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Bayramoğlu M, Bayramoğlu Z, Aydın L, Zengin SA, Çırak VY, Demirbağ Z, Demir İ. Entomopathogenic fungi with biological control potential against poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae, Arachnida: Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110155. [PMID: 38452531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Arachnida: Dermanyssidae) is a pest that causes significant economic loss in laying hens for which control methods are limited. In this study, the effects of 20 indigenous fungal strains on poultry red mites in chicken farms were investigated. All experiments were conducted under laboratory condition at 28 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 5% humidity. A screening test showed that Metharizium flavoviride strain As-2 and Beauveria bassiana strain Pa4 had the greatest measured effect on D. gallinae at 1 × 107 conidia/ml 7 days after application. In a subsequent does-response experiment, these strains also caused 92.7% mortality at 1 × 109 conidia/ml within the same period. The LC50 of these strains was 5.5 × 104 (95% CI: 0.8-37.5) conidia/ml for As-2 and 3.2 × 104 (95% CI: 0.4-26.0) conidia/ml for Pa4, and their LT50 were 1.94 and 1.57 days, respectively. The commercial Metarhizium anisopliae bioinsecticide Bio-Storm 1.15% WP, used as a comparator, had LC50 and LT50 1 × 105 (95% CI: 0.1-7.9) conidia/ml and 3.03 (95% CI: 2.4-3.8) days, respectively. It is suggested that mycoacaricides could be developed using the best two fungal strains found in this study (As-2 and Pa4), providing potential for biological control of poultry red mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraç Bayramoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Bayramoğlu
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Pazar Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Levent Aydın
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Suna Aslı Zengin
- Arion Pharmaceuticals Istanbul Tuzla Organized Industrial Zone (ITOSB) , 12th Street No:8 34959 Tepeören Tuzla, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Veli Yılgör Çırak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Zihni Demirbağ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - İsmail Demir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye.
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Grace D, Knight-Jones TJD, Melaku A, Alders R, Jemberu WT. The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa. Foods 2024; 13:411. [PMID: 38338547 PMCID: PMC10855203 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poultry diseases pose major constraints on smallholder production in Africa, causing high flock mortality and economic hardship. Infectious diseases, especially viral diseases like Newcastle disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and bacterial diseases, especially colibacillosis and salmonellosis, are responsible for most chicken losses, with downstream effects on human nutrition and health. Beyond production impacts, poultry diseases directly harm public health if zoonotic, can give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and facilitate antimicrobial resistance through treatment attempts. HPAI, campylobacteriosis, and salmonellosis are the priority zoonoses. Sustainable solutions for poultry health remain elusive despite recognition of the problem. This review summarises current knowledge on major poultry diseases in smallholder systems, their impacts, and options for prevention and control. We find biosecurity, vaccination, good husbandry, and disease-resistant breeds can reduce disease burden, but practical limitations exist in implementing these measures across smallholder systems. Treatment is often inefficient for viral diseases, and treatment for bacterial diseases risks antimicrobial resistance. Ethnoveterinary practices offer accessible alternatives but require more rigorous evaluation. Multisectoral collaboration and policies that reach smallholder poultry keepers are essential to alleviate disease constraints. Successful control will improve livelihoods, nutrition, and gender equity for millions of rural families. This review concludes that sustainable, scalable solutions for smallholder poultry disease control remain a critical unmet need in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Grace
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi P.O. Box 30709, Kenya
| | | | - Achenef Melaku
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia;
| | - Robyn Alders
- Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Wudu T. Jemberu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia or (W.T.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
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Sulzbach A, Gedoz C, Quadri VD, Ohlweiler LM, Silva FR, da Silva GL, Johann L. Impact of the mites Dermanyssus gallinae and Tyrophagus putrescentiae on production and health of laying hens. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:61-85. [PMID: 38123750 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mites are considered a threat to the commercial poultry industry due to their direct and indirect pathogenic effects. Dermanyssus gallinae is among the mite species that endanger production, as it is hematophagous and poses a serious sanitary risk. Recently, Tyrophagus putrescentiae has also drawn attention as a potential pest in the poultry industry, and its attacks have been related to clinical symptoms such as cutaneous eruptions and bird restlessness. Considering the potential economic, sanitary, and productive losses both species represent to the laying-hen industry, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of D. gallinae and T. putrescentiae on the health and productivity of commercial laying hens by carrying out infestation experiments and by monitoring laying hens for a period of 60 days. Tyrophagus putrescentiae and D. gallinae affected egg quality and zootechnical parameters in laying hens. Hens infested by T. putrescentiae had behavioral changes, weight loss, stress symptoms, and decreased egg laying and quality, as well as diarrhea, gradual feather loss, and itching. Hens infested by D. gallinae also had weight loss, behavioral changes, and stress symptoms, leading to decreased laying and egg quality. The present study proposes an experimental model to understand the impacts caused by T. putrescentiae and D. gallinae on commercial laying production and egg quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Sulzbach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Ambientais Sustentáveis, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171 Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 95914-014, Brasil.
