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Cavicchioli M, Scalabrini A, Vai B, Palumbo I, Benedetti F, Galli F, Maffei C. Antecedents and risk factors for borderline personality disorder: Etiopathogenic models based on a multi-level meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 367:442-452. [PMID: 39243819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirically-based developmental psychopathology approach identified three domains involved in the emergence of borderline personality disorder (BPD): i) underlying liabilities to develop psychopathology (i.e., early patterns of internalizing and externalizing manifestations); ii) invalidating relational experiences (e.g., childhood traumatic experiences, maladaptive parenting, problematic peer relationships); iii) regulatory mechanisms of emotions and behaviors. Nevertheless, no studies have quantitatively summarized empirical findings concerning how and to what extent these domains might be temporally associated to the emergence of BPD features from adolescence to adulthood. METHODS The current multi-level meta-analysis included 106 studies (N = 86,871 participants) assessing the role of previously mentioned antecedents and risk factors for BPD. RESULTS The analysis showed moderate effect sizes capturing temporal associations between early internalizing/externalizing psychopathological manifestations, different invalidating relational experiences, emotion/behavior regulation processes with later BPD features. The effect sizes of these domains were not statistically different from each other. CONCLUSION This evidence supports a transactional developmental model of BPD. Consistently, the emergence of BPD could be viewed in the light of dynamic interplays between an underlying liability to psychopathology and invalidating relational experiences across different stages of development, which are progressively reinforced through increasing alterations of emotion and behavior regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavicchioli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology SAPIENZA University of Rome, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, Italy Mental Health, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Vai
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Galli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology SAPIENZA University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Maffei
- Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, Milan, Italy
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Lee M, Choi H, Jo YT. Targeting emotion dysregulation in depression: an intervention mapping protocol augmented by participatory action research. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:595. [PMID: 39227828 PMCID: PMC11373265 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-06045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a highly prevalent and often recurrent condition; however, treatment is not always accessible or effective in addressing abnormalities in emotional processing. Given the high prevalence of depression worldwide, identifying and mapping out effective and sustainable interventions is crucial. Emotion dysregulation in depression is not readily amenable to improvement due to the complex, time-dynamic nature of emotion; however, systematic planning frameworks for programs addressing behavioral changes can provide guidelines for the development of a rational intervention that tackles these difficulties. This study proposes an empirical and theoretical art-based emotion regulation (ER) intervention using an integrated approach that combines intervention mapping (IM) with participatory action research (PAR). METHODS We used the IM protocol to identify strategies and develop an intervention for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). As applied in this study, IM comprises six steps: (a) determining the need for new treatments and determinants of risk; (b) identifying changeable determinants and assigning specific intervention targets; (c) selecting strategies to improve ER across relevant theories and research disciplines; (d) creating a treatment program and refining it based on consultations with an advisory group; (e) developing the implementation plan and conducting a PAR study to pilot-test it; and (f) planning evaluation strategies and conducting a PAR study for feedback on the initial testing. RESULTS Following the steps of IM, we developed two frameworks for an art-based ER intervention: an individual and an integrative framework. The programs include four theory- and evidence-based ER strategies aimed mainly at decreasing depressive symptoms and improving ER in patients with MDD. We also developed a plan for evaluating the proposed intervention. Based on our preliminary PAR studies, the intervention was feasible and acceptable for adoption and implementation in primary care settings. CONCLUSION The application of IM incorporated with PAR has resulted in an intervention for improving ER in depression. While changing behavior is perceived as a challenging and elaborate task, this method can be useful in offering a clear structure for developing rational interventions. Further refinement is necessary through rigorous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, 150, Seongan-Ro, Gangdong-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Choi
- Department of Bio-Medical Engineering, Ajou University, 206, World Cup-Ro, Yeongtong-Gu, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tak Jo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, 150, Seongan-Ro, Gangdong-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Radimecká M, Látalová A, Lamoš M, Jáni M, Bartys P, Damborská A, Theiner P, Linhartová P. Facial emotion processing in patients with borderline personality disorder as compared with healthy controls: an fMRI and ECG study. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2024; 11:4. [PMID: 38360712 PMCID: PMC10870473 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-024-00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladaptive behaviors and interpersonal difficulties in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) seem connected to biased facial emotion processing. This bias is often accompanied by heightened amygdala activity in patients with BPD as compared to healthy controls. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies exploring differences between patients and healthy controls in facial emotion processing have produced divergent results. The current study explored fMRI and heart rate variability (HRV) correlates of negative facial emotion processing in patients with BPD and healthy controls. METHODS The study included 30 patients with BPD (29 females; age: M = 24.22, SD = 5.22) and 30 healthy controls (29 females; M = 24.66, SD = 5.28). All participants underwent the "faces" task, an emotional face perception task, in an fMRI session simultaneously with ECG. In this task, participants are presented with emotional expressions of disgust, sadness, and fear (as a negative condition) and with the same pictures in a scrambled version (as a neutral condition). RESULTS We found no differences in brain activity between patients with BPD and healthy controls when processing negative facial expressions as compared to neutral condition. We observed activation in large-scale brain areas in both groups when presented with negative facial expressions as compared to neutral condition. Patients with BPD displayed lower HRV than healthy controls in both conditions. However, there were no significant associations between HRV and amygdala activity and BPD symptoms. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate no abnormal brain activity during emotional facial processing in patients with BPD. This result contrasts with previous studies and more studies are needed to clarify the relationship between facial emotion processing and brain activity in patients with BPD. Possible reasons for the absence of brain activity differences are discussed in the study. Consistent with previous findings, patients showed lower HRV than healthy controls. However, HRV was not associated with amygdala activity and BPD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Radimecká
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Adéla Látalová
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamoš
- Brain and Mind Research Program, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jáni
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Bartys
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Damborská
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Theiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Linhartová
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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Lopez-Villatoro JM, Diaz-Marsa M, Garcia-Ramos A, Galvez-Merlin A, Carrasco JL. Altered emotional response pattern related to complex trauma in patients with borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1256-1263. [PMID: 37565308 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This work aims to demonstrate, through the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) responses, an altered emotional pattern in borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients and to find a specific emotional response pattern by understanding their relationship with traumatic experiences and attachment bonds towards their primary caregivers. METHOD A total of 50 BPD patients and 39 control patients were evaluated using the IAPS, and its assessment was carried out through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Paternal and maternal attachment bonds as well as traumatic experiences in BPD patients were evaluated. Statistical associations were analysed in the different variables. RESULTS Significant differences between BPD and control patients were found in all emotional response components for pleasant, unpleasant and neutral images (p < .01), with one exception, the arousal in pleasant images. Patients' experience of traumatic experiences was positively related to scores on the happiness component of pleasant imagery (p = .057) and on the arousal component of unpleasant imagery (p = .058). Poorer maternal bonding in BPD patients was significantly related to lower scores on happiness (p < .01) and dominance (p < .05) components of pleasant imagery and all emotional response components for unpleasant imagery (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The results of the study confirm an impaired emotional response pattern in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), showing an emotional response to pleasant images similar to that of depression, while the pattern found to unpleasant images could be related to the complex trauma observed in these patients, which includes PTSD experiences such as sexual abuse and attachment trauma experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Lopez-Villatoro
