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Mohammedsalih KM, Ibrahim AIY, Juma FR, Abdalmalaik AAH, Bashar A, Coles G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. First evaluation and detection of ivermectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in South Darfur, Sudan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301554. [PMID: 38861496 PMCID: PMC11166298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In Sudan, resistance to benzimidazoles has been reported recently in cattle and goats from South Darfur. Herein, ivermectin efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) was evaluated in sheep and goats in three study areas in South Darfur. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin in sheep and goats naturally infected with GINs in the region of Bulbul (goats: n = 106), Kass (goats: n = 40) and Nyala (Domaia (sheep: n = 47, goats: n = 77) and the University farm (goats: n = 52)), using different treatment plans, and the efficacy was evaluated 12 days after treatment. Ivermectin efficacy was also evaluated in goats experimentally infected using local Haemonchus contortus isolates from Kass and Nyala. Nematodes surviving ivermectin treatment in goats in Bulbul and Nyala were harvested and larvae used to infect worm-free male sheep (n = 6, ≤6 months old). Infected sheep were dosed subcutaneously with ivermectin every eight days with increasing doses from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). Reduced ivermectin efficacy was identified in sheep and goats in the four study locations. Using a paired statistic, the efficacy of a therapeutic dose in sheep was 75.6% (90% upper credible limit (UCrL): 77.5%), while twice the recommended dose led to a reduction of 92.6% (90% UCrL: 93.3%). In goats, the FECRs of a therapeutic dose were 72.9-95.3% (90% UCrL range: 73.6-95.7%) in Bulbul, Nyala Domaia, Nyala University farm and Kass. Twice the dose recommended for goats in Bulbul revealed a 90% UCrL of 87.6%. All post-treatment faecal cultures contained only Haemonchus spp. larvae. The experimental infection trials in sheep and goats supported our findings from field trials and calculated upper 90% CrL of below 98.9%. For the first time highly ivermectin resistant H. contortus populations have been identified in sheep and goats in Sudan, and resistance was experimentally confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Mohammedsalih
- Central Research Laboratory of Darfur Universities, Nyala, Sudan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fathel-Rahman Juma
- Central Research Laboratory of Darfur Universities, Nyala, Sudan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | | | - Ahmed Bashar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Gerald Coles
- Heronswey, Frog Lane, Ubley, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Deak G, Ionică AM, Taulescu M, Negoescu A, Ifteme C, Roșoiu M, Mihalca AD. A severe case of hyperinfection by Strongyloides stercoralis in a pet dog from Romania. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102849. [PMID: 38151172 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a zoonotic soil-transmitted nematode affecting mainly humans and dogs but identified also in non-human primates, cats and wild carnivores. It has a cosmopolitan distribution being endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. In Romania, the infection was reported on several occasions in dogs with low prevalence (3.5% -3.8%), assessed by coproscopy and it was confirmed in human patients with no travel history. A 2-year-old male Boston Terrier dog presented to a private clinic due to severe digestive problems, in July 2022. The animal had a long history of health problems. The dog was in a very bad clinical condition with severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss. Coproparasitological examinations using the saline flotation method and the modified Baermann's technique were done, both being negative. In addition, an intestinal biopsy was performed during the second endoscopy. Nematodes were collected and identified morphologically and molecularly confirmed. Histology revealed severe inflammation of the duodenal mucosa with areas of edema, necrosis, and hemorrhage, and in the intestinal glands, there were numerous nematodes suggesting a parasitic infection by Strongyloides spp. PCR followed by sequencing confirmed the infection with S. stercoralis. The dog was treated with a combination of oral fenbendazole and milbemycin oxime for 5 months. No relapse was observed 3 months after negativity was attained. This case describes a severe clinical infection by Strongyloides stercoralis in a domestic dog from Romania and the recovery after long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Parasitology Consultancy Group, Corusu 145B, Romania.
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases Cluj-Napoca, Iuliu Moldovan Street nr 23, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Synevovet, 81 Pache Protopopescu, Bucharest 021408, Romania
| | - Andrada Negoescu
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Constantin Ifteme
- Endoscopy and Minimal Invasive Surgery Veterinary Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mădălina Roșoiu
- Endoscopy and Minimal Invasive Surgery Veterinary Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Parasitology Consultancy Group, Corusu 145B, Romania
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3
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Nosková E, Svobodová V, Hypská V, Cerezo-Echevarria A, Kurucová T, Ilík V, Modrý D, Pafčo B. High-throughput sequencing of Strongyloides stercoralis - a fatal disseminated infection in a dog. Parasitology 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38800868 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The rhabditid nematode Strongyloides stercoralis is known worldwide as the causative agent of strongyloidiasis in humans. In addition to public health concerns, S. stercoralis also infects dogs, which represent a possible reservoir for potentially zoonotic transmissions. We describe the first confirmed case of fatal disseminated infection in a dog in the Czech Republic. The microscopic and histological results were supported by a complex genotyping approach. Using high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable region (HVR-IV) of 18S rDNA and Sanger sequencing of the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1), the potentially zoonotic haplotype/lineage A of S. stercoralis was confirmed, while the solely canine haplotype/lineage B was not found. The development of the disease is mainly associated with immunodeficiency, and in this case, it was triggered by inappropriate treatment, in particular the use of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Svobodová
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého třída 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vilma Hypská
- Veterinary centrum VIVA, Medkova 6, 500 02 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Terézia Kurucová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Ilík
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Colella A, Buonfrate D, Lo Tempio F, Digiaro S, Recchia A, Greco B, Paradies P. Clinical insights to address canine strongyloidosis in daily practice. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100845. [PMID: 38184143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Canine strongyloidosis by Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic disease emerging in Europe, which represents both a veterinary clinical issue and a public health challenge because of the zoonotic potential. The disease, not yet frequent in Europe, could induce severe clinical signs in dogs; thus, an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are desirable. The aim of the present work is to retrospectively investigate the clinical and paraclinical findings in sick dogs naturally infected by S. stercoralis, with particular attention to ultrasound (US) changes at the gastrointestinal level. Twelve dogs were included in the study. The diagnosis was made by means of larval morphological identification on faecal samples and PCR. Most dogs presented with gastrointestinal signs; diarrhea and weight loss were the most common presenting complaint. Only one dog showed respiratory signs, associated to a parasitic cutaneous nodule. Hypoproteinaemia, anaemia, leucocytosis and an increase in alpha2-globulin fraction at serum protein electrophoresis were common (>50%) but not constant findings. The most reported US picture was a fluid-filled, distended, atonic small intestine mostly associated with altered wall layering, while the wall thickness commonly associated with chronic enteritis was only rarely reported. These changes, associated with other clinical and paraclinical alterations, could increase the suspicion of canine strongyloidosis and may direct clinicians to include strongyloidosis in the differential diagnosis of dogs with diarrhea. The histological examination at the intestinal level, available in five dogs, revealed the presence of parasites from the full-thickness biopsy, but not from the endoscopic biopsy. The critical points of diagnosis in clinical practice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Colella
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Tempio
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Serena Digiaro
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Recchia
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Beatrice Greco
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- University of Bari, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Production, S.p. Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy.
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Băieş MH, Cotuţiu VD, Spînu M, Mathe A, Cozma-Petruț A, Bolboacǎ SD, Engberg RM, Collin A, Cozma V. In vivo assessment of the antiparasitic effects of Allium sativum L. and Artemisia absinthium L. against gastrointestinal parasites in swine from low-input farms. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:126. [PMID: 38561770 PMCID: PMC10983701 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethno-veterinary practices could be used as a sustainable developmental tool by integrating traditional phytotherapy and husbandry. Phytotherapeutics are available and used worldwide. However, evidence of their antiparasitic efficacy is currently very limited. Parasitic diseases have a considerable effect on pig production, causing economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality. In this respect, especially smallholders and organic producers face severe challenges. Parasites, as disease causing agents, often outcompete other pathogens in such extensive production systems. A total of 720 faecal samples were collected in two farms from three age categories, i.e. weaners, fatteners, and sows. Flotation (Willis and McMaster method), modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained faecal smear, centrifugal sedimentation, modified Blagg technique, and faecal cultures were used to identify parasites and quantify the parasitic load. RESULTS The examination confirmed the presence of infections with Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Balantioides coli (syn. Balantidium coli), Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi, and Trichuris suis, distributed based on age category. A dose of 180 mg/kg bw/day of Allium sativum L. and 90 mg/kg bw/day of Artemisia absinthium L. powders, administered for 10 consecutive days, revealed a strong, taxonomy-based antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity. CONCLUSIONS The results highlighted the therapeutic potential of both A. sativum and A. absinthium against gastrointestinal parasites in pigs. Their therapeutic effectiveness may be attributed to the content in polyphenols, tocopherols, flavonoids, sterols, sesquiterpene lactones, and sulfoxide. Further research is required to establish the minimal effective dose of both plants against digestive parasites in pigs.
