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Levander S, Levander MT. Self-control in criminology: we need a broader conceptualization and links to psychiatric diagnoses. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1435003. [PMID: 39086427 PMCID: PMC11290269 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1435003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Poor self-control is a strong correlate of criminal propensity. It is conceptualized and operationalized differently in criminology than in other scientific traditions. Aims (1) To verify the dimensionality of the criminological Grasmick self-control items, other self-regulation items and morality ones. (2) To re-interpret the dimensions using a clinical perspective, a taxonomic/diagnostic model and references to possible "biological underpinnings." (3) Validate the dimensions by associations with crime. Method Population: all persons born 1995 in Malmö and living there at age 12. A random sample (N = 525) filled in a comprehensive self-report questionnaire on themes like personality, crime/abuse and social aspects at age 15, 16 and 18. Age 18 data were analysed: 191 men and 220 women. Results Self-regulation items were 4-dimensional: ADHD problems (Behavior control and Executive skills) and two Aggression factors. Morality items formed a fifth dimension. Negative Affect and Social interaction factors covered the rest of the variance. The validity of these factors was backed up by correlations with similar items/factors. Self-regulation subscales predicted crimes better than the Grasmick scale; an interaction with morality improved prediction still further. Sex differences were over-all small with three exceptions: Aggression, Morality and Negative affect. Conclusion We identified four dimensions of the 20-item Grasmick instrument: Cognitive action control (impulsiveness/sensation seeking, response inhibition), Executive skills/future orientation, Affective/aggression reactivity and Aggression control. All should be possible to link to brain functional modules. Much can be gained if we are able to formulate an integrated model of self-regulation including distinct brain functional modules, process-and trait-oriented models, relevant diagnoses and clinical experiences of individual cases.
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Chan WWY, Shum KKM, Downs J, Liu NT, Sonuga-Barke EJS. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cultural context II: a comparison of the links between ADHD symptoms and waiting-related responses in Hong Kong and UK. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02506-7. [PMID: 38935132 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The concept of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered to have cross-cultural validity, but direct comparisons of its psychological characteristics across cultures are limited. This study investigates whether preschool children's ADHD symptoms expressed in two cultures with different views about child behaviour and parenting, Hong Kong and the UK, show the same pattern of associations with their waiting-related abilities and reactions, an important marker of early self-regulation. A community sample of 112 preschoolers (mean age = 46.22 months; 55 from UK, 57 from HK) completed three tasks measuring different waiting elements - waiting for rewards, choosing the amount of time to wait, and having to wait unexpectedly when a task is interrupted. Participants' waiting-related behavioural and emotional reactions were coded. Parents rated their children's ADHD symptoms and delay aversion. Our findings revealed that the associations between ADHD symptoms and waiting-related responses were comparable in both UK and HK samples. This suggests that the core psychological characteristics of ADHD, particularly in relation to waiting behaviours, may exhibit similarity across cultural contexts. Future research can extend this cross-cultural analysis to other ADHD-related psychological domains and explore additional cultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Y Chan
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Johnny Downs
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ngai Tsit Liu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, DeCrespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Haque MT, Segreti M, Giuffrida V, Ferraina S, Brunamonti E, Pani P. Attentional spatial cueing of the stop-signal affects the ability to suppress behavioural responses. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1429-1438. [PMID: 38652274 PMCID: PMC11108874 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The ability to adapt to the environment is linked to the possibility of inhibiting inappropriate behaviours, and this ability can be enhanced by attention. Despite this premise, the scientific literature that assesses how attention can influence inhibition is still limited. This study contributes to this topic by evaluating whether spatial and moving attentional cueing can influence inhibitory control. We employed a task in which subjects viewed a vertical bar on the screen that, from a central position, moved either left or right where two circles were positioned. Subjects were asked to respond by pressing a key when the motion of the bar was interrupted close to the circle (go signal). In about 40% of the trials, following the go signal and after a variable delay, a visual target appeared in either one of the circles, requiring response inhibition (stop signal). In most of the trials the stop signal appeared on the same side as the go signal (valid condition), while in the others, it appeared on the opposite side (invalid condition). We found that spatial and moving cueing facilitates inhibitory control in the valid condition. This facilitation was observed especially for stop signals that appeared within 250ms of the presentation of the go signal, thus suggesting an involvement of exogenous attentional orienting. This work demonstrates that spatial and moving cueing can influence inhibitory control, providing a contribution to the investigation of the relationship between spatial attention and inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tanbeer Haque
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Segreti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Giuffrida
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferraina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pierpaolo Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Arildskov TW, Thomsen PH, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Lambek R, Østergaard SD, Virring A. Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a Dimension or a Category? What Does the Relationship Between ADHD Traits and Psychosocial Quality of Life Tell Us? J Atten Disord 2024; 28:1035-1044. [PMID: 38281108 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231222228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The question of whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a discrete category or a continuous dimension remains clinically relevant. We report the first examination of this question from the viewpoint of the relationship between ADHD traits and psychosocial quality of life (QoL), and whether the level of QoL declines markedly around a certain high ADHD trait range suggestive of a categorical boundary. METHODS Parents/caregivers of 1,967 schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 from the general population completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the ADHD-Rating Scale IV. Piecewise linear and non-linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS No evidence for a non-linear association or an abrupt change in the rate of decrease in QoL was observed in the high end of the ADHD traits continuum. Instead, the relationship was consistent with linearity. CONCLUSION Psychosocial QoL gradually declines in a linear manner as ADHD trait levels increase providing further support for a dimensional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Wigh Arildskov
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Rikke Lambek
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren D Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anne Virring
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
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5
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Schiros A, Antshel KM. Life in the fast lane: the role of temporal processing in risk-taking behaviors. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38677717 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2346553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
An existing theoretical framework proposes that aberrant temporal processing and a fast internal clock, denoted by overestimation and under-reproduction of time, increases the likelihood of engagement in risky behaviors (ERB). The primary aim of this project was to improve our understanding of the relationship between temporal processing and ERB in college students. The present study used the Wittmann and Paulus (2008) theoretical framework to examine the associations between temporal processing and ERB in college students. College student participants (N = 215) completed self-report measures of ERB, delay aversion, inhibitory control, ADHD symptoms and objective cognitive time estimation and time reproduction tasks. Time estimation accuracy was significantly associated with lower engagement in sexual risk behaviors (OR = .988; 95% CI: .979, .996; p = .006) and aggressive behaviors (OR = .989; 95% CI: .980, .998; p = .018). Time reproduction was not significantly associated with ERB. The present study established preliminary support for the associations between aberrant temporal processing, namely aberrant time estimation, and ERB among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Schiros
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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6
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Blume F, Buhr L, Kühnhausen J, Köpke R, Weber LA, Fallgatter AJ, Ethofer T, Gawrilow C. Validation of the Self-Report Version of the German Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE-SB). Assessment 2024:10731911241236699. [PMID: 38523357 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241236699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience impairing levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, while individuals without ADHD experience these symptoms to a lesser extent. Yet, ADHD self-report scales so far hardly captured continuous distributions across the general population. In addition, they focused on weaknesses and ignored strengths. To address these shortcomings, we present here the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal-Behavior Scale Self-Report (SWAN-DE-SB). The normal distribution of the data collected and the scale's internal consistency, and factorial and convergent validity were assessed using data from a general population sample. Its clinical utility was evaluated by comparing scores from a clinical sample and a sample of individuals without ADHD and by calculating optimal cut-off values for specificity and sensitivity. The SWAN-DE-SB demonstrated normal distribution of the data collected, high internal consistency, and factorial and convergent validity. It reliably discriminated individuals with and without ADHD, with high specificity and sensitivity. It should therefore be considered a psychometrically convincing measure to assess strengths and weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and normal behavior in clinical and general population samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Blume
- DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- University of Tübingen, LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Germany
| | - Lilly Buhr
- Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- University of Tübingen, LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Department of Psychology, School Psychology, Germany