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Diaz-Marsa
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Galvez-Merlin
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Carrasco
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Kun B, Alpay P, Bodó V, Molnár Á, Horváth A, Karsai S, Somlai RS, Takacs ZK, Kökönyei G. Differences in the associations between psychoactive substance use and alexithymia: A series of Meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 103:102297. [PMID: 37290244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present meta-analytic study examined the association between alexithymia and psychoactive substance use. Studies published from 1988 to August 20, 2022 were identified by a systematic search and 168 eligible studies were included in five meta-analyses. Results showed that (1) the correlation between substance use and alexithymia is small but significant (r = 0.177); (2) substance users have substantially higher alexithymia than nonusers (g = 0.545); (3) alexithymic participants have significantly but slightly higher levels of substance use than non-alexithymics (g = 0.242); (4) substance users are significantly but only slightly more likely to be alexithymic than nonusers (OR = 2.392); and (5) alexithymic individuals are not more likely to be substance users than non-alexithymics. Larger effects were observed among samples diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD), and the use of depressants, alcohol, opiates, and illicit stimulants had stronger relation to alexithymia. We found a tendency for a larger association with problematic use as compared to other indicators (e.g., frequency and duration) of substance use. Among the components of alexithymia, difficulties in identifying feelings has the strongest association with substance use. Our findings support clinical practice by suggesting the improvement of emotion regulation in SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Kun
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Pelin Alpay
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Bodó
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Molnár
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Karsai
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róza Sára Somlai
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia K Takacs
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Vogel AC, Geselowitz B, Tillman R, Barch DM, Luby JL, Whalen DJ. Developmental trajectories of anger and sadness dysregulation in childhood differentially predict later borderline symptoms. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37340976 PMCID: PMC10733555 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties with emotion regulation are integral to borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its hypothesized developmental pathway. Here, we prospectively assess trajectories of emotion processing across childhood, how BPD symptoms impact these trajectories, and whether developmental changes are transdiagnostic or specific to BPD, as major depressive (MDD) and conduct disorders (CD) are also characterized by emotion regulation difficulties. This study included 187 children enriched for those with early symptoms of depression and disruptive behaviors from a longitudinal study. We created multilevel models of multiple components of emotional processing from mean ages 9.05 to 18.55 years, and assessed the effect of late adolescent BPD, MDD, and CD symptoms on these trajectories. Linear trajectories of coping with sadness and anger, and quadratic trajectories of dysregulated expressions of sadness and anger were transdiagnostic, but also exhibited independent relationships with BPD symptoms. Only inhibition of sadness was related to BPD symptoms. The quadratic trajectories of poor emotional awareness and emotional reluctance were also independently related to BPD. Findings support examining separable components of emotion processing across development as potential precursors to BPD, underscoring the importance of understanding these trajectories as not only a marker of potential risk but also potential targets for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia C. Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben Geselowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Diana J. Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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D'Aurizio G, Di Stefano R, Socci V, Rossi A, Barlattani T, Pacitti F, Rossi R. The role of emotional instability in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:9. [PMID: 36918920 PMCID: PMC10011773 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emotional regulation process plays a pivotal role in daily-life functioning, modulating goal-directed and adaptive behavior. Conversely, altering this cognitive function can disrupt self-regulation and bring emotional dysregulation. Emotional instability could represent a core characteristic of BPD, also modulating the BPD symptom's onset. This systematic review aims to summarize the existing literature reporting the role of emotional instability in BPD to better define the role of the impairment of the emotional processes in the onset of the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of this complex mental disorder. METHODS MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were independently searched for relevant studies. Eligible studies had to be identifiable through database searching, published and accessible. This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The search period was from 2012 to 14 September 2022. RESULTS A pool of 120 studies was identified, out of which 11 met the selection criteria and were included. Overall, the studies confirm a relationship between emotional instability and borderline personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS The evidences retrieved seem to point out the role of the emotional impairment not only in worsening of the disorder, but could also be one of the risk factors for its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D'Aurizio
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ramona Di Stefano
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Valentina Socci
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tommaso Barlattani
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Bud S, Nechita D, Szentagotai Tatar A. Emotion regulation strategies in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13284207.2022.2152668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bud
- Evidence-Based Assessment and Psychological Interventions Doctoral School, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Nechita
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aurora Szentagotai Tatar
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Veerapandian KD, Tan GXD, Majeed NM, Hartanto A. Executive Function Deficits and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptomatology in a Nonclinical Adult Sample: A Latent Variable Analysis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020206. [PMID: 36831751 PMCID: PMC9953861 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptomatology has been studied extensively in clinical populations, the mechanisms underlying its manifestation in nonclinical populations remain largely understudied. One aspect of BPD symptomatology in nonclinical populations that has not been well studied is cognitive mechanisms, especially in relation to executive functions. To explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying BPD symptomatology in nonclinical populations, we analysed a large-scale dataset of 233 young adults that were administered with nine executive function tasks and BPD symptomatology assessments. Our structural equation modelling did not find any significant relations between latent factors of executive functions and the severity of BPD symptomatology. Contrary to our hypothesis, our result suggests that deficits in executive functions were not a risk factor for BPD symptomatology in the nonclinical young adult sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel X. D. Tan
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore 179873, Singapore
| | - Nadyanna M. Majeed
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore 179873, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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Nicolaou S, Goldberg SF, Michael KM, Berenson KR. Responses to validating versus reframing support strategies as a function of borderline personality features and interpersonal problems. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2146280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Nicolaou
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital of Igualada, Consorci Sanitari de l’Anoia & Fundació Sanitària d’Igualada, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences (Ubneuro), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kaley M. Michael
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
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McQuade JD. ADHD Symptoms, Peer Problems, and Emotion Dysregulation as Longitudinal and Concurrent Predictors of Adolescent Borderline Personality Features. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1711-1724. [PMID: 35535649 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221098174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD and borderline personality (BP) disorder are highly comorbid and characterized by emotion dysregulation and peer problems. However, limited research has examined social and emotional predictors of BP features in samples that include youth with ADHD. METHOD Using a sample of 124 youth with and without ADHD (52% female), ADHD symptoms, peer problems, and emotion dysregulation were assessed in childhood (8-13 years) and in adolescence, along with BP features (13-18 years). RESULTS In addition to the significant effect of ADHD symptoms, teacher-rated child peer victimization and adolescent-reported peer victimization, poorer close friendships, and emotion dysregulation domains significantly predicted adolescent BP features. Greater parent-rated child and adolescent emotion dysregulation domains also significantly predicted adolescent BP features, with ADHD symptoms no longer significant. CONCLUSION Even for youth with ADHD, peer and emotional vulnerabilities in childhood and adolescence may serve as important markers of risk for adolescent BP features.
