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Coldevin M, Brænden A, Zeiner P, Øyen AS, Melinder A, Stubberud J. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in a Norwegian Clinical Child Population. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 29:393-406. [PMID: 37208899 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231176928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder was included in DSM-5 to accommodate new research addressing aspects of emotional dysregulation in children suffering from disruptive behavior problems. Despite growing interest in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, few studies have looked at prevalence rates in European clinical populations. The primary objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics associated with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in a Norwegian clinical sample. METHODS The present study assessed children 6-12 years of age referred to a mental health clinic for evaluation and treatment (N = 218, Mage = 9.6, 60.4% boys) and compared those who did and did not meet Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder diagnostic criteria. Diagnoses were determined using K-SADS-PL 2013. Associated difficulties at home and in school were measured by Achenbach Systems of Empirically Based Assessment battery. RESULTS In this clinical sample, 24% met the diagnostic criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. Children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder were more likely than those without Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder to be male (77% vs. 55%, p = .008), be living in poverty, have multiple mental health diagnoses (79% vs. 53%, p = .001), and have lower global functioning levels as measured by Children's Global Assessment Scale (range 0-100, M = 47, SD = 8.5 vs. M = 57, SD = 11.4, p=<.001). Finally, parents and teachers of children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder reported lower overall competence and adaptive functioning, and higher total symptom load than children with other diagnoses. CONCLUSION Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is highly prevalent in a Norwegian clinical sample and displays a high symptom load. Our results are in accordance with similar studies. Consistent findings across the world may support Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder as a valid diagnostic category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Coldevin
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Brænden
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Siri Øyen
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Melinder
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Kok Kendirlioglu B, Ipekcioglu D, Havle N, Ilnem MC. Paraphilias, Sociodemographic and Forensic Profiles of Men Convicted of Sexual Offenses in Turkey. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 36:59-75. [PMID: 37635404 DOI: 10.1177/10790632231199318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the psychiatric, paraphilic, and forensic profiles of men who were convicted of sexual offenses. It also examined childhood trauma exposure in the group with potential paraphilia. The study was performed in the closed prison located in the Istanbul Silivri Penal Institutions Campus. The interview data of 100 men convicted of sexual offenses were obtained from the psychiatric interview notes based on the DSM-5 criteria, the results of the 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire administered to the participants with paraphilia, and the forensic profiles from examination files. It was found that 39% of individuals were drug users and 36% were alcohol users. Considering the crime scenes, 42% of men convicted of sexual offenses committed the offense in their own house. Pedophilia was the most common among men with paraphilia (59%). The victim age was significantly lower (p < .001), and the male victim ratio was higher (p < .05) in the group with paraphilia than in the group without paraphilia. Sexual offenses against children aged 10 years and below and against males may be suggestive of paraphilia and an increased risk of recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kok Kendirlioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Maltepe University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Ipekcioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Teaching Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nedim Havle
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Bahcelievler State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cem Ilnem
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırkoy Mental Health Research and Teaching Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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3
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White HR, Frisch-Scott NE. Childhood Victimization and Adult Incarceration: A Review of the Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1543-1559. [PMID: 35354348 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211073841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of work estimates the prevalence of childhood victimization among incarcerated people. The present study seeks to descriptively and quantitatively summarize this abundant literature by reviewing studies that report childhood victimization prevalence among people incarcerated in the United States. The review includes any study of childhood victimization that uses a sample of incarcerated adults (age eighteen or older) and that reports the proportion of the sample that experienced child abuse and/or neglect. Sixty-seven studies met these criteria and were analyzed, encompassing 1,187,044 incarcerated individuals. The studies vary in sample characteristics, methodological features, and employ an exceedingly wide range of victimization measures. Meta-analyses for pooled prevalence rates revealed that the inter-study heterogeneity was too great to draw conclusive summary estimates of childhood victimization from this literature, even when disaggregating by victimization type. Exploratory t-tests and correlation analyses suggest that a study's sample size, racial, ethnic, and gender composition, and variation in victimization measurement can influence reported child abuse and neglect, but more research is needed to fully assess how study characteristics influence reported victimization prevalence. Understanding the extensiveness of childhood victimization histories among incarcerated people emphasizes the need for robust screening and treatment for people within correctional facilities, as well as improved community prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R White
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nicole E Frisch-Scott
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
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4
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Meddeb A, Berlin J, Laporte N, Wallinius M. Adverse childhood experiences do not moderate the association between aggressive antisocial behavior and general disinhibition in a forensic psychiatric inpatient sample. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1019246. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and high levels of disinhibition have been associated with a variety of negative outcomes such as aggressive antisocial behavior (AAB). However, forensic psychiatric populations remain an understudied group in this field of research. This study aimed to fill that gap by investigating associations between ACE, AAB, and disinhibition in a forensic psychiatric sample. Furthermore, we aimed to explore such findings by investigating whether ACE might have a moderating effect on the association between disinhibition and AAB. A sample of forensic psychiatric patients (n = 89) was recruited from a high-security forensic psychiatric facility in Sweden. All study variables were moderately to strongly related to each other, although we found no moderating effect of ACE. Post hoc analysis indicated that our ACE items had differential effects on AAB scores, with placement outside the family home, absent parents, and parental drug abuse producing the largest effect on AAB levels. Our findings are in line with previous research demonstrating a significant and robust relationship between ACE, AAB, and disinhibition. Forensic psychiatric populations are exposed to high levels of both self-reported and documented ACE. This calls for trauma-informed care and highlights the importance of considering ACE in risk assessment, preventive work, and policy making.
