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Huang WL, Chiu YT, Liao SC, Wu CS. Neuropsychological features of somatic symptom disorder and depression/anxiety in Taiwan: An analysis based on the comorbidity status. Psychiatry Res 2024; 340:116103. [PMID: 39106815 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) often have comorbid depression or anxiety, but whether SSD is associated with specific neuropsychological functions has yet to be fully examined. We analyzed which neuropsychological features are more closely associated with SSD, anxiety, and depression. In this case-control study, we recruited 140 individuals with SSD, 104 individuals with affective disorders without SSD, and 159 healthy controls in Taiwan. We collected DSM-5 diagnoses, questionnaire scores, and performance on eight tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) for each participant. Several CANTAB tasks involving attention, executive function, and social cognition showed significant group differences. In the adjusted analysis, the tasks significantly associated with SSD were the Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS) and the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT). Among the questionnaires, the Cognitions about Body and Health Questionnaire showed the most significant associations with the tasks, specifically with Rapid Visual Information Processing, MTS, Paired Associates Learning, Spatial Working Memory, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift, and ERT. We conclude that the MTS and ERT tasks show significant relationships with both SSD diagnosis and related questionnaires. These tasks primarily involve selective attention and negative emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ting Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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2
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Becker ABC, Maurer J, Daseking M, Pauls F. Measurement Invariance of the WISC-V across a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with ADHD and a Matched Control Group. J Intell 2024; 12:6. [PMID: 38248904 PMCID: PMC10817318 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V) 10-primary subtest battery was analyzed across a group of children and adolescents with ADHD (n = 91) and a control group (n = 91) matched by sex, age, migration background, and parental education or type of school. First, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to establish the model fit for the WISC-V second-order five-factor model in each group. A sufficiently good fit of the model was found for the data in both groups. Subsequently, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFAs) were conducted to test for measurement invariance across the ADHD and control group. Results of these analyses indicated configural and metric invariance but did not support full scalar invariance. However, after relaxing equality constraints on the Vocabulary (VC), Digit Span (DS), Coding (CD), Symbol Search (SS), and Picture Span (PS) subtest intercepts as well as on the intercepts of the first-order factors Working Memory (WM) and Processing Speed (PS), partial scalar invariance could be obtained. Furthermore, model-based reliability coefficients indicated that the WISC-V provides a more precise measurement of general intelligence (e.g., represented by the Full-Scale IQ, FSIQ) than it does for cognitive subdomains (e.g., represented by the WISC-V indexes). Group comparisons revealed that the ADHD group scored significantly lower than the control group on four primary subtests, thus achieving significantly lower scores on the corresponding primary indexes and the FSIQ. Given that measurement invariance across the ADHD and the control group could not be fully confirmed for the German WISC-V, clinical interpretations based on the WISC-V primary indexes are limited and should only be made with great caution regarding the cognitive profiles of children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Maurer
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Monika Daseking
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043 Hamburg, Germany; (J.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Franz Pauls
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043 Hamburg, Germany;
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Yun JY, Choi SH, Park S, Jang JH. Association of executive function with suicidality based on resting-state functional connectivity in young adults with subthreshold depression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20690. [PMID: 38001278 PMCID: PMC10673918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Subthreshold depression (StD) is associated an increased risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidality. Suicidality could be linked to distress intolerance and use of context-dependent strategies. We identified neural correlates of executive functioning among the hubs in the resting-state functional connectome (rs-FCN) and examined associations with recent suicidality in StD and MDD. In total, 79 young adults [27 StD, 30 MDD, and 23 healthy controls (HC)] were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocognitive measures of the mean latency to correct five moves in the One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTSMLC5), spatial working memory between errors (SWMBE), rapid visual information processing A' (RVPA'), and the stop signal reaction time in the stop signal test (SSTSSRT) were obtained. Global graph metrics were calculated to measure the network integration, segregation, and their balance in the rs-FCN. Regional graph metrics reflecting the number of neighbors (degree centrality; DC), participation in the shortcuts (betweenness centrality; BC), and accessibility to intersections (eigenvector centrality; EC) in the rs-FCN defined group-level hubs for StD, HC, and MDD, separately. Global network metrics were comparable among the groups (all P > 0.05). Among the group-level hubs, regional graph metrics of left dorsal anterior insula (dAI), right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), right rostral temporal thalamus, right precuneus, and left postcentral/middle temporal/anterior subgenual cingulate cortices were different among the groups. Further, significant associations with neurocognitive measures were found in the right dmPFC with SWMBE, and left dAI with SSTSSRT and RVPA'. Shorter OTSMLC5 was related to the lower centralities of right thalamus and suffer of recent 1-year suicidal ideation (all Ps < 0.05 in ≥ 2 centralities out of DC, BC, and EC). Collectively, salience and thalamic networks underlie spatial strategy and planning, response inhibition, and suicidality in StD and MDD. Anti-suicidal therapies targeting executive function and modulation of salience-thalamic network in StD and MDD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Huang WL, Liao SC, Wu CS, Chiu YT. Clarifying the link between psychopathologies and heart rate variability, and the sex differences: Can neuropsychological features serve as mediators? J Affect Disord 2023; 340:250-257. [PMID: 37562561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with common mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms) often exhibit lower heart rate variability (HRV) than healthy individuals. Under the hypothesis that disorder status affects cognitive function, we examined whether neuropsychological features can be mediators between psychopathologies and HRV and possible sex differences. METHODS We recruited 359 individuals (aged 42.47 ± 12.23) with and without common mental disorders. Questionnaires were used to measure their psychopathologies. Eight tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery were selected to measure neuropsychological functions. Resting-state HRV measurements were obtained for 5 min. The associations among these constructs were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modelling. RESULTS Among women, Reaction Time (RTI, a task of psychomotor speed) indicator mediated the relationship between depression and low-frequency power (LF); Emotion Recognition Task (ERT, a task of emotional regulation) indicator mediated the relationship between health anxiety and high-frequency power (HF). Among men, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED, a task of shifting) indicator mediated the relationship between depression and LF; Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS, a task of selective attention) indicator mediated the relationship between health cognition and HF. The depression-RTI-LF pathway in women tended to lower HRV; whereas health anxiety-ERT-HF in women, depression-IED-LF and health cognition-MTS-HF in men tended to increase HRV. LIMITATIONS Possible medication effects; not directly measuring brain activity; only gathering resting-state HRV. CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion that neuropsychological features mediate the relationship between psychopathologies and HRV, and that sex differences exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan; National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Banasiak‐Cieślar H, Wiener D, Kuszczyk M, Dobrzyńska K, Polanowski A. Proline-rich polypeptides (Colostrinin ®/COLOCO ®) modulate BDNF concentration in blood affecting cognitive function in adults: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1477-1485. [PMID: 36911821 PMCID: PMC10002942 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich polypeptides (PRPs complex also known as COLOCO®, Colostrinin®) consist of low-molecular weight peptides ranging up to 10 kDa, isolated from the bovine colostrum obtained up to 48 h postpartum. PRPs have been shown to affect processes involved in inflammation, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Colostrinin® (COLOCO®) on the cognitive abilities of healthy volunteers in three different age groups using the CANTAB tool in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. BDNF serum level was used as a physicochemical marker of improvement of the cognitive skills. Three hundred and sixty-one healthy volunteers were divided into three study groups aged 18-24, 25-54, and 55-75; each group was then divided into two subgroups which took either placebo or tested lozenge with 120 μg of PRPs for the period of 4 months. The CANTAB battery test was used to measure the efficacy of PRP in the context of cognitive functioning. After the treatment with COLOCO®, we observed differences within MoCA score in the oldest patients, improvement in DMS and drop in PAL scores within the youngest group, drop in RTI and improvement in RVP scores within the middle-aged group. It was observed that serum BDNF level increased in all study groups which confirms cognitive improvement. In conclusion, we have shown that Colostrinin® exhibits cognitive enhancing effects, probably through the modulation of BDNF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawid Wiener
- Department of Design (School of Form)SWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsawPoland
| | | | | | - Antoni Polanowski
- Department of Animal Products Technology and Quality ManagementUniversity of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
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Nasiri E, Khalilzad M, Hakimzadeh Z, Isari A, Faryabi-Yousefabad S, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Naseri A. A comprehensive review of attention tests: can we assess what we exactly do not understand? THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAttention, as it is now defined as a process matching data from the environment to the needs of the organism, is one of the main aspects of human cognitive processes. There are several aspects to attention including tonic alertness (a process of intrinsic arousal that varies by minutes to hours), phasic alertness (a process that causes a quick change in attention as a result of a brief stimulus), selective attention (a process differentiating multiple stimuli), and sustained attention (a process maintaining persistence of response and continuous effort over an extended period). Attention dysfunction is associated with multiple disorders; therefore, there has been much effort in assessing attention and its domains, resulting in a battery of tests evaluating one or several attentional domains; instances of which are the Stroop color-word test, Test of Everyday Attention, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. These tests vary in terms of utilities, range of age, and domains. The role of attention in human life and the importance of assessing it merits an inclusive review of the efforts made to assess attention and the resulting tests; Here we highlight all the necessary data regarding neurophysiological tests which assess human attentive function and investigates the evolution of attention tests over time. Also, the ways of assessing the attention in untestable patients who have difficulty in reading or using a computer, along with the lack of ability to comprehend verbal instructions and executive tasks, are discussed. This review can be of help as a platform for designing new studies to researchers who are interested in working on attention and conditions causing deficits in this aspect of body function, by collecting and organizing information on its assessment.