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Grants
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- N°816172 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, PPILOW project
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Horia Băieş
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Dan Cotuţiu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Mathe
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, 27 Agriculturii Street, 401100, Turda, Romania
| | - Anamaria Cozma-Petruț
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sorana D Bolboacǎ
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ricarda Margaret Engberg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 20 Blichers Allé, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anne Collin
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Vasile Cozma
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti (A.S.A.S), 61 Mǎrǎşti Boulevard, 011464, Bucharest, Romania
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Kirkwood N, Šlapeta J. Strongyloides stercoralis in two dogs from a household in temperate Australia. Aust Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38506222 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is parasite affecting both humans and dogs and is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of Australia. This case report describes two dogs from a household in Sydney, New South Wales, one with chronic gastrointestinal signs and the other who was asymptomatic who were subsequently diagnosed with S. stercoralis. Diagnosis can be challenging in humans and dogs due to intermittent shedding and low worm burdens and in this case the symptomatic dog had Strongyloides spp. rhabitiform larvae detected on a direct faecal smear and PCR, the asymptomatic dog on PCR only. Obtained sequences from the symptomatic dog confirmed the presence of the S. stercoralis clade affecting both dogs and humans. Infection does not respond to commonly used deworming drugs for dogs. Treatment in both cases was undertaken using off-label doses of ivermectin and follow-up PCR testing was negative. This case report should increase practitioner awareness of this parasite as present and transmissible in temperate areas of Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kirkwood
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Nosková E, Sambucci KM, Petrželková KJ, Červená B, Modrý D, Pafčo B. Strongyloides in non-human primates: significance for public health control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230006. [PMID: 38008123 PMCID: PMC10676817 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates are an important source of infectious disease in humans. Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 600 million people worldwide, with a global distribution and hotspots of infection in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases, global attention has been demanded in the drive for its control. Through a literature review of Strongyloides in humans and non-human primates (NHP), we analysed the most common identification methods and gaps in knowledge about this nematode genus. The rise of molecular-based methods for Strongyloides detection is evident in both humans and NHP and provides an opportunity to analyse all data available from primates. Dogs were also included as an important host species of Strongyloides and a potential bridge host between humans and NHP. This review highlights the lack of molecular data across all hosts-humans, NHP and dogs-with the latter highly underrepresented in the database. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of Strongyloides, there are still large gaps in our knowledge for certain species when considering transmission and pathogenicity. We suggest that a unified approach to Strongyloides detection be taken, with an optimized, repeatable molecular-based method to improve our understanding of this parasitic infection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kelly M. Sambucci
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Buonfrate D, Hunt VL, Odermatt P, Streit A. Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220448. [PMID: 38008116 PMCID: PMC10676809 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buonfrate
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria hospital, Negrar, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Vicky L. Hunt
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Insitute, Allschwil, Basel 4123, Switherland
| | - Adrian Streit
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg 72076, Germany
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9
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Tiberti N, Manfredi M, Piubelli C, Buonfrate D. Progresses and challenges in Strongyloides spp. proteomics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220447. [PMID: 38008115 PMCID: PMC10676815 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of high-quality data of helminth genomes provided over the past two decades has supported and accelerated large-scale 'omics studies and, consequently, the achievement of a more in-depth molecular characterization of a number of pathogens. This has also involved Strongyloides spp. and since their genome was made available transcriptomics has been rather frequently applied to investigate gene expression regulation across their life cycle. Strongyloides proteomics characterization has instead been somehow neglected, with only a few reports performing high-throughput or targeted analyses associated with protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry. Such investigations are however necessary in order to discern important aspects associated with human strongyloidiasis, including understanding parasite biology and the mechanisms of host-parasite interaction, but also to identify novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review article, we will give an overview of the published proteomics studies investigating strongyloidiasis at different levels, spanning from the characterization of the somatic proteome and excretory/secretory products of different parasite stages to the investigation of potentially immunogenic proteins. Moreover, in the effort to try to start filling the current gap in host-proteomics, we will also present the first serum proteomics analysis in patients suffering from human strongyloidiasis. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiberti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona), Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona), Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona), Italy
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10
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Al-Jawabreh R, Anderson R, Atkinson LE, Bickford-Smith J, Bradbury RS, Breloer M, Bryant AS, Buonfrate D, Cadd LC, Crooks B, Deiana M, Grant W, Hallem E, Hedtke SM, Hunt V, Khieu V, Kikuchi T, Kounosu A, Lastik D, van Lieshout L, Liu Y, McSorley HJ, McVeigh P, Mousley A, Murcott B, Nevin WD, Nosková E, Pomari E, Reynolds K, Ross K, Streit A, Suleiman M, Tiberti N, Viney M. Strongyloides questions-a research agenda for the future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230004. [PMID: 38008122 PMCID: PMC10676812 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Strongyloides genus of parasitic nematodes have a fascinating life cycle and biology, but are also important pathogens of people and a World Health Organization-defined neglected tropical disease. Here, a community of Strongyloides researchers have posed thirteen major questions about Strongyloides biology and infection that sets a Strongyloides research agenda for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Louise E. Atkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | | | | | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Astra S. Bryant
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Luke C. Cadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Bethany Crooks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Warwick Grant
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Elissa Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Shannon M. Hedtke
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Vicky Hunt
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Cambodia Ministry of Health, Cambodia
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8652, Japan
| | - Asuka Kounosu
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Dominika Lastik
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Evolution, Ecology & Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul McVeigh
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Angela Mousley
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Ben Murcott
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - William David Nevin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Eva Nosková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Pomari
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Kieran Reynolds
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mona Suleiman
- Life Sciences Department, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Natalia Tiberti
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona 37024, Italy
| | - Mark Viney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology & Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Bradbury RS, Streit A. Is strongyloidiasis a zoonosis from dogs? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220445. [PMID: 38008118 PMCID: PMC10676807 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis infection remains a major veterinary and public health challenge globally. This chronic and potentially lifelong disease has fatal outcomes in immunosuppressed people and dogs. Currently, the role of dogs in the transmission cycle of human strongyloidiasis remains enigmatic. While zoonotic transmission to humans from companion animals has been proposed, this has not been confirmed. Modern molecular methods have allowed greater opportunity to explore the genotypes of S. stercoralis in dogs and humans. Work thus far has demonstrated that at least two distinct lineages exist, one apparently confined to canine hosts and one found in canine, feline, human and non-human primate hosts. Although genotyping of dog and human isolates from the same village has demonstrated identical genotypes in both species, coprophagia of human waste by dogs confounds interpretation. It remains unclear if dogs act as a zoonotic reservoir for human infection, or vice versa, or if this occurs only in some regions of the world and not in others. These questions must be answered before effective control strategies for strongyloidiasis can be instituted. This review explores the evidence for and against cross-species transmission of S. stercoralis between dogs and humans and summarizes future directions for research in this area. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting Issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Melbourne, Victoria 3806, Australia
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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12
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Graham EA, Los Kamp EW, Thompson NM, Tillis SB, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX, Walden HDS, Ossiboff RJ. Proliferative strongyloidiasis in a colony of colubrid snakes. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:109-118. [PMID: 37458163 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231186391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloides are small rhabditid nematodes primarily associated with enteric disease in a variety of animal species, including reptiles. Strongyloides spp life stages were associated with a disease outbreak in a large breeding colony of snakes. Multiple Pantherophis and Lampropeltis colubrids exhibited respiratory distress, anorexia, stomatitis, facial deformation, and waning body condition that resulted in death or necessitated euthanasia. Postmortem examinations of 13 snakes revealed epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation of the alimentary and respiratory tracts associated with varying numbers of adult and larval nematodes and embryonated or larvated ova. In a subset of snakes, aberrant nematode migration was also observed in the eye, genitourinary system, coelom, and vasculature. Histomorphology and gross examination of parasitic adult female nematodes from host tissues were consistent with a Strongyloides spp. Sedimented fecal material from 101/160 (63%) snakes housed in the affected facility was positive for nematodes and/or larvated ova. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of portions of the 18S and 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) genes and the internal transcribed spacer region of adult female parasites and positive fecal samples supported the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Strongyloides spp possess a unique life cycle capable of alternating between parasitic (homogonic) and free-living (heterogonic) stages, resulting in the production of directly infective larvae. Commonly utilized husbandry practices in reptile collections can amplify the numbers of infective larvae generated in the captive environment, increasing the risk for rhabditid hyperinfections. This report documents morbidity, mortality, and non-enteric disease manifestations due to Strongyloides hyperinfections in a captive colubrid snake colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Graham
- University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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13
