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Adams KL, Mandy W, Catmur C, Bird G. Potential mechanisms underlying the association between feeding and eating disorders and autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105717. [PMID: 38754718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
There is a reliable association between autism and Feeding and Eating Disorders. Concerningly, where these two conditions co-occur, clinical outcomes of Feeding and Eating Disorders are significantly worse, and treatment less effective, than when the Feeding and Eating Disorders occur in neurotypical individuals. Problematically, the reason for the association between autism and Feeding and Eating Disorders is poorly understood, which constrains advances in clinical care. This paper outlines several possible mechanisms that may underlie the observed association and suggests ways in which they may be empirically tested. Mechanisms are split into those producing an artefactual association, and those reflecting a genuine link between conditions. Artefactual associations may be due to conceptual overlap in both diagnostic criteria and measurement, Feeding and Eating Disorders causing transient autistic traits, or the association being non-specific in nature. A genuine association between autism and Feeding and Eating Disorders may be due to common causal factors, autism directly or indirectly causing Feeding and Eating Disorders, and Feeding and Eating Disorders being a female manifestation of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Louise Adams
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - William Mandy
- Division of Psychology and Language, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Catmur
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey Bird
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Di Luzio M, Bellantoni D, Bellantoni AL, Villani V, Di Vincenzo C, Zanna V, Vicari S, Pontillo M. Similarities and differences between eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1407872. [PMID: 38895032 PMCID: PMC11183500 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1407872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The developmental age, comprising childhood and adolescence, constitutes an extremely important phase of neurodevelopment during which various psychiatric disorders can emerge. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Eating Disorders (ED) often manifest during this critical developmental period sharing similarities but also differences in psychopathology, neurobiology, and etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study is to focus on clinical, genetic and neurobiological similarities and differences in OCD and ED. Methods This study is based on a PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trial (CENTRAL). The research adhered to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results The aforementioned search yielded an initial collection of 335 articles, published from 1968 to September 2023. Through the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 324 articles were excluded, culminating in a final selection of 10 articles. Conclusions Our findings showed both differences and similarities between OCD and ED. Obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are more prevalent in ED characterized by a binge/purge profile than in those with a restrictive profile during developmental age. OC symptomatology appears to be a common dimension in both OCD and ED. When presents, OC symptomatology, exhibits transversal characteristic alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex and poorer cognitive flexibility. These correlations could be highlighted by genetic overlaps between disorders. A comprehensive definition, integrating psychopathological and neurobiological aspects could significantly aid treatment selection and thereby influence the prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Di Luzio
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Bellantoni
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Villani
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Vincenzo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Zanna
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Life Sciences and Public Health Department, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Pardini S, Hallit S, Novara C, Brytek-Matera A. A multi-country examination of the relationship between perfectionism and disordered eating: the indirect effect of obsessive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:69. [PMID: 38822447 PMCID: PMC11143671 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the extensive literature on the association between perfectionism and disordered eating (DE), only scant attention has been given to the underlying processes that may mediate this relationship. The present study aimed to contribute to existing literature by investigating the direct and indirect relations between perfectionism and DE through obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and obsessive beliefs, among community adults from three different countries and cultural backgrounds (i.e. Poland, Italy and Lebanon). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that was carried-out among 977 community adults (77.1% females, mean age: 21.94 ± 3.14 years) using the snowball sampling technique. RESULTS Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) symptoms and obsessive beliefs had a partial indirect effect in the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and disordered eating. Higher multidimensional perfectionism/obsessive beliefs were significantly associated with greater OCD symptoms and directly associated with higher DE scores. Finally, higher OCD symptoms were significantly linked to higher DE scores. CONCLUSION The preliminary results suggest that it would be helpful for clinicians to routinely include measures of perfectionism, OCD and obsessive beliefs when dealing with individuals who present DE problems. In addition, results hold promise for the combined use of perfectionism and OCD interventions as a potentially beneficial treatment option for DE concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Susanna Pardini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Caterina Novara
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Eating Behavior Laboratory (EAT Lab), Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, 50-527, Poland.
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4
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Berchio C, Kumar SS, Micali N. EEG Spatial-temporal Dynamics of Resting-state Activity in Young Women with Anorexia Nervosa: Preliminary Evidence. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:447-460. [PMID: 37615798 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-01001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide preliminary evidence on temporal dynamics of resting-state brain networks in youth with anorexia nervosa (AN) using electroencephalography (EEG). Resting-state EEG data were collected in 18 young women with AN and 18 healthy controls (HC). Between-group differences in brain networks were assessed using microstates analyses. Five microstates were identified across all subjects (A, B, C, D, E). Using a single set of maps representative of the whole dataset, group differences were identified for microstates A, C, and E. A common-for-all template revealed a relatively high degree of consistency in results for reduced time coverage of microstate C, but also an increased presence of microstate class E. AN and HC had different microstate transition probabilities, largely involving microstate A. Using LORETA, for microstate D, we found that those with AN had augmented activations in the left frontal inferior operculum, left insula, and bilateral paracentral lobule, compared with HC. For microstate E, AN had augmented activations in the para-hippocampal gyrus, caudate, pallidum, cerebellum, and cerebellar vermis. Our findings suggest altered microstates in young women with AN associated with integration of sensory and bodily signals, monitoring of internal/external mental states, and self-referential processes. Future research should examine how EEG-derived microstates could be applied to develop diagnostic and prognostic models of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Berchio
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70121, Bari, Italy.
