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Menchetti L, Birolo M, Mugnai C, Mancinelli AC, Xiccato G, Trocino A, Castellini C. Effect of genotype and nutritional and environmental challenges on growth curve dynamics of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104095. [PMID: 39106696 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the dynamics of growth of various chicken genotypes exposed to heat stress, low-input diets, and free-range farming by using Gompertz model to gain insights into their capabilities to face environmental and nutritional challenges. Three in vivo trials (T1: heat stress, T2: low-input diets, and T3: free-range system) were conducted, involving a total of 671 animals. Five chicken genotypes were employed in each trial: 2 Italian local breeds, Bionda Piemontese (BP) and Robusta Maculata (RM), along with their crossbreeds with Sasso hens (BP×SA and RM×SA), and a commercial hybrid (Ross 308). One-day-old male chicks were individually identified, and the 5 genotypes were randomly allocated to different challenging conditions: T1 involved 2 environmental temperatures (thermoneutral vs. high temperature); T2 involved 2 diets (standard vs. low-input); T3 involved 2 rearing systems (conventional vs. free-range). The chickens were weighed once a week from their arrival until slaughtering, and the data were used to build growth curves using the Gompertz model. Chickens from different genotypes were slaughtered at varying ages based on their maturity. In all trials, the challenging conditions significantly reduced adult body weight (A; -31.0%) and maximum growth rate (MGR; -25.6%) of Ross chickens. In contrast, in T1 and T2, no significant changes were observed in the main growth curve parameters of local breeds and crossbreeds, while under free-range conditions, there was even an increase in the A and MGR of these genotypes. The crossbreeding was effective in increasing A and MGR of BP (+30.5% in BP×SA), as well as in improving the precocity and MGR of RM (+19.5% in RM×SA). Our findings highlight the effectiveness of the Gompertz model as a tool for evaluating birds' adaptability and confirm the greater ability of local breeds and crossbreeds to adapt to different challenges. In conclusion, our methodological approach could be used to choose the genotype most suited to the environmental context and confirm the potential advantages of crossbreeding for enhancing resilience and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Macerata, Italy
| | - Marco Birolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Mugnai
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco Torino, Italy
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Xiccato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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2
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Ducrot C, Barrio MB, Boissy A, Charrier F, Even S, Mormède P, Petit S, Pinard-van der Laan MH, Schelcher F, Casabianca F, Ducos A, Foucras G, Guatteo R, Peyraud JL, Vayssier-Taussat M, Veysset P, Friggens NC, Fernandez X. Animal board invited review: Improving animal health and welfare in the transition of livestock farming systems: Towards social acceptability and sustainability. Animal 2024; 18:101100. [PMID: 38452419 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The need to integrate more clearly societal expectations on livestock farming has led the authors of this article to consider that livestock farming systems must be redesigned to position health and welfare at the heart of their objectives. This article proposes a vision of the advances in knowledge required at different scales to contribute to this transformation. After defining health and welfare of animals, the article emphasises the need to consider health in a broader perspective, to deepen the question of positive emotional experiences regarding welfare, and raises the question of how to assess these two elements on farms. The positive interactions between health and welfare are presented. Some possible tensions between them are also discussed, in particular when improving welfare by providing a more stimulating and richer environment such as access to outdoor increases the risk of infectious diseases. Jointly improving health and welfare of animals poses a number of questions at various scales, from the animal level to the production chain. At the animal level, the authors highlight the need to explore: the long-term links between better welfare and physiological balance, the role of microbiota, the psycho-neuro-endocrine mechanisms linking positive mental state and health, and the trade-off between the physiological functions of production, reproduction and immunity. At the farm level, in addition to studying the relationships at the group level between welfare, health and production, the paper supports the idea of co-constructing innovative systems with livestock farmers, as well as analysing the cost, acceptability and impact of improved systems on their working conditions and well-being. At the production chain or territory levels, various questions are raised. These include studying the best strategies to improve animal health and welfare while preserving economic viability, the labelling of products and the consumers' willingness to pay, the consequences of heterogeneity in animal traits on the processing of animal products, and the spatial distribution of livestock farming and the organisation of the production and value chain. At the level of the citizen and consumer, one of the challenges is to better inter-relate sanitary and health perspectives on the one hand, and welfare concerns on the other hand. There is also a need to improve citizens' knowledge on livestock farming, and to develop more intense and constructive exchanges between livestock farmers, the livestock industry and citizens. These difficult issues plead for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research involving various scientific disciplines and the different stakeholders, including public policy makers through participatory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ducrot
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France.
| | - M B Barrio
- Département Santé animale, INRAE, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Boissy
- Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Charrier
- LISIS, Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, INRAE, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - S Even
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - P Mormède
- Département de Génétique animale, INRAE, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - S Petit
- CESAER, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - F Schelcher
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - A Ducos
- GENPHYSE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - G Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - R Guatteo
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRAE, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - J-L Peyraud
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro Rennes, 35590 St Gilles, France
| | | | - P Veysset
- Herbivores, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - N C Friggens
- Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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3
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Stefanetti V, Mancinelli AC, Pascucci L, Menchetti L, Castellini C, Mugnai C, Fiorilla E, Miniscalco B, Chiattelli D, Franciosini MP, Proietti PC. Effect of rearing systems on immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology, and mortality in conventional and local chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103110. [PMID: 37852051 PMCID: PMC10591014 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of poultry meat used to be sourced from intensively housed birds. However, consumer preference has since demanded poultry producers develop more sustainable farming systems. Although free-range farming is considered beneficial for animal welfare, it is not as easy to standardize as an intensive system, which makes the choice of bird genotype appear crucial for alternative systems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of conventional and free-range rearing systems on the immune status, stress parameters, intestinal morphology and mortality in commercial hybrids (Ross 308) and local poultry strains, Bionda Piemontese (BP), Robusta Maculata (RM), BP x Sasso (BPxS), and RM x Sasso (RMxS). RNA was extracted from the jejunum and spleen to assess the mRNA expression of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The heterophil:lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and intestinal histomorphometric evaluation were also calculated. We found that compared to the conventional system, the rearing system significantly affected the jejunum expression of IL-10, iNOS, IL-2, and IL-6, where these genes were upregulated in free-range system. A significant interaction between the rearing system and the genotype was also shown. More specifically, local breeds showed a significantly higher expression (P < 0.001) of IL-6 in the free-range system compared to the same genotypes in the conventional system. Moreover, IL-6 is constantly upregulated in local breeds within the free-range system compared to Ross hybrids. We also found significantly increased H/L and mortality rates in the latter, compared to the local breeds in the free-range reared system. The jejunum morphology also demonstrated a significantly higher villus height in BP and BPxS compared to the Ross hybrids. Overall, the results of our study confirm that the intense selection for growth in broiler chickens may have reduced their ability to react to the environmental stimuli related to free-range systems, resulting in a lower adaptability to a free-range environment, thus making them inappropriate for any farming system other than the conventional one. On the contrary, local chicken breeds are able to adapt and survive in the free-range system of rearing, and represent a genetic resource especially when adaptability to free-range conditions is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mugnai