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Chapman SA, Angles JM, Raw C, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Traub RJ. Identification and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a Boston Terrier dog from south-eastern Australia. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:35-40. [PMID: 38057960 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis, the causative agent of strongyloidiasis, is a potentially zoonotic intestinal nematode endemic to northern Australia. Strongyloidiasis is typically observed in immunocompromised hosts and is characterised by gastrointestinal signs, respiratory symptoms and a failure to thrive. In immunocompromised hosts, hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections can prove life-threatening. A 24-month-old Boston Terrier dog was referred for investigation of chronic small and large intestinal watery hematochezic diarrhoea, emaciation and hematemesis. Small intestinal histology identified a nematode despite consecutive negative faecal flotations. A real-time polymerase chain reaction and Baermann test subsequently confirmed infection with S. stercoralis. The dog had received an oral parasiticide comprising milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner every month for the 11 months prior to this diagnosis. Despite fenbendazole being reported as successful in the treatment of canine strongyloidiasis, a course of fenbendazole failed to clear the infection. Eradication of S. stercoralis infection was confirmed after the administration of off-label ivermectin fortnightly for 12 doses. Attention should be paid to this nematode as the failure of routine copromicroscopic methods to diagnose S. stercoralis infections can result in misdiagnosis, mistreatment and progression of the disease. Off-label ivermectin may be an alternative to fenbendazole for the treatment of Strongyloides spp. infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Chapman
- Internal Medicine Department, The Animal Referral Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - J M Angles
- Internal Medicine Department, The Animal Referral Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - C Raw
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - P A Zendejas-Heredia
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - R J Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. Eukaryotic Infections in Dairy Calves: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:195-208. [PMID: 38058381 PMCID: PMC10697087 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s442374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton verrucosum, and Candida albicans can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and Eimeria spp., are also common in dairy calves. C. parvum is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while Giardia duodenalis can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. Eimeria spp. can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp., Fasciola hepatica, and Strongyloides papillosus. These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Mossie
- Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Jimma Agriculture Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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15
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Mateo M, Montoya A, Bailo B, Köster PC, Dashti A, Hernández‐Castro C, Saugar JM, Matas P, Xiao L, Carmena D. Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2542-2558. [PMID: 37725371 PMCID: PMC10650246 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet dogs and cats exert an unquestionable beneficial effect in the well-being of their owners, but can also act as a source of zoonotic infections if improperly cared. OBJECTIVES We investigated the occurrence, risk factors, genetic variability and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended in a clinical veterinary setting in Spain. METHODS Canine (n = 252) and feline (n = 35) faecal samples were collected during 2017-2019 and analysed by coproparasitological methods. A rapid lateral immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Samples positive at microscopy examination and/or ICT were reassessed by molecular methods. RESULTS Overall, 48.8% (123/252) of dogs and 48.6% (17/35) of cats were infected by enteric parasites. In dogs, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent species (40.9%), followed by Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), and Toxocara canis (5.2%). In cats, Joyeuxiella sp. and Toxocara cati were the dominant species (20.0% each), followed by G. duodenalis (14.3%), D. caninum (5.7%) and Cystoisospora felis and Toxascaris leonina (2.9% each). Pups and kittens were more likely to harbour intestinal parasites and develop clinical signs. Sequence analyses of dog isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A (n = 1), C (n = 4), D (n = 4) and C+D (n = 1) within G. duodenalis; C. parvum (n = 1) and C. canis (n = 4) within Cryptosporidium and PtEb IX (n = 1) in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A novel C. canis subtype family, named XXi, is reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that (i) well-cared dogs carry zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites of public health relevance, (ii) proper hygiene practices and routine veterinary treatment are essential to prevent zoonotic infections, (iii) vulnerable populations should avoid contact with pups/kittens with diarrhoea and (iv) infected dogs might be major contributors to the environmental contamination with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of PharmacyComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal HealthFaculty of VeterinaryComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Carolina Hernández‐Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical PathologiesUniversity of AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious DiseasesHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Matas
- Faculty of Veterinary, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX)Villanueva de la CañadaMadridSpain
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious DiseasesHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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16
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Heng Y, Sekar SD, Panarese R, Hsu CD, Xie S. MANAGEMENT OF A FATAL OUTBREAK OF STRONGYLOIDIASIS IN A CAPTIVE POPULATION OF PANTHER CHAMELEONS ( FURCIFER PARDALIS) WITH IVERMECTIN. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:282-291. [PMID: 37428690 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of the nematode Strongyloides sp. occurred in a population of 18 male and 29 female panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) at the Singapore Zoo. The parasite was first detected in one individual during routine microscopic examination of feces using the direct examination and magnesium sulfate flotation methods. The parasite was later found to have a closest match (98.96%) with Strongyloides sp. Okayama by DNA sequencing. Over a period of 6 mon, 97.9% (46/47) of the panther chameleons tested positive for the parasite, and 25.5% (12/47) of the animals died due to the disease. All the animals that died were female. Of the positive tests, magnesium sulfate flotation identified the parasite 98.1% (105/107) of the time, compared to direct fecal microscopy, which identified the parasite only 43.9% (47/107) of the time. Parasite eggs were detected in 100% (105/105) of the positive magnesium sulfate flotation tests but only 66.0% (31/47) of the positive direct fecal microscopy tests. Parasite larvae were detected in 61.7% (29/47) of the positive direct fecal microscopy tests but only 9.5% (10/105) of the magnesium sulfate flotation tests. Treatments with fenbendazole and pyrantel pamoate at published doses were ineffective at eliminating the parasite. Ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg PO q2wk for two doses) was successful at treating the parasite, with all animals testing negative for the parasite at the end of the treatment course without any observed adverse reactions. However, complete eradication of the parasite could not be achieved, as Strongyloides sp. could still be detected in the population on routine coproscopy intermittently over 3 yr. There were no further mortalities due to the disease with prompt treatment with ivermectin. Strongyloidiasis may cause high morbidity in panther chameleons, but severe disease leading to mortality can be prevented with the use of ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Heng
- Mandai Wildlife Group, Singapore 729826,
| | | | - Rossella Panarese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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17
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Moreira RMP, Aires CG, Alves-Sobrinho AV, Moraes IDS, Moreira CN, Amaral AVCD, Saturnino KC, Braga ÍA, Pacheco RDC, Ramos DGDS. Gastrointestinal parasites of wild carnivores from conservation institutions in the Cerrado of Goiás, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e004823. [PMID: 37222392 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increased interaction between wild and urban environments owing to human population growth, increased anthropization of biomes, and habitat loss for wild animals increases the spread of infectious and parasitic agents. The present study reports on the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in carnivorous mammals at two conservation institutions in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Fecal samples from 39 adult carnivores were collected after spontaneous defecation and analyzed by flotation and sedimentation. The structure and management data of each institution were recorded. Parasitism prevalence, binomial confidence intervals (CI) at 95%, variables associated with the presence of contact animals, size of the enclosure and type of food were recorded. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the samples analyzed was 71.8% (CI 55.1-83.0; 28/39). Ancylostomatidae, Toxocara spp., Toxascaris leonina, Strongyloides spp., Calodium hepaticum, and Trematoda eggs, and Cystoisospora spp. oocysts were detected. Environmental conditions were not correlated with parasitism prevalence; however, the parasites found could be managed, considering their biology, such as controlling synanthropic and domestic animals in captivity, feeding with healthy feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Mendes Pires Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Caroline Genestreti Aires
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Ana Vitória Alves-Sobrinho
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Iago de Sá Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Cecília Nunes Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Andréia Vitor Couto do Amaral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Klaus Casaro Saturnino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Ísis Assis Braga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Unidade Básica das Biociências, Centro Universitário de Mineiros, Mineiros, GO, Brasil
| | - Richard de Campos Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
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Epidemiological Survey on Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Parasites in Cats Around Toulouse (France). Helminthologia 2022; 59:385-397. [PMID: 36875682 PMCID: PMC9979063 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various feline parasites are potentially zoonotic thus establishing factors associated with parasitism is of animal and public health interest. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in client-owned cats, living in the area of Toulouse, France, over the period 2015 - 2017, and to investigate possible risk factors. A total of 498 faecal samples from cats of the University Animal Hospital of Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse were analysed, 448 from cats presented for consultation and 50 at post-mortem. Analysis was performed using a commercial flotation enrichment method with a hypersaturated sodium chloride solution and Baermann technique. Further examination of the gastrointestinal tract contents was conducted on necropsied cats. Overall, 11.6 % of cats were positive for endoparasites; 50 (11.2 %) consultation cases and 8 (16 %) post-mortem cases, with no significant difference in prevalence between the groups. Amongst infected cats, most were infected by a single species of parasite and 10.3 % (n=6) were infected with two or more. The most common parasite was Toxocara cati with a prevalence of 9.4 % (n=47). Other endoparasites encountered were: Cystoisospora sp 1.0 % (n=5), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus 1.0 % (n=5), Strongyloides sp 0.6 % (n=3), Dipylidium caninum 0.4 % (n=2), Aonchotheca putorii 0.2 % (n=1), Ancylostomatidae 0.2 % (n=1) and Toxascaris leonina 0.2 % (n=1). The examination of the gastronintestinal tract contents of the necropsied cats revealed Mesocestoides sp 0.4 % (n=2) and Tænia (Hydatigera) tæniaeformis sensu lato 0.2 % (n=1) which are seldomly diagnosed by flotation methods. In this study, increasing age and neutered status were statistically associated with reduced odds of infection by endoparasites (helminth and coccidian). Predictors of significantly increased risk included being male, intact, and not receiving regular anthelmintic treatment. The same risk factors were highlighted specifically for Toxocara cati infections, with rural location being an additional risk factor for infection.
