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Nusslock R, Alloy LB, Brody GH, Miller GE. Annual Research Review: Neuroimmune network model of depression: a developmental perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:538-567. [PMID: 38426610 PMCID: PMC11090270 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a serious public health problem, and adolescence is an 'age of risk' for the onset of Major Depressive Disorder. Recently, we and others have proposed neuroimmune network models that highlight bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system in both mental and physical health, including depression. These models draw on research indicating that the cellular actors (particularly monocytes) and signaling molecules (particularly cytokines) that orchestrate inflammation in the periphery can directly modulate the structure and function of the brain. In the brain, inflammatory activity heightens sensitivity to threats in the cortico-amygdala circuit, lowers sensitivity to rewards in the cortico-striatal circuit, and alters executive control and emotion regulation in the prefrontal cortex. When dysregulated, and particularly under conditions of chronic stress, inflammation can generate feelings of dysphoria, distress, and anhedonia. This is proposed to initiate unhealthy, self-medicating behaviors (e.g. substance use, poor diet) to manage the dysphoria, which further heighten inflammation. Over time, dysregulation in these brain circuits and the inflammatory response may compound each other to form a positive feedback loop, whereby dysregulation in one organ system exacerbates the other. We and others suggest that this neuroimmune dysregulation is a dynamic joint vulnerability for depression, particularly during adolescence. We have three goals for the present paper. First, we extend neuroimmune network models of mental and physical health to generate a developmental framework of risk for the onset of depression during adolescence. Second, we examine how a neuroimmune network perspective can help explain the high rates of comorbidity between depression and other psychiatric disorders across development, and multimorbidity between depression and stress-related medical illnesses. Finally, we consider how identifying neuroimmune pathways to depression can facilitate a 'next generation' of behavioral and biological interventions that target neuroimmune signaling to treat, and ideally prevent, depression in youth and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA. USA
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
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Lewis G, Srinivasan R, Roiser J, Blakemore SJ, Flouri E, Lewis G. Risk-taking to obtain reward: sex differences and associations with emotional and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative cohort of UK adolescents. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2805-2813. [PMID: 33431091 PMCID: PMC9647510 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive mechanisms that characterize or precede depressive symptoms are poorly understood. We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between risk taking to obtain reward and adolescent depressive symptoms in a large prospective cohort, using the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT). We also explored sex differences. METHODS The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is an ongoing UK study, following the lives of 19 000 individuals born 2000/02. The CGT was completed at ages 11 (n = 12 355) and 14 (n = 10 578). Our main exposure was the proportion of points gambled, when the odds of winning were above chance (risk-taking to obtain reward). Outcomes were emotional symptoms (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ) at age 11 and depressive symptoms (short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, sMFQ) at age 14. We calculated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations, using linear regressions. RESULTS In univariable models, there was evidence of cross-sectional associations between risk-taking and SDQ/sMFQ scores, but these associations disappeared after we adjusted for sex. Longitudinally, there was weak evidence of an association between risk-taking and depressive symptoms in females only [a 20-point increase in risk-taking at age 11 was associated with a reduction of 0.31 sMFQ points at age 14 (95% CI -0.60 to -0.02)]. At both time-points, females were less risk-taking than males. CONCLUSIONS We found no convincing evidence of a relationship between risk-taking to obtain reward and depressive symptoms. There were large sex differences in risk-taking, but these do not appear to contribute to the female preponderance of depressive symptoms in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ramya Srinivasan
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Roiser
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
- Department of Psychology, Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Cambridge; and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eirini Flouri
- IOE – Psychology & Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Papachristou E, Flouri E, Joshi H. The role of primary school composition in affective decision-making: a prospective cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1685-1696. [PMID: 35538311 PMCID: PMC9288950 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE School-level characteristics are known to be associated with pupils' academic and cognitive ability but also their socioemotional development. This study examines, for the first time, whether primary school characteristics are associated with pupils' affective decision-making too. METHODS The sample included 3,141 children participating in the Millennium Cohort Study with available data on their school's characteristics, according to the National Pupil Database, at age 7 years. Decision-making was measured using the Cambridge Gambling Task at age 11 years. We modelled data using a series of sex-stratified linear regression analyses of decision-making (risk-taking, quality of decision-making, risk adjustment, deliberation time, and delay aversion) against four indicators of school composition (academic performance and proportions among pupils who are native speakers of English, are eligible for free school meals and have special educational needs). RESULTS After adjustment for individual and family-level confounding, schools with a higher average academic performance showed more delay aversion among males, and among females, higher deliberation time and lower risk-taking. Schools with proportionally more native English speakers had higher deliberation time among males. Schools with proportionally more pupils eligible for free school meals showed lower scores on quality of decision-making among males. Schools with proportionally more children with special educational needs showed better quality of decision-making among males and lower risk-taking among females. CONCLUSION The findings of this study can be used to target support for primary schools. Interventions aiming to support lower-achieving schools and those with less affluent intakes could help to improve boys' affective decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papachristou
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK.