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Fiorilla
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Diletta Chiattelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food Science, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
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4
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Mattioli S, Mancinelli AC, Dal Bosco A, Ciarelli C, Amato MG, Angelucci E, Chiattelli D, Castellini C. Intake of nutrients (polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocols, and carotenes) and storage efficiency in different slow-growing chickens genotypes reared in extensive systems. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275527. [PMID: 36318531 PMCID: PMC9624413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive rearing system (ERS) for poultry requires an outdoor run, which enhances the foraging activity of chickens. Slow-growing (SG) strains are more adapted to ERS than fast-growing (FG); and generally, have higher levels of bioactive compounds in their meat. The aim of this paper was to assess the storage efficiency of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), tocols and carotenes in the meat of seven commercial SG genotypes (SG1-7). One hundred SG chicks/strain of both sexes were included and their walking activity (High- or Low-W) was classified: SG1-4, HW comprised more than 10% of the time budget, and SG5-7, less than 10% (LW). Chickens were reared in pens (4 pens/strain) with indoor (0.10 m2/bird) and outdoor (4 m2/bird) areas, and they were fed the same diet ad libitum (starter feed for 1-21 d, grower feed from 22 d to slaughter at 81 d). The chickens were weighed weekly; feed consumption and grass intake were also estimated. At 81 days of age, 32 chickens/genotype were selected on the basis of the average weight (1:1, M:F) and slaughtered. The breast, thigh and drumstick meat were excised from 30 carcasses/genotype, sampled and stored at -20°C until analysis. Nutrients (e.g., n-3, n-6, carotenes and tocols) of feed, grass and meat were analyzed. The storage efficiency of nutrients was estimated as the ratio between the amount deposited in the body muscles (OUT) and the dietary intake (feed and grass, IN). The genotype affected chickens foraging behavior and the intake of nutrients. For SG1, SG2 and SG3, more than 50% of the intake of n-3 came from grass, whereas in the other genotypes, less than 20%. Accordingly, chickens that foraged more showed better meat nutritional profiles (less fat, more n-3 and antioxidants), which, in ERS, was ascribed to grass ingestion. However, the storage efficiency of nutrients into meat was inversely correlated with the grass intake: strains with higher grass intake (SG1, SG2, and SG3) had lower storage rates. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dal Bosco
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciarelli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment–DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Monica Guarino Amato
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Livestock Production and Aquaculture, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisa Angelucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Diletta Chiattelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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5
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Mannelli F, Franzoni A, Galigani I, Nistri V, Daghio M, Scicutella F, Marzoni M, Minieri S, Salvucci S, Cerolini S, Iaffaldano N, Schiavone A, Cassandro M, Castellini C, Buccioni A. Characterization of morphological, reproductive, and productive performances of Mugellese breed: an update of knowledge. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102259. [PMID: 36413899 PMCID: PMC9679384 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery, safeguarding, and valorization of autochthonous poultry breeds may contribute toward the preservation of animal biodiversity and utilization of marginal lands that otherwise offer little agricultural or industrial value. A key strategy in promoting local breeds involves the characterization of morphological traits and productive performances, which are influenced by the breed's genetic make-up as well as its environment. The Mugellese breed is an Italian local poultry breed originating in the Mugello area of north-east Tuscany. It is characterized by frugality, resilience and resistance to disease, cold, and heat stress. Moreover, these birds are particularly suitable for free-range farming. The Mugellese chicken is described as a dwarf breed with a medium neck, broad shoulders, fairly long and horizontal wings, wide, and well-developed breast (especially in the hen). Over the course of a 1-yr observation and data collection period, involving 23 breeders and 405 adult chickens, the Mugellese breed showed the following performances: 1) a hen-day egg production characterized by 2 major peaks: the first in the spring time (March-April, 65.75%), and the second in the late summer period (August-September, 51.86%); 2) high true fertility values (94.35%) throughout the entire breeding season; 3) a weight gain of 732.44 ± 117.06 g and a feed conversion ratio of 3.94 ± 2.42 at an age of 140 d; 4) a slaughter yield of 77.80% (± 3.91); v) a respective protein, fat, and mineral content in the yolk and albumen were: 27.21 ± 4.21 g, 57.77 ± 1.03 g and 3.47 ± 0.40 g per 100 g of yolk; and 82.50 ± 0.57 g, 0.12 ± 0.01 g and 5.43 ± 0.34 g per 100 g of albumen. More data are needed to validate the data obtained in this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Alessandro Franzoni
- Centro di Ricerca Politiche e Bioeconomia, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Virginia Nistri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Daghio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federica Scicutella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Margherita Marzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Minieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Salvucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Milano, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicolaia Iaffaldano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino,, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Dipartimento di Agronomia, Alimenti, Animali, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, DAFNAE, Università di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentarie ed Ambientali, Università di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Buccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per la Valorizzazione degli Alimenti, 50134, Firenze, Italy
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6
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Cartoni Mancinelli A, Mattioli S, Menchetti L, Dal Bosco A, Chiattelli D, Angelucci E, Castellini C. Validation of a behavior observation form for geese reared in agroforestry systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15152. [PMID: 36071073 PMCID: PMC9452672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroforestry systems, which are based on the integration of trees and animals, represent a useful practice for implementing the "One Welfare" concept. Geese could adapt well to these systems due to their kinetic and grazing abilities. However, the lack of specific ethograms and animal-based measures have not yet allowed a deep assessment of their welfare and behavior. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a protocol to evaluate the behavior of geese reared in two agroforestry systems (i.e., apple orchard and vineyard). Thus, a behavior observation form (BOF) including a specific ethogram was proposed, and its interobserver reliability, content, criterion and construct validity were determined. Moreover, the influence of the time of day and type of agroforestry system on geese's behavior was also investigated. Agreement and principal component analyses, as well as the comparison between data collected through direct observation by the BOF and indirect observation by a computerized system, supported the reliability and validity of the proposed protocol. While the BOF also highlighted differences in the behavior expressed by the geese according to the time of day and the environmental context, both the vineyard and apple orchard systems seem to meet their biological and behavioral needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milano, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dal Bosco