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Aflalo J, Caldani S, Acquaviva E, Moscoso A, Delorme R, Bucci MP. Pilot study to explore poor visual searching capabilities in children with ADHD: a tablet-based computerized test battery study. Nord J Psychiatry 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36598162 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2162122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The frequent visual attention deficiency reported in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could represent a relevant biomarker but robust estimates of such cognitive impairment in clinical populations remained challenging. To assess visual attention impairment in children ADHD using a new design tablet-based computerized test battery which allowed objective recording of visual search performances.Methods: Forty-nine children with ADHD and their IQ- and age-matched typically developmental (TD) children were enrolled in the study. Visual attention abilities were estimated by using the computerized modified barrage test developed by Metrisquare. We analyzed the time spent to achieve the whole battery and, the errors and omissions done by each child during each of the three sub-tasks.Results: We observed a significant association between the load of sustained attention requested to perform a sub-task and the numbers of errors and omissions made by the children whatever the group considered. During the most stringent sub-task in term of visual attention engagement, children with ADHD displayed more significant errors and omissions when compared to IQ- and age-matched controls. This effect was not mediated by the time spent to perform the task since we did not report any significant difference between groups.Conclusion: The different performance of the most stringent sub-task observed in children with ADHD could be due to their deficient neural activity in frontal areas responsible of visual endogenous attention needed for difficult visual searching tasks. This cognitive battery could be a useful instrument to estimate visual attention impairment in children with ADHD.HIGHLIGHTSWe assessed if a new design tablet-based computerized test battery would allow objective recording of visual search performances.We observed that children with ADHD made significantly more errors and omissions with respect to age-, sex- matched controls during the most stringent sub-task in terms of visual attention engagementThe tablet-based computerized test battery could be a promising tool to objectively estimate abnormal attention search impairment in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Aflalo
- MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,ENT Department, EFEE, Centre for Functional Exploration of Balance in Children, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Simona Caldani
- MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,ENT Department, EFEE, Centre for Functional Exploration of Balance in Children, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ana Moscoso
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,ENT Department, EFEE, Centre for Functional Exploration of Balance in Children, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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8
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Correa-Ghisays P, Vicent Sánchez-Ortí J, Balanzá-Martínez V, Fuentes-Durá I, Martinez-Aran A, Ruiz-Bolo L, Correa-Estrada P, Ruiz-Ruiz JC, Selva-Vera G, Vila-Francés J, Macias Saint-Gerons D, San-Martín C, Ayesa-Arriola R, Tabarés-Seisdedos R. MICEmi: A method to identify cognitive endophenotypes of mental illnesses. Eur Psychiatry 2022; 65:e85. [PMID: 36440538 PMCID: PMC9807453 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing neurocognitive endophenotypes of mental illnesses (MIs) could be useful for identifying at-risk individuals, increasing early diagnosis, improving disease subtyping, and proposing therapeutic strategies to reduce the negative effects of the symptoms, in addition to serving as a scientific basis to unravel the physiopathology of the disease. However, a standardized algorithm to determine cognitive endophenotypes has not yet been developed. The main objective of this study was to present a method for the identification of endophenotypes in MI research. METHODS For this purpose, a 14-expert working group used a scoping review methodology and designed a method that includes a scoring template with five criteria and indicators, a strategy for their verification, and a decision tree. CONCLUSIONS This work is ongoing since it is necessary to obtain external validation of the applicability of the method in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Correa-Ghisays
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Vicent Sánchez-Ortí
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fuentes-Durá
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anabel Martinez-Aran
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Bipolar Disorders Unit, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lara Ruiz-Bolo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ruiz-Ruiz
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Selva-Vera
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Vila-Francés
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory (IDAL), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Macias Saint-Gerons
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Constanza San-Martín
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,TMAP Unidad de Evaluación en Autonomía Personal, Dependencia y Trastornos Mentales Graves, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Shang CY, Chou TL, Hsieh CY, Gau SSF. A Counting Stroop Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study on the Effects of ORADUR-Methylphenidate in Drug-Naive Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2022; 32:467-475. [PMID: 36251766 PMCID: PMC9700368 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Methylphenidate is effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ORADUR®-methylphenidate is a new extended-release preparation of methylphenidate. This study aimed at identifying brain regions with activation changes and their correlations with neuropsychological functions after treatment with ORADUR-methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Methods: We recruited drug-naive children with ADHD and age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children. They were all scanned with the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the counting Stroop task at baseline, and those with ADHD had the second fMRI assessment after 8-week treatment with ORADUR-methylphenidate. The Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) and Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) were used to assess the attention performance of the ADHD (before and after treatment) and TD groups. Results: ORADUR-methylphenidate significantly decreased inattention (Cohen d = 2.17) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (Cohen d = 0.98) symptoms. We found less activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) in the pre-treatment ADHD children than TD children and greater treatment-induced activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC). There was no significant difference between the post-treatment ADHD and TD groups. However, the treatment-related activations in the dACC, rDLPFC, and rIFG were significantly correlated with CCPT and RVP measures. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that ORADUR-methylphenidate increased brain activations in the dACC, rDLPFC, and rIFG in children with ADHD, associated with improved focused attention, reduced impulsivity, and enhanced inhibition control. Activities of these brain regions might be biomarkers for the treatment effectiveness of methylphenidate for ADHD. Clinical Trials Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02450890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Address correspondence to: Susan Shur-Fen Gau, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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10
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Chiang HL, Tseng WYI, Wey HY, Gau SSF. Shared intrinsic functional connectivity alterations as a familial risk marker for ADHD: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study with sibling design. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1736-1745. [PMID: 33046145 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although aberrant intrinsic functional connectivity has been reported in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we have a limited understanding of whether connectivity alterations are related to the familial risk of ADHD. METHODS Fifty-three probands with ADHD, their unaffected siblings (n = 53) and typically developing controls (n = 53) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. A seed-based approach with the bilateral precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was used to derive a whole-brain functional connectivity map in each subject. The differences in functional connectivity among the three groups were tested with one-way ANOVA using randomized permutation. Comparisons between two groups were also performed to examine the increase or decrease in connectivity. The severity of ADHD symptoms was used to identify brain regions where symptom severity is correlated to the strength of intrinsic functional connectivity. RESULTS When compared to controls, both probands and unaffected siblings showed increased functional connectivity in the left insula and left inferior frontal gyrus. The connectivity in these regions was linked to better performance in response inhibition in the control group but absent in other groups. Higher ADHD symptom severity was correlated with increased functional connectivity in bilateral fronto-parietal-temporal regions only noted in probands with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in resting-state functional connectivities with the precuneus/PCC, hubs of default-mode network, account for the underlying familial risks of ADHD. Since the left insula and left inferior frontal gyri are key regions of the salience and frontoparietal network, respectively, future studies focusing on alterations of cross-network functional connectivity as the familial risk of ADHD are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Belcher EK, Culakova E, Gilmore NJ, Hardy SJ, Kleckner AS, Kleckner IR, Lei L, Heckler C, Sohn MB, Thompson BD, Lotta LT, Werner ZA, Geer J, Hopkins JO, Corso SW, Rich DQ, van Wijngaarden E, Janelsins MC. Inflammation, Attention, and Processing Speed in Patients With Breast Cancer Before and After Chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:712-721. [PMID: 35134984 PMCID: PMC9086766 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation may contribute to cognitive difficulties in patients with breast cancer. We tested 2 hypotheses: inflammation is elevated in patients with breast cancer vs noncancer control participants and inflammation in patients is associated with worse attention and processing speed over the course of chemotherapy. METHODS Serum cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, 6, 8, 10; tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and soluble receptors [sTNFRI, II]) were measured in 519 females with breast cancer before and after chemotherapy and 338 females without cancer serving as control participants. Attention and processing speed were measured by Rapid Visual Processing (RVP), Backward Counting (BCT), and Trail Making-A (TMT-A) tests. Linear regression models examined patient vs control cytokines and receptor levels, adjusting for covariates. Linear regression models also examined relationships between patient cytokines and receptor levels and test performance, adjusting for age, body mass index, anxiety, depression, cognitive reserve, and chemotherapy duration. Statistical tests were 2-sided (α = .05). RESULTS sTNFRI and sTNFRII increased over time in patients relative to controls, whereas IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 decreased. Prechemotherapy, higher IL-8 associated with worse BCT (β = 0.610, SE = 0.241, P = .01); higher IL-4 (β = -1.098, SE = 0.516, P = .03) and IL-10 (β = -0.835, SE = 0.414, P = .04) associated with better TMT-A. Postchemotherapy, higher IL-8 (β = 0.841, SE = 0.260, P = .001), sTNFRI (β = 6.638, SE = 2.208, P = .003), and sTNFRII (β = 0.913, SE = 0.455, P = .045) associated with worse BCT; higher sTNFRII also associated with worse RVP (β = -1.316, SE = 0.587, P = .03). At prechemotherapy, higher IL-4 predicted RVP improvement over time (β = 0.820, SE = 0.336, P = .02); higher sTNFRI predicted worse BCT over time (β = 5.566, SE = 2.367, P = .02). Longitudinally, increases in IL-4 associated with BCT improvement (β = -0.564, SE = 0.253, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Generally, worse attention and processing speed were associated with higher inflammatory cytokines and receptors and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients; future confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Belcher