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Buonfrate D, Tamarozzi F, Paradies P, Watts MR, Bradbury RS, Bisoffi Z. The diagnosis of human and companion animal Strongyloides stercoralis infection: Challenges and solutions. A scoping review. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:1-84. [PMID: 36088083 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is the infection caused by soil-transmitted nematodes of Strongyloides species, infecting humans and some animals. Strongyloides stercoralis is the species with most clinical and epidemiological relevance in humans and dogs, due to its high prevalence and its capacity of inducing a life-threatening hyperinfection. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is challenging, due to the absence of a single reference standard test with high sensitivity and specificity, which also hampers the estimation of the accuracy of other diagnostic tests. In this chapter, we review the deployment and performance of the parasitological, immunological, molecular tests for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in humans and in dogs. Further, we comment the available evidence from genotyping studies that have addressed the zoonotic potential of S. stercoralis. Finally, we discuss the use of different diagnostic methods in relation to the purpose (i.e., screening, individual diagnosis, inclusion in a clinical trial) and the setting (endemic/non-endemic areas) and report the accuracy figures reported by systematic reviews on either parasitological, serological or molecular techniques published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, Veterinary Section, Campus of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matthew R Watts
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - New South Wales Health Pathology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VC, Australia
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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20
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Rinaldi L, Krücken J, Martinez-Valladares M, Pepe P, Maurelli MP, de Queiroz C, Castilla Gómez de Agüero V, Wang T, Cringoli G, Charlier J, Gilleard JS, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:85-176. [PMID: 36088084 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock and companion animals has been neglected for years and there has been an historical underinvestment in the development and improvement of diagnostic tools, undermining the undoubted utility of surveillance and control programmes. However, a new impetus by the scientific community and the quickening pace of technological innovations, are promoting a renaissance of interest in developing diagnostic capacity for nematode infections in veterinary parasitology. A cross-cutting priority for diagnostic tools is the development of pen-side tests and associated decision support tools that rapidly inform on the levels of infection and morbidity. This includes development of scalable, parasite detection using artificial intelligence for automated counting of parasitic elements and research towards establishing biomarkers using innovative molecular and proteomic methods. The aim of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in the diagnosis of helminth infections in livestock and companion animals and presents the current advances of diagnostic methods for intestinal parasites harnessing (i) automated methods for copromicroscopy based on artificial intelligence, (ii) immunodiagnosis, and (iii) molecular- and proteome-based approaches. Regardless of the method used, multiple factors need to be considered before diagnostics test results can be interpreted in terms of control decisions. Guidelines on how to apply diagnostics and how to interpret test results in different animal species are increasingly requested and some were recently made available in veterinary parasitology for the different domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - J Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - P Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - M P Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - C de Queiroz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, St Georges University, Grenada
| | - V Castilla Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - T Wang
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - J S Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 Hospital Drive, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) Program University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Băieş MH, Boros Z, Gherman CM, Spînu M, Mathe A, Pataky S, Lefkaditis M, Cozma V. Prevalence of Swine Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Free-Range Farms from Nord-West Region of Romania. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090954. [PMID: 36145387 PMCID: PMC9506248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases cause significant economic losses in swine, including free-range swine farms, the number of which in Romania has increased in the last decades. The current study aimed to identify the parasitic profile of swine raised on two free-range (low-input) farms from Transylvania. Nine hundred sixty samples collected from weaners, fatteners, and sows were investigated by flotation, centrifugal sedimentation, modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained fecal smear, modified Blagg technique, and oocyst/egg cultures. The number of oocysts (OPG), cysts (CPG), and eggs (EPG) were counted per gram of fecal matter. The examination revealed parasitic infections with Balantidium coli, Eimeria spp., Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi and Cryptosporidium spp. Prevalence (P) and the mean intensity (MI) of the infections varied according to age, swine category, farm, and season. The overall prevalence in both free-range farms according to the age category was 63.2%—Eimeria spp., 70.31%—B. coli, 9.38%—Oesophagostomum spp., 3.75% S. ransomi, and 18.12% Cryptosporidium spp. in weaners. In fatteners Eimeria spp. revealed a prevalence of 50.93%, B. coli—72.5 %, A. suum—63.13%, T. suis—39.06%, and in sows Eimeria spp.—39.06%, B. coli—62.19%, A. suum—34.06%, Oesophagostomum spp.—27.19%, S. ransomi—1.56% and Cryptosporidium spp.—9.38%. The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between age groups, seasons, and farms for all diagnosed parasites. Further research is required to better understand the epidemiology of these infections in swine from Transylvania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Horia Băieş
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zsolt Boros
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-722344916
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Mathe
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, Agriculturii Street 27, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Stefan Pataky
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, Agriculturii Street 27, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Menelaos Lefkaditis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasile Cozma
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti (A.S.A.S.), Mărăști Boulevard 61, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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22
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Massetti L, Wiethoelter A, McDonagh P, Rae L, Marwedel L, Beugnet F, Colella V, Traub RJ. Faecal prevalence, distribution and risk factors associated with canine soil-transmitted helminths contaminating urban parks across Australia. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:637-646. [PMID: 36007621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dog parks provide an ideal urban space where dogs and their owners can exercise, play, and socialize in a safe environment. However, these parks can also increase the risk of exposure to a series of infectious agents including canine soil-transmitted helminths (cSTHs) such as hookworms, roundworms, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Trichuris vulpis, which are endemic to Australia. In this study, we collected 1581 canine faecal samples in 190 urban parks across Australia and subjected these to faecal floatation and multiplex real-time PCRs (qPCR) to detect a range of cSTHs. In total, 44.2% of the parks sampled were contaminated with at least one species of cSTH, with hookworms being the most prevalent parasites (10.2%) followed by Trichuris spp. (1.3%) and Strongyloides spp. (1.2%). This is the first large-scale study investigating the contamination of urban parks with cSTHs in Australia, and the first nation-wide study to demonstrate the occurrence of Strongyloides spp. in canine faecal samples from urban areas in the country. This study reveals a high rate of contamination with cSTHs in dog parks in urban Australia, most of which having proven zoonotic potential. Preventive measures, including awareness-raising educational programs promoting responsible pet ownership, should be encouraged to minimise the health risks associated with cSTHs for both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massetti
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia.
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Phillip McDonagh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Louise Rae
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Lara Marwedel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | | | - Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
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23
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Dulovic A, Koch I, Hipp K, Streit A. Strongyloides spp. eliminate male-determining sperm post-meiotically. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 251:111509. [PMID: 35985494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
If normal male meiosis occurs, it would be expected that 50 % of sperm lack an X chromosome (nullo X) and hence upon fertilisation, result in male progeny. However, for sexual reproduction within the free-living stages of Strongyloides spp. male offspring are absent. We had shown earlier by quantitative whole genome sequencing that within Strongyloides spp., nullo-X sperm are either absent (S. papillosus) or underrepresented (S. ratti) among mature sperm. To investigate how and when this elimination of male-determining sperm occurs, we characterised spermatogenesis and the dynamic localisation of important molecular players such as tubulin, actin and major sperm protein by DIC microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in S. ratti, S. papillosus and Parastrongyloides trichosuri. We found that meiotic divisions in these parasites proceeded as expected for organisms with XO males, resulting in four equally sized spermatocytes, two with and two without an X chromosome. However, mature sperm were found to almost always contain an X chromosome. We also observed structures that contained protein constituents of sperm, such as actin and major sperm protein (MSP) but no DNA. These structures resemble C. elegans residual bodies in appearance and may assume their function. We hypothesize that spermatocytes without an X-chromosome undergo some form of programmed cell death and transform into these residual body-like structures. As in C. elegans, MSP is found in fibrous body-membranous organelles (FB-MOs). Knocking down MSP by RNAi showed that MSP is essential for fertility in S. ratti, as it is in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dulovic
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris Koch
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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24
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On the Infectious Causes of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea—A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080422. [PMID: 36006337 PMCID: PMC9414921 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge on the relationship between presumptive infectious agents and neonatal porcine diarrhoea (NPD). The literature provides information on the rationale for this causation, including the first mention, main understandings gained with respect to, e.g., pathogenesis, and the knowledge to date on the specific relationships. Further, surveys on the presence and relative importance of these pathogens in NPD are included and the methodology used to identify the causation are discussed.
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25
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Bărburaș DA, Cozma V, Ionică AM, Abbas I, Bărburaș R, Mircean V, D'Amico G, Dubey JP, Györke A. Intestinal parasites of buffalo calves from Romania: molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, and the first report of Eimeria bareillyi. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2022; 69. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2022.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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De Liberato C, Iatta R, Scarito MA, Grifoni G, Dante G, Otranto D. Strongyloides stercoralis in a dog litter: Evidence suggesting a transmammary transmission. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106465. [PMID: 35427536 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth with an unusual life cycle, causing canine and human strongyloidiasis, mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. Following percutaneous or oral transmission of infective third-stage larvae in the vertebrate host, the parasite can cause autoinfection, leading to life-long infection. At present, the transmammary transmission was only assessed in experimentally infested dogs. Here, we provide observational evidence of S. stercoralis transmammary transmission in puppies suckling from a truffle dog from Central Italy, from where its presence was neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411,Rome 00178 , Italy.
