiShuangBanNa State, 666100, Jinghong, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
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Tahiri A, Halkett F, Granier M, Gueguen G, Peterschmitt M. Evidence of gene flow between sympatric populations of the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 and Mediterranean putative species ofBemisia tabaci. Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Dickey AM, Hall PM, Shatters RG, Mckenzie CL. Evolution and homoplasy at the Bem6 microsatellite locus in three sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) cryptic species. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:249. [PMID: 23819589 PMCID: PMC3716913 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of individual microsatellite loci is often complex and homoplasy is common but often goes undetected. Sequencing alleles at a microsatellite locus can provide a more complete picture of the common evolutionary mechanisms occurring at that locus and can reveal cases of homoplasy. Within species homoplasy can lead to an underestimate of differentiation among populations and among species homoplasy can produce a misleading interpretation regarding shared alleles and hybridization. This is especially problematic with cryptic species. RESULTS By sequencing alleles from three cryptic species of the sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), designated MEAM1, MED, and NW, the evolution of the putatively dinucleotide Bem6 (CA₈)imp microsatellite locus is inferred as one of primarily stepwise mutation occurring at four distinct heptaucleotide tandem repeats. In two of the species this pattern yields a compound tandem repeat. Homoplasy was detected both among species and within species. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of sequencing, size homoplasious alleles at the Bem6 locus lead to an overestimate of alleles shared and hybridization among cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci. Furthermore, the compound heptanucleotide motif structure of a putative dinucleotide microsatellite has implications for the nomenclature of heptanucleotide tandem repeats with step-wise evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Dickey
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Current address: Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, 2725 Binion Rd, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Paula M Hall
- Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, 2725 Binion Rd, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Robert G Shatters
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Cindy L Mckenzie
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Péréfarres F, Thierry M, Becker N, Lefeuvre P, Reynaud B, Delatte H, Lett JM. Biological invasions of geminiviruses: case study of TYLCV and Bemisia tabaci in Reunion Island. Viruses 2012; 4:3665-88. [PMID: 23235470 PMCID: PMC3528285 DOI: 10.3390/v4123665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, molecular ecology approaches have proven to be extremely useful to identify and assess factors associated with viral emerging diseases, particularly in economically and socially important tropical crops such as maize (maize streak disease) and cassava (cassava mosaic disease). Molecular ecology approaches were applied in Reunion Island to analyze the epidemic of tomato yellow leaf curl disease, which has been affecting the island since the end of the 1990s. Before the invasive biotype B (currently known as Middle East-Asia Minor 1 cryptic species) of Bemisia tabaci spread across the world, Reunion Island (South West Indian Ocean) only hosted an indigenous biotype of B. tabaci, Ms (currently known as Indian Ocean cryptic species). Wild hybrids between invasive and indigenous species were subsequently characterized over multiple generations. Endosymbiont analysis of the hybrid population indicated that matings were non-random. Similarly, while no indigenous begomoviruses have ever been reported on Reunion Island, the two main strains of one of the most damaging and emerging plant viruses in the world, the Mild and Israel strains of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Mld and TYLCV-IL), were introduced in 1997 and 2004 respectively. While these introductions extensively modified the agricultural landscape of Reunion Island, they also provided an invaluable opportunity to study the ecological and genetic mechanisms involved in biological invasion and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Péréfarres
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Magali Thierry
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Nathalie Becker
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, USM 601, CNRS UMR 5202 Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France; E-Mail:
| | - Pierre Lefeuvre
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Bernard Reynaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Hélène Delatte
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
| | - Jean-Michel Lett
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 97410 Saint-Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France; E-Mails: (F.P.); (M.T.); (P.L.); (B.R.); (H.D.); (J.-M.L.)