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Pettus C, Renn T, Tripodi S, Tamburri S. Study protocol paper for the multisite randomized controlled trial of comprehensive trauma informed reentry services for moderate to high-risk young males releasing from state prisons. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 117:106766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dash GF, Martin NG, Slutske WS. Childhood maltreatment and disordered gambling in adulthood: disentangling causal and familial influences. Psychol Med 2022; 52:979-988. [PMID: 32744192 PMCID: PMC7855020 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite abundant research on the potential causal influence of childhood maltreatment (CM) on psychological maladaptation in adulthood, almost none has implemented the discordant twin design as a means of examining the role of such experiences in later disordered gambling (DG) while accounting for genetic and family environmental confounds. The present study implemented such an approach to disentangle the potential causal and familial factors that may account for the association between CM and DG. METHODS Participants were 3750 twins from the Australian Twin Registry [Mage = 37.60 (s.d. = 2.31); 58% female]. CM and DG were assessed separately via two semi-structured telephone interviews. Random-intercept generalized linear mixed models were fit to the data; zygosity, sex, educational attainment, childhood psychiatric disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) were included as covariates. RESULTS Neither quasi-causal nor familial effects of CM predicted DG after adjusting for covariates. Educational attainment appeared to reduce the risk of DG while AUD appeared to increase risk; evidence also emerged for familial effects of antisocial behavior on DG. Post-hoc analyses revealed a familial effect of CM on antisocial behavior, indicating that the association between CM and DG identified in unadjusted models and in prior studies may be accounted for by genetic and shared family environmental effects of antisociality. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the meager literature showing that CM does not exert a causal effect on DG, and present novel evidence that familial effects of antisocial behavior may account for the association between CM and DG identified in extant non-twin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F. Dash
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Wendy S. Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Wachs S, Bilz L, Wettstein A, Wright MF, Krause N, Ballaschk C, Kansok-Dusche J. The Online Hate Speech Cycle of Violence: Moderating Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy in the Victim-to-Perpetrator Relationship. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:223-229. [PMID: 35172113 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wachs
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Education, National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ludwig Bilz
- Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Alexander Wettstein
- Institute for Research, Development and Evaluation, Bern University of Teacher Education, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle F Wright
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Norman Krause
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cindy Ballaschk
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Kansok-Dusche
- Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Despite sufficient evidence to conclude that maltreatment exposure affects the risk of crime and delinquency, we conclude that the unique effects of child maltreatment on crime and delinquency, and the mechanisms through which those effects operate, remain poorly identified. Key challenges include insufficient attention to the overlap of child maltreatment with various forms of family dysfunction and adversity and a lack of comprehensive measurement of the multiple, often comorbid, forms of child maltreatment. We then consider potential impacts of the child welfare system on the maltreatment-crime link. Because the child welfare system typically provides voluntary, short-term services of unknown quality, it likely neither increases nor reduces risks of delinquency and crime for most children who encounter it. For the comparatively small subset of children experiencing foster care, impacts on delinquency and crime likely vary by the quality of environments within and after their time in care - issues that, to date, have received too little attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Font
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, 612 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Reeve Kennedy
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Sociology and Criminology
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9
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Prior K, Carvalheiro M, Lawler S, Stapinski LA, Newton NC, Mooney-Somers J, Basto-Pereira M, Barrett E. Early trauma and associations with altruistic attitudes and behaviours among young adults. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105091. [PMID: 33991899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood and adolescent traumas are exceptionally prevalent worldwide. Despite their high prevalence and substantial impact, little research has investigated the rates and specific types of early trauma by gender. It is also unknown whether the types of early trauma are differentially associated with heightened or hindered prosocial attitudes and behaviours. OBJECTIVE To address this gap, this study aims to explore the rates of different types of early trauma (i.e., abuse: sexual, physical, and emotional; neglect: physical and emotional) among young Australian adults and investigate whether these differ according to participant gender (female, male and transgender/gender diverse). The study will also examine the associations between the different types of early trauma and current altruistic attitudes and behaviours (including the affective, behavioural and cognitive altruism domains), among a young adult Australian cohort. METHODS Cross-sectional data was collected from 511 young Australians aged 18-20 years using an online self-report survey. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses revealed that transgender/gender diverse individuals were over 3-times more likely to experience all types of maltreatment than females and over 3-times more likely to experience emotional and sexual abuse and emotional neglect than males. Experiencing one or more trauma types was negatively associated with the cognitive domain of altruism, experiencing physical neglect was associated with the affective domain, and having a family member involved in domestic violence was associated with the behavioural domain, after controlling for gender. CONCLUSIONS Findings show how early traumatic experiences can influence individuals' attitudes and behaviours during the pivotal developmental period of young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Prior
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Monica Carvalheiro
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Siobhan Lawler
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lexine A Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nicola C Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Miguel Basto-Pereira
- William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Emma Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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10
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Chang S, Hou Q, Wang C, Wang M, Wang L, Zhang W. Childhood maltreatment and violent delinquency in Chinese juvenile offenders: Callous-unemotional traits as a mediator. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105085. [PMID: 33992875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents in China suffer a high prevalence of childhood maltreatment, which has been shown to facilitate juvenile violent delinquency. Studies have implicated a relationship between callous-unemotional traits and both juvenile violent delinquency and childhood maltreatment. However, the complex relationships among these three variables have not yet been examined. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of callous-unemotional traits in the relationship between different types of childhood maltreatment and juvenile violent delinquency. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Childhood maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits were assessed in a sample of 441 juvenile violent offenders and a control group of 543 non-offenders, using questionnaires. METHODS After controlling for socio-economic status, a mediation analysis determined the direct, indirect, and total effect of the mediation of callous-unemotional traits in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and juvenile violent delinquency. RESULTS The results showed no mediation of callous-unemotional traits in the relationship between physical abuse and juvenile violent delinquency. However, callous-unemotional traits mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and juvenile violent delinquency as well as between emotional neglect and juvenile violent delinquency. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that sexual abuse has both a direct and indirect effect on juvenile violent delinquency via callous-unemotional traits, whereas childhood emotional neglect had only an indirect effect on juvenile violent delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Chang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1, Da Xue Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250358, China.
| | - Qingqing Hou
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1, Da Xue Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250358, China.
| | - Chengyi Wang
- Department of Professional Basic Courses, Shandong Police College, No.54 Wenhua East Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250014, China.
| | - Meifang Wang
- Research Center for Child Development, College of Elementary Education, Capital Normal University, No.105 Xisan Huan Beilu, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1, Da Xue Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250358, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1, Da Xue Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 250358, China.