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Hazlett EA, Goldstein KE, Haznedar MM, McClure MM, Perez-Rodriguez MM, New AS, Goodman M, Govindarajulu U, Kapil-Pair KN, Feinberg A, Smith E, Dolgopolskaia ES. Hyperreactivity and Impaired Habituation of Startle Amplitude During Unpleasant Pictures in Borderline but Not Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Quantifying Emotion Dysregulation. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:573-582. [PMID: 35717211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by greater intensity of reactions to unpleasant emotional cues and a slower-than-normal return of these responses to baseline. Habituation is defined as decreased response to repeated stimulation. Affect-modulated startle (AMS), a translational psychophysiological approach, is mediated by the amygdala and used to study emotion processing in both humans and animals. This is the first study to examine the specificity of habituation anomalies in BPD during passive emotional and neutral picture processing. METHODS A total of 90 participants were studied: patients with BPD (n = 35), patients with schizotypal personality disorder (n = 26; included as a psychopathological comparison group), and healthy control subjects (n = 29). Participants received rigorous clinical assessments, and patients were unmedicated. AMS was examined during a series of intermixed unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant pictures. RESULTS Compared with the other groups, patients with BPD showed greater overall AMS during unpleasant pictures and prolonged habituation of startle amplitude during unpleasant pictures from early to later trials. The groups did not differ in AMS during neutral or pleasant pictures or self-reported picture valence. Among the patients with BPD, prolonged habituation to unpleasant pictures was associated with greater symptom severity and suicidal/self-harming behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings 1) indicate that abnormal processing of and habituation to unpleasant pictures is observed in BPD but not schizotypal personality disorder, suggesting that these deficits are not simply characteristics of personality disorders in general; 2) are consistent with studies showing deficient amygdala habituation to unpleasant pictures in BPD; and 3) have significant implications for clinical assessment and treatment of BPD, e.g., alternative therapies for BPD such as gradual exposure to unpleasant emotional stimuli or amygdala neurofeedback may aid habituation deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
| | - Kim E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - M Mehmet Haznedar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Outpatient Psychiatry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Margaret M McClure
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Antonia S New
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marianne Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Usha Govindarajulu
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Population Health & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Abigail Feinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Emma Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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13
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Richman Czégel MJ, Unoka Z, Dudas RB, Demetrovics Z. Rumination in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Meta-analytic Review. J Pers Disord 2022; 36:399-412. [PMID: 35913769 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2022.36.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by deficits in emotion regulation and affective liability, specifically rumination. Despite this, inconsistencies have existed in the literature regarding which rumination type is most prominent in BPD. Taking this into consideration, a meta-analysis was performed to look at how BPD symptoms correlate with rumination, while also considering clinical moderator variables (i.e., BPD symptom domain, comorbidities, GAF score) and demographic moderator variables (i.e., age, gender, sample type, and education level). Analysis of rumination domains for the entire sample revealed a medium correlation between BPD symptoms and rumination. When types of rumination were assessed, the largest correlation was among pain rumination followed by anger, depressive, and anxious rumination. Among BPD symptom domain, affective instability had the strongest correlation with increased rumination, followed by unstable relationships, identity disturbance, and self-harm/impulsivity. Demographic variables showed no significance. Clinical implications and further therapeutic interventions are discussed considering rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara J Richman Czégel
- Endeavor Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zsolt Unoka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert B Dudas
- Older People's Mental Health Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
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14
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Experimental Investigation of Social Comparison as an Emotion Regulation Strategy Among Young Women with a Range of Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Moore R, Gillanders D, Stuart S. The Impact of Group Emotion Regulation Interventions on Emotion Regulation Ability: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092519. [PMID: 35566645 PMCID: PMC9105582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional regulation (ER) as a concept is not clearly defined, and there is a lack of clarity about how individuals can improve their ability to regulate emotions. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence of the importance of ER as a transdiagnostic treatment target across mental health problems. This review examines the impact of ER group interventions on ER ability compared with no intervention, other comparable group interventions, or control conditions. A systematic review was conducted, in which 15 studies were included. Although types of ER intervention were mixed, the interventions had a considerable overlap in skills taught and how ER was measured. In all but one study, the ER intervention improved ER ability. ER interventions were superior to waitlist or treatment as usual, but there was limited evidence to suggest they were superior to other active treatments. Data from some studies suggest that improved ER was sustained at follow-up. Across the studies, there was generally poor linking of theory to practice, which hampers understanding of how interventions were constructed and why different skills were included. Although the results need to be interpreted with caution due to issues with methodological quality with the included papers, there is promising evidence that ER group interventions significantly improve ER ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Moore
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow Psychological Trauma Service, Festival Business Centre, 150 Brand Street, Glasgow G51 1DH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - David Gillanders
- School of Health in Social Science, Elsie Inglis Quad, Teviot Place, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK;
| | - Simon Stuart
- NHS Lanarkshire, Hunter Health Centre, Andrew Street, East Kilbride G74 1AD, UK;
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16
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Pullman LE, Refaie N, Lalumière ML, Krupp DB. Is Psychopathy a Mental Disorder or an Adaptation? Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Psychopathy and Handedness. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211040447. [PMID: 34605282 PMCID: PMC10358405 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathy has historically been conceptualized as a mental disorder, but there is growing evidence that it may instead be an alternative, adaptive life history strategy designed by natural selection. Although the etiology of mental disorders is not fully understood, one likely contributor is perturbations affecting neurodevelopment. Nonright-handedness is a sign of such perturbations, and therefore can be used to test these competing models. If psychopathy is a mental disorder, psychopaths should show elevated rates of nonright-handedness. However, an adaptive strategy perspective expects psychopaths to be neurologically healthy and therefore predicts typical rates of nonright-handedness. We meta-analyzed 16 studies that investigated the association between psychopathy and handedness in various populations. There was no difference in the rates of nonright-handedness between community participants high and low in psychopathy. Furthermore, there was no difference between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders in rates of nonright-handedness, though there was a tendency for offenders scoring higher on the Interpersonal/Affective dimension of psychopathy to have lower rates of nonright-handedness, and for offenders scoring higher on the Behavioral dimension of psychopathy to have higher rates of nonright-handedness. Lastly, there was no difference in rates of nonright-handedness between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic mental health patients. Thus, our results fail to support the mental disorder model and partly support the adaptive strategy model. We discuss limitations of the meta-analysis and implications for theories of the origins of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesleigh E. Pullman
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nabhan Refaie
- Gordon S. Lang School of Business and Economics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Martin L. Lalumière
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - DB Krupp
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Lakehead University, 500 University Ave., Orillia, Ontario L3V 0B9, Canada
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17
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Hong D, Zhu Y, Yu M. How health anxiety affected obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: The mediation of difficulties in emotion regulation and the moderation of pathological personality traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 185:111254. [PMID: 34545259 PMCID: PMC8443869 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Health anxiety (HA) was/is a common negative emotional problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the cognitive model of HA, individuals with HA continued to adopt a series of maladaptive and repetitive behaviors which were associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS; including over-washing, over-checking, obsessing, and metal neutralizing). The priority of the present study was to explore how HA specifically affected OCS and whether difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) and pathological personality traits (PPT) affected the relationship between the HA and OCS. We distributed an online survey from February 1 to February 17 in 2020 (N = 1546, with average age of 25.8, and 32.7% of males) from 219 cities in China. Results showed that only four dimensions (i.e., Nonacceptance, Impulse, Non-clarity and Non-awareness) of the DER scale mediated in the predictive path of HA on OCS, which constituted a multiple mediating model. The other moderated mediation model further showed that, with higher PPT, the more significant the impact of HA was on DER, revealing PPT's moderator role between HA and OCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Hong
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Yawen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of behavioral and mental health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Meng Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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18
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Euler S, Nolte T, Constantinou M, Griem J, Montague PR, Fonagy P. Interpersonal Problems in Borderline Personality Disorder: Associations With Mentalizing, Emotion Regulation, and Impulsiveness. J Pers Disord 2021; 35:177-193. [PMID: 30920937 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal problems are a core symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study investigated the relationship between emotion dysregulation, impulsiveness, and impaired mentalizing in the context of predicting interpersonal problems in BPD. A total of 210 patients with BPD completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32). The authors conducted three path models, with either mentalizing, emotion regulation, or impulsiveness as the exogenous variable. Emotion dysregulation and attentional impulsiveness predicted interpersonal problems directly, whereas hypomentalizing predicted interpersonal problems only indirectly throughout emotion dysregulation and attentional impulsiveness. The results suggest that these domains contribute significantly to interpersonal problems in BPD. Moreover, hypomentalizing might affect on interpersonal problems via its effect on impulsiveness and emotion regulation. The authors argue that focusing on emotion regulation and mentalizing in BPD treatments might have interlinked beneficial effects on interpersonal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Euler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, and University College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Nolte
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London
| | - Matthew Constantinou
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London
| | - Julia Griem
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London
| | - P Read Montague
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Physics, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London
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19
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Southward MW, Semcho SA, Stumpp NE, MacLean DL, Sauer-Zavala S. A Day in the Life of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Analysis of Within-Day Emotion Generation and Regulation. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021; 42:702-713. [PMID: 33776200 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In Linehan's (1993) biosocial theory, borderline personality disorder (BPD) results in part from frequent, intense, negative emotions and maladaptive behavioral responses to those emotions. We conducted a secondary data analysis of an intensive single-case experimental design to explore hourly relations among behavioral responses and emotions in BPD. Eight participants with BPD (M age = 21.57, 63% female; 63% Asian) reported their emotions and behaviors hourly on two days. Participants reported a neutral-to-negative average emotional state with substantial variability each day. This emotional state was characterized most frequently by anxiety and joy. Participants tended to "dig into", or savor, experiences of joy, but problem-solve around, push away, or accept anxiety. Acceptance predicted hour-by-hour increases in negative emotion intensity, and pushing emotions away predicted hour-by-hour increases in positive emotion intensity. These results suggest that anxiety dominates the emotional experiences of people with BPD and co-occurs with a variety of emotion regulation strategies, while joy co-occurs with strategies designed to prolong emotional experiences. Despite its general adaptiveness, acceptance may be less effective, and pushing emotions away may be more effective, than other emotion regulation strategies at improving momentary negative emotions for those with BPD. We discuss the preliminary nature of these findings and encourage future researchers to build on them in larger samples with more severe presentations of BPD.