| | - Carolina Gedoz
- Centro de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Verônica Dalmolin Quadri
- Centro de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Laura Marina Ohlweiler
- Centro de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme Liberato da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Ambientais Sustentáveis, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171 Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 95914-014, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Liana Johann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Ambientais Sustentáveis, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171 Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 95914-014, Brasil
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Rajendran K, Krishnamoorthy M, Karuppiah K, Ethiraj K, Sekar S. Chitinase from Streptomyces mutabilis as an Effective Eco-friendly Biocontrol Agent. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:18-31. [PMID: 37097402 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood sucking parasites not only cause economic loss but also transmit numerous diseases. Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligatory blood feeding ectoparasite causes huge production loss to the poultry industry. Mosquitoes act as vector for transmitting several viral and parasitic diseases in humans. Acaricide resistance limits the control of these parasites. The present study was aimed to control the parasites using chitinase that have selective degradation of chitin, an important component in exoskeleton development. Chitinase was induced in Streptomyces mutabilis IMA8 with chitin extracted from Charybdis smithii. The enzyme showed more than 50% activity at 30-50 °C and the optimum activity at 45 °C. The enzyme activity of chitinase was highest at pH 7.0. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax values of chitinase were determined by non-linear regression using Michaelis-Menten equation and its derivative Hanes-Wolf plot. The larvicidal effect of different concentrations of chitinase was evaluated against all instar larvae (I-IV) and pupae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti after 24 h of exposure. The percentage of mortality was directly proportional to the chitinase concentration. Bioassay for miticidal activity showed that chitinase had excellent miticidal activity (LC50 = 24.2 ppm) against D. gallinae. The present study suggested the usage of Streptomyces mutabilis for preparation of chitinase in mosquito and mite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Rajendran
- Aquatic Microbiology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Fisheries Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Madhuri Krishnamoorthy
- Aquatic Microbiology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Karuppiah
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannapiran Ethiraj
- Aquatic Microbiology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Fisheries Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sivaranjani Sekar
- Aquatic Microbiology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rüster V, Lückemann AK, Wittmann M, Strube C, Bartels T. Successful long-term control of poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestations in floor-kept laying hens via integrated pest management-a case report. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2549-2555. [PMID: 37642771 PMCID: PMC10567861 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes the successful control of poultry red mite [PRM] (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestations in an experimental laying hen house via a combined use of cleaning and disinfection measure, the preventive application of a synthetic silica-based acaricide and frequent mite monitoring. The high number of PRM in the laying hen house was reduced by 99.8% by treatment with fluralaner (Exzolt®, MSD Animal Health Unterschleißheim, Germany; 0.5 mg/kg body weight via drinking water twice, 7 days apart). After the laying hens were removed, the hen house was dry-cleaned, wet-cleaned and disinfected. After drying, synthetic amorphous silica (Fossil Shield® instant white, Bein GmbH, Eiterfeld, Germany) was applied as a preventive measure before the hen house was restocked with pullets for two housing periods of 58 and 52 weeks. Over these periods (i.e. more than 2 years), no PRM was detected during mite monitoring at two-week intervals via tube traps and visual monitoring. This result therefore suggests that the combined use of appropriate chemical and physical prevention measures within an integrated pest management regime can be successfully used for the long-term control of PRM. This could reduce the use of acaricidal drugs, thereby helping maintain their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rüster
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Margareta Wittmann
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Soest, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Bartels
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany.