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eva Culakova
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nikesha J Gilmore
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sara J Hardy
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amber S Kleckner
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ian R Kleckner
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianlian Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles Heckler
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael B Sohn
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bryan D Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Louis T Lotta
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zachary A Werner
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jodi Geer
- Metro Minnesota Community Oncology Research Consortium, Louis Park, MN, USA
| | | | - Steven W Corso
- Upstate Carolina National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program, Spartanburg Regional Medical Center, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle C Janelsins
- Department of Surgery, Supportive Care in Cancer Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Hong N, Kim JJ, Kwon JH, Eom H, Kim E. Effect of Distractors on Sustained Attention and Hyperactivity in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Mobile Virtual Reality School Program. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:358-369. [PMID: 33430697 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720986229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether distractors in virtual reality (VR) environment affected the attention and hyperactivity in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHOD A total of 40 students (21 ADHD, 19 controls) aged between 9 and 17 years participated in this study. A rapid visual information processing task utilizing VR (VR-RVP) was performed under two conditions (no-distractor and distractor condition). Task performance and head movement during each condition were compared, and additional analyses were conducted after grouping participants into two developmental stages. RESULTS Children with ADHD performed comparably to the controls under the distractor condition, but had poorer performance under the no-distractor condition. They displayed more head movement under the distractor condition than in the no-distractor condition. CONCLUSION VR is possibly a useful tool for investigating the effect of distractors on individuals with ADHD, and children with ADHD are more vulnerable to a low-level stimulation situation than normal children in VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Hong
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Kwon
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Eom
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GDP, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Lima RR, Lamers ML, Le Blond J, Crespo-Lopez ME. Salivary biomarkers and neuropsychological outcomes: A non-invasive approach to investigate pollutants-associated neurotoxicity and its effects on cognition in vulnerable populations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111432. [PMID: 34062204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of neurotoxicity caused by xenobiotics such as pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, organophosphates, pyrethroids, etc.) or metals (mercury, lead, aluminum, arsenic, etc.) is a growing concern around the world, particularly in vulnerable populations with difficulties on both detection and symptoms treatment, due to low economic status, remote access, poor infrastructure, and low educational level, among others features. Despite the numerous molecular markers and questionnaires/clinical evaluations, studying neurotoxicity and its effects on cognition in these populations faces problems with samples collection and processing, and information accuracy. Assessing cognitive changes caused by neurotoxicity, especially those that are subtle in the initial stages, is fundamentally challenging. Finding accurate, non-invasive, and low-cost strategies to detect the first signals of brain injury has the potential to support an accelerated development of the research with these populations. Saliva emerges as an ideal pool of biomarkers (with interleukins and neural damage-related proteins, among others) and potential alternative diagnostic fluid to molecularly investigate neurotoxicity. As a source of numerous neurological biomarkers, saliva has several advantages compared to blood, such as easier storage, requires less manipulation, and the procedure is cheaper, safer and well accepted by patients compared with drawing blood. Regarding cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychological batteries represent, with their friendly interface, a feasible and accurate method to evaluate the eventual cognitive deficits associated with neurotoxicity in people from diverse cultural and educational backgrounds. The association of these two tools, saliva and neuropsychological batteries, to cover the molecular and cognitive aspects of neurotoxicity in vulnerable populations, could potentially increase the prevalence of early intervention and successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela de Paula Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Lazzaron Lamers
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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14
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Yokokura M, Takebasashi K, Takao A, Nakaizumi K, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, Suzuki K, Nakamura K, Yamasue H, Ouchi Y. In vivo imaging of dopamine D1 receptor and activated microglia in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4958-4967. [PMID: 32439845 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the cortical dopamine system and microglial activation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of neurodevelopmental disorders that can be conventionally treated with a dopamine enhancer (methylphenidate) albeit unsatisfactorily. Here, we investigated the contributions of the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and activated microglia and their interactions to the clinical severities in ADHD individuals using positron emission tomography (PET). Twenty-four psychotropic-naïve ADHD individuals and 24 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) subjects underwent PET measurements with [11C]SCH23390 for the D1R and [11C](R)PK11195 for activated microglia as well as assessments of clinical symptoms and cognitive functions. The ADHD individuals showed decreased D1R in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increased activated microglia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compared with the TD subjects. The decreased D1R in the ACC was associated with severe hyperactivity in the participants with ADHD. Microglial activation in the DLPFC were associated with deficits in processing speed and attentional ability, and that in the OFC was correlated with lower processing speed in the ADHD individuals. Furthermore, positive correlations between the D1R and activated microglia in both the DLPFC and the OFC were found to be significantly specific to the ADHD group and not to the TD group. The current findings suggest that microglial activation and the D1R reduction as well as their aberrant interactions underpin the neurophysiological mechanism of ADHD and indicate these biomolecular changes as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yokokura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Takebasashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Nakaizumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Etsuji Yoshikawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masami Futatsubashi
- Global Strategic Challenge Center, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Hamamatsu PET Imaging Center, Hamamatsu Medical Photonics Foundation, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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15
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The norepinephrine transporter gene modulates intrinsic brain activity, visual memory, and visual attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4026-4035. [PMID: 31595036 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) and deficits in visual memory and attention were associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study aimed to examine whether the SLC6A2 rs36011 (T)/rs1566652 (G) haplotype affected the intrinsic brain activity in children with ADHD and whether these gene-brain modulations were associated with visual memory and attention in this population. A total of 96 drug-naive children with ADHD and 114 typically developing children (TDC) were recruited. We analyzed intrinsic brain activity with regional homogeneity (ReHo) and degree centrality (DC). Visual memory and visual attention were assessed by the delayed matching to sample (DMS) and rapid visual information processing (RVIP) tasks, respectively. The SNP genotyping of rs36011 and rs1566652 was performed. Children with ADHD showed lower ReHo and DC in the cuneus and lingual gyri than TDC. The TG haplotype was associated with significantly increased DC in the right precentral and postcentral gyri. Significant interactions of ADHD status and the TG haplotype were found in the right postcentral gyrus and superior parietal lobule for ReHo. For the ADHD-TG group, we found significant correlations of performance on the DMS and RVIP tasks with ReHo in bilateral precentral-postcentral gyri and the right postcentral gyrus-superior parietal lobule and DC in bilateral precentral-postcentral gyri. A novel gene-brain-behavior association was identified in which the intrinsic brain activity of the sensorimotor and dorsal attention networks was related to visual memory and visual attention in ADHD children with the SLC6A2 rs36011 (T)/rs1566652 (G) haplotype.