| | - Jan Kühnhausen
- University of Tübingen, LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Germany
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Rieke Köpke
- University of Tübingen, Department of Psychology, School Psychology, Germany
| | - Lydia A Weber
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- University of Tübingen, LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Germany
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caterina Gawrilow
- Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- University of Tübingen, LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Department of Psychology, School Psychology, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Anning KL, Langley K, Hobson C, Van Goozen SHM. Dimensional associations between executive function processes and symptoms of ADHD, ASD, oppositional defiance and anxiety in young school-referred children. Cortex 2023; 167:132-147. [PMID: 37557009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) difficulties are implicated in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Because NDDs are highly comorbid and frequently co-occur with additional clinical problems, it is unclear how specific EF problems are associated with symptoms of ASD and ADHD, whilst accounting for co-occurring anxiety or oppositional defiance disorder (ODD) symptoms. The current study utilised a large sample of young children (n = 438, aged 4-8) referred to Cardiff University's Neurodevelopment Assessment Unit (NDAU) by teachers for cognitive and/or socio-emotional problems. As part of the referral process, the teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which revealed that most children displayed moderate to high hyperactivity (86%) and prosocial (73%) problems, as well as high levels of symptoms in other clinical domains (41% emotional, 61% conduct and 68% peer problems). Children completed tasks to assess episodic memory, cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility and visuomotor control, whilst parents completed questionnaires to measure symptoms of ASD, ADHD, anxiety and ODD. Dimensional analyses showed that poorer cognitive inhibition and visuospatial episodic memory were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms, whereas cognitive flexibility was negatively associated with ODD symptoms. Having more ASD symptoms was associated with fewer cognitive inhibition problems, whereas anxiety was associated with better cognitive flexibility. Our approach to assessment and analysis shows that specific cognitive processes are associated with distinct neurodevelopmental and clinical symptoms, which is ultimately relevant to early identification of and intervention for young children at risk of cognitive and/or socio-emotional problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Anning
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Kate Langley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephanie H M Van Goozen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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8
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Wiker T, Norbom LB, Beck D, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Alnæs D, Dahl A, Eilertsen EM, Moberget T, Ystrøm E, Westlye LT, Lebel C, Huster RJ, Tamnes CK. Reaction Time Variability in Children Is Specifically Associated With Attention Problems and Regional White Matter Microstructure. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:832-840. [PMID: 37003411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased intraindividual variability (IIV) in reaction times (RTs) has been suggested as a key cognitive and behavioral marker of attention problems, but findings for other dimensions of psychopathology are less consistent. Moreover, while studies have linked IIV to brain white matter microstructure, large studies testing the robustness of these associations are needed. METHODS We used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline assessment to test the associations between IIV and psychopathology (n = 8622, age = 8.9-11.1 years) and IIV and white matter microstructure (n = 7958, age = 8.9-11.1 years). IIV was investigated using an ex-Gaussian distribution analysis of RTs in correct response go trials in the stop signal task. Psychopathology was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist and a bifactor structural equation model was performed to extract a general p factor and specific factors reflecting internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems. To investigate white matter microstructure, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were examined in 23 atlas-based tracts. RESULTS Increased IIV in both short and long RTs was positively associated with the specific attention problems factor (Cohen's d = 0.13 and d = 0.15, respectively). Increased IIV in long RTs was also positively associated with radial diffusivity in the left and right corticospinal tract (both tracts, d = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS Using a large sample and a data-driven dimensional approach to psychopathology, the results provide novel evidence for a small but specific association between IIV and attention problems in children and support previous findings on the relevance of white matter microstructure for IIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Wiker
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Center for Developmental Processes and Gradients in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Linn B Norbom
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Center for Developmental Processes and Gradients in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dani Beck
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Center for Developmental Processes and Gradients in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Law, School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen M Eilertsen
- Research Center for Developmental Processes and Gradients in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrøm
- Research Center for Developmental Processes and Gradients in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Heath, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- KG Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rene J Huster
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Sleep Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Center for Developmental Processes and Gradients in Mental Health, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Werling AM, Kuzhippallil S, Emery S, Walitza S, Drechsler R. Problematic use of digital media in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:305-325. [PMID: 35567763 PMCID: PMC9295226 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Problematic use of digital media and problematic use of the internet (PUI) in particular are growing problems in the general population. Moreover, studies have shown links between PUI and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This meta-analysis investigated whether children and adolescents with ADHD are more often affected by PUI compared to control groups. Method Multiple databases (EBSCOhost, Pubmed) were reviewed. Studies were eligible if individuals (aged 6-18 years) were diagnosed with ADHD, assessed on PUI-related measures, and compared to non-clinical or/and clinical controls without a diagnosis of ADHD. Out of 3,859 identified studies, 14 studies assessing 2,488 participants met all inclusion criteria. Four meta-analyses examining time-based and scale-based measures, different informants and non-clinical vs. clinical controls using random-effects models were performed. Funnel plots were used to investigate publication bias. Results The analyses revealed significantly more severe PUI in individuals with ADHD compared to controls, both when PUI was assessed via rating scale (scaled-based) and via units for time (time-based measures). Different informants (self- vs. parent-rating) had no impact on results. Differences in PUI between groups with ADHD and non-clinical controls were significant, whereas differences between ADHD and clinical controls were not. Due to the high heterogeneity observed and the small sample sizes, these latter findings should be interpreted cautiously. Conclusion Children and adolescents with ADHD show more severe PUI compared to non-clinical controls without ADHD. However, the small number of studies does not allow for a systematic comparison between ADHD and groups with other psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Werling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sajiv Kuzhippallil
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Emery
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Ging-Jehli NR, Arnold LE, Roley-Roberts ME, deBeus R. Characterizing Underlying Cognitive Components of ADHD Presentations and Co-morbid Diagnoses: A Diffusion Decision Model Analysis. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:706-722. [PMID: 34085557 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To Explore whether subtypes and comorbidities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) induce distinct biases in cognitive components involved in information processing. METHOD Performance on the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA-CPT) was compared between 150 children (aged 7 to 10) with ADHD, grouped by DSM-5 presentation (ADHD-C, ADHD-I) or co-morbid diagnoses (anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], both, neither), and 60 children without ADHD. Diffusion decision modeling decomposed performance into cognitive components. RESULTS Children with ADHD had poorer information integration than controls. Children with ADHD-C were more sensitive to changes in presentation modality (auditory/visual) than those with ADHD-I and controls. Above and beyond these results, children with ADHD+anxiety+ODD had larger increases in response biases when targets became frequent than children with ADHD-only or with ADHD and one comorbidity. CONCLUSION ADHD presentations and comorbidities have distinct cognitive characteristics quantifiable using DDM and IVA-CPT. We discuss implications for tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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11
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An examination of the relationships between attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and functional connectivity over time. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:704-710. [PMID: 33558680 PMCID: PMC8782893 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous cross-sectional work has demonstrated resting-state connectivity abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to typically developing controls. However, it is unclear to what extent these neural abnormalities confer risk for later symptoms of the disorder, or represent the downstream effects of symptoms on functional connectivity. Here, we studied 167 children and adolescents (mean age at baseline = 10.74 years (SD = 2.54); mean age at follow-up = 13.3 years (SD = 2.48); 56 females) with varying levels of ADHD symptoms, all of whom underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and ADHD symptom assessments on two occasions during development. Resting-state functional connectivity was quantified using eigenvector centrality mapping. Using voxelwise cross-lag modeling, we found that less connectivity at baseline within right inferior frontal gyrus was associated with more follow-up symptoms of inattention (significant at an uncorrected cluster-forming threshold of p ≤ 0.001 and a cluster-level familywise error corrected threshold of p < 0.05). Findings suggest that previously reported cross-sectional abnormalities in functional connectivity within inferior frontal gyrus in patients with ADHD may represent a longitudinal risk factor for the disorder, in line with efforts to target this region with novel therapeutic methods.