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11
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Capusan AJ, Gustafsson PA, Kuja-Halkola R, Igelström K, Mayo LM, Heilig M. Re-examining the link between childhood maltreatment and substance use disorder: a prospective, genetically informative study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3201-3209. [PMID: 33824431 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is considered a risk factor for substance use disorders (SUD), but this is largely based on retrospective self-reports that are subject to recall bias, designs that do not control for familial confounding, or both. The specific contribution of childhood maltreatment to SUD risk thus remains unclear. Here, we evaluated this contribution in a prospective cohort with objectively recorded childhood maltreatment, using a design that allows controlling for familial confounding. We used medical records and registers to study 525 young adults (20-37 years) with prospectively and objectively documented severe maltreatment exposure, 1979 clinical controls (unexposed former child and adolescent psychiatry patients), 1388 matched healthy controls; and their siblings and cousins. We examined the association between maltreatment and SUD using Cox regression models in the population, as well as stratified within siblings in the same family. SUD risk was significantly increased with childhood maltreatment exposure (crude HR: 6.61, 95% CI: 5.81-7.53; HR adjusted for sex, birthyear, externalizing problems, parents' SUD and socioeconomic factors: 3.50, 95% CI 2.95, 4.16). An approximately threefold elevated SUD risk remained when comparing exposed individuals with their unexposed siblings (adjusted HR: 3.12, 95% CI 2.21, 4.42). We provide estimates of the association between childhood maltreatment and SUD accounting for possible confounds of both recall bias and familial factors. When familial confounding is controlled for, SUD risk attributable to severe childhood maltreatment is decreased, but nevertheless considerable. These findings establish a specific contribution of childhood maltreatment to SUD, underscoring the need for SUD prevention in young people exposed to maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Capusan
- Department of Psychiatry in Linköping and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. .,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Per A Gustafsson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Linköping and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Igelström
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Linköping and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Leah M Mayo
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Department of Psychiatry in Linköping and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. .,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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12
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Latham RM, Quilter E, Arseneault L, Danese A, Moffitt TE, Newbury JB, Fisher HL. Childhood maltreatment and poor functional outcomes at the transition to adulthood: a comparison of prospective informant- and retrospective self-reports of maltreatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:1161-1173. [PMID: 32897405 PMCID: PMC8225518 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence suggests that prospective informant-reports and retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment may be differentially associated with adult psychopathology. However, it remains unknown how associations for these two maltreatment reporting types compare when considering functional outcomes. The present study compared associations between childhood maltreatment and functional outcomes at age 18 years using these two methods. METHODS We used data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative birth cohort of 2232 children born in England and Wales in 1994-1995. Maltreatment prior to age 12 years was assessed prospectively (during multiple home visits between birth and age of 12 years based on interviews with caregivers, researcher observations, and information from practitioners where child protection referrals were made) and retrospectively (at age 18 via self-report on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire). Nine functional outcomes were measured at age 18, forming two variables capturing: (i) psychosocial and (ii) vocational disadvantage. RESULTS Among the 2054 participants with available data, childhood maltreatment was associated with poorer functional outcomes regardless of whether this was reported only prospectively, only retrospectively, or both. Stronger associations with psychosocial disadvantage arose in the context of retrospective recall by participants (OR = 8.25, 95% CI 4.93-13.82) than prospective reports by informants (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.36-3.04) of maltreatment. Conversely, associations with vocational disadvantage were comparable for both prospective informant-reports (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.42-3.38) and retrospective self-reports (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.33-2.81) of maltreatment. CONCLUSION Results highlight the importance of considering the maltreatment report type used when interpreting the functional consequences of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Latham
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Quilter
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Danese
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.37640.360000 0000 9439 0839National and Specialist CAMHS Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921PROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanne B. Newbury
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Bristol Medical School: Population and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK
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13
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Johansson A, Rötkönen N, Jern P. Is the association between childhood maltreatment and aggressive behavior mediated by hostile attribution bias in women? A discordant twin and sibling study. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:28-37. [PMID: 32853475 PMCID: PMC7754152 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind aggressive behavior (AGG) is vital so that effective prevention and intervention strategies can be developed. Maltreated children are hypothesized to be prone to social information processing biases, such as hostile attribution bias (HAB), which, in turn, may increase the likelihood of behaving aggressively. The first aim of the present study was to replicate findings regarding associations between childhood maltreatment (CM), HAB, and aggression in a population-based sample of Finnish female twins and their sisters (N = 2,167). However, these associations might not be causal but instead confounded by familial factors, shared between the variables. The second aim was, thus, to test the associations when potential confounding by familial (genetic or common environmental) effects were controlled for using a multilevel discordant twin and sibling design within (a) 379 pairs of twins (npairs = 239) or siblings (npairs = 140), and (b) within the 131 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. Consistent with previous studies, HAB mediated the association between CM and AGG when familial confounding was uncontrolled. No support was found for the mediation when controlling for familial confounding. Between-pair associations were found between CM and AGG, and between CM and HAB. In addition, within-pair associations were found between HAB and AGG, and between CM and AGG, however, these were nonsignificant in the discordant MZ analysis, offering the most stringent control of familial confounding. The results indicate the necessity of taking familial confounding into account when investigating the development of AGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Nicola Rötkönen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
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The impact and measure of adverse childhood experiences: reflections of undergraduates and graduates in England. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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15
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A Meta-analysis Comparing Male Adolescents Who Have Sexually Offended Against Intrafamilial Versus Extrafamilial Victims. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2020; 23:529-552. [PMID: 32725469 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-020-00320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined whether theoretically and clinically relevant differences exist between male adolescents who have sexually offended against intrafamilial victims (AIV) and male adolescents who have sexually offended against extrafamilial victims (AEV). A total of 26 independent samples (8 published and 18 unpublished) that compared a total of 2169 AIV and 2852 AEV were analyzed. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that categorizing male adolescents who commit sexual offenses based on their relationship to victims is a meaningful distinction. We found that AIV presented with greater atypical sexual interests, increased sexual regulation issues, more severe family dysfunction, more extensive childhood maltreatment histories, and greater internalizing psychopathology than AEV. Conversely, AEV presented with more indicators of antisociality than AIV, suggesting that extrafamilial sexual offending might fit better with a generalist explanation of adolescent sexual offending. Findings highlight the value of assessing family dysfunction and maltreatment history, sexual development and regulation, and general delinquency factors to better understand adolescents who have committed a sexual offense.