| | - Samika S Kumar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nadia Micali
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Eating Disorders Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
- Institute of biological Psychiatry, Psykiatrisk Center Sct. Hans, Region Hovedstaden, Denmark
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5
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Conn K, Huang K, Gorrell S, Foldi CJ. A transdiagnostic and translational framework for delineating the neuronal mechanisms of compulsive exercise in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2024:10.1002/eat.24130. [PMID: 38174745 PMCID: PMC11222308 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of novel treatments for anorexia nervosa (AN) requires a detailed understanding of the biological underpinnings of specific, commonly occurring symptoms, including compulsive exercise. There is considerable bio-behavioral overlap between AN and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), therefore it is plausible that similar mechanisms underlie compulsive behavior in both populations. While the association between these conditions is widely acknowledged, defining the shared mechanisms for compulsive behavior in AN and OCD requires a novel approach. METHODS We present an argument that a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that underpin compulsive exercise in AN can be achieved in two critical ways. First, by applying a framework of the neuronal control of OCD to exercise behavior in AN, and second, by taking better advantage of the activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model to directly test this framework in the context of feeding pathology. RESULTS A cross-disciplinary approach that spans preclinical, neuroimaging, and clinical research as well as compulsive neurocircuitry and behavior can advance our understanding of when, why, and how compulsive exercise develops in the context of AN and provide targets for novel treatment strategies. DISCUSSION In this article, we (i) link the expression of compulsive behavior in AN and OCD via a transition between goal-directed and habitual behavior, (ii) present disrupted cortico-striatal circuitry as a key substrate for the development of compulsive behavior in both conditions, and (iii) highlight the utility of the ABA rodent model to better understand the mechanisms of compulsive behavior relevant to AN. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Individuals with AN who exercise compulsively are at risk of worse health outcomes and have poorer responses to standard treatments. However, when, why, and how compulsive exercise develops in AN remains inadequately understood. Identifying whether the neural circuitry underlying compulsive behavior in OCD also controls hyperactivity in the activity-based anorexia model will aid in the development of novel eating disorder treatment strategies for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Conn
- Monash University, Department of Physiology, 26 Innovation Walk, 3800, Clayton, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, 3800, Clayton, Australia
| | - K Huang
- Monash University, Department of Physiology, 26 Innovation Walk, 3800, Clayton, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, 3800, Clayton, Australia
| | - S Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 18th street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - CJ Foldi
- Monash University, Department of Physiology, 26 Innovation Walk, 3800, Clayton, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, 3800, Clayton, Australia
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Yilmaz Z, Schaumberg K, Halvorsen M, Goodman EL, Brosof LC, Crowley JJ, Mathews CA, Mattheisen M, Breen G, Bulik CM, Micali N, Zerwas SC. Predicting eating disorder and anxiety symptoms using disorder-specific and transdiagnostic polygenic scores for anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3021-3035. [PMID: 35243971 PMCID: PMC9440960 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic findings support an overlap between eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety symptoms. However, little research has examined the role of genetics in the expression of underlying phenotypes. We investigated whether the anorexia nervosa (AN), OCD, or AN/OCD transdiagnostic polygenic scores (PGS) predict eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety symptoms in a large developmental cohort in a sex-specific manner. METHODS Using summary statistics from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium AN and OCD genome-wide association studies, we conducted an AN/OCD transdiagnostic genome-wide association meta-analysis. We then calculated AN, OCD, and AN/OCD PGS in participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to predict eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety symptoms, stratified by sex (combined N = 3212-5369 per phenotype). RESULTS The PGS prediction of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety phenotypes differed between sexes, although effect sizes were small. AN and AN/OCD PGS played a more prominent role in predicting eating disorder and anxiety risk than OCD PGS, especially in girls. AN/OCD PGS provided a small boost over AN PGS in the prediction of some anxiety symptoms. All three PGS predicted higher compulsive exercise across different developmental timepoints [β = 0.03 (s.e. = 0.01) for AN and AN/OCD PGS at age 14; β = 0.05 (s.e. = 0.02) for OCD PGS at age 16] in girls. CONCLUSIONS Compulsive exercise may have a transdiagnostic genetic etiology, and AN genetic risk may play a role in the presence of anxiety symptoms. Converging with prior twin literature, our results also suggest that some of the contribution of genetic risk may be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yilmaz
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine Schaumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew Halvorsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erica L. Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Leigh C. Brosof
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - James J. Crowley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative of Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerome Breen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C. Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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7
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Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, Le A, Marks P, Touyz S, Maguire S. Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:8. [PMID: 36650572 PMCID: PMC9847054 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors represent a range of complex variables associated with the onset, development, and course of eating disorders. Understanding these risk factors is vital for the refinement of aetiological models, which may inform the development of targeted, evidence-based prevention, early intervention, and treatment programs. This Rapid Review aimed to identify and summarise research studies conducted within the last 12 years, focusing on risk factors associated with eating disorders. METHODS The current review forms part of a series of Rapid Reviews to be published in a special issue in the Journal of Eating Disorders, funded by the Australian Government to inform the development of the National Eating Disorder Research and Translation Strategy 2021-2031. Three databases were searched for studies published between 2009 and 2021, published in English, and comprising high-level evidence studies (meta-analyses, systematic reviews, moderately sized randomised controlled studies, moderately sized controlled-cohort studies, or population studies). Data pertaining to risk factors for eating disorders were synthesised and outlined in the current paper. RESULTS A total of 284 studies were included. The findings were divided into nine main categories: (1) genetics, (2) gastrointestinal microbiota and autoimmune reactions, (3) childhood and early adolescent exposures, (4) personality traits and comorbid mental health conditions, (5) gender, (6) socio-economic status, (7) ethnic minority, (8) body image and social influence, and (9) elite sports. A substantial amount of research exists supporting the role of inherited genetic risk in the development of eating disorders, with biological risk factors, such as the role of gut microbiota in dysregulation of appetite, an area of emerging evidence. Abuse, trauma and childhood obesity are strongly linked to eating disorders, however less conclusive evidence exists regarding developmental factors such as role of in-utero exposure to hormones. Comorbidities between eating disorders and mental health disorders, including personality and mood disorders, have been found to increase the severity of eating disorder symptomatology. Higher education attainment, body image-related factors, and use of appearance-focused social media are also associated with increased risk of eating disorder symptoms. CONCLUSION Eating disorders are associated with multiple risk factors. An extensive amount of research has been conducted in the field; however, further studies are required to assess the causal nature of the risk factors identified in the current review. This will assist in understanding the sequelae of eating disorder development and in turn allow for enhancement of existing interventions and ultimately improved outcomes for individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barakat
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), InsideOut Institute, University of Sydney, Level 2, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Siân A McLean
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Bryant
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anvi Le
- Healthcare Management Advisors, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peta Marks
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Stephen Touyz
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Maguire
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Thomas KS, Birch RE, Jones CRG, Vanderwert RE. Neural Correlates of Executive Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:841633. [PMID: 35693540 PMCID: PMC9179647 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.841633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are commonly reported to co-occur and present with overlapping symptomatology. Executive functioning difficulties have been implicated in both mental health conditions. However, studies directly comparing these functions in AN and OCD are extremely limited. This review provides a synthesis of behavioral and neuroimaging research examining executive functioning in AN and OCD to bridge this gap in knowledge. We outline the similarities and differences in behavioral and neuroimaging findings between AN and OCD, focusing on set shifting, working memory, response inhibition, and response monitoring. This review aims to facilitate understanding of transdiagnostic correlates of executive functioning and highlights important considerations for future research. We also discuss the importance of examining both behavioral and neural markers when studying transdiagnostic correlates of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Thomas
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine R. G. Jones
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ross E. Vanderwert
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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9
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Kinkel-Ram SS, Grunewald W, Ortiz SN, Magee JM, Smith AR. Examining weekly relationships between obsessive-compulsive and eating disorder symptoms. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:9-16. [PMID: 34728287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the severity and high rate of co-occurrence between eating disorders (ED) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), less is known regarding the longitudinal sequencing of their comorbidity and whether and how their symptoms may influence one another over time. The current study sought to answer these questions by testing if a bidirectional, longitudinal relationship exists between ED symptoms and OCD obsessions and compulsions. METHODS We examined the relationship between ED symptoms, obsessions and compulsions across five time points, each one week apart using auto-regressive cross-lagged panel modeling. The final sample consisted of 358 individuals from the community with moderate levels of ED and OCD symptoms, the majority of whom identified as White and male. RESULTS Bivariate correlations revealed that ED symptoms, obsessions and compulsions were associated with one another across the five weeks. Two cross-lagged panel models indicated that ED symptoms predicted OCD symptoms at numerous time points and vice versa. However, we found this significant longitudinal associations across only certain weeks. Notably, the models found that only ED symptoms and OCD obsessions predicted one another across different time points across the five weeks; ED symptoms and OCD compulsions did not predict one another. LIMITATIONS Due to the non-clinical nature of the sample, there is limited generalizability to clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide preliminary evidence that there is a bidirectional, longitudinal relationship between ED symptoms and OCD symptoms among a community sample, particularly with respect to cognitive as opposed to behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti S Kinkel-Ram
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, United States.