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da Silva GG, Zaldívar MF, Oliveira LAR, Mariano RMDS, Lair DF, de Souza RA, Galdino AS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, da Silveira-Lemos D, Dutra WO, Nascimento Araújo R, Ferreira LL, Giunchetti RC. Advances in Non-Chemical Tools to Control Poultry Hematophagous Mites. Vet Sci 2023; 10:589. [PMID: 37888541 PMCID: PMC10611074 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-sucking mites Dermanyssus gallinae ("red mite"), Ornithonyssus sylviarum ("northern fowl mite"), and Ornithonyssus bursa ("tropical fowl mite") stand out for causing infestations in commercial poultry farms worldwide, resulting in significant economic damage for producers. In addition to changes in production systems that include new concerns for animal welfare, global climate change in recent years has become a major challenge in the spread of ectoparasites around the world. This review includes information regarding the main form of controlling poultry mites through the use of commercially available chemicals. In addition, non-chemical measures against blood-sucking mites were discussed such as extracts and oils from plants and seeds, entomopathogenic fungi, semiochemicals, powder such as diatomaceous earth and silica-based products, and vaccine candidates. The control of poultry mites using chemical methods that are currently used to control or eliminate them are proving to be less effective as mites develop resistance. In contrast, the products based on plant oils and extracts, powders of plant origin, fungi, and new antigens aimed at developing transmission-blocking vaccines against poultry mites provide some encouraging options for the rational control of these ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geralda Gabriele da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Maykelin Fuentes Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Renata Antunes de Souza
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araújo
- Laboratory of Hematophagous Arthropods, Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Ectoparasites, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.A.R.O.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (D.F.L.); (R.A.d.S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
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Hwang ET. Management of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae with physical control methods by inorganic material and future perspectives. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102772. [PMID: 37245438 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry red mite (PRM), the ectoparasitic mite Dermanyssus gallinae found in laying hen farms, is a significant threat to poultry production and human health worldwide. It is a suspected disease vector and attacks hosts' other than chickens, including humans, and its economic importance has increased greatly. Different strategies to control PRM have been widely tested and investigated. In principle, several synthetic pesticides have been applied to control PRM. However, recent alternative control methods to avoid the side effects of pesticides have been introduced, although many remain in the early stage of commercialization. In particular, advances in material science have made various materials more affordable as alternatives for controlling PRM through physical interactions between PRM. This review provides a summary of PRM infestation, and then includes a discussion and comparison of different conventional approaches: 1) organic substances, 2) biological approaches, and 3) physical inorganic material treatment. The advantages of inorganic materials are discussed in detail, including the classification of materials, as well as the physical mechanism-induced effect on PRM. In this review, we also consider the perspective of using several synthetic inorganic materials to suggest novel strategies for improved monitoring and better information regarding treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Taek Hwang
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Fumigant activity of essential oils from Cinnamomum and Citrus spp. and pure compounds against Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) and toxicity toward the nontarget organism Beauveria bassiana (Vuill.). Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109341. [PMID: 33472157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae(De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) is the main ectoparasite associated with laying poultry. This mite is commonly controlled by the application of synthetic chemical insecticides, wich lead to the selection of resistant populations and formation of residues in eggs. Thus, new molecules must be developed to control D. gallinae. This work evaluated the toxicity of essential oils (EOs) from Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum camphora var. linalooliferum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantium var. bergamia, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus reticulata var. tangerine against D. gallinae. Additionally, the chemical profiles of the most bioactive EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were subjected to new tests using D. gallinae. The most toxic EOs against D. gallinae were evaluated for the nontarget entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 88). The EOs from C. cassia (LC50 = 25.43 ± 1.0423 μg/cm3) and C. camphora var. linalooliferum (LC50 = 39.84 ± 1.9635 μg/cm3) were the most active in the fumigant bioassay and caused mortality rates of 96 and 61%, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were trans-cinnamaldehyde and linalool, respectively. The pure compounds, trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 68.89 ± 3.1391 μg/cm3) and linalool (LC50 = 51.45 ± 1.1967 μg/cm3), were tested on D. gallinae and showed lower toxicity than the EOs. Thus, the compounds were not the only active substances produced by C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum; moreover synergism may have occurred between the substances. The EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were also toxic to B. bassiana (Unioeste 88). Thus, EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum are promising candidates for use in D. gallinae control, but cannot be used in conjunction with the fungus B. bassiana.