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16
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Bakker C, Prins S, Liptrot J, Hart EP, Klaassen ES, Brown GA, Brown A, Congreve M, Weir M, Marshall FH, Stevens J, Cross DM, Tasker T, Nathan PJ, Groeneveld GJ. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HTL0009936, a selective muscarinic M 1 -acetylcholine receptor agonist: A randomized cross-over trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:4439-4449. [PMID: 33891333 PMCID: PMC8596821 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS HTL0009936 is a selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist in development for cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamic effects of HTL0009936 administered by continuous IV infusion at steady state were investigated in elderly subjects with below average cognitive functioning (BACF). METHODS Part A was a four-treatment open label sequential study in healthy elderly investigating 10-83 mg HTL0009936 (IV) and a 24 mg HTL0009936 single oral dose. Part B was a five-treatment randomized, double-blind, placebo and physostigmine controlled cross-over study with IV HTL0009936 in elderly subjects with BACF. Pharmacodynamic assessments were performed using neurocognitive and electrophysiological tests. RESULTS Pharmacokinetics of HTL0009936 showed dose-proportional increases in exposure with a mean half-life of 2.4 hours. HTL0009936 was well-tolerated with transient dose-related adverse events (AEs). Small increases in mean systolic blood pressure of 7.12 mmHg (95% CI [3.99-10.24]) and in diastolic of 5.32 mmHg (95% CI [3.18-7.47]) were noted at the highest dose in part B. Overall, there was suggestive, but no definitive, positive or negative pharmacodynamic effects. Statistically significant effects were observed on P300 with HTL0009936 and adaptive tracking with physostigmine. CONCLUSIONS HTL0009936 showed well-characterized pharmacokinetics and single doses were safe and generally well-tolerated in healthy elderly subjects. Due to physostigmine tolerability issues and subject burden, the study design was changed and some pharmacodynamic assessments (neurocognitive) were performed at suboptimal drug exposures. Therefore no clear conclusions can be made on pharmacodynamic effects of HTL0009936, although an effect on P300 is suggestive of central target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bakker
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Prins
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen P Hart
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona H Marshall
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, UK.,MSD Research Laboratories (Merck & Co), Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jasper Stevens
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Wu CS, Shang CY, Lin HY, Gau SSF. Differential Treatment Effects of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2021; 31:187-196. [PMID: 33890819 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on improving executive functions among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: This was an open-label, head-to-head, 3-month, randomized clinical trial with two-arm parallel-treatment groups: osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH; n = 79) and atomoxetine once daily (n = 78). Three major domains of executive functions were assessed, including response selection/inhibition, flexibility, and planning/working memory. The neuropsychological measures included the Conners' continuous performance test and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Results: We found that both treatment groups showed improvement in executive functions (p-value <0.05 for the major indices of each domain). In addition, OROS-MPH was associated with a greater magnitude of improvement in the response selection/inhibition; the slope for detectability improvement in the Conners' continuous performance test was 0.06 for atomoxetine and 0.15 for OROS-MPH (p-value <0.01); the slope in rapid visual information processing was 2.22 for atomoxetine and 3.45 for OROS-MPH (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Both OROS-MPH and atomoxetine improved various domains of executive functions in children with ADHD. There is greater improvement in response selection/inhibition among patients treated with OROS-MPH than those with atomoxetine. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT00916786).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Pironti VA, Vatansever D, Sahakian BJ. Shared alterations in resting-state brain connectivity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Psychol Med 2021; 51:329-339. [PMID: 31769365 PMCID: PMC7893505 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition that often persists into adulthood with extensive negative consequences on quality of life. Despite emerging evidence indicating the genetic basis of ADHD, investigations into the familial expression of latent neurocognitive traits remain limited. METHODS In a group of adult ADHD probands (n = 20), their unaffected first-degree relatives (n = 20) and typically developing control participants (n = 20), we assessed endophenotypic alterations in the default mode network (DMN) connectivity during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in relation to cognitive performance and clinical symptoms. In an external validation step, we also examined the dimensional nature of this neurocognitive trait in a sample of unrelated healthy young adults (n = 100) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). RESULTS The results illustrated reduced anti-correlations between the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus and right middle frontal gyrus that was shared between adult ADHD probands and their first-degree relatives, but not with healthy controls. The observed connectivity alterations were linked to higher ADHD symptoms that was mediated by performance in a sustained attention task. Moreover, this brain-based neurocognitive trait dimensionally explained ADHD symptom variability in the HCP sample. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the default mode connectivity may represent a dimensional endophenotype of ADHD, hence a significant aspect of the neuropathophysiology of this disorder. As such, brain network organisation can potentially be employed as an important neurocognitive trait to enhance statistical power of genetic studies in ADHD and as a surrogate efficacy endpoint in the development of novel pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Antonio Pironti
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Suno Innova Ltd, Unit 6, 109 Cambridge Road Industrial Estate, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deniz Vatansever
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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19
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Papapostolou G, Kiotseridis H, Romberg K, Dahl Å, Bjermer L, Lindgren M, Aronsson D, Tunsäter A, Tufvesson E. Cognitive dysfunction and quality of life during pollen season in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:67-76. [PMID: 32767782 PMCID: PMC7818136 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis often gives rise to impaired quality of life and is believed to also affect cognitive function. We aimed to examine whether cognitive functions were impaired during grass pollen season in symptomatic allergic children and to relate the degree of impairment to quality of life and biomarkers related to stress and inflammation. METHODS Forty-three grass pollen-allergic children (age 8-17 years) with non-satisfactory effect of medication (antihistamines and nasal steroids daily) during previous seasons were included. In addition, 26 matched non-allergic children were included as controls. Both groups performed cognitive tests (CANTAB) and completed Quality of Life questionnaires outside and during the pollen season. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Pollen level was measured daily. RESULTS Impaired cognitive function was found in spatial working memory, where the allergic group made more errors compared to the non-allergic group during pollen season, but not off-season. No significant differences could be seen between the allergic group and the controls in the other tests investigating visual memory or attention. Quality of health questionnaires revealed more symptoms and impaired quality of life in allergic compared to non-allergic children, and increased symptoms in allergic children were associated with longer reaction time for simple movement during pollen season. No differences in stress or inflammatory biomarkers could be found between the groups. CONCLUSION Cognitive function was affected during pollen season in pollen-allergic children, and the more symptoms the allergic children had, the longer the reaction time in the cognitive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papapostolou
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hampus Kiotseridis
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Romberg
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Health Care Center, Näsets Läkargrupp, Höllviken, Sweden
| | - Åslög Dahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - David Aronsson
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alf Tunsäter
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Killanin AD, Wiesman AI, Heinrichs-Graham E, Groff BR, Frenzel MR, Eastman JA, Wang YP, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW. Development and sex modulate visuospatial oscillatory dynamics in typically-developing children and adolescents. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117192. [PMID: 32711061 PMCID: PMC7779241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuospatial processing is a cognitive function that is critical to navigating one's surroundings and begins to develop during infancy. Extensive research has examined visuospatial processing in adults, but far less work has investigated how visuospatial processing and the underlying neurophysiology changes from childhood to early adolescence, which is a critical period of human development that is marked by the onset of puberty. In the current study, we examined behavioral performance and the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in a cohort of 70 children and young adolescents aged 8-15 years. All participants performed a visuospatial processing task during MEG, and the resulting oscillatory responses were imaged using a beamformer and probed for developmental and sex-related differences. Our findings indicated that reaction time on the task was negatively correlated with age, and that the amplitude of theta oscillations in the medial occipital cortices increased with age. Significant sex-by-age interactions were also detected, with female participants exhibiting increased theta oscillatory activity in the right prefrontal cortex with increasing age, while male participants exhibited theta increases in the left parietal lobe/left precuneus and left supplementary motor area with increasing age. These data indicate that different nodes of the visuospatial processing network develop earlier in males compared to females (and vice versa) in this age range, which may have major implications for the developmental trajectory of behavioral performance and executive function more generally during the transition through puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham D Killanin
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Alex I Wiesman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Boman R Groff
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michaela R Frenzel
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jacob A Eastman
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Problematic internet users suffer from impairment in a variety of cognitive domains. Research suggests that COMT haplotypes exert differential effects on cognition. We sought to investigate differences in the genetic profiles of problematic internet users and whether those could shed light on potential cognitive differences. METHODS We recruited 206 non-treatment seeking participants with heightened impulsive traits and obtained cross-sectional demographic, clinical, and cognitive data as well as the genetic haplotypes of COMT rs4680 and rs4818. We identified 24 participants who presented with problematic internet use (PIU) and compared PIU and non-PIU participants using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi square as appropriate. RESULTS PIU was associated with worse performance on decision making, rapid visual processing, and spatial working memory tasks. Genetic variants were associated with altered cognitive performance, but rates of PIU did not statistically differ for particular haplotypes of COMT. CONCLUSION This study indicates that PIU is characterized by deficits in decision making and working memory domains; it also provides evidence for elevated impulsive responses and impaired target detection on a sustained attention task, which is a novel area worth exploring further in future work. The effects observed in the genetic influences on cognition of PIU subjects imply that the genetic heritable components of PIU may not lie within the genetic loci influencing COMT function and cognitive performance; or that the genetic component in PIU involves many genetic polymorphisms each conferring only a small effect.