| | - William Grunewald
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shelby N Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Joshua M Magee
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - April R Smith
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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10
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Brasseler M, Schönecker A, Steindor M, Della Marina A, Bruns N, Dogan B, Felderhoff-Müser U, Hebebrand J, Dohna-Schwake C, Goretzki SC. Development of restrictive eating disorders in children and adolescents with long-COVID-associated smell and taste dysfunction. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1022669. [PMID: 36518782 PMCID: PMC9743173 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1022669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Absent or abnormal senses of smell and taste have been frequently reported during both acute and long COVID in adult patients. In contrast, pediatric patients who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 are often asymptomatic and the loss of smell and/or taste has been infrequently reported. After observing several young patients with COVID-associated anosmia and ageusia at our clinic, we decided to investigate the incidence of subsequent eating disorders in these patients and in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who did not experience anosmia and ageusia during the same period. MATERIAL AND METHODS A single-site retrospective cohort study of 84 pediatric patients with suspected long COVID who were treated in the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital Essen were evaluated for persistent symptoms of COVID-19. Smell and taste dysfunction as well as eating behaviors were among the signs and symptoms analyzed in this study. RESULTS 24 out of 84 children and adolescents described smell and taste dysfunction after confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections. A large number of these patients (6 out of 24) demonstrated increased fixation on their eating behavior post-COVID and over time these patients developed anorexia nervosa. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION In this study we saw a possible association of long-lasting post-COVID smell and taste dysfunction with subsequent development of eating disorders. This observation is worrisome and merits further investigation by healthcare providers at multiple clinical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Brasseler
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Centre for Infectious Diseases (WZI), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Schönecker
- Department of Pediatrics III, Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathis Steindor
- Department of Pediatrics III, Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nora Bruns
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Burcin Dogan
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Centre for Infectious Diseases (WZI), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy of Children and Adolescents, LVR, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Dohna-Schwake
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Centre for Infectious Diseases (WZI), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah C Goretzki
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Infectiology, Pediatric Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences C-TNBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,West German Centre for Infectious Diseases (WZI), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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11
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Gorrell S, Flatt RE, Bulik CM, Le Grange D. Psychosocial etiology of maladaptive exercise and its role in eating disorders: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1358-1376. [PMID: 33942917 PMCID: PMC8811798 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although maladaptive exercise (ME) is widely recognized as a clinical feature in transdiagnostic eating disorders, less is known about psychosocial factors that give rise to and perpetuate this behavior. This systematic review aimed to examine the empirical status of this association. METHOD We reviewed 46 full text articles examining longitudinal associations between psychosocial variables and ME. RESULTS Eighteen studies met full inclusion criteria. Based on our qualitative synthesis, evidence suggests reasonably consistent associations between early concern with weight and shape, and negative affect on later development of ME. DISCUSSION Inconsistent and insufficient assessment of ME across a majority of studies underscores caution in interpretation of results, but guides important discussion for future clinical and research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachael E. Flatt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Song W, Wang W, Yu S, Lin GN. Dissection of the Genetic Association between Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder at the Network and Cellular Levels. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:491. [PMID: 33801746 PMCID: PMC8065602 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit a high co-morbidity rate, similar symptoms, and a shared genetic basis. However, an understanding of the specific underlying mechanisms of these commonalities is currently limited. Here, we collected Genome-Wide Association Analysis results for AN and OCD, and obtained genes hit by the top SNPs as the risk genes. We then carried out an integrative coexpression network analysis to explore the convergence and divergence of AN and OCD risk genes. At first, we observed that the AN risk genes were enriched in coexpression modules that involved extracellular matrix functions and highly are expressed in the postnatal brain, limbic system, and non-neuronal cell types, while the OCD risk genes were enriched in modules of synapse function, the prenatal brain, cortex layers, and neurons. Next, by comparing the expressions from the eating disorder and OCD postmortem patient brain tissues, we observed both disorders have similar prefrontal cortex expression alterations influencing the synapse transmission, suggesting that the two diseases could have similar functional pathways. We found that the AN and OCD risk genes had distinct functional and spatiotemporal enrichment patterns but carried similar expression alterations as a disease mechanism, which may be one of the key reasons they had similar but not identical clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guan Ning Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (W.S.); (W.W.); (S.Y.)
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13
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Effects of Microbiota Imbalance in Anxiety and Eating Disorders: Probiotics as Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052351. [PMID: 33652962 PMCID: PMC7956573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and eating disorders produce a physiological imbalance that triggers alterations in the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. Moreover, the gut–brain axis can be altered by several factors such as diet, lifestyle, infections, and antibiotic treatment. Diet alterations generate gut dysbiosis, which affects immune system responses, inflammation mechanisms, the intestinal permeability, as well as the production of short chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters by gut microbiota, which are essential to the correct function of neurological processes. Recent studies indicated that patients with generalized anxiety or eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorders) show a specific profile of gut microbiota, and this imbalance can be partially restored after a single or multi-strain probiotic supplementation. Following the PRISMA methodology, the current review addresses the main microbial signatures observed in patients with generalized anxiety and/or eating disorders as well as the importance of probiotics as a preventive or a therapeutic tool in these pathologies.