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Sparagano OAE, George DR, Finn RD, Giangaspero A, Bartley K, Ho J. Dermanyssus gallinae and chicken egg production: impact, management, and a predicted compatibility matrix for integrated approaches. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:441-453. [PMID: 33205360 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is a worldwide threat to egg production and animal and human welfare. This mite is also a potential vector for several significant diseases. EU regulation that forbids the use of conventional cages for egg-laying hens may favour the growth of D. gallinae, a species known to thrive in more complex housing systems. Current control measures emphasize the use of chemical acaricides, which may have limited efficacy on D. gallinae considering its temporary blood-feeding behaviour. In integrated pest management (IPM), two or more compatible measures targeting physical, environmental, and/or biological aspects could be judiciously combined to enhance the effectiveness against D. gallinae infestation. To inform current and future IPM for D. gallinae, a compatibility matrix is proposed to guide the selection of control measures for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A E Sparagano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - D R George
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - R D Finn
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, St George's International School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - A Giangaspero
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, 71121, Italy
| | - K Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - J Ho
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Decru E, Mul M, Nisbet AJ, Vargas Navarro AH, Chiron G, Walton J, Norton T, Roy L, Sleeckx N. Possibilities for IPM Strategies in European Laying Hen Farms for Improved Control of the Poultry Red Mite ( Dermanyssus gallinae): Details and State of Affairs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:565866. [PMID: 33282928 PMCID: PMC7705068 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.565866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Poultry Red Mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, causing serious problems to animal health and welfare, and huge economic losses. Controlling PRM infestations is very challenging. Conventionally, D. gallinae is treated with synthetic acaricides, but the particular lifestyle of the mite (most of the time spent off the host) makes the efficacy of acaracide sprays often unsatisfactory, as sprays reach only a small part of the population. Moreover, many acaricides have been unlicensed due to human consumer and safety regulations and mites have become resistant to them. A promising course of action is Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is sustainable for animals, humans and the environment. It combines eight different steps, in which prevention of introduction and monitoring of the pest are key. Further, it focusses on non-chemical treatments, with chemicals only being used as a last resort. Whereas IPM is already widely applied in horticulture, its application is still in its infancy to control D. gallinae in layer houses. This review presents the currently-available possibilities for control of D. gallinae in layer houses for each of the eight IPM steps, including monitoring techniques, established and emerging non-chemical treatments, and the strategic use of chemicals. As such, it provides a needed baseline for future development of specific IPM strategies, which will allow efficient and sustainable control of D. gallinae in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Decru
- Experimental Poultry Centre, Geel, Belgium
| | - Monique Mul
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Division Animal Health and Welfare, Wageningen, Netherlands.,MoniqueMul IPM, Wervershoof, Netherlands
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Norton
- Group of M3-BIORES, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering (A2H), Department of BioSystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Roy
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, University of Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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11
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Alves LFA, de Oliveira DGP, Pares RB, Sparagano OAE, Godinho RP. Association of mechanical cleaning and a liquid preparation of diatomaceous earth in the management of poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:215-222. [PMID: 32378067 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is an ectoparasite of great importance related to poultry farms worldwide. Problems associated with its control have led to the search for alternative treatments, especially using inert dust, which has recently been introduced into liquid formulations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of a liquid diatomaceous earth (DE) preparation in the laboratory and its association with mechanical cleaning (brushing) in the field. In the laboratory it was first determined that a concentration of 10% DE would be necessary for field applications. The field experiment was conducted in a commercial poultry house. The 10% DE liquid preparation was administered in three applications and associated to mechanical cleaning. Then, 42 days after the first DE application, a population reduction of 94.7% was observed in relation to the initial population of mites. These results confirm the efficiency of DE applications in association with mechanical cleaning already adopted in poultry houses as an alternative for the control of D. gallinae, which can also contribute to avoiding mite resistance to chemical acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafaela Barbosa Pares
- Agricultural Biotechnology Lab, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Olivier A E Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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12
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Baran AI, Jahanghiri F, Hajipour N, Sparagano OAE, Norouzi R, Moharramnejad S. In vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil and alcoholic extract of Trachyspermum ammi against Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109030. [PMID: 32007678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess in vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil (EO) and alcoholic extracts (AE) of Ajowan against D. gallinae. Using contact and spraying bioassays, different doses of EO and AE were tested. Cypermethrin and thymol (positive controls), and ethanol and distilled water (negative controls) were also tested. The results indicated that effects were method and dose dependent. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference for contact and spraying bioassays and various doses of EO and AE (p < 0.0001) as, the spraying method was more effective than the contact method for acaricidal activity at 24 h post treatment (PT). In this method, Cypermethrin, EO and thymol caused over 90 % mite mortality at 50 μgcm-2, while AE caused this rate at 150 μgcm-2. In the contact bioassay, all tests produced low mortality rates except for Cypermethrin. Thymol was the main constituent of EO (Area = 42.26 %) and AE (Area = 45.8 %). Results of the present study indicated that Ajowan had a satisfactory acaricidal effect against D. gallinae in vitro. It was also found that the spraying method could be used to control the D. gallinae as the most appropriate method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Imani Baran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farzad Jahanghiri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasser Hajipour
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Olivier Andre Ettore Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Moharramnejad
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Moghan, Iran.