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Hachtel H, Fullam R, Malone A, Murphy BP, Huber C, Carroll A. Victimization, violence and facial affect recognition in a community sample of first-episode psychosis patients. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:283-292. [PMID: 31264789 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This exploratory study is the first to examine previously identified variables of increased vulnerability to victimization, the prevalence of aggression in a cohort of patients with first-episode psychosis and the potential impact of impairments in facial affect recognition (FAR) on victimization. METHODS Sixty-nine male participants completed assessments of IQ, substance use, psychopathy, childhood trauma, aggressive behaviour and psychopathology. Participants were asked about violent victimization in the past year and charges for violent offences. FAR was assessed using the Animated Full Facial Comprehension Test. RESULTS The victimized group (n = 25) had significantly higher psychopathy traits (P = .042) and lower recognition of sadness (P < .01) compared to the non-victimized group (n = 44). Participants who reported charges for violent offences (n = 15) had significantly higher scores on measures of physical abuse in childhood (P < .01), substance use (P < .05 for cannabis, P < .001 for cocaine and amphetamine use), psychopathy traits (P < .01), psychopathology (P = .031) and lifetime aggressive behaviour (P < .01). The logistic regression models using FAR sadness and Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) total score as predictors for victimization (χ 2 [2] = 13.81, P = .001; Nagelkerke R 2 = .30) and using physical abuse in childhood, PPI-R total score, and psychopathology as predictors for violent offences (χ 2 [3] = 14.89, P = .002; Nagelkerke R 2 = .36) were significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the value of considering victimization in psychotic illness from a social information processing perspective in addition to known clinical and lifestyle factors. Based on these results, future studies could explore the use of affect recognition training early in the course of the illness as a possible intervention to reduce victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hachtel
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachael Fullam
- Forensicare, Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Brendan P Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Huber
- Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Carroll
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Reiss D, Nielsen L, Godfrey K, McEwen B, Power C, Seeman T, Suomi S. Midlife reversibility of early-established biobehavioral risk factors: A research agenda. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:2203-2218. [PMID: 31368762 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links exposure to early life adversities-such as childhood maltreatment-with impaired health and well-being in adulthood. Since these effects are usually unrecognized or untreated in childhood, preventive and remediating interventions in adults are needed. Our focus on adulthood prompted three major questions. First, does our increased understanding of mechanisms accounting for the long-term effects of early life adversities help delineate underlying dimensions that underscore key similarities and differences among these adversities? Second, can adults accurately report on adversities they experienced in childhood? Third, can we identify malleable risk processes in adulthood that might be targets for preventive intervention? Supported by the National Institute on Aging, the U.K. Economic and Social and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Councils, a network of researchers in human and animal development addressed these questions through meetings and literature review. A small number of dimensions may adequately distinguish among a range of co-occurring childhood adversities. Widely used adult ascertainments of childhood adversity are poorly related to prospective ascertainment. Strategies for preventive interventions should be aimed both at adults who were actually exposed to adversity as well as those who recall adversity, but the targeted risk processes may be different. Now is an opportune time to support research on adult interventions based on unfolding research on critical periods of sensitivity to adversity in fetal and child development, on improved understanding of risk mechanisms that may persist across the life span, and on new insights on enhancing neuroplasticity in adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbeth Nielsen
- Division of Social and Behavioral Research, National Institute on Aging
| | - Keith Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton
| | - Bruce McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University
| | - Christine Power
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London
| | - Teresa Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stephen Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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Wang X, Yang J, Wang P, Lei L. Childhood maltreatment, moral disengagement, and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration: Fathers' and mothers' moral disengagement as moderators. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schwartz JA, Wright EM, Valgardson BA. Adverse childhood experiences and deleterious outcomes in adulthood: A consideration of the simultaneous role of genetic and environmental influences in two independent samples from the United States. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 88:420-431. [PMID: 30605796 PMCID: PMC6943915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a potent risk factor. Despite these findings, studies have also recognized the importance of considering additional sources of genetic and environmental influence that cluster within families. OBJECTIVE To properly control for latent sources of genetic and within-family environmental influences and isolate the association between ACEs and the following outcomes in adulthood: physical health, depressive symptoms, educational attainment, income attainment, alcohol problems, and antisocial behavior. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Two independent samples of twins and siblings from the United States: the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study (N = 862) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 3112). METHODS Sibling comparison models, which control for latent sources of genetic and within-family environmental influences, were estimated to examine whether differential exposure to ACEs was associated with the examined outcomes. RESULTS Families that experienced more adversity also experienced more deleterious outcomes. However, siblings that experienced more adversity were no more likely to experience deleterious outcomes than their co-siblings. However, greater exposure to ACEs was associated with increases in depressive symptoms (Add Health). Additional models revealed that the similarity between siblings from the same family stemmed from latent sources of within-family environmental influences not captured by traditional ACEs measures. CONCLUSIONS Considering genetic influences and additional latent sources of within-family influences is crucial in isolating the effects of ACEs. Currently employed ACEs measures may not adequately capture the full range of impactful sources of family-level environmental influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Schwartz
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0149, USA.
| | - Emily M Wright
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0149, USA
| | - Bradon A Valgardson
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0149, USA
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Corvo K. Early-life risk for domestic violence perpetration: Implications for practice and policy. Infant Ment Health J 2018; 40:152-164. [PMID: 30586476 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Corvo
- School of Social Work; Syracuse University; Syracuse New York
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21
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Does childhood neglect contribute to violent behavior in adulthood? A review of possible links. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 60:126-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang X, Yang L, Gao L, Yang J, Lei L, Wang C. Childhood maltreatment and Chinese adolescents' bullying and defending: The mediating role of moral disengagement. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:134-144. [PMID: 28460368 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the mediating role of moral disengagement in the effect of childhood maltreatment on bullying and defending. We also examined whether the mediating effect of moral disengagement differed between girls and boys, early and middle adolescents, as well as only and non-only children. Five hundred and fifty-two Chinese adolescents participated in this study. The results indicated that the prevalence rates of physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect were 4.0%, 40.0%, 10.5%, and 27.9%, respectively. Path analysis showed that moral disengagement partially mediated the relation between childhood maltreatment and bullying, but did not mediate the relation between childhood maltreatment and defending. Moreover, multi-group analyses indicated that no significant path in the final model differed by gender. However, early adolescents exposed to high levels of childhood maltreatment were more likely to engage in bullying and less likely to engage in defending than middle adolescents, and early adolescents with high levels of moral disengagement were more likely to engage in bullying than middle adolescents. Compared to non-only children, only children exposed to high levels of childhood maltreatment were more likely to score higher on moral disengagement and less likely to engage in defending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchao Wang
- The Center of Internet+Social Psychology, Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ling Gao
- School of Education Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- School of Education Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Lei
- The Center of Internet+Social Psychology, Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Caiyu Wang
- Department of Psychology, Xinyang Normal University, No. 237 Nanhu Road, Shihe District, Xinyang 464000, China