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12
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Arildskov TW, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Thomsen PH, Virring A, Østergaard SD. How much impairment is required for ADHD? No evidence of a discrete threshold. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:229-237. [PMID: 34041741 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires the presence of impairment alongside symptoms above a specific frequency and severity threshold. However, the question of whether that symptom threshold represents anything more than an arbitrary cutoff on a continuum of impairment requires further empirical study. Therefore, we present the first study investigating if the relationship between ADHD symptom severity and functional impairment is nonlinear in a way that suggests a discrete, nonarbitrary symptom level threshold associated with a marked step increase in impairment. METHODS Parent reports on the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS-IV), the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS-P), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were collected in a general population sample of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd graders (N = 1,914-2,044). RESULTS Piecewise linear regression analyses and nonlinear regression modeling both demonstrated that the relationship between symptom severity (ADHD-RS-IV total score) and impairment (WFIRS-P mean score) was characterized by a gradual linear increase in impairment with higher symptom severity and no apparent step increase or changing rate of increase in impairment at a certain high ADHD-RS-IV total score level. Controlling for socioeconomic status, sex, and co-occurring conduct and emotional symptoms did not alter these results, though comorbid symptoms had a significant effect on impairment. CONCLUSIONS There was no clear evidence for a discrete, nonarbitrary symptom severity threshold with regard to impairment. The results highlight the continued need to consider both symptoms and impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Wigh Arildskov
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Virring
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren D Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
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13
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Manoli A, Liversedge SP, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Hadwin JA. The Differential Effect of Anxiety and ADHD Symptoms on Inhibitory Control and Sustained Attention for Threat Stimuli: A Go/No-Go Eye-Movement Study. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1919-1930. [PMID: 32513052 PMCID: PMC8427811 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720930809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the synergistic effects of ADHD and anxiety symptoms on attention and inhibitory control depending on the emotional content of the stimuli. Method: Fifty-four typically developing individuals (27 children/adolescents and 27 adults) completed an eye-movement based emotional Go/No-Go task, using centrally presented (happy, angry) faces and neutral/symbolic stimuli. Sustained attention was measured through saccade latencies and saccadic omission errors (Go trials), and inhibitory control through saccadic commission errors (No-Go trials). ADHD and anxiety were assessed dimensionally. Results: Elevated ADHD symptoms were associated with more commission errors and slower saccade latencies for angry (vs. happy) faces. In contrast, angry faces were linked to faster saccade onsets when anxiety symptoms were high, and this effect prevailed when both anxiety and ADHD symptoms were high. Conclusion: Social threat impacted performance in individuals with sub-clinical anxiety and ADHD differently. The effects of anxiety on threat processing prevailed when both symptoms were high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Manoli
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Athina Manoli, Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, Old Anatomy Building, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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14
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Staff AI, Oosterlaan J, Oord S, Königs M, Hoofdakker BJ, Luman M. Child neurocognitive functioning influences the effectiveness of specific techniques in behavioral teacher training for ADHD: Moderator analyses from a randomized controlled microtrial. JCPP ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anouck I. Staff
- Department of Clinical‐, Neuro‐, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical‐, Neuro‐, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Emma Neuroscience Group Department of Pediatrics Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Oord
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Developmental Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marsh Königs
- Emma Neuroscience Group Department of Pediatrics Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J. Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical‐, Neuro‐, and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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15
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Sphingolipid and Endocannabinoid Profiles in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091173. [PMID: 34572359 PMCID: PMC8467584 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding endocannabinoid and sphingolipid metabolism pathways were suggested to contribute to the genetic risk towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present pilot study assessed plasma concentrations of candidate endocannabinoids, sphingolipids and ceramides in individuals with adult ADHD in comparison with healthy controls and patients with affective disorders. Targeted lipid analyses of 23 different lipid species were performed in 71 mental disorder patients and 98 healthy controls (HC). The patients were diagnosed with adult ADHD (n = 12), affective disorder (major depression, MD n = 16 or bipolar disorder, BD n = 6) or adult ADHD with comorbid affective disorders (n = 37). Canonical discriminant analysis and CHAID analyses were used to identify major components that predicted the diagnostic group. ADHD patients had increased plasma concentrations of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P d18:1) and sphinganine-1-phosphate (S1P d18:0). In addition, the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoylglycerol were increased. MD/BD patients had increased long chain ceramides, most prominently Cer22:0, but low endocannabinoids in contrast to ADHD patients. Patients with ADHD and comorbid affective disorders displayed increased S1P d18:1 and increased Cer22:0, but the individual lipid levels were lower than in the non-comorbid disorders. Sphingolipid profiles differ between patients suffering from ADHD and affective disorders, with overlapping patterns in comorbid patients. The S1P d18:1 to Cer22:0 ratio may constitute a diagnostic or prognostic tool.
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16
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Chen H, Lu F, Guo X, Pang Y, He C, Han S, Duan X, Chen H. Dimensional Analysis of Atypical Functional Connectivity of Major Depression Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1307-1317. [PMID: 34416760 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Literatures have reported considerable heterogeneity with atypical functional connectivity (FC) pattern of psychiatric disorders. However, traditional statistical methods are hard to explore this heterogeneity pattern. We proposed a "brain dimension" method to describe the atypical FC patterns of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (BD). The approach was firstly applied to a simulation dataset. It was then utilized to a real resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset of 47 individuals with major depressive disorder, 32 individuals with BD, and 52 well matched health controls. Our method showed a better ability to extract the FC dimensions than traditional methods. The results of the real dataset revealed atypical FC dimensions for major depressive disorder and BD. Especially, an atypical FC dimension which exhibited decreased FC strength of thalamus and basal ganglia was found with higher severity level of individuals with BD than the ones with major depressive disorder. This study provided a novel "brain dimension" method to view the atypical FC patterns of major depressive disorder and BD and revealed shared and specific atypical FC patterns between major depressive disorder and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China.,School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Fengmei Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Yajing Pang
- Research Center for Intelligent Science and Engineering Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Changchun He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xujun Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China.,School of Life Science and Technology, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China
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17
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Haller SP, Stoddard J, Pagliaccio D, Bui H, MacGillivray C, Jones M, Brotman MA. Computational Modeling of Attentional Impairments in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:637-645. [PMID: 33242544 PMCID: PMC8096646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Computational models provide information about cognitive components underlying behavior. When applied to psychopathology-relevant processes, they offer additional insight to observed differences in behavioral performance. Drift diffusion models have been successfully applied to investigate processing efficiency during binary choice tasks. Using these models, we examine the association between psychopathology (irritability and inattention/hyperactivity) and processing efficiency under different attentional demands. METHOD A total of 187 youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), both disorders, or no major psychopathology (age, mean ± SD, 13.09 ± 2.55 y, 34% female) completed an Eriksen Flanker task. Of these, 87 youths provided complete data on dimensional measures of the core symptom of DMDD (irritability) and those of ADHD (inattention and hyperactivity). RESULTS In a categorical diagnosis-based analysis (n = 187), we found significant interactive effects among ADHD, DMDD, and task condition on processing efficiency, whereby changes in processing efficiency between conflict and nonconflict conditions were larger in youths without psychopathology compared with patients. Analysis of symptom severity (n = 87) across diagnoses similarly revealed an interaction between symptom dimensions and task condition on processing efficiency. Irritability moderated the magnitude of association between inattention symptoms and difference in processing efficiency between conflict and nonconflict conditions. CONCLUSION Adapting processing efficiency to cognitive demands may represent a shared cognitive endophenotype for both ADHD and DMDD. Highly irritable and/or inattentive youth may have difficulty adjusting processing efficiency to changing task demands, possibly reflecting impairments in cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Stoddard
- University of Colorado, Aurora.; University of Colorado, Colorado
| | - David Pagliaccio
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York
| | - Hong Bui
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Matt Jones
- University of Colorado Boulder.; University of Colorado, Colorado
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple studies have found evidence of task non-specific slow drift rate in ADHD, and slow drift rate has rapidly become one of the most visible cognitive hallmarks of the disorder. In this study, we use the diffusion model to determine whether atypicalities in visuospatial cognitive processing exist independently of slow drift rate. METHODS Eight- to twelve-year-old children with (n = 207) and without ADHD (n = 99) completed a 144-trial mental rotation task. RESULTS Performance of children with ADHD was less accurate and more variable than non-ADHD controls, but there were no group differences in mean response time. Drift rate was slower, but nondecision time was faster for children with ADHD. A Rotation × ADHD interaction for boundary separation was also found in which children with ADHD did not strategically adjust their response thresholds to the same degree as non-ADHD controls. However, the Rotation × ADHD interaction was not significant for nondecision time, which would have been the primary indicator of a specific deficit in mental rotation per se. CONCLUSIONS Poorer performance on the mental rotation task was due to slow rate of evidence accumulation, as well as relative inflexibility in adjusting boundary separation, but not to impaired visuospatial processing specifically. We discuss the implications of these findings for future cognitive research in ADHD.
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19
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Feldman JS, Huang-Pollock C. Slow drift rate predicts ADHD symptomology over and above executive dysfunction. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:834-855. [PMID: 33752560 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1902490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Slow drift rate has become one of the most salient cognitive deficits among children with ADHD, and has repeatedly been found to explain slow, variable, and error-prone performance on tasks of executive functioning (EF). The present study applies the diffusion model to determine whether slow drift rate better predicts parent and teacher ratings of ADHD than standard EF metrics. 201 children aged 8-12 completed two tests of speeded decision-making analyzed with the diffusion model and two traditionally scored tests of EF. Latent EF and drift rate factors each independently predicted the general ADHD factor in a bifactor model of ADHD, with poor EF and slow drift rate associated with greater ADHD symptomology. When both EF and drift rate were entered into the model, slow drift rate (but not EF) continued to predict elevated symptomology. These findings suggest that using drift rate to index task performance improves upon conventional approaches to measuring and conceptualizing cognitive dysfunction in ADHD. Implications for future cognitive research in ADHD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Feldman
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Huang-Pollock
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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20
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Creativity and ADHD: A review of behavioral studies, the effect of psychostimulants and neural underpinnings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:66-85. [PMID: 33035524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a debilitating disorder and most research therefore focuses on its deficits and its treatment. Research on the potential positive sides of ADHD is limited, and although a comprehensive overview of empirical studies on this subject is missing, it has been suggested that ADHD is associated with enhanced creativity. To identify important relations, trends and gaps in the literature, we review 31 behavioral studies on creativity and ADHD, distinguishing different research designs, age groups, creativity measurements and effects of psychostimulants, as well as reflecting the potential underlying neural mechanisms of creativity and ADHD. Most studies find evidence for increased divergent thinking for those with high ADHD scores (subclinical) but not for those with the disorder (clinical). The rates of creative abilities/achievements were high among both clinical and subclinical groups. We found no evidence for increased convergent thinking abilities in ADHD, nor did we find an overall negative effect of psychostimulants on creativity. Neuroscientific findings suggest candidate regions as well as mechanisms that should be studied further to increase our understanding of the relationship between creativity and ADHD. We propose research opportunities to boost the knowledge needed to better understand the potential positive side of ADHD.