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Diletta Chiattelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Angelucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
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7
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Abdullah FAA, Buchtová H, Ježek F. The oxidation status of three types of duck meat (conventional, organic, wild) during refrigerated storage under air and vacuum-packaged atmospheres. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:528-534. [PMID: 35107343 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2035674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated and compared the oxidation status of meat from conventionally-farmed, organic and wild ducks during chilled storage in air or vacuum packaging. In total, 48 carcasses from each group of ducks were investigated, and 24 carcasses from each type of duck were stored under vacuum or in air at 3°C±1°C. Sample analyses were conducted after 1, 3, 6 and 9 days of storage.2. The antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and free fatty acids in the breast, thigh and wing muscles were determined.3. The antioxidant capacity of meat from conventional ducks was higher than that from organic and wild ducks. The muscles of organic and wild ducks were more susceptible to secondary oxidation (particularly when stored in air) than conventionally-raised birds. The free fatty acid levels in samples of breast and thigh meat from wild ducks on the last day of storage were higher than in conventional and organic ducks.4. The results showed that the oxidation status of meat from conventional ducks was more stable during refrigerated storage than the meat of organic and wild ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Ali Abdullah Abdullah
- University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Origin Food & Gastronomic Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buchtová
- University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Origin Food & Gastronomic Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Ježek
- University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Origin Food & Gastronomic Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems continue to expand as markets for organic and naturally produced poultry meat and egg products increase. However, these production systems represent challenges associated with variable environmental conditions and exposure to foodborne pathogens. Consequently, there is a need to introduce feed additives that can support bird health and performance. There are several candidate feed additives with potential applications in alternative poultry production systems. Prebiotic compounds selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gastrointestinal microorganisms leading to improved health of the host and limiting the establishment of foodborne pathogens. The shift in the gastrointestinal microbiota and modulation of fermentation can inhibit the establishment of foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Both current and potential applications of prebiotics in alternative poultry production systems will be discussed in this review. Different sources and types of prebiotics that could be developed for alternative poultry production will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
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9
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Jeni RE, Dittoe DK, Olson EG, Lourenco J, Seidel DS, Ricke SC, Callaway TR. An overview of health challenges in alternative poultry production systems. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101173. [PMID: 34058563 PMCID: PMC8170424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to consumer demand and changing welfare standards on health, ecology, equity, and safety concepts, poultry production has changed markedly over the past 20 y. One of the greatest changes to poultry production standards is now offering poultry limited access to the outdoors in alternative and organic poultry production operations. Although operations allowing access to the outdoors are still only a small portion of commercial poultry production, it may impact the gastrointestinal (GIT) health of the bird in different ways than birds raised under conventional management systems. The present review describes current research results in alternative systems by identifying how different poultry production operations (diet, environmental disruptive factors, diseases) impact the ecology and health of the GIT. Various research efforts will be discussed that illustrate the nutritional value of free-range forages and how forages could be beneficial to animal health and production of both meat and eggs. The review also highlights the need for potential interventions to limit diseases without using antibiotics. These alternatives could enhance both economics and sustainability in organic and free-range poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Elena G Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Darren S Seidel
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
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Gastrointestinal Tract Morphometrics and Content of Commercial and Indigenous Chicken Breeds with Differing Ranging Profiles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071881. [PMID: 34202789 PMCID: PMC8300197 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal development of the gut is important for nutrient absorption and for poultry to resist diseases. The aim of the study was to compare gastrointestinal tract morphometrics, small intestine microstructure, as well as the amount of pasture matter and feed ingested by the birds with outdoor access presenting either an outdoor-preferring, moderate-outdoor or indoor-preferring ranging profile. Sixty non-beak trimmed birds per strain: broiler hybrid Sasso and Polish indigenous green-legged partridge were housed from week 5 to 10 in groups of 10, under conditions of EU organic meat chicken production. Pens with outdoor ranges were video recorded, to obtain frequencies of the birds' range use. Statistical analysis was conducted applying generalized linear mixed models, applying the ranging profile as a fixed effect and pen as a random factor. The weight of the pasture matter in bird crops was the highest in moderate-outdoor profiled green-legged partridges, as compared to other ranging profiles (p = 0.04). In Sasso, villi in the small intestines were significantly higher in the outdoor-preferring compared to indoor-preferring profiled birds (p = 0.04), while their area was larger in the outdoor-preferring Sasso birds (p = 0.01). The level of development of the gastrointestinal tract and its content may be a potential indicator of the birds' ranging profile and forage consumption.
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Dal Bosco A, Mattioli S, Cartoni Mancinelli A, Cotozzolo E, Castellini C. Extensive Rearing Systems in Poultry Production: The Right Chicken for the Right Farming System. A Review of Twenty Years of Scientific Research in Perugia University, Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051281. [PMID: 33947001 PMCID: PMC8145382 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review paper was to retrace the research journey of the researchers of the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Science at the University of Perugia, Italy that lasted twenty years and draw updated guidelines regarding the best synergy between chicken type and environment in extensive rearing systems in order to optimize animal welfare, quality, and environmental impact, linked with economical sustainability. Abstract The demand for poultry meat, being cheaper than red meat, will drive worldwide production of this product. Accordingly, an increase in production up to 16% is expected in 2025, most of which will occur in developing countries. Most poultry meat production is realized with intensive production systems, and extensive rearing systems (ERS) of poultry (organic, free-range, and low-input) represent only a small portion of poultry production in the EU (about 5%). However, there is an increasing interest in such rearing systems to maintain the good image of product and environmental sustainability, improved animal welfare, and meat quality with an annual trend of growth of about 10%. The aims of this work were to summarize the activities and the viewpoint of the researchers of the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Science of the University of Perugia (Italy). One of the most important goals of the research unit was the challenge of identifying the best poultry genotypes for ERS, which are important not only for the food industry but also for the improvement of human nutrition. Only the definition of the best genotypes adapted to ERS through the measurement of a wide panel of traits—genetic, physiologic, and behavior—and not only relying on daily weight gain will allow us to achieve this goal.