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20
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Shafti M, Taylor PJ, Forrester A, Pratt D. The Co-occurrence of Self-Harm and Aggression: A Cognitive-Emotional Model of Dual-Harm. Front Psychol 2021; 12:586135. [PMID: 33716854 PMCID: PMC7946988 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that some individuals engage in both self-harm and aggression during the course of their lifetime. The co-occurrence of self-harm and aggression is termed dual-harm. Individuals who engage in dual-harm may represent a high-risk group with unique characteristics and pattern of harmful behaviours. Nevertheless, there is an absence of clinical guidelines for the treatment and prevention of dual-harm and a lack of agreed theoretical framework that accounts for why people may engage in this behaviour. The present work aimed to address this gap in the literature by providing a narrative review of previous research of self-harm, aggression and dual-harm, and through doing so, presenting an evidence-based theory of dual-harm – the cognitive-emotional model of dual-harm. This model draws from previous studies and theories, including the General Aggression Model, diathesis-stress models and emotional dysregulation theories. The cognitive-emotional model highlights the potential distal, proximal and feedback processes of dual-harm, the role of personality style and the possible emotional regulation and interpersonal functions of this behaviour. In line with our theory, various clinical and research implications for dual-harm are suggested, including hypotheses to be tested by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matina Shafti
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter James Taylor
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscienecs, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Pratt
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Murray RJ, Apazoglou K, Celen Z, Dayer A, Aubry JM, Ville DVD, Vuilleumier P, Piguet C. Maladaptive emotion regulation traits predict altered corticolimbic recovery from psychosocial stress. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:54-63. [PMID: 33202338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive recovery from stress promotes healthy cognitive affective functioning, whereas maladaptive recovery is linked to poor psychological outcomes. Neural regions, like the anterior cingulate and hippocampus, play critical roles in psychosocial stress responding and serve as hubs in the corticolimbic neural system. To date, however, it is unknown how cognitive emotion regulation traits (cER), adaptive and maladaptive, influence corticolimbic stress recovery. Here, we examined acute psychosocial stress neural recovery, accounting for cER. METHODS Functional neuroimaging data were collected while forty-seven healthy participants performed blocks of challenging, time-sensitive, mental calculations. Participants immediately received performance feedback (positive/negative/neutral) and their ranking, relative to fictitious peers. Participants rested for 90 seconds after each feedback, allowing for a neural stress recovery period. Collected before scanning, cER scores were correlated with neural activity during each recovery condition. RESULTS Negative feedback recovery yielded increased activity within the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, but this effect was ultimately explained by maladaptive cER (M-cER), like rumination. Isolating positive after-effects (i.e. positive > negative recovery) yielded a significant positive correlation between M-cER and the anterior cingulate, anterior insula, hippocampus, and striatum. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence of M-cER to predict altered neural recovery from positive stress within corticolimbic regions. Positive feedback may be potentially threatening to individuals with poor stress regulation. Identifying positive stress-induced activation patterns in corticolimbic neural networks linked to M-cER creates the possibility to identify these neural responses as risk factors for social-emotional dysregulation subsequent to rewarding social information, often witnessed in affective disorders, like depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Murray
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Kalliopi Apazoglou
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience Department, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Celen
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Mood Disorder Unit, Psychiatric Specialties Service, Geneva University Hospital, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Mood Disorder Unit, Psychiatric Specialties Service, Geneva University Hospital, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Medical Image Processing Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Neuroscience Department, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Piguet
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Mood Disorder Unit, Psychiatric Specialties Service, Geneva University Hospital, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Stefanile C, Matera C, Nerini A, Puddu L, Raffagnino R. Psychological Predictors of Aggressive Behavior Among Men and Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP920-NP941. [PMID: 29294962 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517737553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships among attitude toward violence, self-esteem, emotion dysregulation, anger, and aggression in community men and women and male inmates. Overall, 166 community men, 197 community women, and 100 male inmates completed a battery of questionnaires containing self-reported measures. Self-esteem and attitude toward violence were significant predictors of aggressive behavior, with emotion dysregulation mediating the relationship between self-esteem and the criterion variable. Anger mediated the relationship between emotion dysregulation and aggressive behavior only among community people. Among men, inmates reported a more favorable attitude toward violence, lower self-esteem, higher emotion dysregulation, more aggressive behaviors, and a lower tendency to get angry. Women showed a less favorable attitude toward violence, lower self-esteem, higher emotion dysregulation, and a higher tendency for anger than men, while no differences emerged for aggressive behavior. These findings suggest that self-related constructs and emotion regulation strategies represent key processes associated with aggressive behavior among all participants, while the role of anger is more prominent in community people. To reduce aggressive tendencies, treatment and prevention interventions might increase self-esteem, emotion regulation skills, and one's ability to direct anger toward other goals. Moreover, programs aimed at changing attitudes toward violence could be useful.