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21
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An executive functioning perspective in neurofibromatosis type 1: from ADHD and autism spectrum disorder to research domains. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:2321-2332. [PMID: 32617712 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare monogenic disorder associated with executive function (EF) deficits and heightened risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The goal of this paper is to understand how EFs provide a common foundation to understand vulnerabilities for ADHD and ASD within NF1. METHODS A literature review and synthesis was conducted. RESULTS EF difficulties in working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and planning are evident in NF1, ADHD, and ASD. However, relatively little is known about the heterogeneity of EFs and ADHD and ASD outcomes in NF1. Assessment of ADHD and ASD in NF1 is based on behavioral symptoms without understanding neurobiological contributions. Recent efforts are promoting the use of dimensional and multidisciplinary methods to better understand normal and abnormal behavior, including integrating information from genetics to self-report measures. CONCLUSION NF1 is a monogenic disease with well-developed molecular and phenotypic research as well as complementary animal models. NF1 presents an excellent opportunity to advance our understanding of the neurobiological impact of known pathogenic variation in normal and abnormal neural pathways implicated in human psychopathology. EFs are core features of NF1, ADHD, and ASD, and these neurodevelopmental outcomes are highly prevalent in NF1. We propose a multilevel approach for understanding EFs in patients with NF1.This is essential to advance targeted interventions for NF1 patients and to advance the exciting field of research in this condition.
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22
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Hadar Y, Hocherman S, Lamm O, Tirosh E. Auditory and Visual Executive Functions in Children and Response to Methylphenidate: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:235-245. [PMID: 28388850 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717700978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess auditory and visually based executive functions (EFs) and the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with ADHD. Methods: Thirty-six boys between the ages of 8.3 and 9.7 years with ADHD and 36 matched controls were included. The study group was randomized into MPH and placebo for 7 days each in a crossover design. A Cued Choice Reaction Time (CCRT) test that included incongruent cuing was administered at baseline and following 1 and 2 weeks. Results: The difference between the study and control groups was more evident with visual cues and incongruent cuing. Increased gains by children with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive\combined (HI\C) type of ADHD were observed under MPH. Conclusions: The differences between children with ADHD and typical children are more pronounce under incongruent auditory cuing . The gains attributable to MPH are more specific to tasks involving auditory and visual EFs and in children with HI\C type ADHDs.
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23
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Kolodny T, Mevorach C, Stern P, Biderman N, Ankaoua M, Tsafrir S, Shalev L. Fronto-parietal engagement in response inhibition is inversely scaled with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom severity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 25:102119. [PMID: 31865022 PMCID: PMC6928458 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel Go/No-go task points to a critical role for the IPS in response inhibition. IPS engagement in response inhibition is scaled back with ADHD symptom severity. Fronto-parietal connectivity increases when response inhibition is challenging. Connectivity modulation is also scaled back with ADHD symptom severity.
Background Impaired response inhibition is one of the most consistent findings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the underlying brain mechanisms are not clear. This study aimed to underpin atypical inhibition-related brain activation and connectivity patterns in ADHD using a novel Go/No-go task design, and to determine its association with clinical symptoms of the disorder. Methods Forty-eight adults with ADHD performed a Go/No-go task in which target frequency was manipulated during functional MRI. Specific inhibition-related brain activation was correlated with ADHD symptom severity, to assess the relationship of individual differences in engagement of inhibition-related brain circuits with the magnitude of every-day functioning impairments. Finally, generalized psychophysical interaction analyses were carried out to examine whether not only engagement but also functional connectivity between regions implicated in response inhibition is related to symptom severity. Results We found no evidence for the expected parietal modulation by increased demand for inhibition at the group-level results. However, this lack of modulation was mediated by individual differences in ADHD symptom severity – increased engagement of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in inhibition-demanding events was evident in individuals with less severe symptoms but dissipated with increase in symptomatology. Similarly, functional connectivity between the IPS and the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) was elevated under high inhibitory demand conditions, but this effect diminished with increased symptom severity. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of IPS engagement in response inhibition and suggest that IPS modulation may be driven by top-down control from the IFG. Moreover, the current findings force the point of treating ADHD as a continuum whereby brain correlates are scaled with severity of the disorder, and point to the potential use of individual differences in the modulation of IPS activation and connectivity as a neuromarker of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kolodny
- Department of Cognitive Science, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Carmel Mevorach
- School of Psychology and the Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pnina Stern
- Constantiner School of Education, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Natalie Biderman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Ankaoua
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Lilach Shalev
- Constantiner School of Education, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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24
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Kibby MY, Vadnais SA, Jagger-Rickels AC. Which components of processing speed are affected in ADHD subtypes? Child Neuropsychol 2019; 25:964-979. [PMID: 30558479 PMCID: PMC6581645 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1556625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The term "processing speed" (PS) encompasses many components including perceptual, cognitive and output speed. Despite evidence for reduced PS in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), little is known about which component(s) is most impacted in ADHD, or how it may vary by subtypes. Participants included 151 children, ages 8-12 years, with ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type, ADHD Combined Type and typically developing controls using DSM-IV criteria. All children completed four measures of processing speed: Symbol Search, Coding, Decision Speed, and simple reaction time. We found children with ADHD-PI and ADHD-C had slower perceptual and psychomotor/incidental learning speed than controls and that ADHD-PI had slower decision speed than controls. The subtypes did not differ on any of these measures. Mean reaction time was intact in ADHD. Hence, at a very basic output level, children with ADHD do not have impaired speed overall, but as task demands increase their processing speed becomes less efficient than controls'. Further, perceptual and psychomotor speed were related to inattention, and psychomotor speed/incidental learning was related to hyperactivity/impulsivity. Thus, inattention may contribute to less efficient performance and worse attention to detail on tasks with a higher perceptual and/or psychomotor load; whereas hyperactivity/impulsivity may affect psychomotor speed/incidental learning, possibly via greater inaccuracy and/or reduced learning efficiency. Decision speed was not related to either dimension. Results suggest that PS deficits are primarily linked to the inattention dimension of ADHD but not exclusively. Findings also suggest PS is not a singular process but rather a multifaceted system that is differentially impacted in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Kibby
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , IL , USA
| | - Sarah A Vadnais
- a Department of Psychology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , IL , USA
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Miller NV, Hane AA, Degnan KA, Fox NA, Chronis-Tuscano A. Investigation of a developmental pathway from infant anger reactivity to childhood inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms: interactive effects of early maternal caregiving. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:762-772. [PMID: 30908640 PMCID: PMC6594894 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex pathogenesis. Individual differences in temperamental reactivity - in particular, anger reactivity - are predictive of ADHD. The goal of this study was to examine the moderating (maternal caregiving behaviors; MCB) and mediating (inhibitory control) variables of reactivity using a 9-year multimethod prospective longitudinal design. METHODS Participants included 291 children (135 male; 156 female) who participated in a larger study of temperament and social-emotional development. Anger reactivity was assessed by observation of facial anger during an arm restraint task, and MCB were observed during a series of semi-structured mother-infant tasks, both at 9 months of age. Inhibitory control was assessed by performance on a go/no-go task at 5 years of age. ADHD symptoms were assessed by parent and teacher report questionnaires at 7 and 9 years, respectively. RESULTS Anger reactivity and poor inhibitory control were predictive of later ADHD symptoms. Results supported a moderated mediation model, in which the indirect effects of anger reactivity on ADHD symptoms through inhibitory control were conditional on quality of early MCB. Inhibitory control mediated the effect of anger reactivity on ADHD symptoms, but only among children exposed to lower-quality MCB. CONCLUSIONS Infant anger reactivity exerts a direct effect on later ADHD from infancy, suggesting anger reactivity as a very early indicator of ADHD risk. Higher-quality caregiving did not buffer against the direct risk of anger reactivity on ADHD but did buffer against the indirect risk by reducing the negative effect of anger reactivity on inhibitory control. Thus, in the developmental pathway from anger reactivity to ADHD, more sensitive, less intrusive parenting supports the development of protective mechanisms (i.e. inhibitory control) to remediate ADHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie V. Miller
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Amie A. Hane
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA
| | - Kathryn A. Degnan
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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Arabacı G, Parris BA. Inattention and task switching performance: the role of predictability, working memory load and goal neglect. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:2090-2110. [PMID: 31250101 PMCID: PMC7515948 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Inattention is a symptom of many clinical disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is thought to be primarily related to limitations in working memory. In two studies, we investigated the implications of inattention for task switching performance. In study one, we measured task switching performance using predictable and unpredictable conditions in adults who self-rated inattention and other ADHD-related tendencies. Tasks required proactive control and reactive control, respectively, under both high and low working memory loads. Results revealed that inattentive, but not hyperactive/impulsive traits, predicted switch costs when switching was predictable and working memory load was high. None of the ADHD traits were related to unpredictable switch costs. Study two was designed to: (1) de-confound the role of proactive control and the need to keep track of task order in the predictable task switching paradigm; (2) investigate whether goal neglect, an impairment related to working memory, could explain the relationship between inattention and predictable task switching. Results revealed that neither predictability nor the need to keep track of the task order led to the association between switch costs and inattention, but instead it was the tendency for those high in inattention to neglect preparatory proactive control, especially when reactive control options were available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arabacı
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Benjamin A Parris
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