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14
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Schaumberg K, Reilly EE, Gorrell S, Levinson CA, Farrell NR, Brown TA, Smith KM, Schaefer LM, Essayli JH, Haynos AF, Anderson LM. Conceptualizing eating disorder psychopathology using an anxiety disorders framework: Evidence and implications for exposure-based clinical research. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 83:101952. [PMID: 33221621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs) evidence shared risk and significant comorbidity. Recent advances in understanding of anxiety-based disorders may have direct application to research and treatment efforts for EDs. The current review presents an up-to-date, behavioral conceptualization of the overlap between anxiety-based disorders and EDs. We identify ways in which anxiety presents in EDs, consider differences between EDs and ADs relevant to treatment adaptions, discuss how exposure-based strategies may be adapted for use in ED treatment, and outline directions for future mechanistic, translational, and clinical ED research from this perspective. Important research directions include: simultaneous examination of the extent to which EDs are characterized by aberrant avoidance-, reward-, and/or habit-based neurobiological and behavioral processes; improvement in understanding of how nutritional status interacts with neurobiological characteristics of EDs; incorporation of a growing knowledge of biobehavioral signatures in ED treatment planning; development of more comprehensive exposure-based treatment approaches for EDs; testing whether certain exposure interventions for AD are appropriate for EDs; and improvement in clinician self-efficacy and ability to use exposure therapy for EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sasha Gorrell
- University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States of America
| | | | - Tiffany A Brown
- University of California, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M Smith
- Sanford Health, United States of America; University of Southern California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ann F Haynos
- University of Minnesota, United States of America
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15
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Lenhard F, Andersson E, Mataix-Cols D, Rück C, Aspvall K, Serlachius E. Long-term outcomes of therapist-guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. NPJ Digit Med 2020; 3:124. [PMID: 33043148 PMCID: PMC7511358 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-020-00327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is the recommended first-line intervention for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but is not broadly accessible. Internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) with minimal therapist support is efficacious and cost-effective, at least in the short term. Whether the therapeutic gains of ICBT for OCD are sustained in the long run is unknown. In this study, 61 adolescents with OCD who participated in a randomized trial of ICBT were followed-up 3 and 12 months after treatment. The proportion of treatment responders and remitters remained stable from post-treatment to 3-month follow-up and increased significantly from 3-month to 12-month follow-up. This study suggests that the gains of ICBT for youth with OCD are not only maintained long-term, but that further improvements continue to occur during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Lenhard
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, 171 77 Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, 171 77 Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, 171 77 Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Aspvall
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, 171 77 Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Serlachius
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, 171 77 Region Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Schaumberg K, Wonderlich S, Crosby R, Peterson C, Le Grange D, Mitchell JE, Crow S, Joiner T, Bardone-Cone AM. Impulsivity and anxiety-related dimensions in adults with bulimic-spectrum disorders differentially relate to eating disordered behaviors. Eat Behav 2020; 37:101382. [PMID: 32247895 PMCID: PMC7259439 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While facets of both anxiety and impulsivity appear central to the development and maintenance of bulimia nervosa (BN), specific BN behaviors may be propagated by differing profiles of risk. The current study examined associations between dimensions of anxiety and impulsivity and BN symptoms (binge eating, vomiting, laxative misuse, driven exercise), both in terms of the presence of such behaviors and their frequency. Two hundred and four women (Mage = 25.7 years) who met DSM-IV criteria for full or subthreshold BN completed self-report measures of perfectionism (Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale), anxiety (Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11; Impulsive Behavior Scale), eating disordered behaviors (Eating Disorder Examination - Questionnaire), and associated psychiatric symptoms (Michigan Assessment Screening Test/Alcohol-Drug; Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory). Factor analysis revealed multidimensional impulsive and anxiety-related traits (5 anxiety-related factors; 7 impulsivity-related factors). In zero-sensitive regression models, different facets of impulsivity evidenced association with the presence of binge eating (risk taking), laxative misuse (impulsive spending), and fasting (difficulty concentrating), along with the frequency of vomiting (long-term planning difficulties). In contrast, anxiety-related dimensions were only associated with driven exercise (high standards) and fasting (concern over mistakes, high standards, parental expectations). Overall, impulsive and anxiety-related factors and symptoms showed distinct associations with specific eating disorder behaviors, even among those with the same diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross Crosby
- Biobehavioral Research Institute, Sanford Health
| | | | - Daniel Le Grange
- University of California, San Francisco,The University of Chicago
| | | | - Scott Crow
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry
| | | | - Anna M. Bardone-Cone
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
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17
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Bang L, Kristensen UB, Wisting L, Stedal K, Garte M, Minde Å, Rø Ø. Presence of eating disorder symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:36. [PMID: 32000754 PMCID: PMC6993325 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-2457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is common in patients with eating disorders (EDs). There is a lack of research investigating the presence of ED symptoms among patients with OCD, despite concerns that many of these patients may be at high risk for EDs. Our objective was to assess the presence of ED symptoms in patients receiving treatment for OCD. METHODS Adult patients with OCD (n = 132, 71% females) and controls (n = 260, 90% females) completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) at admission to a specialized OCD outpatient unit. A small subset of patients (n = 22) also completed the EDE-Q 3-months after end of treatment. RESULTS At the group-level, mean EDE-Q scores did not differ significantly between female patients and controls. However, female patients compared to controls were significantly more likely to score above the EDE-Q cut-off (23% vs. 11%) and have a probable ED (9% vs. 1%), indicating elevated rates of ED symptoms in the clinical range. There was no evidence of elevated rates of ED symptoms in male patients, though sample sizes were small. Preliminary follow-up data showed that certain ED symptoms improved significantly from admission to 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that while ED symptoms are not generally elevated in female patients with OCD, a considerable subset of female patients may have a clinical ED or be at high risk of developing one. Clinicians should be alert to ED symptoms in female patients with OCD, and our findings raise the issue of whether ED screening of female patients with OCD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Bang
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Unn Beate Kristensen
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Specialized out-patient unit for OCD-spectrum Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Wisting
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Stedal
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Garte
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Minde