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Dinkler L, Lundström S, Gajwani R, Lichtenstein P, Gillberg C, Minnis H. Maltreatment-associated neurodevelopmental disorders: a co-twin control analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:691-701. [PMID: 28094432 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders in childhood and adulthood. Previous findings suggest that the association between CM and psychiatric disorders is partly causal and partly due to familial confounding, but few studies have investigated the mechanisms behind the association between CM and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Our objective was to determine whether maltreated children have an elevated number of NDDs and whether CM is a risk factor for an increased NDD 'load' and increased NDD symptoms when controlling for familial effects. METHODS We used a cross-sectional sample from a population-representative Swedish twin study, comprising 8,192 nine-year-old twins born in Sweden between 1997 and 2005. CM was defined as parent-reported exposure to emotional abuse/neglect, physical neglect, physical abuse, and/or sexual abuse. Four NDDs were measured with the Autism-Tics, AD/HD, and other comorbidities inventory. RESULTS Maltreated children had a greater mean number of NDDs than nonmaltreated children. In a co-twin control design, CM-discordant monozygotic twins did not differ significantly for their number of NDDs, suggesting that CM is not associated with an increased load of NDDs when genetic and shared environmental factors are taken into account. However, CM was associated with a small increase in symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in CM-discordant MZ twins, although most of the covariance of CM with NDD symptoms was explained by common genetic effects. CONCLUSIONS Maltreated children are at higher risk of having multiple NDDs. Our findings are, however, not consistent with the notion that CM causes the increased NDD load in maltreated children. Maltreated children should receive a full neurodevelopmental assessment, and clinicians should be aware that children with multiple NDDs are at higher risk of maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dinkler
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruchika Gajwani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen Minnis
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Widom CS. Long-Term Impact of Childhood Abuse and Neglect on Crime and Violence. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Debowska A, Boduszek D. Child abuse and neglect profiles and their psychosocial consequences in a large sample of incarcerated males. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 65:266-277. [PMID: 27989568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Research examining child abuse and neglect (CAN) profiles among adult offender populations is lacking. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study was to address this limitation by using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify meaningful classes of individuals who have experienced physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, as well as neglect. Another aim was to estimate the association between CAN class membership and external criteria (psychopathy factors, self-esteem, attitudes towards male sexual violence in dating relationships, child sexual abuse myth acceptance, violent offending, and age). Data were collected among a large systematically selected sample of adult male inmates (N=1261). Based on LCA, three unique classes of CAN were distinguished, including a 'low abuse' group (43.4% of the sample), a 'high physical and emotional abuse' group (51.3%), and a 'poly-victimized' group (5.3%). The analysis revealed that the CAN classes were differentially associated with affective responsiveness, cognitive responsiveness, personal self-esteem, prison self-esteem, attitudes towards male sexual violence in dating relationships, and violent offending. Findings highlight the unique nature of CAN constellations among criminal justice involved participants. The significance of the present results is discussed in relation to past and future research. Potential contributions to treatment strategies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boduszek
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
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Posttraumatic Stress and Youth Violence Perpetration: a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 40:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundExposure to trauma was found to increase later violent behaviours in youth but the underlying psychopathological mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to test whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to violent behaviours and whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between the number of trauma experiences and violent behaviours in adolescents.MethodThe present study is based on a nationally representative sample of 9th grade students with 3434 boys (mean age = 15.5 years) and 3194 girls (mean age = 15.5 years) in Switzerland. Lifetime exposure to traumatic events and current PTSD were assessed by the use of the University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (UCLA-RI). Logistic regression was used to assess associations between PTSD and violent behaviours, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine the meditation effects of PTSD.ResultsPTSD (boys: OR = 7.9; girls: OR = 5.5) was strongly related to violent behaviours. PTSD symptoms partially mediated the association between trauma exposure and violent behaviours in boys but not in girls. PTSD symptoms of dysphoric arousal were positively related to violent behaviours in both genders. Anxious arousal symptoms were negatively related to violent behaviours in boys but not in girls.ConclusionsIn addition to trauma, posttraumatic stress is related to violent outcomes. However, specific symptom clusters of PTSD seem differently related to violent behaviours and they do not fully explain a trauma-violence link. Specific interventions to improve emotion regulation skills may be useful particularly in boys with elevated PTSD dysphoric arousal in order to break up the cycle of violence.
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Coid JW, Ullrich S, Kallis C, Freestone M, Gonzalez R, Bui L, Igoumenou A, Constantinou A, Fenton N, Marsh W, Yang M, DeStavola B, Hu J, Shaw J, Doyle M, Archer-Power L, Davoren M, Osumili B, McCrone P, Barrett K, Hindle D, Bebbington P. Improving risk management for violence in mental health services: a multimethods approach. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundMental health professionals increasingly carry out risk assessments to prevent future violence by their patients. However, there are problems with accuracy and these assessments do not always translate into successful risk management.ObjectivesOur aim was to improve the accuracy of assessment and identify risk factors that are causal to be targeted by clinicians to ensure good risk management. Our objectives were to investigate key risks at the population level, construct new static and dynamic instruments, test validity and construct new models of risk management using Bayesian networks.Methods and resultsWe utilised existing data sets from two national and commissioned a survey to identify risk factors at the population level. We confirmed that certain mental health factors previously thought to convey risk were important in future assessments and excluded others from subsequent parts of the study. Using a first-episode psychosis cohort, we constructed a risk assessment instrument for men and women and showed important sex differences in pathways to violence. We included a 1-year follow-up of patients discharged from medium secure services and validated a previously developed risk assessment guide, the Medium Security Recidivism Assessment Guide (MSRAG). We found that it is essential to combine ratings from static instruments such as the MSRAG with dynamic risk factors. Static levels of risk have important modifying effects on dynamic risk factors for their effects on violence and we further demonstrated this using a sample of released prisoners to construct risk assessment instruments for violence, robbery, drugs and acquisitive convictions. We constructed a preliminary instrument including dynamic risk measures and validated this in a second large data set of released prisoners. Finally, we incorporated findings from the follow-up of psychiatric patients discharged from medium secure services and two samples of released prisoners to construct Bayesian models to guide clinicians in risk management.ConclusionsRisk factors for violence identified at the population level, including paranoid delusions and anxiety disorder, should be integrated in risk assessments together with established high-risk psychiatric morbidity such as substance misuse and antisocial personality disorder. The incorporation of dynamic factors resulted in improved accuracy, especially when combined in assessments using actuarial measures to obtain levels of risk using static factors. It is important to continue developing dynamic risk and protective measures with the aim of identifying factors that are causally related to violence. Only causal factors should be targeted in violence prevention interventions. Bayesian networks show considerable promise in developing software for clinicians to identify targets for intervention in the field. The Bayesian models developed in this programme are at the prototypical stage and require further programmer development into applications for use on tablets. These should be further tested in the field and then compared with structured professional judgement in a randomised controlled trial in terms of their effectiveness in preventing future violence.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Coid
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simone Ullrich
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Constantinos Kallis
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark Freestone
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rafael Gonzalez
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laura Bui
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Artemis Igoumenou
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Constantinou
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Risk and Information Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Norman Fenton
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Risk and Information Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William Marsh