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Manfro AG, Santoro M, Polanczyk GV, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Bressan RA, Brietzke E, Talarico F, Belangero S, Rohde LA, Salum GA. Heterotypic trajectories of dimensional psychopathology across the lifespan: the case of youth-onset attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:533-544. [PMID: 30329156 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of a distinct late-onset attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trajectory. Our objective is to test if there are distinct ADHD trajectories regarding age of onset from childhood to adolescence and to compare clinical manifestations, cognitive functions and genetic risk for ADHD among distinct longitudinal groups. METHOD Nine hundred and twenty four children and adolescents from the community participated in the study. We compared clinical, cognitive features and genetic risk among four groups of participants: (a) childhood-limited, (b) youth-onset, (c) childhood-onset with youth persistence, and (d) community comparisons without ADHD. Symptomatic and diagnostic assessments were performed using the Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Child Behavior Checklist. Cognitive functions were measured using a battery of standardized tests. Genetic risk for ADHD was calculating using summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. RESULTS Half of the adolescents (52%) with ADHD had their symptom onset in adolescence. The impairment level of this group in adolescence is similar to the persistent group. Despite not having ADHD, the youth-onset group already presented in childhood more symptoms from other domains of psychopathology, higher shared variance in psychiatric symptomatology (p-factor), school impairment, and executive dysfunctions than community comparisons. Furthermore, the youth-onset group presented lower levels of genetic risk for ADHD compared to other cases. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of adolescents with ADHD were youth-onset cases and presented similar impairment levels as those cases with early-onset ADHD. The presence of cognitive impairments and higher levels of clinical symptoms in the youth-onset group already at childhood speaks in favor of a heterotypic trajectory of psychopathology suggesting that youth-onset ADHD might be an artificial consequence of categorizing dimensional psychopathology into discrete diagnostic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gus Manfro
- Graduate program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Santoro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vanoni Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department & Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mario Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Talarico
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia Belangero
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department & Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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28
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Cogo-Moreira H, Lúcio PS, Swardfager W, Gadelha A, Mari JDJ, Miguel EC, Rohde LA, Salum GA. Comparability of an ADHD Latent Trait Between Groups: Disentangling True Between-Group Differences From Measurement Problems. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:712-720. [PMID: 28478691 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717707047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate measurement invariance (MI) for an ADHD latent trait across different sociodemographic groups (sex, age, and maternal education), IQs, and co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses. METHOD Participants were 2,299 children aged 6 to 14 years. ADHD symptoms were assessed by parent report using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). MI was tested through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multiple indicators multiple causes models. RESULTS In a bifactor model including a general ADHD factor and three specific factors (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity), invariance properties were demonstrated and no individual items showed differential functioning. The ADHD general factor was higher in boys and in those with psychiatric disorders. Younger age predicted hyperactivity. Lower IQ and higher level of education of the mother predicted inattention. CONCLUSION The ADHD trait, as measured by the DAWBA, functions in the same way, and with equivalent scale, revealing true differences in ADHD symptoms based on those.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Silva Lúcio
- 1 Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.,2 State University of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- 1 Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.,4 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
- 4 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,5 University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- 4 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,6 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- 4 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,6 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Mowlem FD, Skirrow C, Reid P, Maltezos S, Nijjar SK, Merwood A, Barker E, Cooper R, Kuntsi J, Asherson P. Validation of the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale and the Relationship of Mind Wandering to Impairment in Adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:624-634. [PMID: 27255536 PMCID: PMC6429624 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716651927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates excessive mind wandering (MW) in adult ADHD using a new scale: the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS). METHOD Data from two studies of adult ADHD was used in assessing the psychometric properties of the MEWS. Case-control differences in MW, the association with ADHD symptoms, and the contribution to functional impairment were investigated. RESULTS The MEWS functioned well as a brief measure of excessive MW in adult ADHD, showing good internal consistency (α > .9), and high sensitivity (.9) and specificity (.9) for the ADHD diagnosis, comparable with that of existing ADHD symptom rating scales. Elevated levels of MW were found in adults with ADHD, which contributed to impairment independently of core ADHD symptom dimensions. CONCLUSION Findings suggest excessive MW is a common co-occurring feature of adult ADHD that has specific implications for the functional impairments experienced. The MEWS has potential utility as a screening tool in clinical practice to assist diagnostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence D. Mowlem
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Caroline Skirrow
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Peter Reid
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Stefanos Maltezos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Simrit K. Nijjar
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Andrew Merwood
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Edward Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Ruth Cooper
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK,Philip Asherson, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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30
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Salum GA, Sato JR, Manfro AG, Pan PM, Gadelha A, do Rosário MC, Polanczyk GV, Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke E, Rohde LA. Reaction time variability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is increased reaction time variability specific to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Testing predictions from the default-mode interference hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:47-58. [PMID: 30927230 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased reaction time variability (RTV) is one of the most replicable behavioral correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, this may not be specific to ADHD but a more general marker of psychopathology. Here we compare RT variability in individuals with ADHD and those with other childhood internalizing and externalizing conditions both in terms of standard (i.e., the standard deviation of reaction time) and alternative indices that capture low-frequency oscillatory patterns in RT variations over time thought to mark periodic lapses of attention in ADHD. A total of 667 participants (6-12 years old) were classified into non-overlapping diagnostic groups consisting of children with fear disorders (n = 91), distress disorders (n = 56), ADHD (n = 103), oppositional defiant or conduct disorder (ODD/CD; n = 40) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 377). We used a simple two-choice reaction time task to measure reaction time. The strength of oscillations in RTs across the session was extracted using spectral analyses. Higher RTV was present in ADHD compared to all other disorder groups, effects that were equally strong across all frequency bands. Interestingly, we found that lower RTV to characterize ODD/CD relative to TDC, a finding that was more pronounced at lower frequencies. In general, our data support RTV as a specific marker of ADHD. RT variation across time in ADHD did not show periodicity in a specific frequency band, not supporting that ADHD RTV is the product of spontaneous periodic lapses of attention. Low-frequency oscillations may be particularly useful to differentiate ODD/CD from TDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur G Manfro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil. .,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Pedro M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C do Rosário
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Luis A Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Blume F, Kuehnhausen J, Reinelt T, Wirth A, Rauch WA, Schwenck C, Gawrilow C. The interplay of delay aversion, timing skills, and impulsivity in children experiencing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:383-393. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-019-00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cotton J, Baker ST. A data mining and item response mixture modeling method to retrospectively measure Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the 1970 British Cohort Study. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2019; 28:e1753. [PMID: 30402897 PMCID: PMC6877163 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To facilitate future outcome studies, we aimed to develop a robust and replicable method for estimating a categorical and dimensional measure of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). METHOD Following a data mining framework, we mapped DSM-5 ADHD symptoms to age 10 BCS70 data (N = 11,426) and derived a 16-item scale (α = 0.85). Mapping was validated by an expert panel. A categorical subgroup was derived (n = 594, 5.2%), and a zero-inflated item response theory (IRT) mixture model fitted to estimate a dimensional measure. RESULTS Subgroup composition was comparable with other ADHD samples. Relative risk ratios (ADHD/not ADHD) included boys = 1.38, unemployed fathers = 2.07, below average reading = 2.58, and depressed parent = 3.73. Our estimated measures correlated with two derived reference scales: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire hyperactivity (r = 0.74) and a Rutter/Conners-based scale (r = 0.81), supporting construct validity. IRT model items (symptoms) had moderate to high discrimination (0.90-2.81) and provided maximum information at average to moderate theta levels of ADHD (0.5-1.75). CONCLUSION We extended previous work to identify ADHD in BCS70, derived scales from existing data, modeled ADHD items with IRT, and adjusted for a zero-inflated distribution. Psychometric properties were promising, and this work will enable future studies of causal mechanisms in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Cotton
- Faculty of EducationUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sara T. Baker
- Faculty of EducationUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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33
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Muster R, Choudhury S, Sharp W, Kasparek S, Sudre G, Shaw P. Mapping the neuroanatomic substrates of cognition in familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2019; 49:590-597. [PMID: 29792238 PMCID: PMC6252155 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the neuroanatomic substrates of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been investigated, less is known about the neuroanatomic correlates of cognitive abilities pertinent to the disorder, particularly in adults. Here we define the neuroanatomic correlates of key cognitive abilities and determine if there are associations with histories of psychostimulant medication. METHODS We acquired neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging data from 264 members of 60 families (mean age 29.5; s.d. 18.4, 116 with ADHD). Using linear mixed model regression, we tested for associations between cognitive abilities (working memory, information processing, intelligence, and attention), symptoms and both cortical and subcortical volumes. RESULTS Symptom severity was associated with spatial working memory (t = -3.77, p = 0.0002), processing speed (t = -2.95, p = 0.004) and a measure of impulsive responding (t = 2.19, p = 0.03); these associations did not vary with age (all p > 0.1). Neuroanatomic associations of cognition varied by task but centered on prefrontal, lateral parietal and temporal cortical regions, the thalamus and putamen. The neuroanatomic correlates of ADHD symptoms overlapped significantly with those of working memory (Dice's overlap coefficient: spatial, p = 0.003; verbal, p = 0.001) and information processing (p = 0.02). Psychostimulant medication history was associated with neither cognitive skills nor with a brain-cognition relationships. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic differences in the cognitive profile of ADHD does not vary significantly with age; nor were cognitive differences associated with psychostimulant medication history. The neuroanatomic substrates of working memory and information overlapped with those for symptoms within these extended families, consistent with a pathophysiological role for these cognitive skills in familial ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip Shaw