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23
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Akyunus M, Gençöz T, Karakose S. The Mediator Role of Negative Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Between Interpersonal Problems and Borderline Personality Beliefs. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Kaurin A, Beeney JE, Stepp SD, Scott LN, Woods WC, Pilkonis PA, Wright AG. Attachment and Borderline Personality Disorder: Differential Effects on Situational Socio-Affective Processes. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2020; 1:117-127. [PMID: 33718882 PMCID: PMC7954219 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-020-00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insecure attachment and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are defined by similar affective and interpersonal processes. Individuals diagnosed with BPD, however, represent only a subset of those described as insecurely attached, suggesting that attachment may hold broader relevance for socio-affective functioning. Based on a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol in a mixed clinical and community sample (N = 207) oversampled for BPD, we evaluate the discriminant validity of each construct as it influences daily interpersonal interactions. We find that insecure attachment is associated with elevated perceptions of interpersonal disaffiliation and maladaptive strategies for affect regulation, whereas enacted interpersonal hostility is more distinctive for BPD. In a series of sensitivity analyses, we further highlight potential caveats to these findings when studying both constructs concurrently. Together, our results suggest that both insecure attachment and BPD contribute to problematic affective and interpersonal processes, but that they do so at different stages of the unfolding social interaction, which has important implications for their maintenance and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaurin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joseph E. Beeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Stephanie D. Stepp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Lori N. Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - William C. Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Paul A. Pilkonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Aidan G.C. Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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25
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Miragoli S, Milani L, Di Blasio P, Camisasca E. Difficulties in emotion regulation in child abuse potential: Gender differences in parents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104529. [PMID: 32438014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Social Information Processing model (SIP; Milner, 1993, 2000, 2003) suggests that emotion dysregulation can be a moderating factor in Child Abuse Potential (CAP), influencing the processes of perception, interpretation and attribution of child's behavior. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate comprehensively emotion dysregulation in CAP and to examine gender differences between fathers and mother at risk. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 186 mothers and 110 fathers of Italian pupils, aged 6-14 years (M = 9.3; SD = 1.9). METHODS We analyzed emotion dysregulation in terms of specific dimensions (non-acceptance of emotional responses; difficulty in distracting and performing alternative behaviors; lack of confidence in the emotional regulation skills; difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed; difficulties recognizing emotion; and lack of emotional awareness) and, through correlation and regression analyses, we tested the gender differences. RESULTS Overall, parents at risk showed several difficulties in the regulation, from emotional awareness/recognition to impulse control through effective coping strategies. In particular, lack of emotional awareness (β = .20, p = .026) was a specific deficit of fathers at risk, whereas non-acceptance of emotional responses (β = .30, p = .001) and difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors (when distressed) (β = .35, p = .001) of mothers at risk. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirmed the significant role of emotional dysregulation in CAP with different profiles for fathers and mothers. Clinical implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Miragoli
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Milani
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Di Blasio
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Camisasca
- Psychology Department, CRIdee, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy; e-Campus University, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, CO, Italy
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26
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Sauer-Zavala S, Cassiello-Robbins C, Woods BK, Curreri A, Wilner Tirpak J, Rassaby M. Countering emotional behaviors in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord 2020; 11:328-338. [PMID: 32700926 DOI: 10.1037/per0000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the unique effects of a commonly used skill incorporated into treatment packages for borderline personality disorder (BPD), countering emotion-driven behavioral urges. Individuals with BPD (N = 8) participated in a single-case experimental design, specifically a multiple baseline, in which they were randomly assigned to complete a baseline assessment-only phase of 2 or 4 weeks. Participants then received four sessions of the countering emotional behaviors module from the unified protocol, followed by a 4-week follow-up phase. Throughout the duration of the study, daily data capture was used to assess real-time changes in the frequency of emotionally avoidant behaviors in response to emotional experiences. Symptoms of BPD, depression, and anxiety were also assessed. By follow-up, the majority of patients demonstrated a meaningful reduction (per single-case experimental design guidelines for evaluating improvements) in their use of avoidant behaviors. There was also preliminary evidence that encouraging participants to act counter to avoidant urges is associated with decreases in BPD, depression, and anxiety symptoms, as well as negative affectivity. The countering emotional behaviors skill from the unified protocol indeed engages its putative target of emotionally avoidant behavioral coping, indicating it is an active ingredient in multicomponent treatment packages for BPD, with implications for downstream clinical endpoints such as BPD and depressive and anxiety symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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27
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Alafia J, Manjula M. Emotion Dysregulation and Early Trauma in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Exploratory Study. Indian J Psychol Med 2020; 42:290-298. [PMID: 32612335 PMCID: PMC7320739 DOI: 10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_512_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) research is in its nascent stage in India though studies have estimated its prevalence in psychiatric conditions. Trauma experiences and emotion regulation difficulties are well documented in BPD in the international literature. Thus, it is imperative to examine the role of trauma experiences and their relation to emotion dysregulation in BPD in the Indian context. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used both self-report and semistructured interview data from 34 adults with BPD who presented for outpatient or inpatient psychiatric treatment and compared them with a gender-matched control group. The tools used were the International Personality Disorder Examination, Kessler-10, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form, modified-Positive And Negative Affect Scale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). RESULTS The BPD group reported higher negative affect, increased use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and a deficit of adaptive strategies, after depression scores were controlled for. General abuse, physical punishment, and emotional abuse were significantly higher in the BPD group. The high occurrence of childhood emotional abuse and negative affect in BPD patients emerged as a major correlate accounting for 68.4% of the variance in DERS scores. CONCLUSIONS Although we obtained results similar to the western literature on BPD pathology, sociocultural factors such as family and economic conditions, cultural differences in symptom expression of BPD, and treatment forms used in India warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alafia
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Manjula
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Unit, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Understanding empathy and its disorders through a focus on the neural mechanism. Cortex 2020; 127:347-370. [PMID: 32278184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Empathy is a complex, multi-dimensional process. As such, it can be impaired at multiple stages, producing disorders of empathy with separable underlying causes. Studies often divide empathy into emotional and cognitive components to simplify the large space of empathic processes. This practice can be helpful, but also causes people to misunderstand their interdependence at the level of the mechanism and how they correspond to surveys and tasks. As a result, inferences made from experimental results are often incorrect and cannot be integrated across studies. We explain how emotional and cognitive empathy overlap through the proximate mechanism and clarify their operationalization in common surveys and tasks. A systematic review of three clinical disorders is used to highlight this issue and reinterpret and unite results according to the proximate framework--Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). Aligning constructs through the proximate mechanism allows us to understand both empathy and its disorders.
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Alterations in the fronto-limbic network and corpus callosum in borderline-personality disorder. Brain Cogn 2019; 138:103596. [PMID: 31877433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging research provides evidence of grey matter changes in the prefrontal-limbic network in borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet research scarcely examines the white matter (WM) within this circuitry. The present study aimed to explore WM in prefrontal-limbic brain networks within BPD. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI-MRI) measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusion (MD) were used to analyze the neural pathways in fifteen individuals with BPD (M = 25, SD = 6.76), in comparison to thirteen healthy individuals (M = 27.92, SD = 8.41). Quantitative DTI-MRI measures of FA and MD were evaluated for the cingulum, the fornix, the corpus callosum (CC), the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the uncinate fasciculus (UF). Lower FA values for both the left and the right cingulum, the genu, body, and splenium of the CC, left ILF and right SLF were found in BPD, compared to healthy individuals. MD values were higher for the genu and splenium of the CC in BPD. The findings indicate that a large-scale emotional brain network is affected in BPD with alterations in MD and FA of WM prefrontal-limbic pathways of the heteromodal association cortex involved in emotion processing and emotion regulation.