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Risk and Information Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Min Yang
- West China Research Centre for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bianca DeStavola
- Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Junmei Hu
- Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jenny Shaw
- Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mike Doyle
- Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Archer-Power
- Institute of Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mary Davoren
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Osumili
- Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Bebbington
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Capusan AJ, Kuja-Halkola R, Bendtsen P, Viding E, McCrory E, Marteinsdottir I, Larsson H. Childhood maltreatment and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults: a large twin study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2637-2646. [PMID: 27376862 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. It is, however, unclear whether this association is causal or due to familial confounding. METHOD Data from 18 168 adult twins, aged 20-46 years, were drawn from the population-based Swedish twin registry. Retrospective self-ratings of CM (emotional and physical neglect, physical and sexual abuse and witnessing family violence), and self-ratings for DSM-IV ADHD symptoms in adulthood were analysed. Possible familial confounding was investigated using a within twin-pair design based on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. RESULTS CM was significantly associated with increased levels of ADHD symptom scores in adults [regression coefficient: 0.40 standard deviations, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.43]. Within twin-pair analyses showed attenuated but significant estimates within DZ (0.29, 95% CI 0.21-0.36) and MZ (0.18, 95% CI 0.10-0.25) twin pairs. Similar results emerged for hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive ADHD symptom scores separately in association with CM. We conducted sensitivity analyses for early maltreatment, before age 7, and for abuse and neglect separately, and found similarly reduced estimates in DZ and MZ pairs. Re-traumatization after age 7 did not significantly influence results. CONCLUSIONS CM was significantly associated with increased ADHD symptoms in adults. Associations were partly due to familial confounding, but also consistent with a causal interpretation. Our findings support cognitive neuroscience studies investigating neural pathways through which exposure to CM may influence ADHD. Clinicians treating adults with ADHD should be aware of the association with maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Capusan
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,Linköping University,Linköping,Sweden
| | - R Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
| | - P Bendtsen
- Department of Medical specialist and Department of Medical and Health Sciences,Linköping, University,Motala,Sweden
| | - E Viding
- Developmental Risk and Resilience Unit,University College,LondonUK
| | - E McCrory
- Developmental Risk and Resilience Unit,University College,LondonUK
| | - I Marteinsdottir
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University,Linköping,Sweden
| | - H Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden
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Baur E, Forsman M, Santtila P, Johansson A, Sandnabba K, Långström N. Paraphilic Sexual Interests and Sexually Coercive Behavior: A Population-Based Twin Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1163-1172. [PMID: 26754158 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior research with selected clinical and forensic samples suggests associations between paraphilic sexual interests (e.g., exhibitionism and sexual sadism) and sexually coercive behavior. However, no study to date used a large, representative and genetically informative population sample to address the potential causal nature of this association. We used self-report data on paraphilic and sexually coercive behavior from 5990 18- to 32-year-old male and female twins from a contemporary Finnish population cohort. Logistic regression and co-twin control models were employed to examine if paraphilic behaviors were causally related to coercive behavior or if suggested links were confounded by familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors. Results indicated that associations between four out of five tested paraphilic behaviors (exhibitionism, masochism, sadism, and voyeurism, respectively) and sexually coercive behavior were moderate to strong. Transvestic fetishism was not independently associated with sexual coercion. Comparisons of twins reporting paraphilic behavior with their paraphilic behavior-discordant twin further suggested that associations were largely independent of shared genetic and environmental confounds, consistent with a causal association. In conclusion, similar to previously reported predictive effects of paraphilias on sexual crime recidivism, paraphilic behavior among young adults in the general population increases sexual offending risk. Further, early identification of paraphilic interest and preventive interventions with at-risk individuals might also reduce perpetration of first-time sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baur
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- LWL-Maßregelvollzugsklinik, Herne, Germany
| | - Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, PO Box 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Sandnabba
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Långström
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, PO Box 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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The different faces of impulsivity as links between childhood maltreatment and young adult crime. Prev Med 2016; 88:210-7. [PMID: 27083525 PMCID: PMC5356379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crime is a major public health and safety threat. Many studies have suggested that early exposure to child maltreatment increases an individual's risk for persistent serious crime in adulthood. Despite these findings about the connection between child maltreatment and criminal behavior, there is a paucity of empirically-based knowledge about the processes or pathways that link child maltreatment to later involvement in crime. Using a community sample of 337 young adults (ages 18-25) in a U.S. metropolitan area, the present study examined the role of various facets of impulsivity in linking child maltreatment to crime. A series of factor analyses identified three types of crime including property crime, violent crime, and fraud. Structural equation modelings were conducted to examine the associations among childhood maltreatment, four facets of impulsivity, and criminal behavior, controlling for sociodemographic information, family income and psychological symptoms. The present study found that child emotional abuse was indirectly related to property crime and fraud through urgency while a lack of premeditation mediates the relationship between child neglect and property crime. Child physical abuse was directly related to all three types of crime. Personality traits of urgency and lack of premeditation may play a significant role in the maltreatment-crime link. Preventive interventions targeting impulsivity traits such as urgency and a lack of premeditation might have promising impacts in curbing criminal behavior among maltreatment victims.
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Prusator DK, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Sex-related differences in pain behaviors following three early life stress paradigms. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:29. [PMID: 27293543 PMCID: PMC4901516 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early life stress (ELS) serves as a risk factor for the development of functional pain disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in adults. Although rodent models have been developed to mimic different forms of ELS experience, the use of predominantly male animals across various rodent strains has led to a paucity of information regarding sex-related differences in the persistent effects of ELS on pain behaviors in adulthood. We hypothesized that the context or nature of ELS experience may interact with sex differences to influence the development of chronic pain. Methods We employed three rodent models mimicking different facets of early life adversity to investigate the effects of ELS on pain perception in adulthood. To eliminate strain differences, all experiments were carried out using Long Evans rats. As neonates, male and female rat pups were exposed to maternal separation (MS), limited nesting (LN), or odor attachment learning (OAL). In adulthood, visceral sensitivity and somatic sensitivity were assessed at ~postnatal day 90 via quantification of visceromotor responses to colorectal distension and von Frey probing, respectively. Results Following exposure to MS or LN, male rats developed visceral and somatic hypersensitivity compared to controls, whereas females subjected to the same paradigms were normosensitive. In the OAL model, females exposed to unpredictable ELS exhibited visceral but not somatic hypersensitivity. There were no observed differences in visceral or somatic sensitivity in male animals following OAL exposure. Conclusions In summary, our data confirms that early adverse experiences in the form of MS, LN, and OAL contribute to the long-term development of heightened pain responsiveness in adulthood. Furthermore, this study indicates that sex-related vulnerability or resilience for the development of heightened pain perception is directly associated with the context or nature of the ELS experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn K Prusator
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, BRC 272, 975 NE 10th St, Oklahoma, 73104 OK USA
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- VA Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK USA ; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma, OK USA ; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, BRC 272, 975 NE 10th St, Oklahoma, 73104 OK USA