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Tay WT, Evans GA, Boykin LM, De Barro PJ. Will the real Bemisia tabaci please stand up? PLoS One 2012; 7:e50550. [PMID: 23209778 PMCID: PMC3509048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Panayiotis Gennadius first identified the whitefly, Aleyrodes tabaci in 1889, there have been numerous revisions of the taxonomy of what has since become one of the world's most damaging insect pests. Most of the taxonomic revisions have been based on synonymising different species under the name Bemisia tabaci. It is now considered that there is sufficient biological, behavioural and molecular genetic data to support its being a cryptic species complex composed of at least 34 morphologically indistinguishable species. The first step in revising the taxonomy of this complex involves matching the A. tabaci collected in 1889 to one of the members of the species complex using molecular genetic data. To do this we extracted and then amplified a 496 bp fragment from the 3' end of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase one (mtCOI) gene belonging to a single whitefly taken from Gennadius' original 1889 collection. The sequence identity of this 123 year-old specimen enabled unambiguous assignment to a single haplotype known from 13 Mediterranean locations across Greece and Tunisia. This enabled us to unambiguously assign the Gennadius A. tabaci to the member of the B. tabaci cryptic species complex known as Mediterranean or as it is commonly, but erroneously referred to, as the 'Q-biotype'. Mediterranean is therefore the real B. tabaci. This study demonstrates the importance of matching museum syntypes with known species to assist in the delimitation of cryptic species based on the organism's biology and molecular genetic data. This study is the first step towards the reclassification of B. tabaci which is central to an improved understanding how best to manage this globally important agricultural and horticultural insect pest complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Wang P, Crowder DW, Liu SS. Roles of mating behavioural interactions and life history traits in the competition between alien and indigenous whiteflies. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:395-405. [PMID: 22377396 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531100071x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Interference competition between closely related alien and indigenous species often influences the outcome of biological invasions. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex contains ≥28 putative species and two of them, Mediterranean (MED, formally referred to as the 'Q biotype') and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formally referred to as the 'B biotype'), have recently spread to much of the world. In many invaded regions, these species have displaced closely related indigenous whitefly species. In this study, we integrated laboratory population experiments, behavioural observations and simulation modelling to investigate the capacity of MED to displace Asia II 1 (AII1, formally referred to as the 'ZHJ2 biotype'), an indigenous whitefly widely distributed in Asia. Our results show that intensive mating interactions occur between MED and AII1, leading to reduced fecundity and progeny female ratio in AII1, as well as an increase in progeny female ratio in MED. In turn, our population cage experiments demonstrated that MED has the capacity to displace AII1 in a few generations. Using simulation models, we then show that both asymmetric mating interactions and differences in life history traits between the two species contribute substantially to the process of displacement. These findings would help explain the displacement of AII1 by MED in the field and, together with earlier studies on mating interactions between other species of the B. tabaci complex, indicate the widespread significance of asymmetric mating interactions in whitefly species exclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - D W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, PO Box 646382, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - S-S Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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ELBAZ M, HALON E, MALKA O, MALITSKY S, BLUM E, AHARONI A, MORIN S. Asymmetric adaptation to indolic and aliphatic glucosinolates in the B and Q sibling species ofBemisia tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4533-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McKenzie CL, Bethke JA, Byrne FJ, Chamberlin JR, Dennehy TJ, Dickey AM, Gilrein D, Hall PM, Ludwig S, Oetting RD, Osborne LS, Schmale L, Shatters RG. Distribution of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotypes in North America after the Q invasion. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:753-766. [PMID: 22812110 DOI: 10.1603/ec11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