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Zaehringer J, Ende G, Santangelo P, Kleindienst N, Ruf M, Bertsch K, Bohus M, Schmahl C, Paret C. Improved emotion regulation after neurofeedback: A single-arm trial in patients with borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102032. [PMID: 31795041 PMCID: PMC6978219 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback training of amygdala hemodynamic activity directly targets a neurobiological mechanism, which contributes to emotion regulation problems in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it remains unknown which outcome measures can assess changes in emotion regulation and affective instability, associated with amygdala downregulation in a clinical trial. The current study directly addresses this question. Twenty-four female patients with a DSM-IV BPD diagnosis underwent four runs of amygdala neurofeedback. Before and after the training, as well as at a six-weeks follow-up assessment, participants completed measures of emotion dysregulation and affective instability at diverse levels of analysis (verbal report, clinical interview, ecological momentary assessment, emotion-modulated startle, heart rate variability, and fMRI). Participants were able to downregulate their amygdala blood oxygen-dependent (BOLD) response with neurofeedback. There was a decrease of BPD symptoms as assessed with the Zanarini rating scale for BPD (ZAN-BPD) and a decrease in emotion-modulated startle to negative pictures after training. Further explorative analyses suggest that patients indicated less affective instability, as seen by lower hour-to-hour variability in negative affect and inner tension in daily life. If replicated by an independent study, our results imply changes in emotion regulation and affective instability for several systems levels, including behavior and verbal report. Conclusions are limited due to the lack of a control group. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be needed to confirm effectiveness of the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zaehringer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Santangelo
- Chair of Applied Psychology/Mental Health Lab, Institute of Sport and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kleindienst
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruf
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Bertsch
- Department for General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bohus
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Lamers A, Toepper M, Fernando SC, Schlosser N, Bauer E, Woermann F, Driessen M, Beblo T. Nonacceptance of negative emotions in women with borderline personality disorder: association with neuroactivity of the dorsal striatum. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:303-312. [PMID: 30964611 PMCID: PMC6710090 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysfunction is a key symptom in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and is considered a consequence of dysfunctional emotion regulation (e.g., reduced emotion acceptance). In the present functional MRI (fMRI) study, we investigated the neural correlates of habitual emotion acceptance in individuals with BPD. METHODS Female patients with BPD and female healthy controls passively viewed negative and neutral movie clips of faces during fMRI. We assessed emotion acceptance using the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ). To examine brain activation associated with habitual emotional acceptance of negative stimuli, the EAQ score was included as a regressor of interest in brain data analyses of activation intensity during negative compared with neutral movies. RESULTS We included 20 women with BPD and 20 heatlhy controls in our analysis. Compared with healthy controls, patients with BPD showed significantly more activation in frontostriatal brain regions (i.e., left superior frontal gyrus, right caudate) as well as in the left precuneus, left precentral gyrus, left posterior cingulate cortex and left hippocampus when confronted with negative (v. neutral) stimuli. Patients with BPD reported decreased emotion acceptance compared with healthy controls, and habitual emotion acceptance was inversely associated with activation of striatal areas (i.e., left putamen, left caudate) in patients with BPD. LIMITATIONS Causal conclusions are not possible. Comorbid diagnoses were not excluded, and only female participants were investigated. Stimuli were not rated immediately and may not be generalizable to all negative emotions. We cannot make any statements about other emotion-regulation strategies that may have been applied here. CONCLUSION Data indicate that striatal hyperactivation during the processing of negative stimuli in women with BPD is related to their decreased disposition to accept unpleasant emotional states. Thus, individuals with BPD may benefit from therapy approaches that focus on emotion acceptance in order to normalize emotional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lamers
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Max Toepper
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Silvia Carvalho Fernando
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Nicole Schlosser
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Eva Bauer
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Friedrich Woermann
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Martin Driessen
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
| | - Thomas Beblo
- From the Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Bethel, Research Division, Germany (Lamers, Toepper, Fernando, Schlosser, Driessen, Beblo); the Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Beielefeld, Germany (Lamers, Driessen, Beblo); the University of Giessen, Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Germany (Bauer); and the Mara Hospital, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Bielefeld, Germany (Woermann)
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Thomson ND, Beauchaine TP. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Mediates Links Between Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Both Aggressive and Violent Behavior. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:544-559. [PMID: 30307825 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although emotion dysregulation (ED) is a core symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD), tests of associations between ED and aggression and violence-which are common to BPD-are sparse. The authors evaluated mediating effects of an autonomic vulnerability to ED on links between BPD symptoms and (a) reactive aggression, (b) proactive aggression, and (c) histories of interpersonal violence in a sample of young adults (N = 104), ages 18-22 years. Low baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) mediated the association between BPD symptoms and reactive aggression. In contrast, although BPD symptoms were correlated with proactive aggression, no mediational effect was found. In addition, low RSA mediated the association between BPD symptoms and histories of interpersonal violence. Collectively, these findings add evidence that neurobiological vulnerability to ED contributes to aggressive and violent behavior among those with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Thomson
- Division of Acute Care Surgical Services, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, Virginia, and University of Durham, Durham, UK
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Soloff PH, Chowdury A, Diwadkar VA. Affective interference in borderline personality disorder: The lethality of suicidal behavior predicts functional brain profiles. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:253-262. [PMID: 30991253 PMCID: PMC6563825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative affective interference with executive cognition is associated with emotion dysregulation and behavioral dyscontrol in BPD, including a diathesis to suicidal and self-injurious behavior. While clinically well described, the neural basis of affective interference with central executive network function, and resulting suicidal behavior is poorly understood. METHOD In an fMRI study, 23 BPD suicide attempters completed an affectively modified Continuous Performance Task(X-CPT), in which targets and distractors were rendered on Negative, Positive and Neutral Ekman faces, with a Distorted image as a behavioral baseline. Responses to targets were contextualized by the affective context of the face. Lethality Rating Scale scores (LRS) were modeled as the primary regressor of interest on activation peaks, with HamD scores covaried. RESULTS In the Negative vs. Neutral contrast, LRS scores were inversely related to activation in the ACC, parietal precuneus, BG and OFC, with no positive relationships. Results were similar in the Negative vs Positive contrast. In the Neutral vs. Positive contrast, activations were much less extensive, with mixed positive and negative relationships. Contextualizing responses based on the effects of valence decreased participant's ability to distinguish between targets and distracters; however, no differences were observed between valence contexts. fMRI-estimated effects were not confounded by differences in behavioral sensitivity across contexts. LIMITATIONS In this female-only sample, possible gender differences were not addressed. CONCLUSIONS With negative affective interference, increased lethality of suicidal behavior in BPD predicted diminished neural activation in areas critical to executive cognitive function. Therapies diminishing affective interference may reduce risk of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Soloff