- Corresponding author, Philip Shaw, Bldg 31, B1B37, Bethesda 20892, , T: (301) 451-4010, F: (301) 480-3108
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Mihali A, Young AG, Adler LA, Halassa MM, Ma WJ. A Low-Level Perceptual Correlate of Behavioral and Clinical Deficits in ADHD. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2018; 2:141-163. [PMID: 30381800 PMCID: PMC6184361 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In many studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stimulus encoding and processing (perceptual function) and response selection (executive function) have been intertwined. To dissociate deficits in these functions, we introduced a task that parametrically varied low-level stimulus features (orientation and color) for fine-grained analysis of perceptual function. It also required participants to switch their attention between feature dimensions on a trial-by-trial basis, thus taxing executive processes. Furthermore, we used a response paradigm that captured task-irrelevant motor output (TIMO), reflecting failures to use the correct stimulus-response rule. ADHD participants had substantially higher perceptual variability than controls, especially for orientation, as well as higher TIMO. In both ADHD and controls, TIMO was strongly affected by the switch manipulation. Across participants, the perceptual variability parameter was correlated with TIMO, suggesting that perceptual deficits are associated with executive function deficits. Based on perceptual variability alone, we were able to classify participants into ADHD and controls with a mean accuracy of about 77%. Participants' self-reported General Executive Composite score correlated not only with TIMO but also with the perceptual variability parameter. Our results highlight the role of perceptual deficits in ADHD and the usefulness of computational modeling of behavior in dissociating perceptual from executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Mihali
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Allison G. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lenard A. Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael M. Halassa
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Ji Ma
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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35
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Neural circuitry underlying sustained attention in healthy adolescents and in ADHD symptomatology. Neuroimage 2018; 169:395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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36
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Arabacı G, Parris BA. Probe-caught spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering in relation to self-reported inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive traits in adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4113. [PMID: 29515142 PMCID: PMC5841345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has revealed a positive relationship between types of mind wandering and ADHD at clinical and subclinical levels. However, this work did not consider the relationship between mind wandering and the core symptoms of ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Given that the DMS-V attributes mind wandering to inattention only, and that only inattention is thought to result from impairment to the executive function linked to mind wandering, the present research sought to examine this relationship in 80 undiagnosed adults. Using both standard and easy versions of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) we measured both spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering. We found that spontaneous mind wandering was related to self-reported inattentive traits when the task was cognitively more challenging (standard SART). However, hyperactive and impulsive traits were related to spontaneous mind wandering independent of task difficulty. The results suggest inattentive traits are not uniquely related to mind wandering; indeed, adults with hyperactive/impulsive traits were more likely to experience mind wandering, suggesting that mind wandering might not be useful diagnostic criteria for inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arabacı
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
| | - Benjamin A Parris
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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37
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Liu TL, Guo NW, Hsiao RC, Hu HF, Yen CF. Relationships of bullying involvement with intelligence, attention, and executive function in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 70:59-66. [PMID: 28898705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of bullying victimization and perpetration with the levels of intelligence, attention, and executive function in children who had received a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The experiences of bullying involvement in 105 children with ADHD were assessed using the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire. Their scores for four intelligence indexes on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th Edition-Chinese version were determined. Their levels of attention and executive function were assessed using the Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention Test Battery. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that a high Perceptual Reasoning Index was significantly associated with a decreased risk of being victims of bullying. A high level of executive function was significantly associated with a decreased risk of being victims and perpetrators of bullying. Bullying victimization and perpetration in children with ADHD having a low PRI and low executive function should be routinely surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ling Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Guo
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Ray C Hsiao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Huei-Fan Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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38
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Karam RG, Rovaris DL, Breda V, Picon FA, Victor MM, Salgado CAI, Vitola ES, Mota NR, Silva KL, Meller M, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD. Trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensions in adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:210-219. [PMID: 28555716 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of available information on the trajectories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dimensions during adulthood. This study investigates the course and the predictors of change for each ADHD domain in a clinical sample of adults with ADHD. METHOD Adults with ADHD (n = 344) were followed up for 7 years, with a final retention rate of 66.0%. Trajectories of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and their potential predictors were examined. RESULTS On average, symptoms declined in all ADHD domains during follow-up. Despite this, rises in inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive symptoms were observed in approximately 13%, 25%, and 17% of patients respectively. Different predictors influenced the trajectory of each ADHD dimension. Oppositional defiant disorder and social phobia were associated with the maintenance of symptoms, while alcohol use disorder was associated with both maintenance and rise of symptoms. CONCLUSION Unexpectedly, a rise in the symptoms after 7 years was not uncommon in adults with ADHD. Prevalent comorbidities have the potential to influence the neurodevelopment and the trajectory of ADHD. Therefore, such predictors should be investigated in population cohorts to better characterize the course of ADHD. Additionally, these findings may be relevant in prevention studies and in strategies for ADHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Karam
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D L Rovaris
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - V Breda
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F A Picon
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M M Victor
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C A I Salgado
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E S Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - N R Mota
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - K L Silva
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M Meller
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L A Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C H D Bau
- ADHD Outpatient Clinic, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Axelrud LK, DeSousa DA, Manfro GG, Pan PM, Knackfuss AC, Mari JDJ, Miguel EC, Rohde LA, Salum GA. The Social Aptitudes Scale: looking at both "ends" of the social functioning dimension. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1031-1040. [PMID: 28567593 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dimensional approaches are likely to advance understanding of human behaviors and emotions. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether instruments in psychiatry capture variability at the full spectrum of these dimensions. We aimed to investigate this issue for two scales assessing distinct aspects of social functioning: the Social Aptitudes Scale (SAS), a "bidirectional" scale constructed to investigate both "ends" of social functioning; and the social Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-social), a "unidirectional" scale constructed to assess social problems. METHODS We investigated 2512 children and adolescents aged 6-14. Item response theory was used to investigate on which range of the trait each scale captures information. We performed quantile regressions to investigate if correlations between SAS and CBCL-social vary within different levels of social aptitudes dimension and multiple logistic regressions to investigate associations with negative and positive clinical outcomes. RESULTS SAS was able to provide information on the full range of social aptitudes, whereas CBCL-social provided information on subjects with high levels of social problems. Quantile regressions showed SAS and CBCL-social have higher correlations for subjects with low social aptitudes and non-significant correlations for subjects with high social aptitudes. Multiple logistic regressions showed that SAS was able to provide independent clinical predictions even after adjusting for CBCL-social scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further validity to SAS and exemplify the potential of "bidirectional" scales to dimensional assessment, allowing a better understanding of variations that occur in the population and providing information for children with typical and atypical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Kvitko Axelrud
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Araújo DeSousa
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mario Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Knackfuss
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jair de Jesus Mari
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Room 2202, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry (INPD, CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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40