After the 2004 discovery of the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) Q biotype in the United States, there was a vital need to determine the geographical and host distribution as well as its interaction with the resident B biotype because of its innate ability to rapidly develop high-level insecticide resistance that persists in the absence of exposure. As part of a coordinated country-wide effort, an extensive survey of B. tabaci biotypes was conducted in North America, with the cooperation of growers, industry, local, state, and federal agencies, to monitor the introduction and distribution of the Q biotype. The biotype status of submitted B. tabaci samples was determined either by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I small subunit gene fragment and characterization of two biotype discriminating nuclear microsatellite markers or esterase zymogram analysis. Two hundred and eighty collections were sampled from the United States, Bermuda, Canada, and Mexico during January 2005 through December 2011. Host plants were split between ornamental plant and culinary herb (67%) and vegetable and field crop (33%) commodities. The New World biotype was detected on field-grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Mexico (two) and in commercial greenhouses in Texas (three) and represented 100% of these five collections. To our knowledge, the latter identification represents the first report of the New World biotype in the United States since its rapid displacement in the late 1980s after the introduction of biotype B. Seventy-one percent of all collections contained at least one biotype B individual, and 53% of all collections contained only biotype B whiteflies. Biotype Q was detected in 23 states in the United States, Canada (British Columbia and Ontario territories), Bermuda, and Mexico. Forty-five percent of all collections were found to contain biotype Q in samples from ornamentals, herbs and a single collection from tomato transplants located in protected commercial horticultural greenhouses, but there were no Q detections in outdoor agriculture (vegetable or field crops). Ten of the 15 collections (67%) from Canada and a single collection from Bermuda contained biotype Q, representing the first reports of biotype Q for both countries. Three distinct mitochondrial haplotypes of B. tabaci biotype Q whiteflies were detected in North America Our data are consistent with the inference of independent invasions from at least three different locations. Of the 4,641 individuals analyzed from 517 collections that include data from our previous work, only 16 individuals contained genetic or zymogram evidence of possible hybridization of the Q and B biotypes, and there was no evidence that rare hybrid B-Q marker co-occurrences persisted in any populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L McKenzie
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Ft Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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Pyrosequencing the Bemisia tabaci transcriptome reveals a highly diverse bacterial community and a robust system for insecticide resistance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35181. [PMID: 22558125 PMCID: PMC3340392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a phloem-feeding insect poised to become one of the major insect pests in open field and greenhouse production systems throughout the world. The high level of resistance to insecticides is a main factor that hinders continued use of insecticides for suppression of B. tabaci. Despite its prevalence, little is known about B. tabaci at the genome level. To fill this gap, an invasive B. tabaci B biotype was subjected to pyrosequencing-based transcriptome analysis to identify genes and gene networks putatively involved in various physiological and toxicological processes. Methodology and Principal Findings Using Roche 454 pyrosequencing, 857,205 reads containing approximately 340 megabases were obtained from the B. tabaci transcriptome. De novo assembly generated 178,669 unigenes including 30,980 from insects, 17,881 from bacteria, and 129,808 from the nohit. A total of 50,835 (28.45%) unigenes showed similarity to the non-redundant database in GenBank with a cut-off E-value of 10–5. Among them, 40,611 unigenes were assigned to one or more GO terms and 6,917 unigenes were assigned to 288 known pathways. De novo metatranscriptome analysis revealed highly diverse bacterial symbionts in B. tabaci, and demonstrated the host-symbiont cooperation in amino acid production. In-depth transcriptome analysis indentified putative molecular markers, and genes potentially involved in insecticide resistance and nutrient digestion. The utility of this transcriptome was validated by a thiamethoxam resistance study, in which annotated cytochrome P450 genes were significantly overexpressed in the resistant B. tabaci in comparison to its susceptible counterparts. Conclusions This transcriptome/metatranscriptome analysis sheds light on the molecular understanding of symbiosis and insecticide resistance in an agriculturally important phloem-feeding insect pest, and lays the foundation for future functional genomics research of the B. tabaci complex. Moreover, current pyrosequencing effort greatly enriched the existing whitefly EST database, and makes RNAseq a viable option for future genomic analysis.