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Specialized Outpatient Unit for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Södersten P, Brodin U, Zandian M, Bergh CEK. Verifying Feighner's Hypothesis; Anorexia Nervosa Is Not a Psychiatric Disorder. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2110. [PMID: 31607977 PMCID: PMC6756277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental causation takes explanatory priority over evolutionary biology in most accounts of eating disorders. The evolutionary threat of starvation has produced a brain that assists us in the search for food and mental change emerges as a consequence. The major mental causation hypothesis: anxiety causes eating disorders, has been extensively tested and falsified. The subsidiary hypothesis: anxiety and eating disorders are caused by the same genotype, generates inconsistent results because the phenotypes are not traits, but vary along dimensions. Challenging the mental causation hypothesis in Feighner et al. (1972) noted that anorexic patients are physically hyperactive, hoarding for food, and they are rewarded for maintaining a low body weight. In 1996, Feighner's hypothesis was formalized, relating the patients' behavioral phenotype to the brain mechanisms of reward and attention (Bergh and Södersten, 1996), and in 2002, the hypothesis was clinically verified by training patients how to eat normally, thus improving outcomes (Bergh et al., 2002). Seventeen years later we provide evidence supporting Feighner's hypothesis by demonstrating that in 2012, 20 out of 37 patients who were referred by a psychiatrist, had a psychiatric diagnosis that differed from the diagnosis indicated by the SCID-I. Out of the 174 patients who were admitted in 2012, most through self-referral, there was significant disagreement between the outcomes of the SCID-I interview and the patient's subjective experience of a psychiatric problem in 110 of the cases. In addition, 358 anorexic patients treated to remission scored high on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, but an item response analysis indicated one (unknown) underlying dimension, rather than the three dimensions the scale can dissociate in patients with psychiatric disorders. These results indicate that psychiatric diagnoses, which are reliable and valid in patients with psychiatric disorders, are less well suited for patients with anorexia. The results are in accord with the hypothesis of the present Research Topic, that eating disorders are not always caused by disturbed psychological processes, and support the alternative, clinically relevant hypothesis that the behavioral phenotype of the patients should be addressed directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Södersten
- Karolinska Institutet, Mandometer Clinics, Huddinge, Sweden
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19
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Cyfip1 Haploinsufficiency Increases Compulsive-Like Behavior and Modulates Palatable Food Intake in Mice: Dependence on Cyfip2 Genetic Background, Parent-of Origin, and Sex. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3009-3022. [PMID: 31324746 PMCID: PMC6723122 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a heritable trait associated with eating disorders and involves episodes of rapid, large amounts of food consumption. We previously identified cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 2 (Cyfip2) as a genetic factor underlying compulsive-like BE in mice. CYFIP2 is a homolog of CYFIP1 which is one of four paternally-deleted genes in patients with Type I Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder whereby 70% of cases involve paternal 15q11-q13 deletion. PWS symptoms include hyperphagia, obesity (if untreated), cognitive deficits, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. We tested whether Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency (+/−) would enhance compulsive-like behavior and palatable food (PF) intake in a parental origin- and sex-dependent manner on two Cyfip2 genetic backgrounds, including the BE-prone C57BL/6N (Cyfip2N/N) background and the BE-resistant C57BL/6J (Cyfip2J/J) background. Cyfip1+/− mice showed increased compulsive-like behavior on both backgrounds and increased PF intake on the Cyfip2N/N background. In contrast, maternal Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency on the BE-resistant Cyfip2J/J background induced a robust escalation in PF intake in wild-type Cyfip1J/J males while having no effect in Cyfip1J/- males. Notably, induction of behavioral phenotypes in wild-type males following maternal Fmr1+/− has previously been reported. In the hypothalamus, there was a paternally-enhanced reduction in CYFIP1 protein whereas in the nucleus accumbens, there was a maternally-enhanced reduction in CYFIP1 protein. Nochange in FMR1 protein (FMRP) was observed in Cyfip1+/− mice, regardless of parental origin. To summarize, Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency increased compulsive-like behavior and induced genetic background-dependent, sex-dependent, and parent-of-origin-dependent effects on PF consumption and CYFIP1 expression that could have relevance for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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20
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Schaumberg K, Zerwas S, Goodman E, Yilmaz Z, Bulik CM, Micali N. Anxiety disorder symptoms at age 10 predict eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses in adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:686-696. [PMID: 30353925 PMCID: PMC6482103 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional associations between anxiety disorders and eating disorders (EDs) have been well documented; however, limited research has examined whether symptoms of anxiety disorders are prospectively associated with EDs. Identifying these longitudinal associations can aid in discerning relationships among eating and anxiety disorders and point toward a mechanistic understanding of developmental psychopathology. This study investigated the prospective associations between parent-reported anxiety in mid-childhood (age 10) and child-reported ED behaviors and disorders in adolescence (at ages 14 and 16 years) in a population-based sample. METHODS Participants were individuals enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a population-based, prospective study of women and their children; 7,767 children whose parents provided data at age 10 were included in current analyses. An exploratory factor analysis identified latent anxiety factors at age 10, followed by a path analysis that evaluated associations between these factors and eating disorder symptoms and cognitions at age 14. RESULTS Parent-reported anxiety symptoms at age 10 yielded 5 factors: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms related to symmetry and checking (Factor 1); OCD symptoms associated with aversion to dirt and germs (Factor 2); physical anxiety symptoms (Factor 3); worries (Factor 4); and social phobia symptoms (Factor 5). Factors 3 and 4 showed the most consistent, positive associations with a range of ED symptoms at age 14. Factor 3 predicted diagnosis of bulimia nervosa by age 16 (OR = 1.11, p = .007), whereas Factor 4 predicted diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (OR = 1.10, p = .01) and disordered eating by age 16 (OR = 1.08, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that symptoms of generalized anxiety in middle childhood may predict adolescent-onset ED symptoms and ED diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schaumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Stephanie Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Erica Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, United States
| | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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21
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Ay R, Aytas O. The relationship between eating attitudes and distress tolerance in obsessive compulsive disorder. ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Ay
- Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Aytas
- Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
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22