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Salum GA, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Stringaris A, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Rohde LA, Polanczyk GV, Manfro GG, Pine DS, Leibenluft E. Association between irritability and bias in attention orienting to threat in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:595-602. [PMID: 27782299 PMCID: PMC9891207 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritability, a frequent complaint in children with psychiatric disorders, reflects increased predisposition to anger. Preliminary work in pediatric clinical samples links irritability to attention bias to threat, and the current study examines this association in a large population-based sample. METHODS We studied 1,872 children (ages 6-14) using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and dot-probe tasks. Irritability was defined using CBCL items that assessed temper tantrums and hot temper. The dot-probe task assessed attention biases for threat-related (angry face) stimuli. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess specificity of associations to irritability when adjusting for demographic variables and co-occurring psychiatric traits. Propensity score matching analysis was used to increase causal inference when matching for demographic variables and co-occurring psychiatric traits. RESULTS Irritability was associated with increased attention bias toward threat-related cues. Multiple regression analysis suggests associations between irritability and threat bias are independent from demographic variables, anxiety, and externalizing traits (attention-deficit/hyperactivity, conduct, and headstrong/hurtful), but not from broad internalizing symptoms. Propensity score matching analysis indicated that this association was found for irritable versus nonirritable groups matched on demographic and co-occurring traits including internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Irritability in children is associated with biased attention toward threatening information. This finding, if replicated, warrants further investigation to examine the extent to which it contributes to chronic irritability and to explore possible treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A. Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karin Mogg
- Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton
| | | | | | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - Pedro M. Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - Luis A. Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V. Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele G. Manfro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Klassifizierungs- und Strukturierungsmöglichkeiten psychischer Störungen und Konstrukte sind in den letzten Jahren zu einem Schwerpunkt empirischer Forschung geworden. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Debatte um die bisherige kategoriale versus einer neuen dimensionalen Sichtweise. ADHS gehört zu den Störungsbildern, für welche ein dimensionales Konzept plausibel erscheint. Empirische Belege hierfür liefern verschiedene taxonomische Studien an Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS. Für Erwachsene gibt es bisher nur wenig empirische Untersuchungen zu dem Thema. Daher ist die vorliegende Studie eine erste Auseinandersetzung mit der Beschaffenheit von ADHS bei Erwachsenen, wobei den Befunden bei Kindern folgend von einer dimensionalen Struktur ausgegangen wird. Zwei Stichproben wurden zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung herangezogen: 605 Personen einer gesunden Normalstichprobe und 722 Personen aus einer klinischen Stichprobe, bestehend aus 336 Personen ohne ADHS-Diagnose und 386 Personen mit ADHS-Diagnose. Untersucht wurden alle Personen mittels der ADHS-Selbstbeurteilungsskala (ADHS-SB). Zur statistischen Überprüfung der Fragestellung wurden Diskriminanzanalysen und eine Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt, weiterhin wurden finite Mischverteilungsmodelle mit Hilfe des EM-Algorithmus gerechnet. Die Diskriminanzanalysen konnten zeigen, dass Grenzwerte nur bedingt dazu in der Lage sind, zwischen Personen mit und ohne ADHS zu diskriminieren. Die Faktorenanalyse ergab für alle Gruppen die gleiche Zwei-Faktoren-Lösung der ADHS, welche auch vom DSM-5 vorgeschlagen wird (Unaufmerksamkeit, Hyperaktivität/Impulsivität). Weiterhin wiesen die Mischmodelle der verschiedenen Gruppen keine Unterschiede auf, welche eine kategoriale Sichtweise rechtfertigen würden. Insgesamt ist eine dimensionale Struktur des Störungsbildes auch bei Erwachsenen als wahrscheinlich anzunehmen. Dies bedeutet, dass die Symptome der ADHS extreme Ausprägungen normaler psychischer Phänomene darstellen und es keine klaren Grenzen zwischen Personen mit und ohne einer adulten ADHS gibt. Trotz möglicher dimensionaler Struktur handelt es sich bei der ADHS um eine psychische Störung. Das Abklären funktioneller Beeinträchtigungen könnte vermehrt helfen, Behandlungswürdigkeit festzustellen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Bitto
- Fakultät für Psychologie, Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie und Psychiatrie der Universität Basel, Schweiz
| | - Beatrice Mörstedt
- Fakultät für Psychologie, Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie und Psychiatrie der Universität Basel, Schweiz
| | - Sylvia Faschina
- Fakultät für Psychologie, Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie und Psychiatrie der Universität Basel, Schweiz
| | - Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz
- Fakultät für Psychologie, Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie und Psychiatrie der Universität Basel, Schweiz
- Abteilung für Klinische Psychologie und Psychiatrie der Universitären Psychiatrischen Kliniken Basel, Schweiz
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42
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Lúcio PS, Salum GA, Rohde LA, Swardfager W, Gadelha A, Vandekerckhove J, Pan PM, Polanczyk GV, do Rosário MC, Jackowski AP, Mari JJ, Cogo-Moreira H. Poor stimulus discriminability as a common neuropsychological deficit between ADHD and reading ability in young children: a moderated mediation model. Psychol Med 2017; 47:255-266. [PMID: 27697085 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently associated with poorer reading ability; however, the specific neuropsychological domains linking this co-occurrence remain unclear. This study evaluates information-processing characteristics as possible neuropsychological links between ADHD symptoms and RA in a community-based sample of children and early adolescents with normal IQ (⩾70). METHOD The participants (n = 1857, aged 6-15 years, 47% female) were evaluated for reading ability (reading single words aloud) and information processing [stimulus discriminability in the two-choice reaction-time task estimated using diffusion models]. ADHD symptoms were ascertained through informant (parent) report using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). Verbal working memory (VWM; digit span backwards), visuospatial working memory (VSWM, Corsi Blocks backwards), sex, socioeconomic status, and IQ were included as covariates. RESULTS In a moderated mediation model, stimulus discriminability mediated the effect of ADHD on reading ability. This indirect effect was moderated by age such that a larger effect was seen among younger children. CONCLUSION The findings support the hypothesis that ADHD and reading ability are linked among young children via a neuropsychological deficit related to stimulus discriminability. Early interventions targeting stimulus discriminability might improve symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity and reading ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Lúcio
- Department of Psychiatry,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - G A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - L A Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - W Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology,University of Toronto,Toronto,Canada
| | - A Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - J Vandekerckhove
- Department of Cognitive Sciences and Department of Statistics,University of California,Irvine, CA,USA
| | - P M Pan
- Department of Psychiatry,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - G V Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - M C do Rosário
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - A P Jackowski
- Department of Psychiatry,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - J J Mari
- Department of Psychiatry,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP),Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - H Cogo-Moreira
- Department of Psychiatry,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP),Sao Paulo,Brazil
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Bruxel EM, Akutagava-Martins GC, Salatino-Oliveira A, Genro JP, Zeni CP, Polanczyk GV, Chazan R, Schmitz M, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. GAD1 gene polymorphisms are associated with hyperactivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:1099-1104. [PMID: 27530595 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Recent studies suggest a role for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on ADHD hyperactive/impulsive symptoms due to behavioral disinhibition resulting from inappropriate modulation of both glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. The glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) gene encodes a key enzyme of GABA biosynthesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of GAD1 SNPs rs3749034 and rs11542313 on ADHD susceptibility. The clinical sample consisted of 547 families with ADHD probands recruited at the ADHD Outpatient Clinics from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were evaluated based on parent reports from the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Scale-version IV (SNAP-IV). The C allele of rs11542313 was significantly overtransmitted from parents to ADHD probands (P = 0.02). Hyperactive/impulsive score was higher in rs3749034G allele (P = 0.005, Cohen's D = 0.19) and rs11542313C allele (P = 0.03; Cohen's D = 0.16) carriers. GAD1 haplotypes were also associated with higher hyperactive/impulsive scores in ADHD youths (global P-value = 0.01). In the specific haplotype test, the GC haplotype was the one with the highest hyperactive/impulsive scores (P = 0.03). Our results suggest that the GAD1 gene is associated with ADHD susceptibility, contributing particularly to the hyperactive/impulsive symptom domain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela M Bruxel
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia P Genro
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristian P Zeni
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Polanczyk
- Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Chazan
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Schmitz
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Akutagava-Martins GC, Salatino-Oliveira A, Kieling C, Genro JP, Polanczyk GV, Anselmi L, Menezes AM, Gonçalves H, Wehrmeister FC, Barros FC, Callegari-Jacques SM, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. COMT and DAT1 genes are associated with hyperactivity and inattention traits in the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort: evidence of sex-specific combined effect. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:405-412. [PMID: 27327562 PMCID: PMC5082511 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are dimensionally distributed in the population. This study aimed to assess the role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes on ADHD symptoms in the general population. METHODS We investigated 4101 individuals from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study using the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at ages 11 and 15 years. The SDQ hyperactivity/inattention scores were the main outcomes. RESULTS Linear regression analyses demonstrated that the increasing number of COMT158Val and DAT1 10R alleles significantly predicted increasing SDQ hyperactivity/inattention scores in boys at both 11 and 15 years of age (β coefficient = 0.049, t = 2.189, p = 0.029, R2 = 0.012, and β coefficient = 0.064, t = 2.832, p = 0.005, R2 = 0.008, respectively). The presence of both COMT158Val and DAT1 10R alleles was also associated with full categorical ADHD diagnosis at 18 years of age in boys (χ2 = 4.561, p = 0.033, odds ratio 2.473, 95% confidence interval 1.048-5.838) from this cohort. We did not observe these associations in girls. LIMITATIONS Our analyses of SDQ hyperactivity/inattention scores were not corrected for SDQ scores of conduct problems because these variables were highly correlated. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a role for COMT and DAT1 genes on hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and provides further support for ADHD as the extreme of traits that vary in the population. It also confirms previous evidence for sexual dimorphism on COMT and DAT1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mara H. Hutz
- Correspondence to: M.H. Hutz, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Caixa postal, RS, Brazil;
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Modelling ADHD: A review of ADHD theories through their predictions for computational models of decision-making and reinforcement learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:633-656. [PMID: 27608958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by altered decision-making (DM) and reinforcement learning (RL), for which competing theories propose alternative explanations. Computational modelling contributes to understanding DM and RL by integrating behavioural and neurobiological findings, and could elucidate pathogenic mechanisms behind ADHD. This review of neurobiological theories of ADHD describes predictions for the effect of ADHD on DM and RL as described by the drift-diffusion model of DM (DDM) and a basic RL model. Empirical studies employing these models are also reviewed. While theories often agree on how ADHD should be reflected in model parameters, each theory implies a unique combination of predictions. Empirical studies agree with the theories' assumptions of a lowered DDM drift rate in ADHD, while findings are less conclusive for boundary separation. The few studies employing RL models support a lower choice sensitivity in ADHD, but not an altered learning rate. The discussion outlines research areas for further theoretical refinement in the ADHD field.