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Pan H, Li X, Ge D, Wang S, Wu Q, Xie W, Jiao X, Chu D, Liu B, Xu B, Zhang Y. Factors affecting population dynamics of maternally transmitted endosymbionts in Bemisia tabaci. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30760. [PMID: 22383972 PMCID: PMC3285672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While every individual of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) harbors the primary symbiont (P-symbiont) Portiera, the infection frequencies of the six secondary symbionts (S-symbionts) including Hamiltonella, Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Wolbachia, Rickettsia and Fritschea vary greatly among different populations. To characterize the factors influencing the infection dynamics of the six S-symbionts in B. tabaci, gene-specific PCR were conducted to screen for the presence of the P-symbiont Portiera and the six S-symbionts in 61 (17 B and 44 Q biotypes) field populations collected from different plant species and locations in China. All individuals of the 61 populations hosted the P-symbiont Portiera, but none of them harbored Arsenophonus and Fritschea. The presence and infection rates of Hamiltonella, Cardinium, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and their co-infections Rickettsia + Hamiltonella (RH), Rickettsia + Cardinium (RC), Hamiltonella + Cardinium (HC) and Rickettsia + Hamiltonella + Cardinium (RHC) varied significantly among the 61 field populations; and the observed variations can be explained by biotypes, sexes, host plants and geographical locations of these field populations. Taken together, at least three factors including biotype, host plant and geographical location affect the infection dynamics of S-symbionts in B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Pan
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XL); (YZ)
| | - Daqing Ge
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- High-tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Baiming Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (YZ)
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Chu D, Hu X, Gao C, Zhao H, Nichols RL, Li X. Use of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for identifying subclades of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean group. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:242-51. [PMID: 22420277 DOI: 10.1603/ec11039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean group (commonly known as Q biotype; hereafter MED) of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), originated in the Mediterranean region, but it now has been found in at least 10 countries outside the Mediterranean. Collections of B. tabaci from some of these countries exhibit different pest behaviors and pesticide resistance characteristics, yet all may be classified as MED. A phylogenetic analysis of 120 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequences (JN966761-JN966880) of MED whiteflies collected in Arizona and of 417 retrieved from the GenBank database resolves the MED into five subclades, designated as Q1-Q5. Only subclades Q1 and Q2 have been detected in the United States. Q1 and the other four subclades (Q2-Q5) differ in the number or position of the AluI recognition sites. Based on the differences in the AluI recognition sites reported here and the previously reported differences in VspI recognition sites, we developed a simple diagnostic technique to identify subclades Q1-Q5 by using mtCOI polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP). A test of a worldwide collection of whiteflies demonstrates that this combination mtCOIPCR-RFLP technique can reliably distinguish not only the MED from the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 group but also the Q1 from any of the other four MED subclades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chu
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Alemandri V, De Barro P, Bejerman N, Argüello Caro EB, Dumón AD, Mattio MF, Rodriguez SM, Truoli G. Species within the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) complex in soybean and bean crops in Argentina. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:48-53. [PMID: 22420254 DOI: 10.1603/ec11161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic species complex that contains some of the most damaging pests in tropical and subtropical regions. Recent studies suggested that this complex is composed of at least 24 distinct species. We use the approach from these studies to consider the identity of B. tabaci in Argentina. Previous studies have suggested the presence of a B. tabaci presumably indigenous to the Americas and referred to as the BR biotype in Argentina. We placed the entity referred to as the BR biotype within the B. tabaci cryptic species complex using whiteflies collected in soybean and bean crops in northern and central Argentina. The whiteflies were assigned using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (mtCOI) gene. Four unknown haplotypes plus two Argentina sequences from GenBank formed a cluster that was basal to the rest of the New World sequences. These sequences diverged from the consensus sequence across the range of 3.6 to 4.3%. Applying the species assignment rules of recent studies suggests that the individuals from Argentina form a separate species. A fifth unknown haplotype fell within the New World putative species and formed a distinct cluster with haplotypes from Panama. These results suggest that Argentina has two indigenous species belonging to the B. tabaci cryptic species complex. Rather than using mtCOI sequencing for all B. tabaci collected, a simple random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction diagnostic was used and tested along with previously published primers designed to work specifically with the BR biotype from Brazil. These primers were either unable to distinguish between the two indigenous members of the complex in Argentina or indicated a difference when none was evident on the basis of mtCOI sequence comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alemandri
- Instituto de Fitopatología y Fisiología Vegetal-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFFIVE-INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km 5 1/2, X5020ICA Córdoba, Argentina.