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Babbs RK, Kelliher JC, Scotellaro JL, Luttik KP, Mulligan MK, Bryant CD. Genetic differences in the behavioral organization of binge eating, conditioned food reward, and compulsive-like eating in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains. Physiol Behav 2018; 197:51-66. [PMID: 30261172 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a heritable symptom of eating disorders associated with anxiety, depression, malnutrition, and obesity. Genetic analysis of BE could facilitate therapeutic discovery. We used an intermittent, limited access BE paradigm involving sweetened palatable food (PF) to examine genetic differences in BE, conditioned food reward, and compulsive-like eating between C57BL/6J (B6J) and DBA/2J (D2J) inbred mouse strains. D2J mice showed a robust escalation in intake and conditioned place preference for the PF-paired side. D2J mice also showed a unique style of compulsive-like eating in the light/dark conflict test where they rapidly hoarded and consumed PF in the preferred unlit environment. BE and compulsive-like eating exhibited narrow-sense heritability estimates between 56 and 73%. To gain insight into the genetic basis, we phenotyped and genotyped a small cohort of 133 B6J × D2J-F2 mice at the peak location of three quantitative trait loci (QTL) previously identified in F2 mice for sweet taste (chromosome 4: 156 Mb), bitter taste (chromosome 6: 133 Mb) and behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse (chromosome 11: 50 Mb). The D2J allele on chromosome 6 was associated with greater PF intake on training days and greater compulsive-like PF intake, but only in males, suggesting that decreased bitter taste may increase BE in males. The D2J allele on chromosome 11 was associated with an increase in final PF intake and slope of escalation across days. Future studies employing larger crosses and genetic reference panels comprising B6J and D2J alleles will identify causal genes and neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Babbs
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Julia C Kelliher
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Julia L Scotellaro
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Boston University Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP), United States
| | - Kimberly P Luttik
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Boston University Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP), United States
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Camron D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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Levinson CA, Zerwas SC, Brosof LC, Thornton LM, Strober M, Pivarunas B, Crowley JJ, Yilmaz Z, Berrettini WH, Brandt H, Crawford S, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, La Via M, Mitchell J, Rotondo A, Woodside DB, Kaye WH, Bulik CM. Associations between dimensions of anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder: An examination of personality and psychological factors in patients with anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 27:161-172. [PMID: 30136346 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are highly comorbid. However, the factors that account for this comorbidity are poorly understood. We examined the core dimensions of AN and OCD and psychological and personality factors shared by both disorders. METHOD In path analyses (N = 732 women with either current AN or recovered from AN), we examined which factors were uniquely and independently associated with the core dimensions of AN and OCD. We also examined recovery from AN as a moderator. RESULTS When individuals with AN reported greater concern over mistakes, they endorsed more severity in both AN and OCD core dimensions. These unique associations existed above and beyond all other transdiagnostic personality and psychological factors and regardless of AN recovery status. CONCLUSIONS Concern over mistakes partially accounts for severity in the core dimensions of both AN and OCD. Concern over mistakes may represent an important target in the aetiology of AN and OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri A Levinson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Stephanie C Zerwas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh C Brosof
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael Strober
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - James J Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Center of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harry Brandt
- Center for Eating Disorders, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, Maryland
| | - Steven Crawford
- Center for Eating Disorders, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, Maryland
| | - Manfred M Fichter
- Klinik Roseneck, Hospital for Behavioral Medicine and University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Katherine A Halmi
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital - Westchester Division, White Plains, New York
| | | | - Allan S Kaplan
- Program for Eating Disorders, Toronto General Hospital and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria La Via
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Alessandro Rotondo
- Department of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Christensen SS, Bentz M, Clemmensen L, Strandberg‐Larsen K, Olsen EM. Disordered eating behaviours and autistic traits—Are there any associations in nonclinical populations? A systematic review. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 27:8-23. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterMental Health Services Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lars Clemmensen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterMental Health Services Copenhagen Denmark
- Center for TelepsychiatryMental Health Services Region of Southern Denmark
| | | | - Else Marie Olsen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Lenhard F, Vigerland S, Engberg H, Hallberg A, Thermaenius H, Serlachius E. "On My Own, but Not Alone" - Adolescents' Experiences of Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164311. [PMID: 27711249 PMCID: PMC5053512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a prevalent and impairing condition that can be effectively treated with Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). However, a majority of children and adolescents do not have access to CBT. Internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) has been suggested as a way to increase availability to effective psychological treatments. Yet, the research on ICBT in children and adolescents has been lagging behind significantly both when it comes to quantitative as well as qualitative studies. The aim of the current study was to describe the experience of ICBT in adolescents with OCD. METHOD Eight adolescents with OCD that had received ICBT were interviewed with qualitative methodology regarding their experiences of the intervention. Data was summarized into thematic categories. RESULTS Two overarching themes were identified, autonomy and support, each consisting of three primary themes (self-efficacy, flexibility, secure self-disclosure and clinician support, parental support, identification/normalization, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The experiential hierarchical model that was identified in this study is, in part, transferrable to previous research. In addition, it highlights the need of further study of important process variables of ICBT in young patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Lenhard
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Vigerland
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Engberg
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hallberg
- Östersund Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Östersunds sjukhus, 831 83 Östersund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Thermaenius
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Serlachius
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cederlöf M, Thornton LM, Baker J, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Rück C, Bulik CM, Mataix-Cols D. Etiological overlap between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anorexia nervosa: a longitudinal cohort, multigenerational family and twin study. World Psychiatry 2015; 14:333-8. [PMID: 26407789 PMCID: PMC4592656 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often co-occurs with anorexia nervosa (AN), a comorbid profile that complicates the clinical management of both conditions. This population-based study aimed to examine patterns of comorbidity, longitudinal risks, shared familial risks and shared genetic factors between OCD and AN at the population level. Participants were individuals with a diagnosis of OCD (N=19,814) or AN (N=8,462) in the Swedish National Patient Register between January 1992 and December 2009; their first-, second- and third-degree relatives; and population-matched (1:10 ratio) unaffected comparison individuals and their relatives. Female twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Register (N=8,550) were also included. Females with OCD had a 16-fold increased risk of having a comorbid diagnosis of AN, whereas males with OCD had a 37-fold increased risk. Longitudinal analyses showed that individuals first diagnosed with OCD had an increased risk for a later diagnosis of AN (risk ratio, RR=3.6), whereas individuals first diagnosed with AN had an even greater risk for a later diagnosis of OCD (RR=9.6). These longitudinal risks were about twice as high for males than for females. First- and second-degree relatives of probands with OCD had an increased risk for AN, and the magnitude of this risk tended to increase with the degree of genetic relatedness. Bivariate twin models revealed a moderate but significant degree of genetic overlap between self-reported OCD and AN diagnoses (ra =0.52, 95% CI: 0.26-0.81), but most of the genetic variance was disorder-specific. The moderately high genetic correlation supports the idea that this frequently observed comorbid pattern is at least in part due to shared genetic factors, though disorder-specific factors are more important. These results have implications for current gene-searching efforts and for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cederlöf