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Alessia Scarito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411,Rome 00178 , Italy
| | - Goffredo Grifoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411,Rome 00178 , Italy
| | - Giampiero Dante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova 1411,Rome 00178 , Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano 70010, Italy
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27
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Lok JB, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. The 'nuclear option' revisited: Confirmation of Ss-daf-12 function and therapeutic potential in Strongyloides stercoralis and other parasitic nematode infections. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 250:111490. [PMID: 35697206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms governing morphogenesis and development of infectious third-stage larvae (L3i) of parasitic nematodes have been likened to those regulating dauer development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dauer regulatory signal transduction comprises initial G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in chemosensory neurons of the amphidial complex that regulates parallel insulin- and TGFβ-like signaling in the tissues. Insulin- and TGFβ-like signals converge to co-regulate steroid signaling through the nuclear receptor (NR) DAF-12. Discovery of the steroid ligands of DAF-12 opened a new avenue of small molecule physiology in C. elegans. These signaling pathways are conserved in parasitic nematodes and an increasing body of evidence supports their function in formation and developmental regulation of L3i during the infectious process in soil transmitted species. This review presents these lines of evidence for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), insulin- and TGFβ-like signaling in brief and focuses primarily on signaling through parasite orthologs of DAF-12. We discuss in some depth the deployment of sensitive analytical techniques to identify Δ7-dafachronic acid as the natural ligand of DAF-12 homologs in Strongyloides stercoralis and Haemonchus contortus and of targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 to assign dauer-like regulatory function to the NR Ss-DAF-12, its coactivator Ss-DIP-1 and the key ligand biosynthetic enzyme Ss-CYP-22a9. Finally, we present published evidence of the potential of Ss-DAF-12 signaling as a chemotherapeutic target in human strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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28
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Romero A, García JA, Castells D, Gayo V, Dutra Quintela F. Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides papillosus) in lambs in Uruguay. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100737. [PMID: 35569912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a spontaneous outbreak of strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides papillosus) in sheep in Uruguay. In a flock of 150 lambs, 60 animals became ill and 12 died within 3 weeks. Affected animals showed weakness, weight loss, enophthalmos and, in some cases, sudden death. Postmortem examination revealed muscle atrophy, dehydration, and small intestines with a foamy and liquid content. Histological examination of the duodenum and the jejunum showed a thick mucosa with severe villous atrophy, mononuclear mixed infiltrate in the lamina propria, and a large number of nematodes embedded in the mucosa, with numerous granulomas in the lamina propia. Small intestinal content analysis showed a total of 13,200 female nematodes in the duodenum and 2000 in the jejunum, identified as Strongyloides papillosus (Strongyloididae). This parasite has long been considered to behave as a commensal parasite or at least to cause significant disease only when present in large numbers. This report shows that Strongyloides papillosus can be highly pathogenic in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Romero
- DILAVE Miguel C. Rubino, Laboratorio Regional Este, Avelino Miranda 2045, CP 33000 Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - Juan A García
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, CABA, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castells
- Centro de Investigación y Experimentación "Dr. Alejandro Gallinal", Ruta 7 Km 140, Cerro Colorado, Florida, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Gayo
- DILAVE Miguel C Rubino, Laboratorio Central, Ruta 8 Brig. Gral. J. A. Lavalleja Km. 17.500, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Dutra Quintela
- DILAVE Miguel C. Rubino, Laboratorio Regional Este, Avelino Miranda 2045, CP 33000 Treinta y Tres, Uruguay.
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29
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Unterköfler MS, Eipeldauer I, Merz S, Pantchev N, Hermann J, Brunthaler R, Basso W, Hinney B. Strongyloides stercoralis infection in dogs in Austria: two case reports. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:168. [PMID: 35570317 PMCID: PMC9107779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloides stercoralis is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, but reports of infections in central and northern Europe have been recently increasing. Infections occur mainly in humans and dogs. In dogs, both dog-adapted and zoonotic S. stercoralis genotypes seem to occur. Clinical manifestations mainly include gastrointestinal and respiratory signs. The severity of the disease can vary greatly and depends on the immune status of the host. The infection is potentially fatal in immunosuppressed individuals, either medically induced or due to an underlying disease, in which hyperinfections and disseminated infections with extraintestinal parasite dissemination may occur. Methods Diagnosis was based on coproscopy, including flotation and the Baermann funnel technique, histology of small intestinal biopsies and molecular analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and hypervariable regions I and IV (HVR I and HVR IV) of the nuclear 18S rDNA loci. Results Two independent cases of severe canine S.stercoralis infection in Austria are presented. In both cases, S. stercoralis was detected in histological sections of the small intestine and with the Baermann funnel technique. Molecular analysis revealed strains with zoonotic potential. Case 1 was a 1-year-old female French bulldog with a long history of respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, severe emaciation and apathy before S.stercoralis infection was diagnosed. Treatment with moxidectin (2.5 mg/kg body weight [BW], oral route) did not eliminate the infection, but treatment with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg BW, subcutaneously) was successful. Case 2 consisted of two 2-month-old Pomeranian puppies, one female and one male, from a litter of four, which died soon after presenting dyspnoea and haemorrhagic diarrhoea (female) or torticollis (male); S.stercoralis infection was first diagnosed post-mortem. Conclusion More attention should be paid to this nematode because although it appears to be rare in Austria, it is easily overlooked on standard coproscopy unless a Baermann funnel technique is used, and even then, it can be missed. Moxidectin is not always successful in eliminating the infection, and treatment with ivermectin should be considered in cases of infection. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Eipeldauer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Josef Hermann
- Veterinary Practice Dipl.Tzt. Josef Hermann, Trautmannsdorf, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Passive Disease Surveillance of Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) in Slovenia between 2000 and 2020. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091119. [PMID: 35565546 PMCID: PMC9100901 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wildlife disease surveillance can be considered an essential tool for providing important information about the health status of the population and for protecting human health. Between 2000 and 2020, 284 chamois carcasses from the entire home range of the species in Slovenia were examined using comprehensive necropsy and other laboratory tests. The results indicate a wide range of chamois diseases, but none of the identified diseases can be considered a significant health threat to other wildlife species and/or to humans. Abstract In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) diagnosed in the national passive health surveillance of chamois in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2020, 284 free-ranging chamois provided by hunters were necropsied at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Depending on the results of complete necropsy, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations, a descriptive data analysis was performed. The most common causes of death in chamois were infectious diseases (82.2%), followed by non-infectious diseases (11.8%). Of all the causes of death, parasitic infections accounted for 70.3%, trauma for 9.7%, and bacterial infections for 9.3% of all cases. Less common diseases were viral infections, neoplasms, winter starvation, and metabolic disorders.
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31
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Eslahi AV, Hashemipour S, Olfatifar M, Houshmand E, Hajialilo E, Mahmoudi R, Badri M, Ketzis JK. Global prevalence and epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:21. [PMID: 35012614 PMCID: PMC8750836 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, occurs in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats and wild canids. The zoonotic potential between these hosts is not well understood with data available on prevalence primarily focused on humans. To increase knowledge on prevalence, this review and meta-analysis was performed to estimate the global status of S. stercoralis infections in dogs. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, online literature published prior to November 2020 was obtained from multiple databases (Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar). Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country income and climate, and in stray/animal shelter dogs versus owned dogs. Statistical analyses were conducted using R-software (version 3.6.1). RESULTS From 9428 articles, 61 met the inclusion criteria. The estimated pooled global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was 6% (95% CI 3-9%). Infection was found to be the most prevalent in low-income countries with pooled prevalence of 22% (95% CI 10-36%). The highest pooled prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs was related to regions with average temperature of 10-20 °C (6%; 95% CI 3-11%), an annual rainfall of 1001-1500 mm (9%; 95% CI 4-15%) and humidity of 40-75% (8%; 95% CI 4-13%). Prevalence was higher in stray and shelter dogs (11%; 95% CI 1-26%) than in owned dogs (3%; 95% CI 1-7%). CONCLUSIONS As with S. stercoralis in humans, higher prevalence in dogs is found in subtropical and tropical regions and lower-income countries, locations which also can have high dog populations. While this study presents the first estimated global prevalence of S. stercoralis in dogs, it is potentially an underestimation with 15 of 61 studies relying on diagnostic methods of lower sensitivity and a paucity of data from most locations. Standardized protocols (e.g. quantity of feces and number of samples for a Baermann) in future studies could improve reliability of results. More prevalence studies and raising veterinary awareness of S. stercoralis are needed for a One Health approach to protect humans and dogs from the impact of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sima Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elham Houshmand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Guilan, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Jennifer K Ketzis
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, St. Kitts and Nevis.