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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Rogers AH, Bakhshaie J, Garey L, Piasecki TM, Gallagher MW, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Individual differences in emotion dysregulation and trajectory of withdrawal symptoms during a quit attempt among treatment-seeking smokers. Behav Res Ther 2018; 115:4-11. [PMID: 30384961 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, and withdrawal symptoms are central to the maintenance of tobacco use. Previous research suggests that individual differences in the propensity to experience negative affect may be related to more severe withdrawal symptoms. However, little research has examined how individual differences in the ability to regulate affect (emotion dysregulation) may impact withdrawal symptoms over time. METHOD Therefore, the current study examined the effects of emotion dysregulation on change in tobacco withdrawal symptoms over 12 weeks following a cigarette quit attempt among 188 (Mage = 38.52, SD = 14.00, 46.8% male) treatment seeking smokers. RESULTS Results from the study indicated greater emotion dysregulation was associated with greater quit day withdrawal symptoms as well as with as slower decline in withdrawal symptoms over the 12-week period (B = -0.001, SE = 0.001, p = .046). CONCLUSION The current study offers novel evidence into the role of emotion dysregulation in relation to withdrawal symptoms during a quit attempt. Assessing and reducing heightened emotion dysregulation prior to a quit attempt may be a potentially important therapeutic tactic for helping smokers achieve greater success in managing tobacco withdrawal. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study emphasizes the ways in which emotional dysregulation may affect tobacco withdrawal symptoms. This study can be utilized to further target smoking cessation programs for those attempting to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Matthew W Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Norman B Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Miljkovitch R, Deborde AS, Bernier A, Corcos M, Speranza M, Pham-Scottez A. Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescence as a Generalization of Disorganized Attachment. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1962. [PMID: 30459673 PMCID: PMC6232672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several researchers point to disorganized attachment as a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, recent studies suggest that specific internal working models (IWMs) of each parent combine to account for child outcomes and that a secure relationship with one parent can protect against the deleterious effects of an insecure relationship with the other parent. It was thus hypothesized that adolescents with BPD are more likely to be disorganized with both their parents, whereas non-clinical controls are more secure with at least one of their caregivers. Thirty-six adolescents with BPD and 30 control participants (aged 13-19) were included. Psychiatrist diagnosis was verified with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV) and comorbidity was assessed using the Kiddie-SADS. Reported trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Attachment IWMs of each parent were assessed with the Attachment Multiple Model Interview (AMMI), which enables separate coding for each attachment figure and in which disorganization is conceptualized as conflicting attachment strategies within a specific relationship. Results of a logistic regression analysis suggested that beyond insecure attachment, being disorganized not just with one but with both parents is particularly characteristic of adolescents with BPD. Conversely, belonging to the non-clinical group was predicted by higher security scores with the father and lower deactivation with the mother. Although higher levels of childhood abuse or neglect were reported by adolescents with BPD, the retained attachment dimensions predicted group membership over and above reported trauma. These findings have important implications for clinical intervention and highlight the protective role fathers may have.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maurice Corcos
- Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Inserm U 669, Faculty of Medecine, University René Descartes-Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Mario Speranza
- Inserm U 669, Faculty of Medecine, University René Descartes-Paris V, Paris, France
- Child Psychiatry Department, Versailles Hospital, Versailles, France
- Unité de Recherche EA4047, Recherches Cliniques et en Santé Publique sur les Handicaps Psychique, Cognitif et Moteur (HANDIReSP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
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Puri P, Kumar D, Muralidharan K, Kishore MT. Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder manifest cognitive biases implicated in psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:414-419. [PMID: 29960939 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) frequently manifest psychotic symptoms. Certain cognitive biases have been implicated in the genesis and maintenance of psychotic symptoms. The present study aimed at exploring whether individuals with BPD manifest these cognitive biases. Twenty-eight individuals with BPD and 28 healthy participants were assessed on four sub-domains of the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale, viz. jumping to conclusions, belief inflexibility, attention for threat and external attribution. The BPD group had significantly higher scores on all the four cognitive biases in comparison to the healthy controls. Thus, the findings of the present study indicate that individuals with BPD manifest cognitive biases implicated in psychosis more prominently than healthy individuals. These findings can be used to improve the existing psychotherapeutic techniques for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Puri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Devvarta Kumar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India.
| | - Kesavan Muralidharan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - M Thomas Kishore
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
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Kalpakci A, Ha C, Sharp C. Differential relations of executive functioning to borderline personality disorder presentations in adolescents. Personal Ment Health 2018; 12:93-106. [PMID: 29388349 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents is highly complex and heterogeneous. Within the disorder, research has suggested the existence of at least two subgroups: one with predominantly internalizing psychopathology features and one with predominantly externalizing psychopathology features. One process that may differentiate these groups is executive functioning (EF), given that poor EF is linked to externalizing psychopathology. Against this background, the current study used a multi-informant approach to examine whether adolescent patients with predominantly externalizing BPD presentations experience greater deficits in EF than adolescent patients with predominantly internalizing presentations. The sample included inpatient adolescents ages 12-17 (M = 15.26; SD = 1.51). Analyses revealed that multiple EF domains distinguished the BPD subgroups. More specifically, adolescents with externalizing presentations exhibited greater difficulties in broad domains related to global executive functioning, metacognition and behavioural regulation and specific domains related to inhibitory control, working memory, planning/organizing, monitoring and organization of materials. While this study is the first to examine EF and adolescent BPD in the context of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, alternative approaches to examining this question are discussed. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kalpakci
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolyn Ha
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Affective startle modulation in young people with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 263:166-172. [PMID: 29571079 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated psychophysiological and subjective emotional responses to an affective startle modulation paradigm in first-presentation borderline personality disorder (BPD). Twenty BPD and 20 healthy control participants, aged 15-24 years, viewed a set of standardized pictures with pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant valence, and were instructed to either "maintain" or "suppress" their emotional response to the stimuli. Despite showing markedly higher levels of baseline distress on self-report questionnaires, BPD participants had significantly lower skin conductance responses and showed an absence of the fear potentiated startle response during early picture processing. Both groups showed similar startle responses later in picture processing, and when instructed to "maintain" or "suppress" their emotions. BPD participants were hypo-responsive to aversive stimuli during early processing, and did not react with more intense emotional responses to affective stimuli or show a diminished ability to regulate their responses. These results might be consistent with the finding that hypersensitivity of emotional response in BPD is specific to stimuli with themes of particular relevance to this disorder, such as rejection and abandonment.