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County CouncilStockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County CouncilStockholm, Sweden
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Kothari R, Barona M, Treasure J, Micali N. Social cognition in children at familial high-risk of developing an eating disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:208. [PMID: 26300753 PMCID: PMC4528178 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Diagnosis of an eating disorder (ED) has been associated with differences in social cognition. To date research investigating social cognition and ED has mainly employed patient and recovered samples. It is therefore unclear whether differences in social cognition are present prior to onset of ED, potentially contributing to development, or whether differences observed are a consequence of the disorder. We aimed to further explore whether individuals at high-risk for ED present social cognition characteristics previously found in ED groups. Methods: Our sample was drawn from a population-based cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Data on maternal ED behaviors over the lifetime were collected through in-depth clinical interviews (n = 1128) conducted using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID), and were used to categorize mothers according to ED behaviors over the lifetime: Restricting and Excessive Exercising (n = 58), Purging (n = 70), Binge-eating (n = 72), Binging and Purging (n = 66), no ED (n = 862). High-risk status of children was determined using these maternal lifetime behavioral phenotypes. Children at high-risk (maternal ED exposure) were compared to children at low-risk (born to mothers with no ED) on three measures of social cognition: the Social Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC) (n = 922), the faces subtest of the Diagnostic Analysis of Non-Verbal Accuracy (DANVA) (n = 722), and the Emotional Triangles Task (n = 750). Results: Children at high-risk for ED showed poorer performance on measures of social cognition compared to children at low-risk. Maternal lifetime binge-eating, and maternal lifetime binging and purging were associated with poorer social communication in children (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.0, 5.7, p = 0.05; and OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 6.5, p = 0.03 respectively). Maternal binging and purging was also found to be associated with differential facial emotion processing and poorer recognition of fear from social motion cues (B: −0.7, 95% CI: −1.1, −0.2, p = 0.004). Discussion: Children at high-risk for ED showed slight differences in some areas of social cognition when compared to children at low-risk. Characteristic patterns in social cognition are present in children at high-risk for ED, particularly among children whose mothers have binge-eating and purging behaviors over the lifetime. Our findings support the hypothesis that these differences may be part of an intermediate phenotype for ED: perhaps contributing to development, or perhaps indexing a shared liability with psychiatric disorders characterized by abnormal social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Kothari
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK ; Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
| | - Manuela Barona
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Psychological Medicine, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry London, UK
| | - Nadia Micali
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK ; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn Medical School at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA ; Mindich Child health and Development Institute, Icahn Medical School at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
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Micali N, Solmi F, Horton NJ, Crosby RD, Eddy KT, Calzo JP, Sonneville KR, Swanson SA, Field AE. Adolescent Eating Disorders Predict Psychiatric, High-Risk Behaviors and Weight Outcomes in Young Adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54:652-659.e1. [PMID: 26210334 PMCID: PMC4515576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED), including purging disorder (PD), subthreshold BN, and BED at ages 14 and 16 years, are prospectively associated with later depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and substance use, and self-harm. METHOD Eating disorders were ascertained at ages 14 and 16 years in 6,140 youth at age 14 (58% of those eligible) and 5,069 at age 16 (52% of those eligible) as part of the prospective Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Outcomes (depression, anxiety disorders, binge drinking, drug use, deliberate self-harm, weight status) were measured using interviews and questionnaires about 2 years after predictors. Generalized estimating equation models adjusting for gender, socio-demographic variables, and prior outcome were used to examine prospective associations between eating disorders and each outcome. RESULTS All eating disorders were predictive of later anxiety disorders. AN, BN, BED, PD, and OSFED were prospectively associated with depression (respectively AN: odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.00-1.94; BN: OR = 3.39, 95% CI = 1.25-9.20; BED: OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.06-3.75; and PD: OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.38-4.74). All eating disorders but AN predicted drug use and deliberate self-harm (BN: OR = 5.72, 95% CI = 2.22-14.72; PD: OR = 4.88, 95% CI = 2.78-8.57; subthreshold BN: OR = 3.97, 95% CI = 1.44-10.98; and subthreshold BED: OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.43-3.75). Although BED and BN predicted obesity (respectively OR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.06-12.14 and OR = 6.42, 95% CI = 1.69-24.30), AN was prospectively associated with underweight. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent eating disorders, including subthreshold presentations, predict negative outcomes, including mental health disorders, substance use, deliberate self-harm, and weight outcomes. This study highlights the high public health and clinical burden of eating disorders among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Micali
- Institute of Child Health, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Palliative Care and Pediatrics Section, University College London, and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
| | | | | | - Ross D Crosby
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, and University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jerel P Calzo
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Kendrin R Sonneville
- Human Nutrition Program, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Alison E Field
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
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Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (i.e., DSM-5) currently recognizes three primary eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The origins of eating disorders are complex and remain poorly understood. However, emerging research highlights a dimensional approach to understanding the multifactorial etiology of eating disorders as a means to inform assessment, prevention, and treatment efforts. Guided by research published since 2011, this review summarizes recent findings elucidating risk factors for the development of eating disorders across the lifespan in three primary domains: (1) genetic/biological, (2) psychological, and (3) socio-environmental. Prospective empirical research in clinical samples with full-syndrome eating disorders is emphasized with added support from cross-sectional studies, where relevant. The developmental stages of puberty and the transition from adolescence to young adulthood are discussed as crucial periods for the identification and prevention of eating disorders. The importance of continuing to elucidate the mechanisms underlying gene by environmental interactions in eating disorder risk is also discussed. Finally, controversial topics in the field of eating disorder research and the clinical implications of this research are summarized.