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Chiang HL, Hsu YC, Shang CY, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. White matter endophenotype candidates for ADHD: a diffusion imaging tractography study with sibling design. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1203-1213. [PMID: 31115278 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain structural alterations are frequently observed in probands with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we examined the microstructural integrity of 76 white matter tracts among unaffected siblings of patients with ADHD to evaluate the potential familial risk and its association with clinical and neuropsychological manifestations. METHODS The comparison groups included medication-naïve ADHD probands (n = 50), their unaffected siblings (n = 50) and typically developing controls (n = 50, age-and-sex matched with ADHD probands). Whole brain tractography was reconstructed automatically by tract-based analysis of diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI). Microstructural properties of white matter tracts were represented by the values of generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD). RESULTS Compared to the control group, ADHD probands showed higher AD values in the perpendicular fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus I, corticospinal tract, and corpus callosum. The AD values of unaffected siblings were in the intermediate position between those of the ADHD and control groups. These AD values were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms, sustained attention and working memory, for all white matter tracks evaluated except for the perpendicular fasciculus. Higher FA and lower RD values in the right frontostriatal tract connecting ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (FS-VLPFC) were associated with better performance in spatial span only in the unaffected sibling group. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal AD values of specific white matter tracts among unaffected siblings of ADHD probands suggest the presence of familial risk in this population. The right FS-VLPFC may have a role in preventing the expression of the ADHD-related behavioral phenotype. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NUMBER NCT01682915.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Hsu
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- AcroViz Technology Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Gasanov RF, Makarov IV, Emelina DA. [Cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:126-131. [PMID: 32323954 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review presents current data on the nature of cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder, and possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Considering possible neurobiological components of hyperkinetic disorder, attention is given to pathological functional connections underlying specific clinical manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gasanov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - I V Makarov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia.,Mechnicov North-Western State Medical University, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - D A Emelina
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
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Lin YJ, Gau SSF. Comparison of Neuropsychological Functioning Between Adults With Early- and Late-Onset DSM-5 ADHD. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:29-40. [PMID: 28895460 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717730609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to compare the visually dependent neuropsychological functioning among adults with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) ADHD who recalled symptom onset by and after age 7 and non-ADHD controls. Method: We divided the participants, aged 17 to 40 years, into three groups-(a) ADHD, onset <7 years (early-onset, n = 142); (b) ADHD, onset between 7 and <12 years (late-onset, n = 41); (c) non-ADHD controls (n = 148)-and compared their neuropsychological functioning, measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery. Results: Both ADHD groups had deficits in attention and signal detectability, spatial working memory, and short-term spatial memory, but only the early-onset group showed deficits in alertness, set-shifting, and planning after controlling for age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidities. There was no statistical difference between the two ADHD groups in neuropsychological functioning. Conclusion:DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing adult ADHD are not too lax regarding neuropsychological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Levin-Schwartz Y, Gennings C, Schnaas L, Del Carmen Hernández Chávez M, Bellinger DC, Téllez-Rojo MM, Baccarelli AA, Wright RO. Time-varying associations between prenatal metal mixtures and rapid visual processing in children. Environ Health 2019; 18:92. [PMID: 31666078 PMCID: PMC6822453 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to mixtures of chemicals across their lifetimes, a concept sometimes called the "exposome." Mixtures likely have temporal "critical windows" of susceptibility like single agents and measuring them repeatedly might help to define such windows. Common approaches to evaluate the effects of chemical mixtures have focused on their effects at a single time point. Our goal is to expand upon these previous techniques and examine the time-varying critical windows for metal mixtures on subsequent neurobehavior in children. METHODS We propose two methods, joint weighted quantile sum regression (JWQS) and meta-weighted quantile sum regression (MWQS), to estimate the effects of chemical mixtures measured across multiple time points, while providing data on their critical windows of exposure. We compare the performance of both methods using simulations. We also applied both techniques to assess second and third trimester metal mixture effects in predicting performance in the Rapid Visual Processing (RVP) task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assessed at 6-9 years in children who are part of the PROGRESS (Programming Research in Obesity, GRowth, Environment and Social Stressors) longitudinal cohort study. The metals, arsenic, cadmium (Cd), cesium, chromium, lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) were selected based on their toxicological profile. RESULTS In simulations, JWQS and MWQS had over 80% accuracy in classifying exposures as either strongly or weakly contributing to an association. In real data, both JWQS and MWQS consistently found that Pb and Cd exposure jointly predicted longer latency in the RVP and that second trimester exposure better predicted the results than the third trimester. Additionally, both JWQS and MWQS highlighted the strong association Cd and Sb had with lower accuracy in the RVP and that third trimester exposure was a better predictor than second trimester exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that metal mixtures effects vary across time, have distinct critical windows and that both JWQS and MWQS can determine longitudinal mixture effects including the cumulative contribution of each exposure and critical windows of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Levin-Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Huang F, Tang YL, Zhao M, Wang Y, Pan M, Wang Y, Qian Q. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: A Randomized Clinical Trial in China. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1035-1046. [PMID: 28866911 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717725874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for adult ADHD, and booster sessions may improve long-term outcome. This study was designed to investigate the effects of group CBT and its booster sessions for Chinese adult patients with ADHD. METHOD There were CBT only group ( n = 43), CBT +booster group ( n = 43), and control group with patients on the waiting list ( n = 22). The primary outcome was the score of the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Secondary outcomes included emotion, executive function (EF), impulsivity, self-esteem, and life quality at 12th and 24th week. RESULTS At 12th week, the score of ADHD-RS, EF, and impulsivity showed significant improvement in CBT +booster group comparing with control group. At 24th week, differences between CBT only group and CBT +booster group were not significant. CONCLUSION CBT was effective for Chinese adult patients with ADHD. Booster sessions do not appear to provide additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lang Tang
- 3 Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,4 Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Meirong Pan
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
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Franco-Alvarenga PE, Brietzke C, Canestri R, Goethel MF, Hettinga F, Santos TM, Pires FO. Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lin YJ, Gau SSF. Developmental changes of neuropsychological functioning in individuals with and without childhood ADHD from early adolescence to young adulthood: a 7-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2019; 49:940-951. [PMID: 29941053 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our knowledge about the developmental change of neuropsychological functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is limited. This prospective longitudinal study examined the changes in neuropsychological functions and their associations with the changes of ADHD symptoms across the developmental stages from early adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS We followed up 53 individuals diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) ADHD during childhood (mean age 12.77 years at time 1, 19.81 years at time 2) and 50 non-ADHD controls (mean age 12.80 years at time 1, 19.36 years at time 2) with repeated psychiatric interviews at two time points to confirm ADHD and other psychiatric diagnoses. Neuropsychological functions with high- and low-executive demands, measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) at two time points, were compared. RESULTS Both groups showed improvements in all neuropsychological tasks except reaction time in the ADHD group. Despite having a greater improvement in spatial working memory (SWM) than controls, individuals with ADHD still performed worse in various neuropsychological tasks than controls at follow-up. Better baseline intra-dimension/extra-dimension shift and parental occupation predicted fewer ADHD symptoms at follow-up independent of baseline ADHD symptoms. The degree of ADHD symptom reduction was not significantly linearly correlated to the magnitude of neuropsychological function improvement. CONCLUSION Individuals with ADHD and controls had parallel developments in neuropsychological functioning, except a catch-up in SWM in ADHD. Almost all neuropsychological functions herein were still impaired in ADHD at late adolescence/young adulthood. There may be a threshold (i.e. non-linear) relationship between neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
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Tsai FJ, Tseng WL, Yang LK, Gau SSF. Psychiatric comorbid patterns in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Treatment effect and subtypes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211873. [PMID: 30730956 PMCID: PMC6366698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric comorbidities are common in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of medication and childhood ADHD subtypes on psychiatric comorbidities among adults with ADHD as compared to healthy adult controls. We assessed 121 drug-naïve adults with ADHD, 93 treated adults with ADHD, and 145 healthy controls (age 18-36 years) using semi-structured psychiatric interviews, intelligence tests, and medical records. Drug-naïve adults with ADHD had more comorbidities than treated adults with ADHD and controls. Childhood ADHD-combined subtype, relative to ADHD-inattentive subtype, was associated with higher risks of comorbidities. Current medication treatment was associate with a higher risk for anxiety disorders, and longer treatment duration was associated with lower risks of mood disorders and sleep disorders. Our results indicate that no medication treatment, short treatment duration, and childhood ADHD-combined subtype are associated with increased risks for psychiatric comorbidities among adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ju Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Tseng
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Heath, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Sevices, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Li-Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Medical Defense Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
The antisaccade (AS) task is considered a prominent measure of inhibitory control, but it is still unclear which cognitive processes are used for successful performance of the task. Previous results have provided evidence for the involvement of several processes, including working memory (WM), inhibition and attention. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore, using a range of neuropsychological tests, which cognitive factors predict individual differences in AS performance. To do so, 143 healthy participants underwent a battery including tests measuring inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, sustained attention, IQ and fluency. Hierarchical stepwise regression analyses were conducted to assess the association with AS performance. Performance on the Trail-Making-Test, version B (TMT-B), a test measuring flexibility, divided attention and WM, was found to significantly predict AS latency. Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP), used to assess sustained attention and WM, significantly predicted AS error rate. Other cognitive measures, however, did not significantly predict AS performance. Bayesian Model Averaging supported these conclusions and showed that non-significant predictors are unlikely to be associated with AS outcomes. Several explanations are provided for the associations of TMT-B and RVIP with AS performance; as the tests measure a range of different cognitive processes, interpretation of these results remains less clear. For a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying AS performance, future research should make use of a wider range of attention and WM tests.