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Spatial and host-plant partitioning between coexisting Bemisia tabaci cryptic species in Tunisia. POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li X, Degain BA, Harpold VS, Marçon PG, Nichols RL, Fournier AJ, Naranjo SE, Palumbo JC, Ellsworth PC. Baseline susceptibilities of B- and Q-biotype Bemisia tabaci to anthranilic diamides in Arizona. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:83-91. [PMID: 21714059 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of pyriproxyfen and neonicotinoid resistance in the B-biotype whitefly and recent introduction of the Q biotype have the potential to threaten current whitefly management programs in Arizona. The possibility of integrating the novel anthranilic diamides chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole into the current program to tackle these threats largely depends on whether these compounds have cross-resistance with pyriproxyfen and neonicotinoids in whiteflies. To address this question, the authors bioassayed a susceptible B-biotype strain, a pyriproxyfen-resistant B-biotype strain, four multiply resistant Q-biotype strains and 16 B-biotype field populations from Arizona with a systemic uptake bioassay developed in the present study. RESULTS The magnitude of variations in LC(50) and LC(99) among the B-biotype populations or the Q-biotype strains was less than fivefold and tenfold, respectively, for both chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole. The Q-biotype strains were relatively more tolerant than the B-biotype populations. No correlations were observed between the LC(50) (or LC(99)) values of the two diamides against the B- and Q-biotype populations tested and their survival rates at a discriminating dose of pyriproxyfen or imidacloprid. CONCLUSION These results indicate the absence of cross-resistance between the two anthranilic diamides and the currently used neonicotinoids and pyriproxyfen. Future variation in susceptibility of field populations to chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole could be documented according to the baseline susceptibility range of the populations tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Boykin LM, Armstrong KF, Kubatko L, De Barro P. Species delimitation and global biosecurity. Evol Bioinform Online 2011; 8:1-37. [PMID: 22267902 PMCID: PMC3256992 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s8532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Species delimitation directly impacts on global biosecurity. It is a critical element in the decisions made by national governments in regard to the flow of trade and to the biosecurity measures imposed to protect countries from the threat of invasive species. Here we outline a novel approach to species delimitation, “tip to root”, for two highly invasive insect pests, Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly) and Lymantria dispar (Asian gypsy moth). Both species are of concern to biosecurity, but illustrate the extremes of phylogenetic resolution that present the most complex delimitation issues for biosecurity; B. tabaci having extremely high intra-specific genetic variability and L. dispar composed of relatively indistinct subspecies. This study tests a series of analytical options to determine their applicability as tools to provide more rigorous species delimitation measures and consequently more defensible species assignments and identification of unknowns for biosecurity. Data from established DNA barcode datasets (COI), which are becoming increasingly considered for adoption in biosecurity, were used here as an example. The analytical approaches included the commonly used Kimura two-parameter (K2P) inter-species distance plus four more stringent measures of taxon distinctiveness, (1) Rosenberg’s reciprocal monophyly, (P(AB)),1 (2) Rodrigo’s (P(randomly distinct)),2 (3) genealogical sorting index, (gsi),3 and (4) General mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC).4,5 For both insect datasets, a comparative analysis of the methods revealed that the K2P distance method does not capture the same level of species distinctiveness revealed by the other three measures; in B. tabaci there are more distinct groups than previously identified using the K2P distances and for L. dipsar far less variation is apparent within the predefined subspecies. A consensus for the results from P(AB), P(randomly distinct) and gsi offers greater statistical confidence as to where genetic limits might be drawn. In the species cases here, the results clearly indicate that there is a need for more gene sampling to substantiate either the new cohort of species indicated for B. tabaci or to detect the established subspecies taxonomy of L. dispar. Given the ease of use through the Geneious species delimitation plugins, similar analysis of such multi-gene datasets would be easily accommodated. Overall, the tip to root approach described here is recommended where careful consideration of species delimitation is required to support crucial biosecurity decisions based on accurate species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Boykin