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13
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The influence of Dermanyssus gallinae and different lighting regimens on selected blood proteins, corticosterone levels and egg production in layer hens. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:31-36. [PMID: 30612297 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Egg production in battery cage systems in commercial poultry farms promotes uncontrolled growth of poultry ectoparasite Dermanyssus gallinae. Intermittent lighting regimens provided a promising alternative for controlling D. gallinae invasions. The study analysed the influence of D. gallinae invasions on selected blood protein fractions (albumin, α-, β-, γ-globulin), corticosterone levels and egg production in Hy-Line Brown layer hens exposed to two lighting regimens: A (16 L:8D) and B (intermittent (4 L:2D); L-light, D-dark). Blood samples were collected from a total of 48 hens (divided into uninfested - UF, and infested - IF groups for each lighting regimen). The concentrations of protein fractions were analysed by electrophoresis on Cormay Gel Protein 100, and corticosterone levels were determined in a radioimmunoassay. The results of the study revealed concentrations of β-globulin and corticosterone levels were significantly higher in IF than UF groups in both lighting regimens. However, both parameters were higher in hens exposed to lighting regimen B than lightening regimen A. Gamma-globulin concentrations were significantly lower in IF than UF groups in both lighting regimens. Egg production was significantly lower in all groups than commercial standard. D. gallinae and intermittent lightening regimen had interaction effect on the corticosterone level in hens. Strong decreasing (negative) linear relationship between corticosterone levels and egg production (r = -0.911) was reported.
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14
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Thomas E, Zoller H, Liebisch G, Alves LFA, Vettorato L, Chiummo RM, Sigognault-Flochlay A. In vitro activity of fluralaner and commonly used acaricides against Dermanyssus gallinae isolates from Europe and Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:361. [PMID: 29941050 PMCID: PMC6019301 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae negatively impacts bird welfare and health, and interferes with egg production and quality, while emerging acaricide resistance limits control options. Fluralaner, a novel miticide for administration in drinking water, is approved for control of D. gallinae infestations. Mite sensitivity testing is relevant to gauge field isolate susceptibility to available treatments. Methods Thirteen D. gallinae isolates collected during 2014 through 2016 from farms in Germany, France, Spain and Brazil, and a 2001 laboratory-maintained isolate were used for acaricide contact sensitivity testing. Tested compounds were cypermethrin, deltamethrin, phoxim, propoxur, and the recently available acaricides, spinosad and fluralaner. In each study, at least one isolate was exposed to increasing concentrations of at least one acaricide. In one study, additional testing determined the sensitivity of the 2001 isolate to fluralaner using a mite-feeding test, and of fluralaner, phoxim and spinosad using an immersion test. At least two replicates were used for each dilution. Vehicle and untreated controls were also included. Results Based on 90% mortality (LC90) values, the laboratory isolate was susceptible to fluralaner (15.6–62.5 parts per million, ppm), phoxim (< 500 ppm), propoxur (< 125 ppm), and deltamethrin (500–1000 ppm). All field isolates remained sensitive to fluralaner concentrations ≤ 125 ppm. Spinosad LC90 values for laboratory and field isolates ranged between 2000–4000 ppm. For phoxim, relative to the laboratory isolate, there was reduced sensitivity of two German isolates (LC90 up to 4000 ppm) and two French isolates (> 4000 ppm). An isolate from Spain demonstrated reduced sensitivity to phoxim, propoxur and deltamethrin; an isolate from Brazil showed reduced sensitivity to propoxur and cypermethrin. Mite LC90 when exposed to fluralaner by blood feeding was < 0.1 ppm. Conclusions Contact sensitivity testing indicated apparent resistance to at least one of phoxim, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and propoxur in 13 field isolates from Europe and Brazil. All isolates were highly susceptible to fluralaner. Fluralaner was approximately 1000 times more active by feeding than by contact. Fluralaner’s distinct mode of action and efficacy against isolates largely refractory to those acaricides, makes it a promising option for the control of D. gallinae infestations of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Thomas
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Zoller
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany
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15