| | - E Flouri
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - H Joshi
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, 25 Woburn Square, London, WC1H 0AA, UK
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Flouri E, Papachristou E, Joshi H. Flocking together and thinking apart: Gendered friendships and decision-making in adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1903865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Flouri
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Heather Joshi
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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MacKenzie LE, Howes Vallis E, Rempel S, Zwicker A, Drobinin V, Pavlova B, Uher R. Cognition in offspring of parents with psychotic and non-psychotic severe mental illness. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:306-312. [PMID: 32866680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a feature of severe mental illness (SMI; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder). Psychotic forms of SMI may be associated with greater cognitive impairment, but it is unclear if this differential impairment pre-dates illness onset or whether it reflects a consequence of the disorder. To establish if there is a developmental impairment related to familial risk of psychotic SMI, we investigated cognition in offspring of parents with psychotic and non-psychotic SMI. METHOD Participants included 360 children and youth (mean age 11.10, SD 4.03, range 6-24), including 68 offspring of parents with psychotic SMI, 193 offspring of parents with non-psychotic SMI, and 99 offspring of control parents. The cognitive battery assessed a range of functions using standardized tests and executive function tasks from the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery. RESULTS Compared to controls, offspring of parents with psychotic SMI performed worse on overall cognition (β = -0.32; p < 0.001) and 6 of 15 cognitive domains, including verbal intelligence, verbal working memory, processing speed, verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency, and sustained attention. Offspring of parents with non-psychotic SMI performed worse than controls on 3 of the 15 domain specific cognitive tests, including verbal intelligence, visual memory and decision-making. CONCLUSIONS Widespread mild-to-moderate cognitive impairments are present in young offspring at familial risk for transdiagnostic psychotic SMI. Offspring at familial risk for non-psychotic SMI showed fewer and more specific impairments in the domains of verbal intelligence, visual memory and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E MacKenzie
- Dalhousie University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Canada
| | - Emily Howes Vallis
- Dalhousie University Department of Psychiatry, Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canada
| | | | - Alyson Zwicker
- Dalhousie University Department of Psychiatry, Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canada
| | - Vlad Drobinin
- Dalhousie University Department of Medical Neuroscience, Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canada
| | - Barbara Pavlova
- Dalhousie University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Canada; Dalhousie University Department of Psychiatry, Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Dalhousie University Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Canada; Dalhousie University Department of Psychiatry, Canada; Dalhousie University Department of Medical Neuroscience, Canada; Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canada.
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Reward Functioning Abnormalities in Adolescents at High Familial Risk for Depressive Disorders. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:270-279. [PMID: 33160881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A parental history of major depressive disorder (MDD) is an established risk factor for MDD in youth, and clarifying the mechanisms related to familial risk transmission is critical. Aberrant reward processing is a promising biomarker of MDD risk; accordingly, the aim of this study was to test behavioral measures of reward responsiveness and underlying frontostriatal resting activity in healthy adolescents both with (high-risk) and without (low-risk) a maternal history of MDD. METHODS Low-risk and high-risk 12- to 14-year-old adolescents completed a probabilistic reward task (n = 74 low-risk, n = 27 high-risk) and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan (n = 61 low-risk, n = 25 high-risk). Group differences in response bias toward reward and resting ventral striatal and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) were examined. Computational modeling was applied to dissociate reward sensitivity from learning rate. RESULTS High-risk adolescents showed a blunted response bias compared with low-risk adolescents. Computational modeling analyses revealed that relative to low-risk adolescents, high-risk adolescents exhibited reduced reward sensitivity but similar learning rate. Although there were no group differences in ventral striatal and mPFC fALFFs, groups differed in their relationships between mPFC fALFFs and response bias. Specifically, among high-risk adolescents, higher mPFC fALFFs correlated with a blunted response bias, whereas there was no fALFFs-response bias relationship among low-risk youths. CONCLUSIONS High-risk adolescents exhibit reward functioning impairments, which are associated with mPFC fALFFs. The blunted response bias-mPFC fALFFs association may reflect an excessive mPFC-mediated suppression of reward-driven behavior, which may potentiate MDD risk.