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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De Barro P, Ahmed MZ. Genetic networking of the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex reveals pattern of biological invasions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25579. [PMID: 21998669 PMCID: PMC3184991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge within the context of cryptic species is the delimitation of individual species within the complex. Statistical parsimony network analytics offers the opportunity to explore limits in situations where there are insufficient species-specific morphological characters to separate taxa. The results also enable us to explore the spread in taxa that have invaded globally. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a 657 bp portion of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 from 352 unique haplotypes belonging to the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex, the analysis revealed 28 networks plus 7 unconnected individual haplotypes. Of the networks, 24 corresponded to the putative species identified using the rule set devised by Dinsdale et al. (2010). Only two species proposed in Dinsdale et al. (2010) departed substantially from the structure suggested by the analysis. The analysis of the two invasive members of the complex, Mediterranean (MED) and Middle East - Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), showed that in both cases only a small number of haplotypes represent the majority that have spread beyond the home range; one MEAM1 and three MED haplotypes account for >80% of the GenBank records. Israel is a possible source of the globally invasive MEAM1 whereas MED has two possible sources. The first is the eastern Mediterranean which has invaded only the USA, primarily Florida and to a lesser extent California. The second are western Mediterranean haplotypes that have spread to the USA, Asia and South America. The structure for MED supports two home range distributions, a Sub-Saharan range and a Mediterranean range. The MEAM1 network supports the Middle East - Asia Minor region. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The network analyses show a high level of congruence with the species identified in a previous phylogenetic analysis. The analysis of the two globally invasive members of the complex support the view that global invasion often involve very small portions of the available genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul De Barro
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Wang XW, Luan JB, Li JM, Su YL, Xia J, Liu SS. Transcriptome analysis and comparison reveal divergence between two invasive whitefly cryptic species. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:458. [PMID: 21939539 PMCID: PMC3189941 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive species are valuable model systems for examining the evolutionary processes and molecular mechanisms associated with their specific characteristics by comparison with closely related species. Over the past 20 years, two species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), have both spread from their origin Middle East/Mediterranean to many countries despite their apparent differences in many life history parameters. Previously, we have sequenced the transcriptome of MED. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of MEAM1 and took a comparative genomic approach to investigate the transcriptome evolution and the genetic factors underlying the differences between MEAM1 and MED. RESULTS Using Illumina sequencing technology, we generated 17 million sequencing reads for MEAM1. These reads were assembled into 57,741 unique sequences and 15,922 sequences were annotated with an E-value above 10-5. Compared with the MED transcriptome, we identified 3,585 pairs of high quality orthologous genes and inferred their sequence divergences. The average differences in coding, 5' untranslated and 3' untranslated region were 0.83%, 1.66% and 1.43%, respectively. The level of sequence divergence provides additional support to the proposition that MEAM1 and MED are two species. Based on the ratio of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions, we identified 24 sequences that have evolved in response to positive selection. Many of those genes are predicted to be involved in metabolism and insecticide resistance which might contribute to the divergence of the two whitefly species. CONCLUSIONS Our data present a comprehensive sequence comparison between the two invasive whitefly species. This study will provide a road map for future investigations on the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Sun DB, Xu J, Luan JB, Liu SS. Reproductive incompatibility between the B and Q biotypes of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in China: genetic and behavioural evidence. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:211-220. [PMID: 21034521 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The B and Q 'biotypes' of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) have been invading many parts of the world and causing severe damage to a range of crops. Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that B and Q are cryptic species within the B. tabaci species complex. Although various attempts have been made to examine the reproductive compatibility between B and Q, few studies have tested the fertility of the F1 females and so the extent of possible gene flow remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a series of crossing experiments and behavioural observations to examine in detail the reproductive compatibility between the B and Q biotypes collected from Zhejiang, China, a region recently invaded by these whiteflies. Crossing experiments between the two biotypes using either single-pairs or small groups demonstrated that proportions of females in the F1 progeny were only 0-2% in the inter-biotype crosses compared to 58-68% in the intra-biotype treatments. Furthermore, all inter-biotype F1 females were sterile. Continuous video observations showed that B and Q adults very rarely copulated, and copulation occurred only when adults of opposite sex from different biotypes were enclosed in dense cohorts for a relatively long period of time. These data show that the B and Q biotypes examined in this study are completely isolated in reproduction. The isolation was due to mainly a copulation barrier, but post-copulation barriers were also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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ELBAZ M, WEISER M, MORIN S. Asymmetry in thermal tolerance trade-offs between the B and Q sibling species of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1099-109. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hu J, De Barro P, Zhao H, Wang J, Nardi F, Liu SS. An extensive field survey combined with a phylogenetic analysis reveals rapid and widespread invasion of two alien whiteflies in China. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16061. [PMID: 21283707 PMCID: PMC3025023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the processes of invasions by alien insects is a pre-requisite for improving management. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic species complex that contains some of the most invasive pests worldwide. However, extensive field data to show the geographic distribution of the members of this species complex as well as the invasion by some of its members are scarce. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used field surveys and published data to assess the current diversity and distribution of B. tabaci cryptic species in China and relate the indigenous members to other Asian and Australian members of the complex. The survey covered the 16 provinces where indigenous B. tabaci occur and extends this with published data for the whole of China. We used molecular markers to identify cryptic species. The evolutionary relationships between the different Asian B. tabaci were reconstructed using Bayesian methods. We show that whereas in the past the exotic invader Middle East-Asia Minor 1 was predominant across China, another newer invader Mediterranean is now the dominant species in the Yangtze River Valley and eastern coastal areas, and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 is now predominant only in the south and south eastern coastal areas. Based on mtCO1 we identified four new cryptic species, and in total we have recorded 13 indigenous and two invasive species from China. Diversity was highest in the southern and southeastern provinces and declined to north and west. Only the two invasive species were found in the northern part of the country where they occur primarily in protected cropping. By 2009, indigenous species were mainly found in remote mountainous areas and were mostly absent from extensive agricultural areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Invasions by some members of the whitefly B. tabaci species complex can be rapid and widespread, and indigenous species closely related to the invaders are replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul De Barro
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hua Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Francesco Nardi
- Department of Evolution Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Dennehy TJ, Degain BA, Harpold VS, Zaborac M, Morin S, Fabrick JA, Nichols RL, Brown JK, Byrne FJ, Li X. Extraordinary resistance to insecticides reveals exotic Q biotype of Bemisia tabaci in the New World. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:2174-2186. [PMID: 21309242 DOI: 10.1603/ec10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A strain of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) possessing unusually high levels of resistance to a wide range of insecticides was discovered in 2004 in the course of routine resistance monitoring in Arizona. The multiply resistant insects, collected from poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) plants purchased at a retail store in Tucson, were subjected to biotype analysis in three laboratories. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of naphthyl esterases and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (780 bp) confirmed the first detection of the Q biotype of B. tabaci in the New World. This U.S. Q biotype strain, referred to as Poinsettia'04, was highly resistant to two selective insect growth regulators, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin, and to mixtures of fenpropathrin and acephate. It was also unusually low in susceptibility to the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam, relative to B biotype whiteflies. In 100 collections of whiteflies made in Arizona cotton (Gossypium spp.), vegetable, and melon (Cucumis melo L.) fields from 2001 to 2005, no Q biotypes were detected. Regions of the United States that were severely impacted by the introduction of the B biotype of B. tabaci in the 1980s would be well advised to promote measures that limit movement of the Q biotype from controlled environments into field systems and to formulate alternatives for managing this multiply-resistant biotype, in the event that it becomes more widely distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Dennehy
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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