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Cháves-González LE, Morales-Calvo F, Mora J, Solano-Barquero A, Verocai GG, Rojas A. What lies behind the curtain: Cryptic diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100094. [PMID: 35800064 PMCID: PMC9253710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasite cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct organisms, leading to taxa with unclear species boundaries. Speciation mechanisms such as cospeciation, host colonization, taxon pulse, and oscillation may lead to the emergence of cryptic species, influencing host-parasite interactions, parasite ecology, distribution, and biodiversity. The study of cryptic species diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance has gained relevance, since their distribution may affect clinical and epidemiological features such as pathogenicity, virulence, drug resistance and susceptibility, mortality, and morbidity, ultimately affecting patient management, course, and outcome of treatment. At the same time, the need for recognition of cryptic species diversity has implied a transition from morphological to molecular diagnostic methods, which are becoming more available and accessible in parasitology. Here, we discuss the general approaches for cryptic species delineation and summarize some examples found in nematodes, trematodes and cestodes of medical and veterinary importance, along with the clinical implications of their taxonomic status. Lastly, we highlight the need for the correct interpretation of molecular information, and the correct use of definitions when reporting or describing new cryptic species in parasitology, since molecular and morphological data should be integrated whenever possible. Cryptic diversity has been described in helminths of human and animal importance. Cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct organisms. These entities emerge by different evolutionary and speciation mechanisms. Analysis of molecular and morphological data is needed for cryptic species delimitation. Cryptic diversity may affect pathogenicity, virulence and drug resistance of helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Cháves-González
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Morales-Calvo
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Mora
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alberto Solano-Barquero
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guilherme G. Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Corresponding author. Twitter icon
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Pinn TL, Forrestal AM, Duhamel GE, Crouch EE, Thompson BS, Lejeune M. Strongyloides papillosus causes sudden death in weaned calves on New York dairies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:1-7. [PMID: 34890364 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.09.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION Outbreaks of sudden death in apparently healthy weaned dairy calves due to Strongyloides papillosus parasitism were diagnosed on 2 separate and independent New York (NY) dairies. CLINICAL FINDINGS Most calves were found dead; however, 1 calf observed while dying showed signs of tachycardia, tachypnea, vocalization, and convulsions shortly before death. In 6 affected heifers that underwent post-mortem examination, precocious bilaterally symmetric mammary gland enlargement was seen. A portion of their parasitized living cohorts also demonstrated similar mammary gland enlargement. A diagnosis of S papillosus hyperinfection was made based upon the presence of high numbers of S papillosus ova in feces, and confirmation by S papillosus-specific PCR assays. Consistent histopathological findings in affected calves included generalized mammary gland vascular congestion, interstitial edema and hemorrhage with ductal hyperplasia. Mild multifocal cardiomyocyte degeneration was found in 5 of 14 calves examined. Factors believed to contribute to the parasite's environmental amplification and host hyperinfection included group housing on wood shavings and high environmental temperatures and humidity. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment of calves with doramectin pour-on stopped mortality and resolved the udder enlargement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Similar outbreaks have previously been described in Japan and South Bohemia (Czech Republic), where researchers hypothesized that sudden death may be due to fatal arrhythmia caused by a parasite-associated cardiotoxin. This report highlights the importance of including S papillosus among the differential diagnoses for sudden death alone or together with precocious udder enlargement in calves kept in confinement housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby L Pinn
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Esther E Crouch
- Charles River Laboratories International Inc, Wilmington, MA
| | - Belinda S Thompson
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Manigandan Lejeune
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Majewska AA, Huang T, Han B, Drake JM. Predictors of zoonotic potential in helminths. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200356. [PMID: 34538139 PMCID: PMC8450625 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are parasites that cause disease at considerable cost to public health and present a risk for emergence as novel human infections. Although recent research has elucidated characteristics conferring a propensity to emergence in other parasite groups (e.g. viruses), the understanding of factors associated with zoonotic potential in helminths remains poor. We applied an investigator-directed learning algorithm to a global dataset of mammal helminth traits to identify factors contributing to spillover of helminths from wild animal hosts into humans. We characterized parasite traits that distinguish between zoonotic and non-zoonotic species with 91% accuracy. Results suggest that helminth traits relating to transmission (e.g. definitive and intermediate hosts) and geography (e.g. distribution) are more important to discriminating zoonotic from non-zoonotic species than morphological or epidemiological traits. Whether or not a helminth causes infection in companion animals (cats and dogs) is the most important predictor of propensity to cause human infection. Finally, we identified helminth species with high modelled propensity to cause zoonosis (over 70%) that have not previously been considered to be of risk. This work highlights the importance of prioritizing studies on the transmission of helminths that infect pets and points to the risks incurred by close associations with these animals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania A Majewska
- Odum School of Ecology and the Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA.,Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Barbara Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology and the Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Pinheiro RHDS, Melo S, Benigno RNM, Giese EG. Globocephalus urosubulatus (Alessandrini, 1909) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) in Brazil: a morphological revisitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e008120. [PMID: 34586174 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Helminthiasis occurs frequently in wild or domestic pigs in the most varied environments or production systems; however, the literature includes few taxonomic studies for the purpose of expanding this knowledge about the parasitic diversity in these animals. Thus, in order to expand this knowledge regarding parasitic diversity in these animals, the present study reports the occurrence and redescribes Globocephalus urosubulatus infecting domestic pigs in the state of Pará, Brazil, using microscopy. Four hundred and ten specimens of Sus scrofa intestinal nematodes were collected extensively in the municipality of Moju, northeastern mesoregion of Pará and observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on morphological characteristics, the nematodes were identified as G. urosubulatus, and new morphological data were added by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the diagnosis of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Henrique da Silva Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociedade, Natureza e Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Santarém, PA, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociedade, Natureza e Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Santarém, PA, Brasil
| | - Raimundo Nonato Moraes Benigno
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Elane Guerreiro Giese
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Thanasuwan S, Piratae S, Tankrathok A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:2091-2096. [PMID: 34566325 PMCID: PMC8448635 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2091-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Parasitic infections are one of the major problems to the production of cattle in Thailand. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of cattle in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods A total of 333 fecal samples of cattle were collected directly from the rectum. The fecal samples were subjected to formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods for examination. The eggs or oocysts were identified based on the morphology and size of the eggs or oocysts. Results Out of 333 fecal samples examined, 320 were found positive for GI parasitic infections with a prevalence of 96.09%. Overall, among the prevalence of nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa, the most prevalent parasites were Strongyle-type 278 (84.24%), followed by Strongyloides spp. 54 (16.36%) and Trichuris spp. 75 (22.73%), while Protozoan oocyst recorded Eimeria spp. amounted to 131 (39.7%). Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. were 67 (20.30%) and 81 (24.55%), respectively. Most of the positive fecal samples were infected with the double infection which has the highest prevalence rate of about 40.24%, followed by single, three, and 4-5 types of parasites 30.63, 16.82, and 7.21%, respectively. Conclusion This study suggests that Kalasin Province is highly endemic for GI parasites and this area may be an important source for an outbreak. Therefore, every household should deworm its cattle and eliminate and control snails as intermediate hosts. Findings from this study provide information that will assist in improving the cattle in Kalasin Province for better production and higher profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikanda Thanasuwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Anupong Tankrathok
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
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Molecular detection of Strongyloides sp. in Australian Thoroughbred foals. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:444. [PMID: 34479608 PMCID: PMC8414860 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloides westeri is found in the small intestine of young horses, mainly in foals up to about 16 weeks of age. The main source of infection for foals is through transmammary transmission, and foals can develop acute diarrhoea, weakness, dermatitis and respiratory signs. The epidemiology of S. westeri in Australia is largely unknown. Further, molecular techniques have never been employed for detection of S. westeri in horses. This pilot study aimed to assess the utility of a molecular phylogenetic method for the detection of S. westeri in the faeces of foals. Methods Faecal samples were collected from a foal of less than 2 months of age, and eggs of Strongyloides sp. were detected using the modified McMaster technique. DNA was extracted from purified eggs, and a partial fragment of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S) was characterised using polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic methods. Results Microscopic examination of faeces revealed small ellipsoidal eggs typical of Strongyloides sp. The 18S sequence generated by PCR in this study revealed 98.4% identity with that of a reference sequence of S. westeri available from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a polyphyletic clustering of S. westeri sequences. Conclusion This is the first study reporting the detection of DNA of Strongyloides sp. in faeces of a foal using a molecular phylogenetic approach targeting the variable region of 18S rDNA. It is anticipated that this study will allow future molecular epidemiological studies on S. westeri in horses. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04966-1.
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Reproductive Management of Rams and Ram Lambs during the Pre-Breeding Season in US Sheep Farms. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092503. [PMID: 34573469 PMCID: PMC8471565 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pre-breeding management of rams and their ram lambs is critical for viable, sustainable and profitable farms. A further understanding of the management and selection criteria of the males during pre-breeding enables producers to efficiently use animal resources to maximize the reproductive potential of the animals. The reproductive management of mature rams and their lambs is complex, varying across breeds, farms, and regions of the world. It involves different aspects of animal husbandry, such as genetics, health, nutrition, behavior, economy and physiological and anatomical changes during the non-breeding season. Sound flock management must include an integrative and complete management plan for males and females that provides adequate conditions for the sheep to express their genetic potential and production level. This review article examines some of the key aspects to consider when managing mature rams and ram lambs during the pre-breeding season to ensure proper condition of the males for optimal function during the breeding season. Abstract In sheep farms, achieving economic and productive efficiency and sustainability goals is directly related with the reproductive management of the animals. Genetically, the male contribution to the offspring is 50%, but in practical terms, there is a greater potential impact of the ram on reproductive results, because one male has the potential to affect a large group of females and therefore greatly affects the entire flock. Unfortunately, the selection of males for breeding in the US sheep industry has been traditionally conducted based on phenotypical traits, without a genetic/reproductive evaluation, and/or health assessment or records. Therefore, it is important to establish integrative management practices to select the rams and ram lambs to be used in the breeding season. Among these practices are genomic testing, a comprehensive breeding soundness evaluation and assessment of health status and records of the males before the breeding season, to detect and correct potential issues.