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González RA, Kallis C, Ullrich S, Barnicot K, Keers R, Coid JW. Childhood maltreatment and violence: mediation through psychiatric morbidity. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 52:70-84. [PMID: 26803688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is associated with multiple adverse outcomes in adulthood including poor mental health and violence. We investigated direct and indirect pathways from childhood maltreatment to adult violence perpetration and the explanatory role of psychiatric morbidity. Analyses were based on a population survey of 2,928 young men 21-34 years in Great Britain in 2011, with boost surveys of black and minority ethnic groups and lower social grades. Respondents completed questionnaires measuring psychiatric diagnoses using standardized screening instruments, including antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), drug and alcohol dependence and psychosis. Maltreatment exposures included childhood physical abuse, neglect, witnessing domestic violence and being bullied. Adult violence outcomes included: any violence, violence toward strangers and intimate partners (IPV), victim injury and minor violence. Witnessing domestic violence showed the strongest risk for adult violence (AOR 2.70, 95% CI 2.00, 3.65) through a direct pathway, with psychotic symptoms and ASPD as partial mediators. Childhood physical abuse was associated with IPV (AOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.25, 4.35), mediated by ASPD and alcohol dependence. Neglect was associated with violence toward strangers (AOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.03, 2.91), mediated by ASPD. Prevention of violence in adulthood following childhood physical abuse and neglect requires treatment interventions for associated alcohol dependence, psychosis, and ASPD. However, witnessing family violence in childhood had strongest and direct effects on the pathway to adult violence, with important implications for primary prevention. In this context, prevention strategies should prioritize and focus on early childhood exposure to violence in the family home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A González
- Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, England, UK; Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, PR, USA
| | - Constantinos Kallis
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, UK
| | - Simone Ullrich
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, UK
| | - Kirsten Barnicot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, England, UK
| | - Robert Keers
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, England, UK
| | - Jeremy W Coid
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, England, UK
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Brewer-Smyth K, Pohlig RT, Bucurescu G. Female children with incarcerated adult family members at risk for lifelong neurological decline. Health Care Women Int 2016; 37:802-13. [PMID: 26788781 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2016.1140768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A secondary analysis of data from adult female prison inmates in the mid-Atlantic United States defined relationships between having incarcerated adult family members during childhood and neurological outcomes. Of 135 inmates, 99 (60%) had one or more incarcerated adult family members during childhood. Regression analyses revealed that having incarcerated adult family members was related to greater frequency and severity of childhood abuse and higher incidence of neurological deficits in adulthood, especially related to traumatic brain injuries, compared to those without incarcerated adult family members. Along with being role models, adult family members impact the neurological health of children throughout their life-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Brewer-Smyth
- a School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA
| | - Ryan T Pohlig
- b College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA
| | - Gabriel Bucurescu
- c United States Department of Veterans Affairs , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
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Roaldset JO, Bjørkly S. Comparison of patients who were violent, victimized and violent-victimized during the first year after discharge from emergency psychiatry. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:978-81. [PMID: 26616305 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This prospective observational study included 345 (70%) of 489 patients discharged from an emergency psychiatric hospital during one year. Episodes of offending and victimization were recorded during first year after discharge. Forty-eight persons (14%) committed violent offenses only, 27 persons (8%) were violence victims only, and 42 persons (12%) were both offenders and victims. Significant differences in demographic and clinical variables were found between the three groups. The results pointed to two distinct groups of victims: one group with a robust offender-victim overlap and another group without offender-victim overlap. The latter group was difficult to distinguish from other discharged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Olav Roaldset
- Psychiatric Department, Ålesund Hospital, Møre & Romsdal Health Trust, 6026 Ålesund, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Stål Bjørkly
- Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, 6402 Molde, Norway
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Moberg T, Stenbacka M, Tengström A, Jönsson EG, Nordström P, Jokinen J. Psychiatric and neurological disorders in late adolescence and risk of convictions for violent crime in men. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:299. [PMID: 26597299 PMCID: PMC4657257 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between mental illness and violent crime is complex because of the involvement of many other confounding risk factors. In the present study, we analysed psychiatric and neurological disorders in relation to the risk of convictions for violent crime, taking into account early behavioural and socio-economic risk factors. METHODS The study population consisted of 49,398 Swedish men, who were thoroughly assessed at conscription for compulsory military service during the years 1969-1970 and followed in national crime registers up to 2006. Five diagnostic groups were analysed: anxiety-depression/neuroses, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, mental retardation and neurological conditions. In addition, eight confounders measured at conscription and based on the literature on violence risk assessment, were added to the analyses. The relative risks of convictions for violent crime during 35 years after conscription were examined in relation to psychiatric diagnoses and other risk factors at conscription, as measured by odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS In the bivariate analyses there was a significant association between receiving a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription and a future conviction for violent crime (OR = 3.83, 95 % CI = 3.47-4.22), whereas no significant association between neurological conditions and future violent crime (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI = 0.48-2.21) was found. In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, mental retardation had the strongest association with future violent crime (OR = 3.60, 95 % CI = 2.73-4.75), followed by substance-related disorders (OR = 2.81, 95 % CI = 2.18-3.62), personality disorders (OR = 2.66, 95 % CI = 2.21-3.19) and anxiety-depression (OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.55). Among the other risk factors, early behavioural problem had the strongest association with convictions for violent crime. CONCLUSIONS Mental retardation, substance-related disorders, personality disorders and early behavioural problems are important predictors of convictions for violent crime in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Moberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital/Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marlene Stenbacka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Tengström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Bruce M, Laporte D. Childhood trauma, antisocial personality typologies and recent violent acts among inpatient males with severe mental illness: exploring an explanatory pathway. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:285-90. [PMID: 25636995 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of childhood trauma is elevated among individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) compared to the general population and associated with poor prognosis, substance misuse, lower treatment compliance and violence. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) typologies (childhood vs adult onset) also represent possible mediating mechanisms to explain risk of violence among men with SMI. The current study aimed to explore an explanatory pathway linking childhood traumatic exposure, antisocial personality typologies and risk of violent behaviour among adult male inpatients with SMI. METHODS A total of 162 male inpatients with SMI were examined using a cross-sectional survey design. Information was extracted from medical files, interviews and official criminal records. RESULTS Fifty-two participants (32.1%) reported experiencing a childhood trauma before 15. This group was 2.8 times more likely to engage in violent acts within the past 6months than those without such a history. Furthermore, those with childhood onset ASPD (early starters) were more likely to report childhood trauma and engage in violence compared to adult onset ASPD (late starters) and those without antisocial histories. Multivariate analyses revealed that early starter ASPD was the only variable that independently predicted violence and mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and recent violent acts. CONCLUSIONS A significant subset of men reporting trauma and antisocial conduct from childhood (early starter ASPD) is at considerably elevated risk of engaging in violent behaviours. Assessment of antisocial typologies in men with SMI may assist effective and defensible case prioritisation, resource allocation and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bruce
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom.