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Englmaierová M, Skřivan M, Taubner T, Skřivanová V, Čermák L. Effect of housing system and feed restriction on meat quality of medium-growing chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101223. [PMID: 34157561 PMCID: PMC8237347 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in meat quality of 420 Hubbard JA757 cockerels in relation to the housing system (litter and mobile box) and level of mixed feed (ad libitum [AL], reducing the level by 20% [R20] and 30% [R30]). Three groups of chickens were housed in litter boxes for the entire fattening period (stocking density: 0.094 m2/bird). The other 3 groups were housed in litter boxes until 28 d of age and then relocated into mobile boxes (stocking density: 0.154 m2/bird) on pasture until the end of the experiment at 57 d of age. Restricted groups received a reduced diet level from 29th to 57th d of age. Feed mixture restriction increased the pasture vegetation intake of chickens from 2.63 to 3.50 (R20) and 3.94 g of dry matter/bird/d (R30). Restriction adversely affected the dressing percentage (P < 0.001) and breast yield (P < 0.001), while the leg yield (P < 0.001) was increased with increasing restriction levels. Meat of chickens housed in mobile boxes on a pasture showed lower cooking loss (P < 0.001) and higher redness and yellowness values in the skin (P = 0.030 and P = 0.026; respectively) and meat (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001; respectively). The fragile meat after cooking was observed in chickens reared on litter (P = 0.001). As the level of restriction increased, the number of muscle fibres (P = 0.001) increased, and their cross-sectional area (P = 0.001) and diameter (P = 0.002) decreased. The highest contents of lutein (P = 0.002) and zeaxanthin (P = 0.006) in breast muscle were found in chickens housed in mobile boxes and fed 80% and 70% AL. However, the concentrations of α- and γ-tocopherol (P = 0.006 and P = 0.003) were negatively affected by feed restriction. A 30% reduction in feed level in outdoor housed chickens led to a decrease in oxidative stability (P = 0.024). Feed restriction (R20) in chickens housed in mobile boxes significantly increased the n3 fatty acids content (P = 0.002) and h/H index (P = 0.005) and reduced the n6/n3 ratio (P < 0.001) and atherogenic (P < 0.001) and thrombogenic index (P = 0.003), which possess a health benefits for human. In addition, restriction of mixed feed decreased cholesterol content in breast meat (P = 0.042). It might be concluded that, in terms of meat quality, cereal diet restriction of 20% in medium-growing cockerels housed in mobile boxes on a pasture is beneficial. The higher level of restriction does not lead to further improvement in meat quality indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Englmaierová
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Czech Republic.
| | - M Skřivan
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Czech Republic
| | - T Taubner
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Czech Republic
| | - V Skřivanová
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Czech Republic
| | - L Čermák
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, Czech Republic
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Jeni RE, Dittoe DK, Olson EG, Lourenco J, Corcionivoschi N, Ricke SC, Callaway TR. Probiotics and potential applications for alternative poultry production systems. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101156. [PMID: 34077849 PMCID: PMC8181177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns over animal welfare continue to be a critical component of law and policies associated with commercial food animal production. Social and market pressures are the driving forces behind the legislation and result in the change of poultry production management systems. As a result, the movement toward cage-free and aviary-based egg production systems has become standard practices. Cage-based systems being replaced by alternative methods that offer a suitable housing environment to meet or exceed poultry welfare needs and require different management, including the ban of antibiotics in poultry diets. For broiler production, pasture- raised and free-range management systems have become more popular. However, challenges remain from exposure to disease-causing organisms and foodborne pathogens in these environments. Consequently, probiotics can be supplemented in poultry diets as commercial feed additives. The present review discusses the impacts of these probiotics on the performance of alternative poultry production systems for improving food safety and poultry health by mitigating pathogenic organisms and improving egg and meat quality and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim El Jeni
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elena G Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine - King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania.
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Phillips HN, Heins BJ. Effects of Outdoor Stocking Density on Growth, Feather Damage and Behavior of Slow-Growing Free-Range Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:688. [PMID: 33806581 PMCID: PMC7998225 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to pasture is a main benefit of free-range broiler housing systems, yet the level of outdoor stocking density on broiler animal welfare remains unsettled. The growth, feather damage, pasture ranging and behaviors were assessed for 150 mixed-sex, slow-growing Freedom Rangers from 5 to 11 weeks of age of with free access to either a high outdoor stocking density pasture (0.5 m2 per bird) or a low outdoor stocking density pasture (2.5 m2 per bird). The probability (mean, 95% CI) of tail feather damage was greater for the high-density (23.1%, 16.3 to 31.7%) compared to the low-density group (11.9%, 7.1 to 19.3%). The percent of observations resulting in sunbathing and aggressive attacks (i.e., pecking and fighting behaviors) were greater for the high-density (1.0%, 0.6 to 1.8% and 0.5%, 0.2 to 1.3%, respectively) compared to the low-density group (0.3%, 0.1 to 0.7% and 0.1%, 0.0 to 0.4%, respectively). Furthermore, an interaction between treatment and age indicated that birds in the high-density group displayed greater stretching (during weeks 7 to 10) and panting (during weeks 6 and 9). Results of this study suggest that additional outdoor pasture space may be positively associated with broiler welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Phillips
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Bradley J. Heins
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Bethonico Terra MT, Pacheco WJ, Harrison M, McCrea BA, Hauck R. A survey of coccidia and nematodes in pastured poultry in the state of Georgia. Avian Dis 2021; 65:250-256. [PMID: 33647964 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the parasitological challenge in pastured poultry production in the state of Georgia. Over the course of one year, fecal samples from six turkey flocks, ten broiler flocks and 13 layer flocks were collected on a pastured farm in two-week intervals to determine counts of Eimeria oocysts and nematode eggs. Average coccidia counts were 10,198 oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) in broiler flocks, 1,470 OPG in layer flocks and 695 OPG in turkey flocks. The means in broiler and turkey flocks were higher at their first week on pasture. Counts in broilers and layers were significantly higher in spring than in winter and summer. Coccidia counts in broilers were lower than published numbers in conventionally reared poultry, indicating the rotation system of the pastures might effectively reduce the infection pressure. Next-generation sequencing of PCR products showed the presence of most described Eimeria spp. in broilers, layers, and turkeys. In addition, Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) x, y and z were found. The frequency of species was similar for broilers and layers, with the exception that Eimeria praecox and OTU z were more common in layers. In layer flocks, the average count of roundworm eggs per gram of feces (EPG) was 509 EPG with 80% of the samples being positive. The mean counts had no clear pattern related to age. There was an increase of EPG with the increase of temperatures during spring and summer with the peak at mid-fall. Worm eggs from laying hens were identified as A. galli. The seasonal differences suggest that higher temperatures might result in an increase of egg survival and sporulation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilmer J Pacheco
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | | | | | - Ruediger Hauck
- Auburn University Editorial Board Members-Approved Rev. Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science 260 Lem Morrison Dr. UNITED STATES Auburn Alabama 36849 1 344 844 4152
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Göransson L, Yngvesson J, Gunnarsson S. Bird Health, Housing and Management Routines on Swedish Organic Broiler Chicken Farms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2098. [PMID: 33187325 PMCID: PMC7696110 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Slower-growing broilers on organic farms have replaced fast-growing hybrids to increase bird welfare. Due to limited knowledge of broiler welfare and management on organic farms in Sweden, the study aim was to gather information regarding health, housing and management routines, in order to describe the current situation on these. Farm visits performed in 2018 included 8 out of 12 established organic farms, on which either Rowan Ranger or HubbardJA57/HubbardJA87 were reared. Chickens in the observed flocks were 55 ± 6 (44-62) days of age. Observations included farmer interviews, indoor environment assessments, clinical examinations and gait scoring. Clinical examinations revealed no severe remarks, however minor to moderate plumage dirtiness, food pad dermatitis and hock burns were found in 47%, 21% and 13% of the birds, respectively. Although no severe walking impairments were observed, minor to moderate gait abnormalities were seen in two-thirds of the birds. Gait in birds assessed outdoors was significantly better than in birds observed indoors. Body weight uniformity was low in all flocks. This study provides increased knowledge of certain chicken health and welfare aspects, housing and management on Swedish organic farms. Future research should further investigate important aspects related to bird welfare, such as the high mortality rates observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Göransson
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O.B. 234, S-53223 Skara, Sweden; (J.Y.); (S.G.)