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Savulich G, Thorp E, Piercy T, Peterson KA, Pickard JD, Sahakian BJ. Improvements in Attention Following Cognitive Training With the Novel "Decoder" Game on an iPad. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30719000 PMCID: PMC6348266 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Work and study increasingly rely on the use of technologies requiring individuals to switch attention rapidly between emails, texts and tasks. This has led to healthy people having problems of attention and concentration and difficulties getting into the “flow,” which impedes goal attainment and task completion. Possibly related to this, there is an increasing diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and prescriptions of drugs such as methylphenidate. In addition to ADHD, attention is impaired in other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Based on neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence, we developed “Decoder,” a novel game for targeted cognitive training of visual sustained attention on an iPad. We aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive training in 75 healthy young adults randomly assigned to a Cognitive Training (8 h of playing Decoder over 4 weeks; n = 25), Active Control (8 h of playing Bingo over 4 weeks; n = 25) or Passive Control (continuation of activities of daily living; n = 25) group. Results indicated that cognitive training with Decoder was superior to both control groups in terms of increased target sensitivity (A’) on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Information processing (CANTAB RVP) test, indicating significantly improved sustained visual attention. Individuals playing Decoder also showed significantly better performance on the Trail Making Test (TMT) compared with those playing Bingo. Significant differences in visual analogue scales were also found between the two gaming groups, such that Decoder received higher ratings of enjoyment, task-related motivation and alertness across all hours of game play. These data suggest that cognitive training with Decoder is an effective non-pharmacological method for enhancing attention in healthy young adults, which could be extended to clinical populations in which attentional problems persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Thorp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Piercy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katie A Peterson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John D Pickard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Green R, Till C, Al-Hakeem H, Cribbie R, Téllez-Rojo MM, Osorio E, Hu H, Schnaas L. Assessment of neuropsychological performance in Mexico City youth using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 41:246-256. [PMID: 30336715 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1529229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) is a computerized tool used to measure cognitive function in diverse populations and is sensitive for assessing developmental changes in children. Although CANTAB has been used in several countries, its applicability in a Mexican child population is unknown. This study examined developmental trends on CANTAB in a large sample of urban Mexico City youth and tested the hypothesis that their performance would be similar to a large US normative sample. METHOD As part of a birth cohort, Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants, 826 children, ages 5-15 years, completed CANTAB. Subtests measured planning (Stockings of Cambridge; SOC), short-term memory (Delayed Matching to Sample; DMS), sustained attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing; RVP), ability to match visual stimuli (Match to Sample Visual Search; MTS), flexibility (Intra-extra Dimensional Set Shift; IED), and response inhibition (Stop Signal Task; SST). Determinants of performance on the CANTAB, including age, maternal/child IQ, and sex, were analyzed using Spearman correlation and Welch t tests. Equivalence testing compared performance with existing norms. RESULTS Performance improved with age on all measures. Child IQ was mildly associated with measures of memory and attention but not executive functioning, consistent with US norms. Maternal IQ was not associated with any outcomes, and males performed better on IED. Mexican norms were comparable to US norms on almost all outcomes, with the exception of a short-term visual recognition memory task (DMS). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the largest normative data for CANTAB performance in a community sample of Mexican youth. Findings demonstrate the expected maturational effects of executive function, specifically in cognitive shifting and inhibition. Levels of executive function performance demonstrated by a Mexican sample were consistent with normative values reported in US youth. These findings, as well as expected associations with child IQ, indicate high applicability of CANTAB for Mexican youth in neurobehavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Green
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Christine Till
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Hiba Al-Hakeem
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Rob Cribbie
- a Department of Psychology , York University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- b Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud , Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Erika Osorio
- c Subdirección de Investigación en Intervenciones Comunitarias , Instituto Nacional de Perinatología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Howard Hu
- d Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,e School of Public Health , University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- c Subdirección de Investigación en Intervenciones Comunitarias , Instituto Nacional de Perinatología , Mexico City , Mexico
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Liu L, Cheng J, Su Y, Ji N, Gao Q, Li H, Yang L, Sun L, Qian Q, Wang Y. Deficiency of Sustained Attention in ADHD and Its Potential Genetic Contributor MAOA. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:878-885. [PMID: 25784069 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715574832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic contributors to ADHD sustained attention deficit among noradrenergic genes responsible for the synthesis (dopamine-β-hydroxylase gene, DBH), transport (norepinephrine transporter gene, NET1), reception (alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene, ADRA2A), and metabolism (monoamine oxidase A gene, MAOA) of noradrenalin (NE). METHOD A total of 456 children with ADHD and 108 normal controls were included in a digit cancellation test (DCT). DNA was collected from 242 participants and genotyped for 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of noradrenergic genes. RESULTS Compared with normal controls, children with ADHD showed a lower total score and higher mean error rate in the DCT, indicating poorer sustained attention function. Analysis of covariance showed an association between MAOA genotypes and ADHD performance in DCT, with poorer performance in risk allele carriers. No association was found for other noradrenergic genes. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD presented with a sustained attention deficit compared with normal controls. The sustained attention deficit of children with ADHD may be associated with genetic variant of MAOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Su
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ji
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Haimei Li
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
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Pauls F, Daseking M, Jacobs C, Werpup L, Petermann F. Intelligenzdiagnostik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2018. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Mit seiner neuartigen Indexstruktur bietet die Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014 , 2017 ) eine differenzierte Messung kognitiver Fähigkeiten. Es wurden die Leistungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS (n = 103) in der WISC-V mit einer parallelisierten Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Zusätzlich zur Analyse der Leistungen auf signifikante Gruppenunterschiede wurden für alle fünf Indexwerte, den Gesamt-IQ sowie die entsprechenden Untertests Effektgrößen bestimmt und miteinander verglichen. Für die Kinder mit ADHS zeigten sich auf allen fünf Indizes und dem Gesamt-IQ signifikant niedrigere Leistungen, wobei die größten Effekte in den Bereichen Arbeitsgedächtnis, Fluides Schlussfolgern und Gesamt-IQ gefunden wurden. Spezifische Minderleistungen bei ADHS ließen sich auch auf Untertestebene identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie bestätigen, dass die WISC-V als valides und sensibles Instrument zur Erfassung kognitiver Defizite bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen angesehen werden kann. In der klinischen Praxis kann die WISC-V-Profilanalyse wichtige Informationen zu einer vorab diagnostizierten ADHS liefern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Pauls
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Monika Daseking
- Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr, Hamburg
| | | | - Lina Werpup
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
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35
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Hwang-Gu SL, Lin HY, Chen YC, Tseng YH, Hsu WY, Chou MC, Chou WJ, Wu YY, Gau SSF. Symptoms of ADHD Affect Intrasubject Variability in Youths with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Ex-Gaussian Analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 48:455-468. [PMID: 29847154 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1452151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased intrasubject variability in reaction times (RT-ISV) is frequently found in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, how dimensional attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms impact RT-ISV in individuals with ASD remains elusive. We assessed 97 high-functioning youths with co-occurring ASD and ADHD (ASD+ADHD), 124 high-functioning youths with ASD only, 98 youths with ADHD only, and 249 typically developing youths, 8-18 years of age, using the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CCPT). We compared the conventional CCPT parameters (omission errors, commission errors, mean RT and RT standard error (RTSE) as well as the ex-Gaussian parameters of RT (mu, sigma, and tau) across the four groups. We also conducted regression analyses to assess the relationships between RT indices and symptoms of ADHD and ASD in the ASD group (i.e., the ASD+ADHD and ASD-only groups). The ASD+ADHD and ADHD-only groups had higher RT-ISV than the other two groups. RT-ISV, specifically RTSE and tau, was significantly associated with ADHD symptoms rather than autistic traits in the ASD group. Regression models also revealed that sex partly accounted for RT-ISV variance in the ASD group. A post hoc analysis showed girls with ASD had higher tau and RTSE values than their male counterparts. Our results suggest that RT-ISV is primarily associated with co-occurring ADHD symptoms/diagnosis in children and adolescents with ASD. These results do not support the hypothesis of response variability as a transdiagnostic phenotype for ASD and ADHD and warrant further validation at a neural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoou-Lian Hwang-Gu
- a Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan.,b Department of Child Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- c Department of Psychiatry , National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- d Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University
| | | | - Wen-Yau Hsu
- f Department of Psychology and Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning , National Chengchi University
| | - Miao-Chun Chou
- g Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center , Chang Guang University, College of Medicine
| | - Wen-Jun Chou
- g Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center , Chang Guang University, College of Medicine
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- b Department of Child Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- b Department of Child Psychiatry , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch.,c Department of Psychiatry , National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine
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36
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Fan LY, Shang CY, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF, Chou TL. Visual processing as a potential endophenotype in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A sibling study design using the counting Stroop functional MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3827-3835. [PMID: 29749060 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in inhibitory control and visual processing are common in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known about endophenotypes for unaffected siblings of youths with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the potential endophenotypes of brain activation and performance in inhibitory control and visual processing among ADHD probands, their unaffected siblings, and neurotypical youths. We assessed 27 ADHD probands, 27 unaffected siblings, and 27 age-, gender-, and IQ-matched neurotypical youths using the counting Stroop functional magnetic resonance imaging and two tasks of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): rapid visual information processing (RVP) for inhibitory control and spatial span (SSP) for visual processing. ADHD probands showed greater activation than their unaffected siblings and neurotypical youths in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and anterior cingulate cortex. Increased activation in the right IFG was positively correlated with the mean latency of the RVP in ADHD probands. Moreover, ADHD probands and their unaffected siblings showed less activation in the left superior parietal lobule (SPL) than neurotypical youths. Increased activation in the left SPL was positively correlated with the spatial length of the SSP in neurotypical youths. Our findings suggest that less activation in the left SPL might be considered as a candidate imaging endophenotype for visual processing in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Prado CE, Watt S, Crowe SF. A meta-analysis of the effects of antidepressants on cognitive functioning in depressed and non-depressed samples. Neuropsychol Rev 2018; 28:32-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Maoz H, Aviram S, Nitzan U, Segev A, Bloch Y. Association Between Continuous Performance and Response Inhibition Tests in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:293-299. [PMID: 25922185 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715584056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study of ADHD uses various computerized tests to assess cognitive functions. Uncertainty exists regarding the association between deficits found by different tools testing similar or different cognitive functions (e.g., continuous performance tests [CPT] and response inhibition [RI] tests).We hypothesized that different tools that measure continuous performance will be better correlated between themselves than with a tool that examines RI. METHOD Thirty-six adults with ADHD performed two different CPTs and a RI task. We analyzed correlations between different measures examined by the tasks. RESULTS There were strong correlations between corresponding measures in the CPTs. Correlations between the results in CPT and the RI task were only minimal. CONCLUSION These findings support the specificity of impairments in different cognitive domains (continuous attention vs. RI) beyond the specific test used in the study of ADHD. Also, these findings strengthen the importance of specific discriminative cognitive domains in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Maoz