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30
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Rosenvinge JH, Pettersen G. Epidemiology of eating disorders part III: social epidemiology and case definitions revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21662630.2015.1022197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Olatunji BO, Cox R, Kim EH. Self-Disgust Mediates the Associations Between Shame and Symptoms of Bulimia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lenhard F, Vigerland S, Andersson E, Rück C, Mataix-Cols D, Thulin U, Ljótsson B, Serlachius E. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100773. [PMID: 24949622 PMCID: PMC4065049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International guidelines recommend Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) as the first line treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, a substantial proportion of patients do not have access to such treatment. We developed and tested the feasibility, efficacy and acceptability of a novel therapist-guided, Internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) platform for adolescents with OCD. METHODS An interactive, age-appropriate ICBT platform ("BiP OCD") was developed. Twenty-one adolescents (12-17 years) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD and their parents were enrolled in the study. All participants received 12 weeks of ICBT with therapist support. The primary outcome measure was the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Acceptability was assessed at post-treatment. RESULTS Participants completed on average 8.29 (SD = 3.0) of the 12 treatment chapters. Treatment yielded significant improvements on all clinician-, parent- and most self-administered outcome measures, with a large effect size of d = 2.29 (95% CI 1.5-3.07) on the CY-BOCS. Patients continued to improve at follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, 71% were classified as responders (≥35% decrease on the CY-BOCS) and 76% as being in remission (CY-BOCS score ≤12). Average clinician support time was less than 20 minutes per patient per week. The majority of participants felt that BiP OCD was age-appropriate and rated the treatment as good or very good. CONCLUSIONS ICBT could be efficacious, acceptable, and cost-effective for adolescents with OCD. More rigorously controlled studies are needed to further evaluate the treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01809990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Lenhard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Vigerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Thulin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brjánn Ljótsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Serlachius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Suda M, Brooks SJ, Giampietro V, Uher R, Mataix-Cols D, Brammer MJ, Williams SCR, Treasure J, Campbell IC. Provocation of symmetry/ordering symptoms in Anorexia nervosa: a functional neuroimaging study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97998. [PMID: 24844926 PMCID: PMC4028263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are often co-morbid; however, the aetiology of such co-morbidity has not been well investigated. This study examined brain activation in women with AN and in healthy control (HC) women during the provocation of symmetry/ordering-related anxiety. During provocation, patients with AN showed more anxiety compared to HCs, which was correlated with the severity of symmetry/ordering symptoms. Activation in the right parietal lobe and right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) in response to provocation was reduced in the AN group compared with the HC group. The reduced right parietal activation observed in the AN group is consistent with parietal lobe involvement in visuospatial cognition and with studies of OCD reporting an association between structural abnormalities in this region and the severity of ‘ordering’ symptoms. Reduced rPFC activation in response to symmetry/ordering provocation has similarities with some, but not all, data collected from patients with AN who were exposed to images of food and bodies. Furthermore, the combination of data from the AN and HC groups showed that rPFC activation during symptom provocation was inversely correlated with the severity of symmetry/ordering symptoms. These data suggest that individuals with AN have a diminished ability to cognitively deal with illness-associated symptoms of provocation. Furthermore, our data also suggest that symptom provocation can progressively overload attempts by the rPFC to exert cognitive control. These findings are discussed in the context of the current neurobiological models of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Suda
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Vincent Giampietro
- Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Departments of Psychosis Studies and Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Brammer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. R. Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C. Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Are the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder temporally stable in children/adolescents? A prospective naturalistic study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:196-201. [PMID: 23261183 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms tend to be temporally stable in adults, but much less is known about their stability in young people. We examined the temporal stability of OCD symptoms in a clinical pediatric sample. As part of a naturalistic longitudinal study, 74 children and adolescents with OCD were assessed with the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale on two separate occasions ranging from 1 to 11 years apart (average 5 years). Analysis of variance and multiple regression models examined changes within and between symptoms and symptom dimensions. Changes within individual symptom categories were observed in approximately 15-45% of the cases, depending on the specific symptom. In most of those cases, symptoms went from present to absent at follow-up rather than from absent to present. Changes were no longer significant when individuals who were in remission at follow-up were excluded. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the strongest predictor of a particular symptom dimension at follow-up was the presence of the same dimension at baseline. Shifts from one dimension to another were rare. The content of OCD symptoms is relatively stable across time in young people. Most changes observed were attributable to clinical improvement/remission and occurred within rather than between symptom dimensions.
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Wildes JE, Marcus MD. Alternative methods of classifying eating disorders: models incorporating comorbid psychopathology and associated features. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:383-94. [PMID: 23416343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the limitations of current approaches to psychiatric classification. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the eating disorders (EDs). Several alternative methods of classifying EDs have been proposed, which can be divided into two major groups: 1) those that have classified individuals on the basis of disordered eating symptoms; and, 2) those that have classified individuals on the basis of comorbid psychopathology and associated features. Several reviews have addressed symptom-based approaches to ED classification, but we are aware of no paper that has critically examined comorbidity-based systems. Thus, in this paper, we review models of classifying EDs that incorporate information about comorbid psychopathology and associated features. Early approaches are described first, followed by more recent scholarly contributions to comorbidity-based ED classification. Importantly, several areas of overlap among the classification schemes are identified that may have implications for future research. In particular, we note similarities between early models and newer studies in the salience of impulsivity, compulsivity, distress, and inhibition versus risk taking. Finally, we close with directions for future work, with an emphasis on neurobiologically-informed research to elucidate basic behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of comorbidity-based ED classes, as well as implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Taborelli E, Krug I, Karwautz A, Wagner G, Haidvogl M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Castro R, Jiménez-Murcia S, Anderluh M, Collier D, Treasure JL, Micali N. Maternal Anxiety, Overprotection and Anxious Personality as Risk Factors for Eating Disorder: A Sister Pair Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Egan SJ, Watson HJ, Kane RT, McEvoy P, Fursland A, Nathan PR. Anxiety as a Mediator Between Perfectionism and Eating Disorders. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Krug I, Villarejo C, Jiménez-Murcia S, Perpiñá C, Vilarrasa N, Granero R, Cebolla A, Botella C, Montserrat-Gil de Bernabe M, Penelo E, Casella S, Islam M, Orekhova E, Casanueva F, Karwautz A, Menchón J, Treasure J, Fernández-Aranda F. Eating-related Environmental Factors in Underweight Eating Disorders and Obesity: Are There Common Vulnerabilities During Childhood and Early Adolescence? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2012; 21:202-8. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Villarejo
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona; Spain
| | | | | | - N. Vilarrasa
- Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition Department; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); Barcelona; Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - E. Penelo
- Laboratori d'Estadística Aplicada, Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - S. Casella
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona; Spain
| | - M. A. Islam
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona; Spain
| | - E. Orekhova
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL; Barcelona; Spain
| | | | - A. Karwautz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna; Austria
| | | | - J. Treasure
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; UK
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Abstract
This article is a review of recent literature on obsessive-compulsive disorder in the pediatric population. Areas covered include: a brief historical perspective, clinical presentation in relation to symptoms found in different age groups, epidemiology, psychiatric comorbidity, etiology (with regards to genetics, neuroimaging, and familial factors), clinical course and prognosis, and treatment, with special emphasis on individual and family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Boileau
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada.
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