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Frequency of enteroparasites in Cebidae and Callitrichidae primates at the Zoológico de Cali, Colombia: zoonotic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:60-81. [PMID: 34111341 PMCID: PMC8320779 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. Los enteroparásitos pueden generar problemas en animales bajo cuidado humano en zoológicos y centros de acogida. Los animales silvestres presentan bajas cargas parasitarias, pero estas pueden ser mayores y llevar a manifestaciones clínicas cuando se trata de animales resguardados en recintos, lo que aumenta los gastos en tratamientos y cuidados médicos. Por otro lado, algunos enteroparásitos pueden causar infecciones zoonóticas en los cuidadores, los visitantes y otros animales del zoológico, así como afectar los programas de recuperación de especies amenazadas de extinción. Objetivos. Determinar la presencia y prevalencia de enteroparásitos con potencial de transmisión zoonótica en primates de las familias Cebidae y Callitrichidae del Zoológico de Cali, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal prospectivo, para lo cual se recolectaron muestras seriadas de 50 individuos pertenecientes a siete especies de dos familias de primates y se analizaron mediante examen coprológico, flotación y coloración Kinyoun, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017. Resultados. Según su prevalencia, los géneros de parásitos hallados en las siete especies de primates evaluadas, fueron Blastocystis spp., Trichomonas spp., Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Strongyloides spp., Cyclospora sp. y Trichuris sp. Conclusiones. Por lo menos, seis de los géneros de parásitos identificados tienen implicaciones zoonóticas, lo cual hace necesario establecer las posibles vías de infección de los primates del Zoológico de Cali e implementar protocolos de manejo que reduzcan el riesgo de transmisión a los humanos y a otros animales de la colección. Además, se presenta la información relevante sobre el potencial zoonótico de los enteroparásitos hallados.
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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DISTRIBUTION OF STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS AMONG DOGS OF DIFFERENT HOUSING GROUPS IN KYIV AND KYIV REGION, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2020.001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis in dogs, despite its uncertain zoonotic status, is potentially danger for dogs owners. It is considered that strongyloidiases characteristic for tropical and subtropical regions, but in recent years it is increasingly found in non-endemic countries.
The aim. To determine the extent of the invasion, clinical signs and diagnostic methods of strongyloidiasis in dogs of different groups in Kyiv and Kyiv region.
Materials and methods. A total of 364 dogs were studied (130 animals lived in shelters (Group 1) and 234 in homes (Group 2). Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis was performed by native smear and Baerman methods. Additionally, the sensitivity of the modified string test was tested. Samples of venous blood were taken from dogs with confirmed strongyloidiasis for haematological and biochemical analysis.
Results. A study found that the extent of invasion (EI) in shelters and home dogs was 3.0±0.36 % (4/130; Group 1) and 2.5±0.25 % % (6/234; Group 2) respectively.
It was found that three repetitions of the Baerman method test increased its efficiency to 90.5 %. The sensitivity of the modified string test was 100 %.
Clinical manifestations included disorders of the respiratory (20 %: 2/10) and digestive systems (80 %: 8/10), weight loss (70 %: 7/10). Blood tests did not reveal changes specific to strongyloidiasis, eosinophilia was observed in only one dog in the acute stage of the disease.
Conclusions. The results of our studies indicate the presence of strongyloidiasis in dogs in Kyiv and Kyiv region and probability of the spread of the pathogen in the environment. Symptoms in dogs with strongyloidiasis were nonspecific and cannot be used for diagnosis. A modified string test and Baerman method has demonstrated high efficacy and may be recommended to clarify the diagnosis of a chronic invasion.
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Larbi JA, Akyeampong S, Addo SO, Dakwa KB, Boampong K, Opoku-Nketiah B. Distribution of intestinal parasites of baboons (Papio anubis) and warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) at the Mole National Park, Ghana. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:251-255. [PMID: 32772510 PMCID: PMC7840207 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of intestinal parasite of baboons (Papio anubis) and warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) was undertaken at the Mole National Park, Ghana. The main objective of the study was to determine the types and prevalence of intestinal parasites in baboons and warthogs in the Mole National Park. A total of nineteen (19) and twenty‐three (23) samples were collected from the baboons and warthogs, respectively, and examined using the direct saline smear and formol‐ether concentration technique for the identification of cysts, eggs and larvae of parasites. The survey showed that 94.74% of the baboon samples examined was infected with at least one parasite, whereas that of the warthogs showed 95.65% prevalence. A total of seven (7) and eight (8) different parasites were identified in baboon and warthog faecal samples, respectively. Strongyloides sp. had the highest prevalence in baboons (84.21%) and warthogs (78.26%). The second prevalent parasite identified was Ascaris sp. in the baboons (31.58%) and warthogs (30.43%). The results showed a high level of multiparasitism in these wild animals and an increased risk of zoonotic transmission which may result from interaction with inhabitants of the park community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Akyeampong
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Seth Offei Addo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwaku Brako Dakwa
- Department of Conservation, Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Boampong
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bright Opoku-Nketiah
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Graham JA, Sato M, Moore AR, McGrew AK, Ballweber LR, Byas AD, Dowers KL. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a dog following long-term treatment with budesonide. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:974-978. [PMID: 30938621 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.8.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 1.5-year-old 1.5-kg (3.3-lb) castrated male Pomeranian was examined because of a 10-month history of diarrhea characterized by hematochezia and weight loss and an acute onset of respiratory distress (ie, tachypnea and dyspnea). A presumptive diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease had been made previously, and the dog had been treated with budesonide and tylosin but continued to have diarrhea and weight loss. CLINICAL FINDINGS On initial examination, the dog was weak and slightly obtunded. Thoracic radiography revealed a moderate to severe, diffuse, unstructured interstitial pattern. Serum biochemical abnormalities consisted of mild hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocholesterolemia that were likely secondary to chronic gastrointestinal disease and malnutrition. Pyuria and moderate bacteriuria with a single live larva were found on microscopic evaluation of the urine sediment. Fecal examination revealed numerous nematode larvae; the morphology was consistent with first-stage, rhabditiform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME A diagnosis of disseminated S stercoralis infection was made. The dog was treated with fenbendazole and ivermectin but developed respiratory collapse approximately 12 hours later and was euthanized because of the poor prognosis. Postmortem examination revealed S stercoralis in the lungs, small intestine, and kidney. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings illustrated the importance of performing diagnostic testing, including routine fecal examination, to rule out infectious causes of diarrhea before beginning empirical treatment with glucocorticoids such as budesonide. Further, repeated fecal examinations, including Baermann tests, should be considered if a positive response to glucocorticoids is not observed.
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Machine learning-based analyses support the existence of species complexes for Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides stercoralis. Parasitology 2020; 147:1184-1195. [PMID: 32539880 PMCID: PMC7443747 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human strongyloidiasis is a serious disease mostly attributable to Strongyloides stercoralis and to a lesser extent Strongyloides fuelleborni, a parasite mainly of non-human primates. The role of animals as reservoirs of human-infecting Strongyloides is ill-defined, and whether dogs are a source of human infection is debated. Published multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) studies attempt to elucidate relationships between Strongyloides genotypes, hosts, and distributions, but typically examine relatively few worms, making it difficult to identify population-level trends. Combining MLST data from multiple studies is often impractical because they examine different combinations of loci, eliminating phylogeny as a means of examining these data collectively unless hundreds of specimens are excluded. A recently-described machine learning approach that facilitates clustering of MLST data may offer a solution, even for datasets that include specimens sequenced at different combinations of loci. By clustering various MLST datasets as one using this procedure, we sought to uncover associations among genotype, geography, and hosts that remained elusive when examining datasets individually. Multiple datasets comprising hundreds of S. stercoralis and S. fuelleborni individuals were combined and clustered. Our results suggest that the commonly proposed 'two lineage' population structure of S. stercoralis (where lineage A infects humans and dogs, lineage B only dogs) is an over-simplification. Instead, S. stercoralis seemingly represents a species complex, including two distinct populations over-represented in dogs, and other populations vastly more common in humans. A distinction between African and Asian S. fuelleborni is also supported here, emphasizing the need for further resolving these taxonomic relationships through modern investigations.