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Alfifi A, Dalsgaard A, Christensen JP, Larsen MH, Sandberg M. The association between meat inspection codes, footpad lesions and thinning of broiler flocks in the Danish broiler production. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105205. [PMID: 33202294 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The foundation of the condemnation practices in Post-Mortem Inspection (PMI) of poultry should be based on up-to-date scientific evidence about the cause of infection and hence whether the lesions observed are of food safety, animal health or welfare concerns. This study aimed to investigate the association between meat inspection codes, footpad lesions, and thinning of flocks in Danish broiler production. The data set was based on the delivery of chicken flocks to one of the two larger chicken slaughterhouses in Denmark, representing 71 farms, 174 houses, and 4,068 flocks over three years from January 2016 to December 2018. Post-mortem condemnation data of slaughtered chickens recorded and stored in the Danish Quality Assurance System (KIK) database was used in the study. Five potentially causal models were developed to investigate whether there was an association between dermatitis, arthritis, systemic infection, emaciation, mortality and possible explaining factors` (footpad lesion, age at slaughter, scratches, ascites, systemic infection and thinning of the flock). These five ecological logistic regression models were analyzed with the three levels: farm, house, and flock. Data from a total number of 126,137,002 (N) slaughtered chickens recorded in KIK databases were used for modeling and analyses. The prevalence of condemned carcasses was 1.1 % (n = 1,420,812). Overall, 12 individual reasons for condemnation of carcasses were recorded. The most frequently observed reason for condemnation was skin disease (scratches and dermatitis) with a prevalence of 0.5 %. Prevalence of ascites was 0.2 %, discoloration 0.09 %, emaciation 0.09 %, hepatitis 0.09 % and arthritis 0.07 %. In the first model, dermatitis was shown to be positively associated with age at slaughter with an OR = 1.04 (CI95 %: 1.02-1.05), while arthritis was considered an intervening variable. Moreover, there was a small protective effect of thinning of the flock for first and second delivery. There was a positive association between arthritis and age at the time of slaughter with an OR = 1.13 (CI95 %: 1.12-1.15). Systemic infections were associated with scratches with an OR = 24.5 (CI95 %: 16.6-36.3) and footpad lesions with an OR = 1.007 (CI95 %: 1.006-1.008). Further modelling of emaciation and mortality was not considered because of unbalanced groups in the data probably caused by the fact that some condemnation codes were rare. We observed that the most common causal factors of condemnation in the systemic infection models were scratches and footpad lesion, therefore preventing and controlling such lesions could reduce losses. Specific management and environmental etiological factors of the main infections causing condemnation in Danish broilers should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alfifi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahasa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; School of Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Jens P Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Halberg Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- Food Safety, Veterinary Issues and Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, 1609 DK, Copenhagen V, Denmark; National Food Institute, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Altmann BA, Wigger R, Ciulu M, Mörlein D. The effect of insect or microalga alternative protein feeds on broiler meat quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4292-4302. [PMID: 32378214 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to combat environmental and food security concerns associated with the increasing demand for soymeal related to increasing meat consumption, this study determines the chicken meat quality derived when soymeal is substituted for either partially de-fatted Hermetia illucens larval meal or spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in broiler diets. Physicochemical parameters, sensory traits, and fatty acid composition of the meat are investigated, as well as an experiment to evaluate the impact of highly oxygenated atmosphere versus vacuum-bag packaging on shelf life was conducted. RESULTS Hermetia illucens did not compromise quality; meat was slightly more yellow (higher b*), had a slightly decreased pH, and was less adhesive during chewing compared to the soy-fed control. Furthermore, Hermetia illucens resulted in higher saturated fatty acids proportions in thigh meat. Spirulina resulted in redder (higher a*) and more yellow (higher b*) meat with a slightly increased umami and chicken flavour. Spirulina-fed chicken meat had higher lipid oxidation levels compared to the control after being packaged in a highly oxygenated atmosphere; although, differences between the spirulina-fed and control fatty acid composition in thigh meat were minor. CONCLUSION Both alternative protein feeds show potential to replace soymeal in broiler diets; however, they do result in moderately altered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Altmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Wigger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Englmaierová M, Skřivan M, Taubner T, Skřivanová V. Performance and Meat Quality of Dual-Purpose Cockerels of Dominant Genotype Reared on Pasture. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030387. [PMID: 32120941 PMCID: PMC7142907 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One-day-old laying cockerels are killed after hatching because they do not reach the growth rate of broiler chickens, and their fattening would be economically disadvantageous. A possible variant of the use of these cockerels could be organic or free-range farming, where it is desirable that the animals are fattened for a longer period of time, are more physically active, and graze pasture vegetation. Another possibility is dual-purpose genotype breeding, where hens are used for egg production and cockerels are fattened for meat. In the present study, three genotypes of dual-purpose cockerels Dominant were compared. All three genotypes showed the ability to graze with resulting improvements in meat quality. The Dominant 102 cockerels have the greatest prerequisites for use in extensive fattening, mainly due to higher performance, willingness to graze and vitamin E content, which protects the fat from becoming rancid. Abstract The culling of layer cockerels due to economic inefficiency is an ethical problem. Organic or free-range fattening of these cockerels or dual-purpose genotypes breeding is a possible solution to this problem. The aim of the study was to assess the differences in performance and meat quality characteristics in dual-purpose cockerels Dominant of three genotypes (Dominant Sussex D 104, Dominant Brown D 102 and Dominant Tinted D 723, 100 cockerels per genotype) with access to pasture. The cockerels were housed in mobile boxes on the pasture herbage from the 50th to 77th day of age (stocking density: 0.108 m2/bird). The highest body weight on the 77th day of age (p < 0.001) and the nonsignificantly lowest feed conversion was achieved by Dominant Brown D 102 cockerels (1842 g and 2.79, respectively). Non-significantly higher pasture herbage intake on the 70th day of age was recorded in genotype Dominant Brown D 102 (7.41 g dry matter (DM)/bird/day) and Dominant Tinted D 723 (7.52 g DM/bird/day). The pasture herbage contained 56.9 mg/kg DM α-tocopherol, 170.3 mg/kg DM zeaxanthin and 175.0 mg/kg DM lutein and had a favourable n6/n3 ratio (0.26). The boiled meat of cockerels Dominant Tinted D723 showed the highest tenderness based on both the sensory evaluation (p = 0.022) and the value of shear force (p = 0.049). This corresponds with a higher (p < 0.001) cross-sectional area and muscle fibre diameter in these chickens. The highest content of n3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, clupanodonic and docosahexaenoic acids) in breast meat were found in Dominant Sussex D104 chickens (p < 0.001). In contrast, a significantly higher α-tocopherol content (p < 0.001) and higher oxidative stability (p = 0.012) were found in Dominant Brown D102 (4.52 mg/kg and 0.282 mg/kg) and Dominant Tinted D 723 chickens (4.64 mg/kg and 0.273 mg/kg) in comparison with the Dominant Sussex D104 genotype (3.44 mg/kg and 0.313 mg/kg). The values of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were the lowest (p < 0.001) in meat from Dominant Brown D102 chickens. Moreover, a lower cholesterol content (p < 0.001) was recorded from the genotypes Dominant Brown D102 (396 mg/kg) and Dominant Tinted D723 (306 mg/kg) chickens, contrary to the Dominant Sussex D104 cockerels (441 mg/kg). It can be concluded that cockerels Dominant Brown D102 are a suitable genotype for free-range rearing due to higher performance and higher pasture herbage intake, which positively influences meat quality, whereas the meat of Dominant Sussex D104 cockerels shows higher amounts of n3 fatty acids and lower n6/n3 ratios.