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Kuo LW, Lin PS, Lin SY, Liu MF, Jan H, Lee HC, Wang SC. Functional Correlates of Resting-State Connectivity in the Default Mode Network of Heroin Users on Methadone Treatment and Medication-Free Therapeutic Community Program. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:381. [PMID: 31244690 PMCID: PMC6562277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of heroin addiction is a complex process involving changes in addictive behavior and brain functioning. The goal of this study was to explore the brain default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and decision-making performance based on the Cambridge gambling task in heroin-dependent individuals undergoing methadone treatment (MT, n = 11) and medication-free faith-based therapeutic community program (TC, n = 11). The DMN involved the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), left inferior parietal lobe (IPLL), right inferior parietal lobe (IPLR), and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) subregions for all participants in both the MT and TC groups. Compared with MT, TC had an increased functional connectivity in IPLL-IPLR and IPLR-PCC and decreased functional connectivity in mPFC-IPLL and IPLL-PCC. Both groups exhibited no significant difference in the regional rs-fMRI metric [i.e., amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF)]. In the analysis of the neural correlates for decision-making performance, risk adjustment was positively associated with ALFF in IPLL for all participants considering the group effects. The involvement of IPL in decision-making performance and treatment response among heroin-dependent patients warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fang Liu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hengtai Jan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chang Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, NHRI, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Chamberlain SR, Grant JE. Relationship between quality of life in young adults and impulsivity/compulsivity ✰. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:253-258. [PMID: 30504061 PMCID: PMC6383753 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive and compulsive symptoms often become apparent during young adulthood, which is a critical time for brain development and establishment of life goals. The aim of this study was to identify important associations with quality of life in young adults, across a range of clinical, questionnaire, and cognitive measures, focusing on impulsivity and compulsivity. Significant relationships between exploratory variables and quality of life were identified using Partial Least Squares (PLS). In the 479 participants (mean age 22.3 [SD 3.6] years), quality of life was best explained by a one-factor model (p < 0.001). Variables significantly associated with lower quality of life were: older age, greater alcohol consumption, and the presence of impulse control disorders (including gambling, compulsive buying, intermittent explosive disorder, compulsive sexual behavior, binge-eating, and skin picking), mood/anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Worse quality of life was also significantly explained by higher impulsiveness on the Barratt scale, and by relative impairments in extra-dimensional set-shifting and quality of decision-making. These findings suggest that impulse disorders merit more public health attention, especially problematic gambling. Performance on decision-making and set-shifting tasks also appears particularly important in understanding quality of life in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, UL, USA.
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Family and Personality Predictors of Clinical Depression and Anxiety in Emerging Adults: Common, Distinctive, or a Vulnerability Continuum? J Nerv Ment Dis 2018; 206:537-543. [PMID: 29905664 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on the relationship between depression and anxiety, but data on similarities and differences in their predictor profiles are scarce. The aim of our study was to compare family and personality predictors of these disorders among 220 "emerging adults." As such, two clinical groups with noncomorbid depressive and anxiety disorders, and one healthy control group were assessed by sociodemographic questionnaires, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders and NEO Personality Inventory, Revised. We found significant overlap in family and personality risk profiles, with increasing effect size for predictors common to anxiety and depression when the categories "no disorder-anxiety disorder-depressive disorder" were considered as existing along a continuum. Among the contributing factors we assessed, family psychiatric history, family structure and conflicts with parents were more significant than personality traits. Our study indicates that emerging adults may be more vulnerable to depression than anxiety in the presence of family and personality risk factors.