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Rivero-Juarez A, Dashti A, López-López P, Muadica AS, Risalde MDLA, Köster PC, Machuca I, Bailo B, de Mingo MH, Dacal E, García-Bocanegra I, Saugar JM, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Rivero A, Briz V, Carmena D. Protist enteroparasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus) and black Iberian pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in southern Spain: a protective effect on hepatitis E acquisition? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:281. [PMID: 32493465 PMCID: PMC7271453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have independently evaluated the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and enteroparasites in swine, but no surveys have been conducted to jointly assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteroparasites in pigs and wild boars, their sympatric transmission between hosts, and their potential interaction with HEV. METHODS We prospectively collected serum and faecal samples from black Iberian domestic pigs and wild boars from southern Spain between 2015‒2016. We evaluated for HEV in serum and faeces, and for the presence of enteroparasites (Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis sp., Neobalantidium coli and Strongyloides spp.) in the same faecal samples. The prevalence of each intestinal parasite species was calculated. RESULTS A total of 328 animals (56.7% black Iberian pigs and 43.3% wild boars) were included in the study. The overall global prevalence of HEV in serum was 16.8%. The overall global prevalence of each enteroparasite species was 19.5% for G. duodenalis, 8.2% for Cryptosporidium spp., 41.8% for Blastocystis sp., 31.4% for N. coli, and 8.8% for Strongyloides spp. HEV-infected animals showed a significantly lower prevalence of G. duodenalis (3.2 vs 20%; P = 0.002) and Blastocystis sp. (38.7 vs 80%; P < 0.001) than those uninfected by HEV. Animals carrying G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. infections showed a significantly lower rate of HEV infection than those not harbouring these enteroparasites (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study found a high prevalence of enteroparasites in black Iberian pigs and wild boars in southern Spain, suggesting a sympatric co-transmission of some of the species investigated. It is suggested that extracellular G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. might have a protective effect on HEV acquisition in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aly Salimo Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Maria de los Angeles Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Machuca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Dacal
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
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Ottino L, Buonfrate D, Paradies P, Bisoffi Z, Antonelli A, Rossolini GM, Gabrielli S, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L. Autochthonous Human and Canine Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Europe: Report of a Human Case in An Italian Teen and Systematic Review of the Literature. Pathogens 2020; 9:E439. [PMID: 32503315 PMCID: PMC7350350 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis is reported in Europe but is unclear whether the transmission of infection still occurs. We report a previously unpublished human case in an Italian teen and perform a systematic review of literature on autochthonous human and canine strongyloidiasis in Europe to investigate the current dynamic of transmission. Overall, 109 papers published after 1987 were included and one previously unpublished Italian case was added. Eighty case reports were retrieved and 42 of them (52.5%) had severe strongyloidiasis. Most cases were diagnosed in Spain, Italy and France. The median age was 58, the most represented age group was 61-70 years, 11 patients were under 30, and 7 of them were diagnosed after 2000. Epidemiological studies on human strongyloidiasis showed prevalence ranging from 0.56% to 28%. Overall, agriculture work, mine work and walking barefoot were the most commonly reported risk factors for infection. Canine strongyloidiasis was reported mainly in Italy (68 cases), but a few cases occurred also in Iceland, Finland, England, Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, Slovakia, Romania and Greece. Autochthonous strongyloidiasis is still reported in Europe and sporadic transmission still occurs. Health care professionals should be aware of this issue to identify infected subjects and avoid adverse outcomes, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Further investigations are needed to clarify the zoonotic transmission of this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Ottino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, Veterinary Section, Campus of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy; (D.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Alberto Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University and Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Referral Center for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.O.); (A.A.); (G.M.R.); (A.B.)
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University and Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Referral Center for Tropical Diseases of Tuscany, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Bezerra-Santos MA, Fontes CS, Nogueira BCF, Yamatogi RS, Ramos RAN, Galhardo JA, Furtado LFV, Rabelo ÉML, de Araújo JV, Campos AK. Gastrointestinal parasites in the opossum Didelphis aurita: Are they a potential threat to human health? J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:355-363. [PMID: 32508410 PMCID: PMC7244705 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a great proportion of the emerging infectious human diseases are zoonotic, with most of the pathogens originated from wildlife. In this sense, synanthropic animals such as marsupials play important role in the dissemination of pathogens due to their proximity to human dwellings. These hosts are affected by many gastrointestinal parasites, including species with zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of gastrointestinal parasites infecting the black-eared opossum D. aurita captured in urban areas of Southeastern, Brazil. In addition, the potential risk for the human population based on the One Health perspective has been discussed. Forty-nine marsupial specimens were captured with Tomahawk live traps and fecal samples were collected. The samples were evaluated by parasitological procedures. Eggs and oocysts were analyzed at different magnifications (400 × and 1000 ×), and their identification, together with adult nematodes, was established on morphological and morphometric data. Forty-three hosts (87.76%) scored positive for at least one gastrointestinal parasite, being 83.67% (41/49) for helminths, and 65.30% (32/49) for protozoa. For Cryptosporidium sp., only 13 samples were evaluated due to insufficient amount of feces obtained of some animals. A prevalence of 23.08% (3/13) was reported for this parasite. PCR analysis revealed Ancylostomatidae eggs to belong to the genus Ancylostoma. Our results demonstrated that multiparasitism is frequently found in these animals and a high percentage of potentially zoonotic parasites are observed, implying that D. aurita may be involved in zoonotic cycles in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antônio Bezerra-Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Carolina Silveira Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Bárbara Cristina Félix Nogueira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos
- Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, Boa Vista, Garanhuns, PE 55292-270 Brazil
| | - Juliana Arena Galhardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Müller, 2443, Jd. Ipiranga, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460 Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, University Campus, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
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Widisuputri NKA, Suwanti LT, Plumeriastuti H. A SURVEY FOR ZOONOTIC AND OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN PIG IN BALI PROVINCE, INDONESIA. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v8i1.10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs have potentially to transmit zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite disease both caused by protozoa and worm. The aim of this study was to identify gastrointestinal parasites that were potentially zoonotic in pigs in the province of Bali. A total of 100 fresh feces samples was collected from several pig farms in Bali, from Badung and Tabanan districts, each consisted of 50 samples. Pig feces samples were examined for the presence of eggs worms, cysts and oocysts for protozoa based on the morphology and size. Identification for protozoa and worms used native, sedimentation and sucrose flotation methods. Parameters measured were sex, feed and cage management. The result showed that the characteristic parameters for pigs in both district were generally female. Cage management for raising pigs mostly used group cage. Feed that provided in both district mostly used bran and concentrate. All of 100 pig feces samples that examined positive for parasites. There were 8 types of gastrointestinal parasites that have been identified. Four types of protozoa found were Entamoeba sp. (99%), Balantidium sp. (79%), Eimeria sp. (78%), Blastocystis sp. (69%) and four types of worms were Ascaris sp. (20%), Trichuris sp. (20%), Strongyloides sp. (19%), and Oesophagostomum sp. (8%). All pigs were infected with two or more parasites. The prevalence of parasitic gastrointestinal infections was different for each district, six genera (Entamoeba sp., Balantidium sp., Blastocystis sp., Eimeria sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Trichuris sp.) were higher found in Tabanan district and the two genera (Ascaris sp. and Strongyloides sp.) were higher in Badung district. Oesophagostomum sp. was only found to infect pigs in Tabanan district. The conclusion is gastrointestinal parasites that found in pigs at Badung and Tabanan district Bali Province mostly have zoonotic potential.
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Ross SA, Pintilie H, Hatcher J, Dosekun O, Cooke GS, Bailey AC. Strongyloides stercoralis infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:398-401. [PMID: 32131702 DOI: 10.1177/0956462420910048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a common parasitic infection in tropical and subtropical areas which may result in fatal hyperinfection syndrome in immunosuppressed patients. Infection occurs through skin or mucous membrane contact with material contaminated with infected human faeces. Sexual transmission of other gastrointestinal infections has been observed in men who have sex with men (MSM), with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) a known risk factor. We present a case series of strongyloidiasis in seven HIV-positive MSM living in a non-endemic area. We found high rates of concomitant sexually transmitted infection and chemsex drug use, suggesting high-risk sexual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Ross
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
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50
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Costa FS, Rodrigues VF, de Rezende MC, Rodrigues-Oliveira JL, Coelho PMZ, Negrão-Corrêa D. The effect of maternal Strongyloides venezuelensis infection on mice offspring susceptibility and immune response. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109037. [PMID: 32004853 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Species of Strongyloides infect a wide range of hosts worldwide. Due to their complex life cycle, it is hard to control the transmission of these parasites. Several species show evidence of vertical transmission; however, the impact of this transmission route on the susceptibility of the offspring has been poorly investigated. Herein, we used Strongyloides venezuelensis infected mice to evaluate transplacental and transmammary parasite transmission and their effect on the susceptibility of offspring. Swiss female mice were infected at the end of the gestation or during the breastfeeding period, and their offspring were examined for the presence of the parasite one week after infection of the mother. Our data showed that female mice infected with S. venezuelensis during gestation did not transmit the parasite to their offspring. On the other hand, all newborn mice breastfeeding in S. venezuelensis infected females got infected. To evaluate the effect of early exposure to the parasite on susceptibility and immune response of the hosts, the offspring of each experimental group (non-infected, gestation-infected, and breastfeeding-infected mothers) received anti-helminth treatment after parasite evaluation and were subcutaneously infected with S. venezuelensis upon reaching adulthood. Mice from the group of breastfeeding-infected mothers showed lower susceptibility to S. venezuelensis in adulthood in comparison with mice from non-infected mothers. The low parasite burden was accompanied by earlier eosinophil and neutrophil activation in the gut and higher serum levels of IgE. In contrast, S. venezuelensis infection in adult mice born from gestation-infected mothers presented with more worms in the intestine and lower levels of parasite-reactive IgM in serum in comparison with mice born from non-infected mothers, thus suggesting that early exposure to parasite antigens may modulate the protective immune response. Altogether, our data confirmed transmammary, but not transplacental, transmission of S. venezuelensis in mice and demonstrated that early exposure to the parasite and/or their antigens has an important effect on host susceptibility to a later infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Costa
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Schistosomiasis, René Rachou Research Center/ Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michelle Carvalho de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jailza Lima Rodrigues-Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Z Coelho
- Laboratory of Schistosomiasis, René Rachou Research Center/ Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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