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Ricke SC, Rothrock MJ. Gastrointestinal microbiomes of broilers and layer hens in alternative production systems. Poult Sci 2020; 99:660-669. [PMID: 32029152 PMCID: PMC7587794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems consisting of free-range or pasture flock raised poultry continues to increase in popularity. Based on the perceived benefits of poultry products generated from these alternative poultry production systems, they have commercial appeal to consumers. Several factors impact the health and well being of birds raised and maintained in these types of production systems. Exposure to foodborne pathogens and potential for colonization in the gastrointestinal tract has to be considered with these types of production systems. The gastrointestinal tract microbial composition and function of birds grown and maintained in alternative poultry operations may differ depending on diets, breed, and age of bird. Dietary variety and foraging behavior are potential influential factors on bird nutrition. The gastrointestinal tract microbiomes of birds raised under alternative poultry production systems are now being characterized with next-generation sequencing to identify individual microbial members and assess the impact of different factors on the diversity of microbial populations. In this review, the gastrointestinal tract microbiota contributions to free-range or pasture-raised broiler and egg layer production systems, subsequent applications, and potential future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704.
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety & Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens 30605, GA
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Popova T, Petkov E, Ayasan T, Ignatova M. Quality of Eggs from Layers Reared under Alternative and Conventional System. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Popova
- Institute of Animal Sciece, Bulgaria
| | - E Petkov
- Institute of Animal Sciece, Bulgaria
| | - T Ayasan
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey
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Relić R, Sossidou E, Xexaki A, Perić L, Božičković I, Đukić-Stojčić M. Behavioral and health problems of poultry related to rearing systems. ANKARA UNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.597496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rothrock MJ, Locatelli A, Feye KM, Caudill AJ, Guard J, Hiett K, Ricke SC. A Microbiomic Analysis of a Pasture-Raised Broiler Flock Elucidates Foodborne Pathogen Ecology Along the Farm-To-Fork Continuum. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:260. [PMID: 31448296 PMCID: PMC6692657 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While conventionally grown poultry continues to dominate the U. S. poultry industry, there is an increasing demand for locally-grown, "all natural" alternatives. The use of next generation sequencing allows for not only the gross (e.g., community structure) but also fine-scale (e.g., taxa abundances) examination of these complex microbial communities. This data provides a better understanding of how a pasture flock's microbiome changes throughout the production life cycle and how that change in microbial ecology changes foodborne pathogens in alternative poultry production systems. In order to understand this ecology better, pooled broiler samples were taken during the entire flock life cycle, from pre-hatch gastrointestinal samples (N = 12) to fecal samples from the brood (N = 5), and pasture (N = 10) periods. Additional samples were taken during processing, including skin and feather rinsates (N = 12), ceca (N = 12), and whole carcass rinses (N = 12), and finally whole carcasss rinsates of final products (N = 3). Genomic DNA was extracted, 16S rDNA microbiome sequencing was conducted (Illumina MiSeq), and microbiomes were analyzed and compared using QIIME 1.9.1 to determine how microbiomes shifted throughout production continuum, as well as what environmental factors may be influencing these shifts. Significant microbiome shifts occurred during the life cycle of the pasture broiler flock, with the brood and pasture fecal samples and cecal samples being very distinct from the other pre-hatch, processing, and final product samples. Throughout these varied microbiomes, there was a stable core microbiome containing 13 taxa. Within this core microbiome, five taxa represented known foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter) or potential/emerging pathogens (Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter) whose relative abundances varied throughout the farm-to-fork continuum, although all were more prevalent in the fecal samples. Additionally, of the 25 physiochemical and nutrient variables measured from the fecal samples, the carbon to nitrogen ratio was one of the most significant variables to warrant further investigations because it impacted both general fecal microbial ecology and Campylobacter and Enterococcus taxa within the core fecal microbiomes. These findings demonstrate the need for further longitudinal, farm-to-fork studies to understand the ecology of the microbial ecology of pasture production flocks to improve animal, environmental, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aude Locatelli
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Andrew J. Caudill
- Department of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jean Guard
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelli Hiett
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Cartoni Mancinelli A, Mattioli S, Dal Bosco A, Piottoli L, Ranucci D, Branciari R, Cotozzolo E, Castellini C. Rearing Romagnola geese in vineyard: pasture and antioxidant intake, performance, carcass and meat quality. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1530960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dal Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Piottoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - David Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Cotozzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Mobile Poultry Processing Unit as a Resource for Small Poultry Farms: Planning and Economic Efficiency, Animal Welfare, Meat Quality and Sanitary Implications. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8120229. [PMID: 30513677 PMCID: PMC6316749 DOI: 10.3390/ani8120229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poultry meat production is now based on fast-growing strains, with consequences for animal health and welfare. There is also an increasing demand for products from extensive rearing systems; there are, however, several criticisms including the difficulty of slaughtering chickens from a logistic, legislative and economic point of view. A possible solution could be represented by the use a Mobile Poultry Processing Unit (MPPU), which directly reaches the poultry farms. The aim of this review is to analyse the requisites and economic efficiency of a MPPU prototype in Italy; further, the related animal welfare aspects and the qualitative and sanitary implications are discussed. Abstract Nowadays there is an increasing demand for poultry products from alternative rearing systems. These systems, commonly named pastured poultry production (PPP), are more expensive than intensive rearing system but sustain biodiversity, local economies and farm multi-functionality besides providing meat to which consumers attribute high ethical value and quality. PPP generally uses large outdoor runs, small number of animals and requires chickens adapted to natural environment. One of the most relevant obstacles to further development of PPP systems is related to the slaughtering of animals economically and at the same time complying with the sanitary regulations to maintain food safety standards. A possible solution could be represented by a Mobile Poultry Processing Unit (MPPU), which directly reaches the poultry farms. MPPU can consider a good compromise for the niche production providing an opportunity to small farmers to exploit the full potential of their production system. The aim of this review is to analyse the essential requisites and MPPU economic viability in an Italian system. Qualitative, societal aspects are discussed together with bird welfare and hygiene implications. The case study indicates the viability of MPPUs but notes that up scaling to medium sized operations would not be permissible under current EU regulations.
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Riber AB, van de Weerd HA, de Jong IC, Steenfeldt S. Review of environmental enrichment for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:378-396. [PMID: 29211895 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Welfare problems are commonly found in both conventional and organic production of broiler chickens. In order to reduce the extent of welfare problems, it has been suggested to provide stimulating, enriched environments. The aim of the present paper is to provide a review of the effect on behavior and welfare of the different kinds of environmental enrichments in the production of broilers that have been described in the scientific literature. Environmental enrichment is defined as an improvement of the environment of captive animals, which increases the behavioral opportunities of the animal and leads to improvements of the biological function. This definition has been broadened to include practical and economic aspects, as any enrichment strategy that adversely affects the health of animals or that has too many economic or practical constraints will never be implemented on commercial farms and thus never benefit animals. Environmental enrichment for broilers often has the purpose of satisfying behavioral needs and/or stimulating the broilers to an increased level of activity, which among others will reduce the occurrence of leg problems. Potentially successful environmental enrichments for broiler chickens are elevated resting-places, panels, barriers, and bales of straw ("point-source enrichment"), as well as covered verandas and outdoor ranges ("complex enriched environments"). Many of the ideas for environmental enrichment for broilers need to be further developed and studied, preferably in commercial trials, with respect to the use, the effect on behavior and on other welfare aspects such as leg health, and the interaction with genotype, production system, stocking density, light, and flock size. In addition, information on the practical application and the economics of the production system is often lacking, although it is important for application in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Riber
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - H A van de Weerd
- Cerebrus Associates Ltd, The White House, 2 Meadrow, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 3HN, UK
| | - I C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Steenfeldt
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Elkhoraibi C, Pitesky M, Dailey N, Niemeier D. Operational challenges and opportunities in pastured poultry operations in the United States. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1648-1650. [PMID: 28339966 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As pastured poultry production has gained increased popularity in the United States in recent years, there is a growing need for research and outreach efforts aimed at this sector of poultry production. In order to get familiarized with American pastured poultry producers, we conducted an online questionnaire aimed primarily at evaluating what operational challenges are faced by producers and what educational opportunities should be initiated by researchers. Results showed that pastured poultry farms largely vary in total number of acres farmed and total number of birds kept. The vast majority of farms (96%) rotate their flocks on pasture and include livestock species (78%) in their rotation systems. Mobile coops are the preferred housing option provided by producers (88%). The most common source of mortality listed by respondents was predation (52%), followed by "other" (32%). However, predation was not selected as the most important challenge by the majority of respondents. Sixty-four percent of participants instead mentioned providing adequate feed at reasonable cost as the major challenge in raising poultry on pasture, followed again by "other" (52%) and lack of processing facilities for small numbers of birds (40%). Finally, the topics considered by respondents as the most helpful to learn more about were how to improve egg production rate and/or feed conversion ratio (67%), followed by how to improve pasture condition and optimum vegetative cover all year round (62%). Despite its small sample size, this study's results provide some valuable insights of challenges encountered and information needed on pastured poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elkhoraibi
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M Pitesky
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - N Dailey
- UC Davis College of Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616
| | - D Niemeier
- UC Davis College of Engineering, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616
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Semwogerere F, Neethling J, Muchenje V, Hoffman L. Effects of production systems on the carcass and meat quality characteristics of spent laying hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1990-1997. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Patrizi N, Niccolucci V, Castellini C, Pulselli FM, Bastianoni S. Sustainability of agro-livestock integration: Implications and results of Emergy evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1543-1552. [PMID: 29126636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess the sustainability of an agroforestry system: i.e. a system obtained by the union of two productions to get at least two by-products from the same productive space. In particular, this case study presents the integration of a goose raising system with an organic grape production, from an environmental point of view. This integration is mainly designed to have two simultaneous co-products (grape and goose meat) with: i) a less intensive use of machineries for weeding and ii) avoiding use of chemical fertilizers and weeding. The sustainability is assessed by means of emergy evaluation. Emergy is a thermodynamic based tool able to estimates the environmental cost of products and services in terms of the solar energy (directly and indirectly) required for its production. As Emergy is not a state function, its final value depends on the way the product is made. The set theory applied to the emergy evaluation enables the comparison between the integrated system and the originating isolated systems in a proper way. Results confirm that the integrated system enables a saving, in emergy terms, amounting to 33% compared to the two originating isolated production systems. Emergy evaluation is able to keep track of the lower amount of resources required from outside the agroforestry system due to the optimization of resources internally available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Patrizi
- Ecodynamics Group, Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Valentina Niccolucci