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Development of a model forecasting Dermanyssus gallinae’s population dynamics for advancing Integrated Pest Management in laying hen facilities. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Sylejmani D, Musliu A, Ramadani N, Sparagano O, Hamidi A. Associations Between the Level of Biosecurity and Occurrence of Dermanyssus gallinae and Salmonella spp. in Layer Farms. Avian Dis 2017; 60:454-9. [PMID: 27309287 DOI: 10.1637/11327-111415-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella and the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) remain very challenging diseases for the poultry industry worldwide because of the inefficiency of implementing and integrating eradication and control programs, which results in very high economic losses to the poultry industry. The aim of this study was to determine the association between biosecurity levels in layer farms and the occurrence of both D. gallinae and Salmonella spp., as well as the relationship between D. gallinae infestations on farms and Salmonella occurrence. For this purpose, 22 layer farms using the common battery cage housing system in different parts of Kosovo were randomly selected and analyzed for the presence of D. gallinae and Salmonella in samples, such as feces, water, feed, and dust. Two pooled samples of D. gallinae (2n = 100) were directly analyzed for the presence of Salmonella in the outer and inner parts of cuticula from D. gallinae. A chi-square test was used to determine the association between experience in poultry production, rearing, and level of different biosecurity elements in relation to the occurrence of D. gallinae and Salmonella. Dermanyssus gallinae was found on 15 farms, whereas Salmonella was found on eight of those 15 farms from different environmental samples and on one farm where D. gallinae was not found. In two pooled samples Salmonella was isolated directly from the inner part of the cuticula from D. gallinae, which represents the first direct isolation of Salmonella from D. gallinae mites. Association between the level of biosecurity and the occurrence of D. gallinae and Salmonella was strong. The study indicates that proper biosecurity measures should be in place to lower the occurrence of D. gallinae and Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Sylejmani
- A Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Bill Clinton Boulevard, n.n., 10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Arben Musliu
- A Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Bill Clinton Boulevard, n.n., 10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Naser Ramadani
- B National Public Health Institute of Kosovo, Mother Theresa Street, n.n. 10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Olivier Sparagano
- C Coventry University, Vice-Chancellor Office, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Afrim Hamidi
- A Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Bill Clinton Boulevard, n.n., 10000 Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
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Kasburg CR, Alves LFA, Oliveira DGP, Rohde C. ACTIVITY OF SOME BRAZILIAN ISOLATES OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AGAINST THE POULTRY RED MITE DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE DE GEER (ACARI: DERMANYSSIDAE). BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2015-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Tong SM, Feng MG. Laboratory and field evaluations of camptothecin sodium salt against phytophagous mites. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:629-636. [PMID: 25924840 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camptothecin (CPT), a monoterpene indole alkaloid from Camptotheca acuminate (Nyssaceae), is toxic to some insect pests but insoluble in water. Here we show that an aqueous CPT-Na(+) solution can kill the phytophagous mites Tetranychus urticae (TU), Acaphylla theae (AT) and Brevipalpus obovatus (BO) under laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS Modelling of 10 day time-concentration-mortality responses of female adults to 2 mL tower sprays of three CPT-Na(+) dilutions generated LC50 and LT50 values that decreased over post-spray days and sprayed amounts respectively. CPT-Na(+) sprays required to kill 50% BO, TU and AT were 35, 41 and 124 µg mL(-1) on day 1 post-spray, but rapidly decreased to 2.2, 2.5 and 3.6 µg mL(-1) on day 5, and to 0.69, 0.77 and 1.17 µg mL(-1) on day 7 respectively. In summer field trials, a spray rate of 7.5 g CPT-Na(+) ha(-1) provided better control efficacy against TU (81-85%) on cotton or AT (90-93%) and BO (83-88%) in tea gardens than aramite (commercial acaricide) at the labelled rate of 56.25 g ha(-1) . Half of the CPT-Na(+) rate controlled the mites as effectively as aramite. CONCLUSION Water-soluble CPT-Na(+) is a promising plant-sourced acaricide to combat wide-spectrum pest mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Miao Tong
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Pritchard J, Kuster T, Sparagano O, Tomley F. Understanding the biology and control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae: a review. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:143-53. [PMID: 25895578 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite (PRM), is a blood-feeding ectoparasite capable of causing pathology in birds, amongst other animals. It is an increasingly important pathogen in egg layers and is responsible for substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Even though PRM poses a serious problem, very little is known about the basic biology of the mite. Here we review the current body of literature describing red mite biology and discuss how this has been, or could be, used to develop methods to control PRM infestations. We focus primarily on the PRM digestive system, salivary glands, nervous system and exoskeleton and also explore areas of PRM biology which have to date received little or no study but have the potential to offer new control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pritchard