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shai Aviram
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,3 Haifa University, Israel
| | - Uri Nitzan
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Aviv Segev
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yuval Bloch
- 1 Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, Hod-Hasharon, Israel.,2 Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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39
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Sadaghiani S, Ng B, Altmann A, Poline JB, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Burke Quinlan E, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Gallinat J, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Napolioni V, Greicius M. Overdominant Effect of a CHRNA4 Polymorphism on Cingulo-Opercular Network Activity and Cognitive Control. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9657-9666. [PMID: 28877969 PMCID: PMC6596609 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0991-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nicotinic system plays an important role in cognitive control and is implicated in several neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the contributions of genetic variability in this system to individuals' cognitive control abilities are poorly understood and the brain processes that mediate such genetic contributions remain largely unidentified. In this first large-scale neuroimaging genetics study of the human nicotinic receptor system (two cohorts, males and females, fMRI total N = 1586, behavioral total N = 3650), we investigated a common polymorphism of the high-affinity nicotinic receptor α4β2 (rs1044396 on the CHRNA4 gene) previously implicated in behavioral and nicotine-related studies (albeit with inconsistent major/minor allele impacts). Based on our prior neuroimaging findings, we expected this polymorphism to affect neural activity in the cingulo-opercular (CO) network involved in core cognitive control processes including maintenance of alertness. Consistent across the cohorts, all cortical areas of the CO network showed higher activity in heterozygotes compared with both types of homozygotes during cognitive engagement. This inverted U-shaped relation reflects an overdominant effect; that is, allelic interaction (cumulative evidence p = 1.33 * 10-5). Furthermore, heterozygotes performed more accurately in behavioral tasks that primarily depend on sustained alertness. No effects were observed for haplotypes of the surrounding CHRNA4 region, supporting a true overdominant effect at rs1044396. As a possible mechanism, we observed that this polymorphism is an expression quantitative trait locus modulating CHRNA4 expression levels. This is the first report of overdominance in the nicotinic system. These findings connect CHRNA4 genotype, CO network activation, and sustained alertness, providing insights into how genetics shapes individuals' cognitive control abilities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nicotinic acetylcholine system plays a central role in neuromodulatory regulation of cognitive control processes and is dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite this functional importance, no large-scale neuroimaging genetics studies have targeted the contributions of genetic variability in this system to human brain activity. Here, we show the impact of a common polymorphism of the high-affinity nicotinic receptor α4β2 that is consistent across brain activity and behavior in two large human cohorts. We report a hitherto unknown overdominant effect (allelic interaction) at this locus, where the heterozygotes show higher activity in the cingulo-opercular network underlying alertness maintenance and higher behavioral alertness performance than both homozygous groups. This gene-brain-behavior relationship informs about the biological basis of interindividual differences in cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Bernard Ng
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andre Altmann
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
- University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 91400 Orsay, France
- Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Michael Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Fan LY, Chou TL, Gau SSF. Neural correlates of atomoxetine improving inhibitory control and visual processing in Drug-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4850-4864. [PMID: 28657141 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomoxetine improves inhibitory control and visual processing in healthy volunteers and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about the neural correlates of these two functions after chronic treatment with atomoxetine. This study aimed to use the counting Stroop task with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to investigate the changes related to inhibitory control and visual processing in adults with ADHD. This study is an 8-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of atomoxetine in 24 drug-naïve adults with ADHD. We investigated the changes of treatment with atomoxetine compared to placebo-treated counterparts using the counting Stroop fMRI and two CANTAB tests: rapid visual information processing (RVP) for inhibitory control and delayed matching to sample (DMS) for visual processing. Atomoxetine decreased activations in the right inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex, which were correlated with the improvement in inhibitory control assessed by the RVP. Also, atomoxetine increased activation in the left precuneus, which was correlated with the improvement in the mean latency of correct responses assessed by the DMS. Moreover, anterior cingulate activation in the pre-treatment was able to predict the improvements of clinical symptoms. Treatment with atomoxetine may improve inhibitory control to suppress interference and may enhance the visual processing to process numbers. In addition, the anterior cingulate cortex might play an important role as a biological marker for the treatment effectiveness of atomoxetine. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4850-4864, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Lin YJ, Gau SSF. Differential neuropsychological functioning between adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without conduct disorder. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:946-955. [PMID: 28292624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate neuropsychological functioning of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbidities of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and/or conduct disorder (CD) and the mediation effects of the neuropsychological functions in the relationship between ADHD and ODD/CD symptoms to increase our understanding about these frequently co-occurring disorders. METHODS Adolescents aged 11-18 years were interviewed by the Kiddie epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to confirm their previous and current ADHD status and other psychiatric diagnoses. The performance of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery was compared among four groups: (1) ADHD with CD (ADHD+CD), regardless of ODD; (2) ADHD with ODD (ADHD+ODD) without CD; (3) ADHD without ODD/CD (ADHD-only); and (4) typically developing controls. Mediation effects of neuropsychological functioning were tested. RESULTS All three ADHD groups had impaired spatial working memory and short-term memory. Deficits in verbal memory and response inhibition were found in ADHD+ODD, but not in ADHD-only. ADHD+CD did not differ from typically developing controls in verbal working memory, signal detectability, and response inhibition. Spatial working memory partially mediated the association between ADHD and CD symptoms and alerting/signal detectability of arousal partially mediated the association between ADHD and ODD symptoms. CONCLUSION There were both common and distinct neuropsychological deficits between adolescents with ADHD who developed ODD only and who developed CD. ADHD comorbid with CD may be a different disease entity and needs different treatment strategies in addition to treating ADHD, while ADHD+ODD may be a severe form of ADHD and warrants intensive treatment for ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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42
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Chiang HL, Chen YJ, Shang CY, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Different neural substrates for executive functions in youths with ADHD: a diffusion spectrum imaging tractography study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1225-1238. [PMID: 26744120 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between white-matter tracts and executive functions (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been well studied and previous studies mainly focused on frontostriatal (FS) tracts. The authors explored the microstructural property of several fibre tracts hypothesized to be involved in EF, to correlate their microstructural property with EF, and to explore whether such associations differ between ADHD and typically developing (TD) youths. METHOD We assessed 45 youths with ADHD and 45 individually matched TD youths with a computerized test battery for multiple dimensions of EF. From magnetic resonance imaging, FS tract, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), arcuate fasciculus (AF) and cingulum bundle (CB) were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. The generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values of white-matter tracts were computed to present microstructural property of each tract. RESULTS We found lower GFA in the left FS tract, left SLF, left AF and right CB, and poorer performance in set-shifting, sustained attention, cognitive inhibition and visuospatial planning in ADHD than TD. The ADHD and TD groups demonstrated different association patterns between EF and fibre tract microstructural property. Most of the EF were associated with microstructural integrity of the FS tract and CB in TD youths, while with that of the FS tract, SLF and AF in youths with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that the SLF, AF and CB also involve in a wide range of EF and that the main fibre tracts involved in EF are different in youths with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Y-J Chen
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - C-Y Shang
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - W-Y I Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
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Jin J, Liu L, Gao Q, Chan RCK, Li H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qian Q. The divergent impact ofCOMTVal158Met on executive function in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:271-9. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Jin
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - L. Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Q. Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - R. C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Y. Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Y. Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Q. Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
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Lin YJ, Lo KW, Yang LK, Gau SSF. Validation of DSM-5 age-of-onset criterion of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: Comparison of life quality, functional impairment, and family function. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:48-60. [PMID: 26318976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The newly published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) elevates the threshold of the ADHD age-of-onset criterion from 7 to 12 years. This study evaluated the quality of life and functional impairment of adults with ADHD who had symptoms onset by or after 7 years and examined the mediation effect of family function and anxiety/depression symptoms between ADHD diagnosis and quality of life and functional impairment. We assessed 189 adults with ADHD and 153 non-ADHD controls by psychiatric interview and self-administered reports on the Adult ADHD Quality of Life Scale, Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale, Family APGAR, and Adult Self Report Inventory-4. The ADHD group was divided into early-onset ADHD (onset <7 years, n=147) and late-onset ADHD (onset between 7 and 12 years, n=42). The mediation analysis was conducted to verify the mediating factors from ADHD to functional impairment and quality of life. The late-onset ADHD had more severe functional impairment at work and poorer family support than early-onset ADHD while they had comparable impairment at other domains. Less perceived family support and current anxiety/depressive symptoms partially mediated the link between ADHD diagnosis and quality of life/functional impairment both in early- and late-onset ADHD. Our data support decreased quality of life and increased functional impairment in adult ADHD, regardless of age of onset, and these adverse outcomes may be mediated by family support and anxiety/depression at adulthood. Our findings also imply that the new DSM-5 ADHD criteria do not over-include individuals without impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Section 2, Nanya South Road, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Wu Lo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Beitou Branch, No. 60, Xin-ming Road, Beitou District, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