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Sidlauskaite J, González-Madruga K, Smaragdi A, Riccelli R, Puzzo I, Batchelor M, Cornwell H, Clark L, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Fairchild G. Sex differences in risk-based decision making in adolescents with conduct disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1133-1142. [PMID: 28688012 PMCID: PMC6133105 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered decision making processes and excessive risk-seeking behaviours are key features of conduct disorder (CD). Previous studies have provided compelling evidence of abnormally increased preference for risky options, higher sensitivity to rewards, as well as blunted responsiveness to aversive outcomes in adolescents with CD. However, most studies published to date have focused on males only; thus, it is not known whether females with CD show similar alterations in decision making. The current study investigated potential sex differences in decision making and risk-seeking behaviours in adolescents with CD. Forty-nine adolescents with CD (23 females) and 51 control subjects (27 females), aged 11-18 years, performed a computerised task assessing decision making under risk-the Risky Choice Task. Participants made a series of decisions between two gamble options that varied in terms of their expected values and probability of gains and losses. This enabled the participants' risk preferences to be determined. Taking the sample as a whole, adolescents with CD exhibited increased risk-seeking behaviours compared to healthy controls. However, we found a trend towards a sex-by-group interaction, suggesting that these effects may vary by sex. Follow-up analyses showed that males with CD made significantly more risky choices than their typically developing counterparts, while females with CD did not differ from typically developing females in their risk-seeking behaviours. Our results provide preliminary evidence that sex may moderate the relationship between CD and alterations in risk attitudes and reward processing, indicating that there may be sex differences in the developmental pathways and neuropsychological deficits that lead to CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Sidlauskaite
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK.
| | - Karen González-Madruga
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Areti Smaragdi
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Roberta Riccelli
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Ignazio Puzzo
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Molly Batchelor
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Harriet Cornwell
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Luke Clark
- 0000 0001 2288 9830grid.17091.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Graeme Fairchild
- 0000 0001 2162 1699grid.7340.0Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Flouri E, Ioakeimidi S, Midouhas E, Ploubidis GB. Maternal psychological distress and child decision-making. J Affect Disord 2017; 218:35-40. [PMID: 28458113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much research to suggest that maternal psychological distress is associated with many adverse outcomes in children. This study examined, for the first time, if it is related to children's affective decision-making. METHODS Using data from 12,080 families of the Millennium Cohort Study, we modelled the effect of trajectories of maternal psychological distress in early-to-middle childhood (3-11 years) on child affective decision-making, measured with a gambling task at age 11. RESULTS Latent class analysis showed four longitudinal types of maternal psychological distress (chronically high, consistently low, moderate-accelerating and moderate-decelerating). Maternal distress typology predicted decision-making but only in girls. Specifically, compared to girls growing up in families with never-distressed mothers, those exposed to chronically high maternal psychological distress showed more risk-taking, bet more and exhibited poorer risk-adjustment, even after correction for confounding. Most of these effects on girls' decision-making were not robust to additional controls for concurrent internalising and externalising problems, but chronically high maternal psychological distress was associated positively with risk-taking even after this adjustment. Importantly, this association was similar for those who had reached puberty and those who had not. LIMITATIONS Given the study design, causality cannot be inferred. Therefore, we cannot propose that treating chronic maternal psychological distress will reduce decision-making pathology in young females. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that young daughters of chronically distressed mothers tend to be particularly reckless decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK.
| | - Sofia Ioakeimidi
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - Emily Midouhas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
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12
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Flouri E, Ruddy A, Midouhas E. Maternal depression and trajectories of child internalizing and externalizing problems: the roles of child decision making and working memory. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1138-1148. [PMID: 27995842 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716003226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression may affect the emotional/behavioural outcomes of children with normal neurocognitive functioning less severely than it does those without. To guide prevention and intervention efforts, research must specify which aspects of a child's cognitive functioning both moderate the effect of maternal depression and are amenable to change. Working memory and decision making may be amenable to change and are so far unexplored as moderators of this effect. METHOD Our sample was 17 160 Millennium Cohort Study children. We analysed trajectories of externalizing (conduct and hyperactivity) and internalizing (emotional and peer) problems, measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at the ages 3, 5, 7 and 11 years, using growth curve models. We characterized maternal depression, also time-varying at these ages, by a high score on the K6. Working memory was measured with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Spatial Working Memory Task, and decision making (risk taking and quality of decision making) with the Cambridge Gambling Task, both at age 11 years. RESULTS Maternal depression predicted both the level and the growth of problems. Risk taking and poor-quality decision making were related positively to externalizing and non-significantly to internalizing problems. Poor working memory was related to both problem types. Neither decision making nor working memory explained the effect of maternal depression on child internalizing/externalizing problems. Importantly, risk taking amplified the effect of maternal depression on internalizing problems, and poor working memory that on internalizing and conduct problems. CONCLUSIONS Impaired decision making and working memory in children amplify the adverse effect of maternal depression on, particularly, internalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flouri