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46
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Petrovic P, Castellanos FX. Top-Down Dysregulation-From ADHD to Emotional Instability. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:70. [PMID: 27242456 PMCID: PMC4876334 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient cognitive top-down executive control has long been hypothesized to underlie inattention and impulsivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, top-down cognitive dysfunction explains a modest proportion of the ADHD phenotype whereas the salience of emotional dysregulation is being noted increasingly. Together, these two types of dysfunction have the potential to account for more of the phenotypic variance in patients diagnosed with ADHD. We develop this idea and suggest that top-down dysregulation constitutes a gradient extending from mostly non-emotional top-down control processes (i.e., “cool” executive functions) to mainly emotional regulatory processes (including “hot” executive functions). While ADHD has been classically linked primarily to the former, conditions involving emotional instability such as borderline and antisocial personality disorder are closer to the other. In this model, emotional subtypes of ADHD are located at intermediate levels of this gradient. Neuroanatomically, gradations in “cool” processing appear to be related to prefrontal dysfunction involving dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC), while “hot” processing entails orbitofrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). A similar distinction between systems related to non-emotional and emotional processing appears to hold for the basal ganglia (BG) and the neuromodulatory effects of the dopamine system. Overall we suggest that these two systems could be divided according to whether they process non-emotional information related to the exteroceptive environment (associated with “cool” regulatory circuits) or emotional information related to the interoceptive environment (associated with “hot” regulatory circuits). We propose that this framework can integrate ADHD, emotional traits in ADHD, borderline and antisocial personality disorder into a related cluster of mental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric ResearchOrangeburg, NY, USA
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NOS1 and SNAP25 polymorphisms are associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms in adults but not in children. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 75:75-81. [PMID: 26821215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several investigations documented that Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is better conceptualized as a dimensional disorder. At the same time, the disorder seems to have different neurobiological underpinnings and phenotypic presentation in children compared to adults. Neurodevelopmental genes could explain, at least partly these differences. The aim of the present study was to examine possible associations between polymorphisms in SNAP25, MAP1B and NOS1 genes and ADHD symptoms in Brazilian samples of children/adolescents and adults with ADHD. The youth sample consisted of 301 patients whereas the adult sample comprises 485 individuals with ADHD. Diagnoses of ADHD and comorbidities were based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition criteria. The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Scale-Version IV (SNAP-IV) was applied by psychiatrists blinded to genotype. The total SNAP-IV scores were compared between genotypes. Impulsivity SNAP-IV scores were also compared according to NOS1 genotypes. Adult patients homozygous for the C allele at SNAP25 rs8636 showed significantly higher total SNAP-IV scores (F = 11.215; adjusted P-value = 0.004). Impulsivity SNAP-IV scores were also significantly different according to NOS1 rs478597 polymorphisms in adults with ADHD (F = 6.282; adjusted P-value = 0.026). These associations were not observed in children and adolescents with ADHD. These results suggest that SNAP25 and NOS1 genotypes influence ADHD symptoms only in adults with ADHD. Our study corroborates previous evidences for differences in the genetic contribution to adult ADHD compared with childhood ADHD.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensionality: the reliable 'g' and the elusive 's' dimensions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:83-90. [PMID: 25877403 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The best structural model for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms remains a matter of debate. The objective of this study is to test the fit and factor reliability of competing models of the dimensional structure of ADHD symptoms in a sample of randomly selected and high-risk children and pre-adolescents from Brazil. Our sample comprised 2512 children aged 6-12 years from 57 schools in Brazil. The ADHD symptoms were assessed using parent report on the development and well-being assessment (DAWBA). Fit indexes from confirmatory factor analysis were used to test unidimensional, correlated, and bifactor models of ADHD, the latter including "g" ADHD and "s" symptom domain factors. Reliability of all models was measured with omega coefficients. A bifactor model with one general factor and three specific factors (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity) exhibited the best fit to the data, according to fit indices, as well as the most consistent factor loadings. However, based on omega reliability statistics, the specific inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity dimensions provided very little reliable information after accounting for the reliable general ADHD factor. Our study presents some psychometric evidence that ADHD specific ("s") factors might be unreliable after taking common ("g" factor) variance into account. These results are in accordance with the lack of longitudinal stability among subtypes, the absence of dimension-specific molecular genetic findings and non-specific effects of treatment strategies. Therefore, researchers and clinicians might most effectively rely on the "g" ADHD to characterize ADHD dimensional phenotype, based on currently available symptom items.
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Tong JHS, Cummins TDR, Johnson BP, McKinley LA, Pickering HE, Fanning P, Stefanac NR, Newman DP, Hawi Z, Bellgrove MA. An association between a dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) haplotype and ADHD symptom measures in nonclinical adults. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:89-96. [PMID: 25656223 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous genetic studies have postulated that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be regarded as the extreme end of a set of behavioural traits that can be continuously measured in the general population. The current study adopted a quantitative trait approach to examine the relationship between dopamine gene variants and self-reported ADHD symptoms in 517 nonclinical adults. Although genetic associations with variants of both the dopamine transporter (DAT1; SLC6A3) and D4 receptor (DRD4) genes have been reliably reported in children, results in adults are less consistent. We probed two potentially functional variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the 3'UTR and intron 8 of DAT1, the 10-repeat and 6-repeat alleles of which respectively form a haplotype (10/6 DAT1 haplotype) that is associated with childhood ADHD. We also genotyped the exon 3 VNTR of DRD4, the 7-repeat allele of which is also an established risk factor for childhood ADHD. Permutation analysis showed an influence of the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype on both CAARS-G and CAARS-H (DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms Total and ADHD Index respectively), such that ADHD symptom scores increased with each additional copy of the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype. This result survived corrections for multiple comparisons both at the level of genotype and phenotype. A nominal association with CAARS-G was also found for the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 VNTR however this did not survive multiple comparison correction. Our results provide further support for the influence of variation in the 10/6 DAT1 haplotype and individual differences in ADHD symptoms in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette H S Tong
- Monash University, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Mogg K, Salum GA, Bradley BP, Gadelha A, Pan P, Alvarenga P, Rohde LA, Pine DS, Manfro GG. Attention network functioning in children with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and non-clinical anxiety. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2633-2646. [PMID: 26234806 PMCID: PMC6309546 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders). METHOD We examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting. RESULTS Findings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times. CONCLUSIONS Impaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mogg
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G. A. Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - B. P. Bradley
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A. Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P. Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P. Alvarenga
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. A. Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D. S. Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G. G. Manfro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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