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45
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Li LM, Leech R, Scott G, Malhotra P, Seemungal B, Sharp DJ. The effect of oppositional parietal transcranial direct current stimulation on lateralized brain functions. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2904-14. [PMID: 26414683 PMCID: PMC4737321 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive functions such as numerical processing and spatial attention show varying degrees of lateralization. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be used to investigate how modulating cortical excitability affects performance of these tasks. This study investigated the effect of bi-parietal tDCS on numerical processing, spatial and sustained attention. It was hypothesized that tDCS would have distinct effects on these tasks because of varying lateralization (numerical processing left, spatial attention right) and that these effects are partly mediated by modulation of sustained attention. A single-blinded, crossover, sham-controlled study was performed. Eighteen healthy right-handed participants performed cognitive tasks during three sessions of oppositional parietal tDCS stimulation: sham; right anodal with left cathodal (RA/LC); and right cathodal with left anodal (RC/LA). Participants performed a number comparison task, a modified Posner task, a choice reaction task (CRT) and the rapid visual processing task (RVP). RA/LC tDCS impaired number comparison performance compared with sham, with slower responses to numerically close numbers pairs. RA/LC and RC/LA tDCS had distinct effects on CRT performance, specifically affecting vigilance level during the final block of the task. No effect of stimulation on the Posner task or RVP was found. It was demonstrated that oppositional parietal tDCS affected both numerical performance and vigilance level in a polarity-dependent manner. The effect of tDCS on numerical processing may partly be due to attentional effects. The behavioural effects of tDCS were specifically observed under high task demands, demonstrating the consequences of an interaction between stimulation type and cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Li
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, C3NL 3rd Floor Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, Fulham, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rob Leech
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, C3NL 3rd Floor Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, Fulham, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gregory Scott
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, C3NL 3rd Floor Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, Fulham, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paresh Malhotra
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barry Seemungal
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Sharp
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, C3NL 3rd Floor Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, Fulham, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Lin HY, Gau SSF. Atomoxetine Treatment Strengthens an Anti-Correlated Relationship between Functional Brain Networks in Medication-Naïve Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv094. [PMID: 26377368 PMCID: PMC4815465 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although atomoxetine demonstrates efficacy in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, its treatment effects on brain resting-state functional connectivity remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate major brain functional networks in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the efficacy of atomoxetine treatment on resting-state functional connectivity. METHODS After collecting baseline resting-state functional MRI scans from 24 adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (aged 18-52 years) and 24 healthy controls (matched in demographic characteristics), the participants with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were randomly assigned to atomoxetine (n=12) and placebo (n=12) arms in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was functional connectivity assessed by a resting-state functional MRI. Seed-based functional connectivity was calculated and compared for the affective, attention, default, and cognitive control networks. RESULTS At baseline, we found atypical cross talk between the default, cognitive control, and dorsal attention networks and hypoconnectivity within the dorsal attention and default networks in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Our first-ever placebo-controlled clinical trial incorporating resting-state functional MRI showed that treatment with atomoxetine strengthened an anticorrelated relationship between the default and task-positive networks and modulated all major brain networks. The strengthened anticorrelations were associated with improving clinical symptoms in the atomoxetine-treated adults. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that atypical default mode network task-positive network interaction plays an important role in the pathophysiology of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Strengthening this atypical relationship following atomoxetine treatment suggests an important pathway to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Drs Lin and Gau); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Dr Gau).
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Chiang HL, Chen YJ, Lo YC, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Altered white matter tract property related to impaired focused attention, sustained attention, cognitive impulsivity and vigilance in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:325-35. [PMID: 25871496 PMCID: PMC4543095 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural substrate for clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has rarely been studied and has yielded inconsistent results. We sought to compare the microstructural property of fibre tracts associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms and a wide range of attention performance in youth with ADHD and healthy controls. METHODS We assessed youths with ADHD and age-, sex-, handedness-, coil- and intelligence-matched controls using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) for attention performance and MRI. The 10 target tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and cingulum bundle were reconstructed using diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. We computed generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values to indicate tract-specific microstructural property. RESULTS We included 50 youths with ADHD and 50 healthy controls in our study. Youths with ADHD had lower GFA in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle and performed worse in the CCPT than controls. Furthermore, alteration of the right SLF GFA was most significantly associated with the clinical symptom of inattention in youths with ADHD. Finally, youths with ADHD had differential association patterns of the 10 fibre tract GFA values with attention performance compared with controls. LIMITATIONS Ten of the youths with ADHD were treated with methylphenidate, which may have long-term effects on microstructural property. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the importance of the SLF, cingulum bundle and frontostriatal tracts for clinical symptoms and attention performance in youths with ADHD and demonstrates the involvement of different fibre tracts in attention performance in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang, Gau); Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Chiang); Center for Optoelectronic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Chen, Tseng, Lo); Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng, Gau); Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Tseng); Department of Psychology, School of Occupational Therapy, and Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (Gau)
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48
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Chien YL, Gau SSF, Shang CY, Chiu YN, Tsai WC, Wu YY. Visual memory and sustained attention impairment in youths with autism spectrum disorders. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2263-2273. [PMID: 25902960 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An uneven neurocognitive profile is a hallmark of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies focusing on the visual memory performance in ASD have shown controversial results. We investigated visual memory and sustained attention in youths with ASD and typically developing (TD) youths. METHOD We recruited 143 pairs of youths with ASD (males 93.7%; mean age 13.1, s.d. 3.5 years) and age- and sex-matched TD youths. The ASD group consisted of 67 youths with autistic disorder (autism) and 76 with Asperger's disorder (AS) based on the DSM-IV criteria. They were assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery involving the visual memory [spatial recognition memory (SRM), delayed matching to sample (DMS), paired associates learning (PAL)] and sustained attention (rapid visual information processing; RVP). RESULTS Youths with ASD performed significantly worse than TD youths on most of the tasks; the significance disappeared in the superior intelligence quotient (IQ) subgroup. The response latency on the tasks did not differ between the ASD and TD groups. Age had significant main effects on SRM, DMS, RVP and part of PAL tasks and had an interaction with diagnosis in DMS and RVP performance. There was no significant difference between autism and AS on visual tasks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implied that youths with ASD had a wide range of visual memory and sustained attention impairment that was moderated by age and IQ, which supports temporal and frontal lobe dysfunction in ASD. The lack of difference between autism and AS implies that visual memory and sustained attention cannot distinguish these two ASD subtypes, which supports DSM-5 ASD criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Chien
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - C-Y Shang
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Y-N Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - W-C Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Y-Y Wu
- Department of Psychiatry,Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center,Chang Gung University College of Medicine,Tao-Yuan,Taiwan
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Lin HY, Hwang-Gu SL, Gau SSF. Intra-individual reaction time variability based on ex-Gaussian distribution as a potential endophenotype for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:39-50. [PMID: 25612058 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intra-individual variability in reaction time (IIV-RT), defined by standard deviation of RT (RTSD), is considered as an endophenotype for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Ex-Gaussian distributions of RT, rather than RTSD, could better characterize moment-to-moment fluctuations in neuropsychological performance. However, data of response variability based on ex-Gaussian parameters as an endophenotypic candidate for ADHD are lacking. METHOD We assessed 411 adolescents with clinically diagnosed ADHD based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria as probands, 138 unaffected siblings, and 138 healthy controls. The output parameters, mu, sigma, and tau, of an ex-Gaussian RT distribution were derived from the Conners' continuous performance test. Multi-level models controlling for sex, age, comorbidity, and use of methylphenidate were applied. RESULTS Compared with unaffected siblings and controls, ADHD probands had elevated sigma value, omissions, commissions, and mean RT. Unaffected siblings formed an intermediate group in-between probands and controls in terms of tau value and RTSD. There was no between-group difference in mu value. Conforming to a context-dependent nature, unaffected siblings still had an intermediate tau value in-between probands and controls across different interstimulus intervals. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest IIV-RT represented by tau may be a potential endophenotype for inquiry into genetic underpinnings of ADHD in the context of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-L Hwang-Gu
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Fan LY, Gau SSF, Chou TL. Neural correlates of inhibitory control and visual processing in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a counting Stroop functional MRI study. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2661-2671. [PMID: 24451066 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of inhibitory control and visual processing impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), knowledge about its corresponding alterations in the brain is still evolving. The current study used counting Stroop functional MRI and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to investigate if brain activation of inhibitory control and visual processing would differ in youths with ADHD relative to neurotypical youths. METHOD We assessed 25 youths with ADHD [mean age 10.9 (s.d.=2.2) years] and 23 age-, gender- and IQ-matched neurotypical youths [mean age 11.2 (s.d.=2.9) years]. The participants were assessed by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, third edition, and two tests from the CANTAB: rapid visual information processing (RVP) and pattern recognition memory (PRM) outside the scanner. RESULTS Youths with ADHD showed more activation than neurotypical youths in the right inferior frontal gyrus [Brodmann area (BA) 45] and anterior cingulate cortex, which were correlated with poorer performance on the RVP test in the CANTAB. In contrast, youths with ADHD showed less activation than neurotypical youths in the left superior parietal lobule (BA 5/7), which was correlated with the percentage of correct responses on the PRM test in the CANTAB. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that youths with ADHD might need more inhibitory control to suppress interference between number and meaning and may involve less visual processing to process the numbers in the counting Stroop task than neurotypical youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-Y Fan
- Department of Psychology,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychology,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - T-L Chou
- Department of Psychology,National Taiwan University,Taipei,Taiwan
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