- Department of Psychology and Human Development,UCL Institute of Education, University College London,London,UK
| | - A Ruddy
- Department of Psychology and Human Development,UCL Institute of Education, University College London,London,UK
| | - E Midouhas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development,UCL Institute of Education, University College London,London,UK
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13
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Rzepa E, Fisk J, McCabe C. Blunted neural response to anticipation, effort and consummation of reward and aversion in adolescents with depression symptomatology. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:303-311. [PMID: 28093022 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116681416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural reward function has been proposed as a possible biomarker for depression. However, how the neural response to reward and aversion might differ in young adolescents with current symptoms of depression is as yet unclear. Thirty-three adolescents were recruited, 17 scoring low on the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (low risk group) and 16 scoring high (high risk group). Our functional magnetic resonance imaging task measured; anticipation (pleasant/unpleasant cue), effort (achieve a pleasant taste or avoid an unpleasant taste) and consummation (pleasant/unpleasant tastes) in regions of interest; ventral medial prefrontal cortex, pregenual cingulate cortex, the insula and ventral striatum. We also examined whole brain group differences. In the regions of interest analysis we found reduced activity in the high risk group in the pregenual cingulate cortex during anticipation and reduced pregenual cingulate cortex and ventral medial prefrontal cortex during effort and consummation. In the whole brain analysis we also found reduced activity in the high risk group in the prefrontal cortex and the precuneus during anticipation. We found reduced activity in the hippocampus during the effort phase and in the anterior cingulate/frontal pole during consummation in the high risk group. Increased anhedonia measures correlated with decreased pregenual cingulate cortex activity during consummation in the high risk group only. Our results are the first to show that adolescents with depression symptoms have blunted neural responses during the anticipation, effort and consummation of rewarding and aversive stimuli. This study suggests that interventions in young people at risk of depression, that can reverse blunted responses, might be beneficial as preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Rzepa
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jennifer Fisk
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ciara McCabe
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Nemeth VL, Csete G, Drotos G, Greminger N, Janka Z, Vecsei L, Must A. The Effect of Emotion and Reward Contingencies on Relational Memory in Major Depression: An Eye-Movement Study with Follow-Up. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1849. [PMID: 27920752 PMCID: PMC5118641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Episodic memory disturbances were found to constitute a potential trait marker for major depression (MD). The recall of positive or rewarding information in a relational context is specifically impaired. Eye-movement recording constitutes a novel, direct approach to examine implicit memory performance. Here we aimed to assess the effect of emotional context and implicit virtual monetary reward or loss on viewing patterns in association with relational memory in a 6-months follow-up study in MD. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients with MD and 30 healthy participants were trained to associate a face (happy/sad/neutral) with a background scene. After each pair a virtual monetary reward or loss appeared briefly. During testing, scenes were presented as a cue and then overlaid with three previously studied faces. Participants were asked to recall the matching face if present (Match trials), with eye-movements and subsequent forced-choice recognition being recorded. Results: Explicit recognition of the matching face was impaired in the MD group as compared to controls. In correlation with this, viewing of the matching face was significantly reduced in the MD group. We found a significant interaction of group (MD vs HC) with the relational memory condition (Match and Non-match), facial emotion and monetary reward and loss. MD patients attended longer to previously rewarded stimuli, but significantly less to sad faces in the Match condition. The relational memory impairment persisted at follow-up and correlated with symptom severity both at baseline and follow-up. Viewing patterns associated with previous virtual reward were associated with clinical symptoms at follow-up. Conclusion: Our current results provide novel evidence for a specific relational memory impairment in MD as supported by abnormal eye-movement behavior and a deficit in explicit recognition. MD patients showed an attentional bias to rewarded stimuli and decreased viewing of sad faces when relational memory information was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola L Nemeth
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergo Csete
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Drotos
- Neuroimaging Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Greminger
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research GroupSzeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Must
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Alloy LB, Olino T, Freed RD, Nusslock R. Role of Reward Sensitivity and Processing in Major Depressive and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. Behav Ther 2016; 47:600-621. [PMID: 27816074 PMCID: PMC5119651 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since Costello's (1972) seminal Behavior Therapy article on loss of reinforcers or reinforcer effectiveness in depression, the role of reward sensitivity and processing in both depression and bipolar disorder has become a central area of investigation. In this article, we review the evidence for a model of reward sensitivity in mood disorders, with unipolar depression characterized by reward hyposensitivity and bipolar disorders by reward hypersensitivity. We address whether aberrant reward sensitivity and processing are correlates of, mood-independent traits of, vulnerabilities for, and/or predictors of the course of depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, covering evidence from self-report, behavioral, neurophysiological, and neural levels of analysis. We conclude that substantial evidence documents that blunted reward sensitivity and processing are involved in unipolar depression and heightened reward sensitivity and processing are characteristic of hypomania/mania. We further conclude that aberrant reward sensitivity has a trait component, but more research is needed to clearly demonstrate that reward hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity are vulnerabilities for depression and bipolar disorder, respectively. Moreover, additional research is needed to determine whether bipolar depression is similar to unipolar depression and characterized by reward hyposensitivity, or whether like bipolar hypomania/mania, it involves reward hypersensitivity.