- Ecodynamics Group, Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Federico M Pulselli
- Ecodynamics Group, Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Simone Bastianoni
- Ecodynamics Group, Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Singh M, Ruhnke I, de Koning C, Drake K, Skerman AG, Hinch GN, Glatz PC. Demographics and practices of semi-intensive free-range farming systems in Australia with an outdoor stocking density of ≤1500 hens/hectare. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187057. [PMID: 29065169 PMCID: PMC5655439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Baseline information on demographics and practices on semi-intensive free-range egg farms with an outdoor stocking density of ≤1500 hens/hectare in Australia is presented. Free-range egg production is changing the structure of the egg industry in Australia and a broad variety and tiers of free-range systems have emerged due to lack of concrete legislative standards on outdoor stocking densities in the past. Information was extracted from a pre-existing online free-range poultry survey dataset, consisting of a total of 79 questions related to nutrition, pasture management, welfare and health, animal housing, environmental impact and economics. Forty-one free-range egg farms, with an outdoor stocking density of ≤1500 hens/hectare, were identified in the dataset from all major Australian states. Two types of semi-intensive free-range housing systems were documented: mobile (modified caravan/trailer) housing (56%), and fixed sheds (44%). Seventy-two percent of respondents reported >75% of the hens in the flock used the outdoor range. All respondents reported ingestion of range components by hens in the form of vegetation, insects, stones and grit. Up to 10% mortality was reported by 40% respondents with predation (34%), cannibalism (29%), heat stress (24%) and grass impaction (19.5%) as major causes. Biosecurity on farms was sub-optimal with 8 of the 10 actions implemented by <50% respondents. Customer demand, consumer sentiment and welfare were the major factors for farmers moving into free-range egg production. This study resulted in identification of current practices and key challenges on semi-intensive free-range egg farms. Applied research and communication of results to farmers is highly recommended to ensure optimum health and welfare of free-range laying hens and sustained egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini Singh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn de Koning
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelly Drake
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alan G. Skerman
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoff N. Hinch
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip C. Glatz
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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Dailey N, Niemeier D, Elkhoraibi C, Sentíes-Cué CG, Pitesky M. Descriptive survey and Salmonella surveillance of pastured poultry layer farms in California. Poult Sci 2017; 96:957-965. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Part CE, Edwards P, Hajat S, Collins LM. Prevalence rates of health and welfare conditions in broiler chickens change with weather in a temperate climate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160197. [PMID: 27703686 PMCID: PMC5043304 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change impact assessment and adaptation research in agriculture has focused primarily on crop production, with less known about the potential impacts on livestock. We investigated how the prevalence of health and welfare conditions in broiler (meat) chickens changes with weather (temperature, rainfall, air frost) in a temperate climate. Cases of 16 conditions were recorded at approved slaughterhouses in Great Britain. National prevalence rates and distribution mapping were based on data from more than 2.4 billion individuals, collected between January 2011 and December 2013. Analysis of temporal distribution and associations with national weather were based on monthly data from more than 6.8 billion individuals, collected between January 2003 and December 2013. Ascites, bruising/fractures, hepatitis and abnormal colour/fever were most common, at annual average rates of 29.95, 28.00, 23.76 and 22.29 per 10 000, respectively. Ascites and abnormal colour/fever demonstrated clear annual cycles, with higher rates in winter than in summer. Ascites prevalence correlated strongly with maximum temperature at 0 and -1 month lags. Abnormal colour/fever correlated strongly with temperature at 0 lag. Maximum temperatures of approximately 8°C and approximately 19°C marked the turning points of curve in a U-shaped relationship with mortality during transportation and lairage. Future climate change research on broilers should focus on preslaughter mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérie E. Part
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Phil Edwards
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Lisa M. Collins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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Dal Bosco A, Mugnai C, Mattioli S, Rosati A, Ruggeri S, Ranucci D, Castellini C. Transfer of bioactive compounds from pasture to meat in organic free-range chickens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2464-71. [PMID: 26769274 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the transfer of bioactive compounds from the pasture to the body and meat of organic free-range chickens and to verify the effect of these compounds on the oxidative processes of the meat. Starting at 21 d of age, 100 male naked-neck birds were divided into two homogeneous groups: an indoor group (0.12 m(2)/bird) and an outdoor group (0.12 m(2)/bird indoor and 10 m(2)/bird of forage paddock). At slaughter (81 d of age), blood samples were collected, and the carcasses were stored for 24 h at 4°C (20 birds/group). The grass samples had higher values of carotenoids, tocopherols, and flavonoids respect to standard feed (based on dry matter comparison). The polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA: ) content was also greater in grass, especially the n-3 series (so named because its first double bond occurs after the third carbon atom counting from the methyl at the end of the molecule). The antioxidant profile of the grass improved the antioxidant status of the crop and gizzard contents in the outdoor chickens. The higher antioxidant intake resulted in a higher plasma concentration of antioxidants in outdoor birds; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS: ) and the antioxidant capacity of the plasma were also better in the outdoor than the indoor group. The meat of the outdoor birds had higher levels of antioxidants, mainly due to the higher amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Despite the higher antioxidant protection in the drumstick of the outdoor group, the TBARs value was greater, probably due to the kinetic activity of birds, the higher percentage of PUFAs, and the peroxidability index. In conclusion, grazing improved the nutritional value of the meat (PUFA n-3 and the ratio between n-6 and n-3 PUFA) with a minor negative effect on the oxidative stability. Suitable strategies to reduce such negative effects (e.g., reduction of kinetic activity in the last days of rearing) should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dal Bosco
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - C Mugnai
- Dept. Food Science, University of Teramo, Via C. Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano S.A., Italy
| | - S Mattioli
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Rosati
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, centro di ricerca per l'olivicoltura e l'industria olearia (CRA - OLI), via Nursina 2, 06049 Spoleto (PG), Italy
| | - S Ruggeri
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - D Ranucci
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Via san Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Castellini
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo 20 Giugno, 74, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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