- a Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College , University of London , Hatfield , UK
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20
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Mul MF, van Riel JW, Meerburg BG, Dicke M, George DR, Groot Koerkamp PWG. Validation of an automated mite counter for Dermanyssus gallinae in experimental laying hen cages. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:589-603. [PMID: 26002308 PMCID: PMC4481303 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For integrated pest management (IPM) programs to be maximally effective, monitoring of the growth and decline of the pest populations is essential. Here, we present the validation results of a new automated monitoring device for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae), a serious pest in laying hen facilities world-wide. This monitoring device (called an "automated mite counter") was validated in experimental laying hen cages with live birds and a growing population of D. gallinae. This validation study resulted in 17 data points of 'number of mites counted' by the automated mite counter and the 'number of mites present' in the experimental laying hen cages. The study demonstrated that the automated mite counter was able to track the D. gallinae population effectively. A wider evaluation showed that this automated mite counter can become a useful tool in IPM of D. gallinae in laying hen facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique F Mul
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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21
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Sparagano OAE, George DR, Harrington DWJ, Giangaspero A. Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:447-466. [PMID: 24397522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, poses a significant threat to poultry production and hen health in many parts of the world. With D. gallinae increasingly suspected of being a disease vector, and reports indicating that attacks on alternative hosts, including humans, are becoming more common, the economic importance of this pest has increased greatly. As poultry production moves away from conventional cage systems in many parts of the world, D. gallinae is likely to become more abundant and difficult to control. Control remains dominated by the use of synthetic acaricides, although resistance and treatment failure are widely reported. Alternative control measures are emerging from research devoted to D. gallinae and its management. These alternative control measures are beginning to penetrate the market, although many remain at the precommercial stage. This review compiles the expanding body of research on D. gallinae and assesses options for its current and future control. We conclude that significant advances in D. gallinae control are most likely to come through an integrated approach adopting recent research into existing and novel control strategies; this is being combined with improved monitoring and modeling to better inform treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A E Sparagano
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom;
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22
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Martin CD, Mullens BA. Housing and dustbathing effects on northern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) and chicken body lice (Menacanthus stramineus) on hens. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 26:323-333. [PMID: 22458590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hen housing (cage or cage-free) did not impact overall abundances of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), or chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). Cage-free hens received a dustbox with sand plus diatomaceous earth (DE), kaolin clay or sulphur. Weekly use varied from none to 100% of hens; 73% of hens used the dustbox at least once. Ectoparasite populations on dustbathing hens (users) were compared with those on non-user cage-free and caged hens. All materials reduced ectoparasites on user hens by 80-100% after 1 week of dustbox use. Diatomaceous earth and kaolin failed to reduce ectoparasites on non-user hens, and ectoparasites on user hens recovered after dustbox removal. A sulphur dustbox eliminated mites from all hens (including non-users) within 2-4 weeks. Residual sulphur controlled mites until the end of the experiment (up to 9 weeks), even after the dustbox was removed. Louse populations on hens using the sulphur dustbox were reduced in 1-2 weeks. Residual sulphur effects were less evident in lice, but the use of a sulphur dustbox by a higher proportion of hens extended louse control to all hens. This is the first experimental study to show that bird dustbathing in naturally and widely available dust materials (particularly kaolin) can suppress ectoparasites and thus the behaviour is probably adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Martin
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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23
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Mullens B, Soto D, Martin C, Callaham B, Gerry A. Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) control evaluations using liquid formulations of diatomaceous earth, kaolin, sulfur, azadirachtin, and Beauveria bassiana on caged laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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