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16
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Olino TM. Future Research Directions in the Positive Valence Systems: Measurement, Development, and Implications for Youth Unipolar Depression. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2016; 45:681-705. [PMID: 26891100 PMCID: PMC5021627 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1118694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Positive Valence Systems (PVS) have been introduced by the National Institute of Mental Health as a domain to help organize multiple constructs focusing on reward-seeking behaviors. However, the initial working model for this domain is strongly influenced by adult constructs and measures. Thus, the present review focuses on extending the PVS into a developmental context. Specifically, the review provides some hypotheses about the structure of the PVS, how PVS components may change throughout development, how family history of depression may influence PVS development, and potential means of intervening on PVS function to reduce onsets of depression. Future research needs in each of these areas are highlighted.
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17
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Berdynaj D, Boudissa SN, Grieg MS, Hope C, Mahamed SH, Norbury R. Effect of chronotype on emotional processing and risk taking. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:406-18. [PMID: 27030174 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1146739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that late chronotypes are at increased risk for depression. The putative psychological mechanisms underpinning this risk, however, have not been fully explored. The aim of the present study was to examine whether, similar to acutely depressed patients and other "at risk" groups, late chronotype individuals display biases in tasks assaying emotional face recognition, emotional categorisation, recognition and recall and attention. Late chronotype was associated with increased recognition of sad facial expressions, greater recall and reduced latency to correctly recognise previously presented negative personality trait words and reduced allocation of attentional resources to happy faces. The current results indicate that certain negative biases in emotional processing are present in late chronotypes and may, in part, mediate the vulnerability of these individuals to depression. Prospective studies are needed to establish whether the cognitive vulnerabilities reported here predict subsequent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donjeta Berdynaj
- a University of Roehampton , Psychology Department , London , UK
| | - Sarah N Boudissa
- a University of Roehampton , Psychology Department , London , UK
| | - Magnus S Grieg
- a University of Roehampton , Psychology Department , London , UK
| | - Charlotte Hope
- a University of Roehampton , Psychology Department , London , UK
| | | | - Ray Norbury
- a University of Roehampton , Psychology Department , London , UK
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18
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Masaki C, Sharpley AL, Cooper CM, Godlewska BR, Singh N, Vasudevan SR, Harmer CJ, Churchill GC, Sharp T, Rogers RD, Cowen PJ. Effects of the potential lithium-mimetic, ebselen, on impulsivity and emotional processing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2655-61. [PMID: 27256357 PMCID: PMC4917572 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium remains the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder and also has important effects to lower suicidal behaviour, a property that may be linked to its ability to diminish impulsive, aggressive behaviour. The antioxidant drug, ebselen, has been proposed as a possible lithium-mimetic based on its ability in animals to inhibit inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), an action which it shares with lithium. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine whether treatment with ebselen altered emotional processing and diminished measures of risk-taking behaviour. METHODS We studied 20 healthy participants who were tested on two occasions receiving either ebselen (3600 mg over 24 h) or identical placebo in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. Three hours after the final dose of ebselen/placebo, participants completed the Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) and a task that required the detection of emotional facial expressions (facial emotion recognition task (FERT)). RESULTS On the CGT, relative to placebo, ebselen reduced delay aversion while on the FERT, it increased the recognition of positive vs negative facial expressions. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that at the dosage used, ebselen can decrease impulsivity and produce a positive bias in emotional processing. These findings have implications for the possible use of ebselen in the disorders characterized by impulsive behaviour and dysphoric mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Masaki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Ann L Sharpley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Charlotte M Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Beata R Godlewska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, PO 089, DeCrespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sridhar R Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Grant C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Trevor Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Robert D Rogers
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Penrallt Road, Gwynedd, LL57 2AS, UK
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
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