| | - Dionne Laporte
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
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Forsman M, Johansson A, Santtila P, Sandnabba K, Långström N. Sexually coercive behavior following childhood maltreatment. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:149-156. [PMID: 24752790 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is associated with adult sexually coercive behavior. The association may be causal or confounders that increase the risk of both childhood victimization and sexually coercive behavior might explain the observed links. We examined if childhood maltreatment was related to sexual coercion independently of familial (genetic or common family environment) risk factors, thereby addressing potential causality. Participants were 6,255 18 to 33-year-old twins from the Finnish population-based study "Genetics of Sex and Aggression" who responded to self-report questionnaires of child maltreatment and sexually coercive behavior. We used generalized estimating equations to elucidate risk of sexual coercion in maltreated compared to unrelated, non-maltreated individuals. To adjust for unmeasured familial factors, we used the co-twin control method and compared sexual coercion risk within maltreatment-discordant twin pairs. Further, we examined possible differential effects of maltreatment subtypes and compared mean differences in maltreatment summary scores between sexually coercive individuals and controls. Sexual coercion was moderately more common among individuals maltreated as children versus unrelated controls (38.3 vs. 22.8 %; age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.31, 95 % CI 1.75-3.05) and the risk increase remained similar within maltreatment-discordant twins (OR = 2.82, 95 % CI 1.42-5.61). Moreover, different maltreatment subtypes predicted sexual coercion equally well and effect sizes remained similar within discordant twin pairs. We conclude that associations between child maltreatment and sexual coercion are largely independent of shared familial confounds, consistent with a causal inference. Importantly, detection and targeted interventions for maltreated children should remain a priority to reduce societal sexually coercive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Forsman
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, R&D Unit, POB 12055, 102 22, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Aebi M, Linhart S, Thun-Hohenstein L, Bessler C, Steinhausen HC, Plattner B. Detained Male Adolescent Offender’s Emotional, Physical and Sexual Maltreatment Profiles and Their Associations to Psychiatric Disorders and Criminal Behaviors. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 43:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reichl C, Kaess M, Resch F, Brunner R. [The role of genotype in the intergenerational transmission of experiences of childhood adversity]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2014; 42:349-59. [PMID: 25163997 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood abuse and maltreatment is estimated to lie at about 15% in the overall German population. Previous research suggested that about one third of all individuals who had experienced childhood adversity subsequently maltreated their own children or responded insensitively to their children's needs. Empirical studies imply that interindividual differences in the responsiveness to childhood adversity can partially be explained by gene-environment interactions. This article discusses the potential interplay of genes and environment in the context of transmitting maltreating behavior and (in)sensitive parenting against the background of current challenges in genetic research. Selected studies on gene × environment interactions are presented and relevant gene polymorphisms are identified. Overall, previous studies reported interactions between polymorphisms of the serotonergic, dopaminergic, oxytocin-related, and arginine vasopressin-related systems and childhood experiences of care and abuse in the prediction of social behaviors during mother-child interactions. The results indicate a differential susceptibility toward both negative and positive environments which is dependent on genetic characteristics. Future research should thus investigate the effects of children's presumed risk gene variants toward negative as well as positive parenting. This could contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of abusive and beneficial parenting behavior and help to avoid false stigmatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Reichl
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Michael Kaess
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Franz Resch
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Sektion Störungen der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
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Cederlöf M, Ostberg P, Pettersson E, Anckarsäter H, Gumpert C, Lundström S, Lichtenstein P. Language and mathematical problems as precursors of psychotic-like experiences and juvenile mania symptoms. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1293-1302. [PMID: 23942194 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and juvenile mania in adolescence index risk for severe psychopathology in adulthood. The importance of childhood problems with communication, reading, speech and mathematics for the development of PLEs and juvenile mania is not well understood. METHOD Through the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, we identified 5812 children. The parents were interviewed about their children's development at age 9 or 12 years. At age 15 or 18 years, children and parents completed questionnaires targeting current PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms. Logistic regressions were used to assess associations between problems with communication, reading, speech and mathematics and PLEs/juvenile mania symptoms. To evaluate the relative importance of genes and environment in these associations, we used bivariate twin analyses based on structural equation models. RESULTS Children with parent-endorsed childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics had an increased risk of developing auditory hallucinations and parental-reported juvenile mania symptoms in adolescence. The most consistent finding was that children with childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics had an increased risk of developing auditory hallucinations [for example, the risk for self-reported auditory hallucinations at age 15 was increased by 96% for children with communication problems: OR (odds ratio) 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-2.88]. The twin analyses showed that genetic effects accounted for the increased risk of PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms among children with communication problems. CONCLUSIONS Childhood problems with communication, reading and mathematics predict PLEs and juvenile mania symptoms in adolescence. Similar to the case for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, PLEs and juvenile mania may share genetic aetiological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cederlöf
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Ostberg
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Anckarsäter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Forensic Psychiatry, Lund University, Sweden
| | - C Gumpert
- Section of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Lundström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brewer-Smyth K, Koenig HG. Could spirituality and religion promote stress resilience in survivors of childhood trauma? Issues Ment Health Nurs 2014; 35:251-6. [PMID: 24702209 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2013.873101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trauma is a precursor to many mental health conditions that greatly impact victims, their loved ones, and society. Studies indicate that neurobiological associations with adverse childhood experiences are mediated by interpersonal relationships and play a role in adult behavior, often leading to cycles of intergenerational trauma. There is a critical need to identify cost effective community resources that optimize stress resilience. Faith-based communities may promote forgiveness rather than retaliation, opportunities for cathartic emotional release, and social support, all of which have been related to neurobiology, behavior, and health outcomes. While spirituality and religion can be related to guilt, neurotic, and psychotic disorders, they also can be powerful sources of hope, meaning, peace, comfort, and forgiveness for the self and others. This article provides an overview of religion and spirituality as they relate to the neurobiology of resilience in victims of childhood trauma.
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Cholesterol and the "Cycle of Violence" in attempted suicide. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:646-50. [PMID: 24503286 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An association between low levels of serum cholesterol and violent or suicidal behaviour has frequently been reported. However the role of serum cholesterol in the cycle of violence (Widom, 1989) has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate association between exposure to violence during childhood and used adult violence in suicide attempters with low and high serum cholesterol levels. 81 suicide attempters were assessed with the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS) measuring exposure to violence and expressed violent behaviour in childhood (between 6 and 14 years of age) and during adult life (15 years or older). We used median split to dichotomise groups below and above median serum cholesterol. In patients with serum cholesterol below median, the correlation between exposure to violence as a child and used adult violence was significant (rho=0.52, p=0.002), while in patients with serum cholesterol above median, the correlation between exposure to violence as a child and expressed violent behaviour as an adult was not significant (rho=0.25, p=0.2). Comorbid substance abuse predicted violent behaviour as an adult only in patients with serum cholesterol above median. Serum cholesterol may modify the effect of the "Cycle of Violence".
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Långström N, Enebrink P, Laurén EM, Lindblom J, Werkö S, Hanson RK. Preventing sexual abusers of children from reoffending: systematic review of medical and psychological interventions. BMJ 2013; 347:f4630. [PMID: 23935058 PMCID: PMC3739685 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of current medical and psychological interventions for individuals at risk of sexually abusing children, both in known abusers and those at risk of abusing. DESIGN Systematic review of interventions designed to prevent reoffending among known abusers and prevention for individuals at risk of sexually abusing children. Randomised controlled trials and prospective observational studies were eligible. Primary outcomes were arrests, convictions, breaches of conditions, and self reported sexual abuse of children after one year or more. RESULTS After review of 1447 abstracts, we retrieved 167 full text studies, and finally included eight studies with low to moderate risk of bias. We found weak evidence for interventions aimed at reducing reoffending in identified sexual abusers of children. For adults, evidence from five trials was insufficient regarding both benefits and risks with psychological treatment and pharmacotherapy. For adolescents, limited evidence from one trial suggested that multisystemic therapy prevented reoffence (relative risk 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.73); lack of adequate research prevented conclusions about effects of other treatments. Evidence was also inadequate regarding effectiveness of treatment for children with sexual behavioural problems in the one trial identified. Finally, we found no eligible research on preventive methods for adults and adolescents who had not sexually abused children but were at higher risk of doing so (such as those with paedophilic sexual preference). CONCLUSION There are major weaknesses in the scientific evidence, particularly regarding adult men, the main category of sexual abusers of children. Better coordinated and funded high quality studies including several countries are urgently needed. Until conclusive evidence is available, realistic clinical strategies might involve reduction of specific risk factors for sex crimes, such as sexual preoccupation, in abusers at risk of reoffending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Långström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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