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Ernst M, Mohr HM, Schött M, Rickmeyer C, Fischmann T, Leuzinger-Bohleber M, Weiß H, Grabhorn R. The effects of social exclusion on response inhibition in borderline personality disorder and major depression. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:333-339. [PMID: 28363497 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is a prevalent notion that borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by deficits in executive functions (EF) like inhibition. Yet experimental studies yield inconsistent results. However, despite emotional dysregulation being a core feature of BPD, most paradigms did not control for emotional state or comorbid mental disorders. In the present study, subjects with BPD and comorbid MDD (BPD+MDD), with major depression (MDD) and healthy controls (HC) partook in a social exclusion paradigm combined with an inhibition task. We expected inhibition to be more strongly impaired in BPD+MDD than in depression and HC when experiencing negative emotions. Respecting inhibition, depressed patients performed best while (BPD+MDD) patients performed worst. Surprisingly, MDD & HC participants' performance improved during social exclusion, but this was not the case for BPD+MDD. Inhibition deficits were correlated with childhood trauma. These results challenge the hypothesis that an induction of negative emotion results in inferior inhibition in (BPD+MDD). Instead, patients with (BPD+MDD) seem to suffer from a more general inhibitory dysfunction. Importantly, (BPD+MDD) patients were not able to improve their performance during social exclusion like HC and MDD patients did. These findings need to be investigated further, particularly regarding the efficiency of neural networks regulating inhibition and effects of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald M Mohr
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Constanze Rickmeyer
- Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Heinz Weiß
- Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralph Grabhorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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Bertsch K, Roelofs K, Roch PJ, Ma B, Hensel S, Herpertz SC, Volman I. Neural correlates of emotional action control in anger-prone women with borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:170102. [PMID: 29336775 PMCID: PMC5915237 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulty in controlling emotional impulses is a crucial component of borderline personality disorder (BPD) that often leads to destructive, impulsive behaviours against others. In line with recent findings in aggressive individuals, deficits in prefrontal amygdala coupling during emotional action control may account for these symptoms. METHODS To study the neurobiological correlates of altered emotional action control in individuals with BPD, we asked medication-free, anger-prone, female patients with BPD and age- and intelligence-matched healthy women to take part in an approach-avoidance task while lying in an MRI scanner. The task required controlling fast behavioural tendencies to approach happy and avoid angry faces. Additionally, before the task we collected saliva testosterone and self-reported information on tendencies to act out anger and correlated this with behavioural and functional MRI (fMRI) data. RESULTS We included 30 patients and 28 controls in our analysis. Patients with BPD reported increased tendencies to act out anger and were faster in approaching than avoiding angry faces than with healthy women, suggesting deficits in emotional action control in women with BPD. On a neural level, controlling fast emotional action tendencies was associated with enhanced activation in the antero- and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across groups. Healthy women showed a negative coupling between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right amygdala, whereas this was absent in patients with BPD. LIMITATIONS Specificity of results to BPD and sex differences remain unknown owing to the lack of clinical control groups and male participants. CONCLUSION The results indicate reduced lateral prefrontal-amygdala communication during emotional action control in anger-prone women with BPD. The findings provide a possible neural mechanism underlying difficulties with controlling emotional impulses in patients with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bertsch
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
| | - Karin Roelofs
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
| | - Paul Jonathan Roch
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
| | - Bo Ma
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
| | - Saskia Hensel
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
| | - Inge Volman
- From the Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Bertsch, Herpertz); the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Roelofs); Division of Experimental Radiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Ma); the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (Hensel); and the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK (Volman)
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Bunford N, Evans SW, Langberg JM. Emotion Dysregulation Is Associated With Social Impairment Among Young Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:66-82. [PMID: 24681899 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714527793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate aspects of emotion dysregulation (ED) that characterize young adolescents with ADHD, examine the effects of subtype and comorbidity, and determine the extent to which ED is related to aggression and rule-breaking and social impairment. METHOD We examined which aspects of ED are most relevant to ADHD in 180 young adolescents (75% boys), as well as whether ED differs across ADHD subtypes or comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) status. We also examined the association between ED and aggression, rule-breaking, and social impairment. RESULTS Young adolescent females and males with ADHD exhibited various manifestations of ED, including behavioral dyscontrol in the presence of strong emotions and inflexibility/slow return to emotional baseline. ED did not differ as a function of ADHD subtype or comorbid ODD. Three aspects of ED, namely, low threshold for emotional excitability/impatience, behavioral dyscontrol in the face of strong emotions, and inflexibility/slow return to baseline, predicted three of six measured indices of parent- and self-reported social impairment, above and beyond comorbid ODD. CONCLUSIONS ED is associated with ADHD among young adolescents, does not differ based on ADHD subtype or ODD status, and is associated with social impairment.
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Brain activation in response to overt and covert fear and happy faces in women with borderline personality disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 10:319-31. [PMID: 26007149 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious condition involving emotion dysregulation. Past research has identified BPD-associated differences within fronto-limbic circuitry during conditions of processing negative emotion. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms that incorporate overt and covert (masked) presentations of emotional stimuli can provide complementary information about neural systems underlying emotion processing (e.g., both slow [overt] and fast [covert; automatic] processing pathways). This study examined brain activation during processing of overt and covert presentations of emotional faces in 12 women with BPD and 12 age-matched healthy controls. To assess a range of emotional valence and arousal, we examined responses to fear, happy and neutral expressions. All participants underwent an fMRI scanning session in which participants passively viewed emotional faces. Scanning sessions consisted of 5 runs including: (1) Overt Fear (OF) versus Neutral (N), (2) Covert Fear (CF) versus Covert Neutral (CN), (3) Overt Happy (OH) versus N, (4) Covert Happy (CH) versus CN, and (5) N versus fixation. We compared whole-brain activation between groups for each run. In response to overt fear, BPD patients showed greater activation both in left amygdala and in several frontal cortical regions. There were no significant differences in brain activation in response to overt happy faces. In response to covert fear and covert happy stimuli, the BPD group also showed greater activation than controls in several regions including frontal and temporal cortical regions, as well as cerebellum and thalamus. These findings add to prior reports suggesting increased amygdala activation in BPD, but we found this only in the overt fear versus fixation condition. In this sample, BPD patients showed hyper-activation, rather than hypo-activation, of cortical regulatory regions during overt fear. Enhanced cortical recruitment in response to covert fear and happy faces in BPD could reflect a more extended response system in which stimuli that typically only activate automatic pathways are additionally tapping into cortical regulatory systems. The observation of this pattern both in response to fear and in response to happy presentations suggests that the effect of arousal may be as or more impactful than the effect of emotional valence.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To consider the use of the diagnostic category 'complex posttraumatic stress disorder' (c-PTSD) as detailed in the forthcoming ICD-11 classification system as a less stigmatising, more clinically useful term, instead of the current DSM-5 defined condition of 'borderline personality disorder' (BPD). CONCLUSIONS Trauma, in its broadest definition, plays a key role in the development of both c-PTSD and BPD. Given this current lack of differentiation between these conditions, and the high stigma faced by people with BPD, it seems reasonable to consider using the diagnostic term 'complex posttraumatic stress disorder' to decrease stigma and provide a trauma-informed approach for BPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashri Kulkarni
- Professor of Psychiatry and Director MAPrc, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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44
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Chapman AL, Rosenthal MZ, Dixon-Gordon KL, Turner BJ, Kuppens P. Borderline Personality Disorder and the Effects of Instructed Emotional Avoidance or Acceptance in Daily Life. J Pers Disord 2017; 31:483-502. [PMID: 27617652 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2016_30_264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of avoidance- versus acceptance-oriented emotion regulation instructions among individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD; n = 48), major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 54), and non-psychiatric controls (NPC; n = 50) using ecological momentary assessment. Participants were randomly assigned to either accept or avoid negative emotions, and monitored their moods, urges, and distress tolerance several times per day over 6 days. Avoidance instructions resulted in reduced negative affect and urges for maladaptive behaviors uniquely among BPD participants. Together with past research, and consistent with treatment approaches emphasizing the short-term use of skills to avoid or distract from emotions (e.g., DBT; Linehan, 1993b, 2015), these findings suggest that avoidance of negative emotions may have temporary benefits for individuals with BPD. Acceptance-oriented strategies may take longer or may require more extensive training to be beneficial for emotional functioning in everyday life in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brianna J Turner
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Hepp J, Lane SP, Carpenter RW, Niedtfeld I, Brown WC, Trull TJ. Interpersonal problems and negative affect in Borderline Personality and Depressive Disorders in daily life. Clin Psychol Sci 2017; 5:470-484. [PMID: 28529826 PMCID: PMC5436804 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616677312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Theories of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) suggest that interpersonal problems in BPD act as triggers for negative affect and, at the same time, are a possible result of affective dysregulation. Therefore, we assessed the relations between momentary negative affect (hostility, sadness, fear) and interpersonal problems (rejection, disagreement) in a sample of 80 BPD and 51 depressed outpatients at 6 time-points over 28 days. Data were analyzed using multivariate multi-level modeling to separate momentary-, day-, and person-level effects. Results revealed a mutually reinforcing relationship between disagreement and hostility, rejection and hostility, and between rejection and sadness in both groups, at the momentary and day level. The mutual reinforcement between hostility and rejection/disagreement was significantly stronger in the BPD group. Moreover, the link between rejection and sadness was present at all three levels of analysis for the BPD group, while it was localized to the momentary level in the depressed group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hepp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; address: C4, 11, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ryan W Carpenter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Inga Niedtfeld
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; address: C4, 11, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Whitney C Brown
- Research Institute on Addiction, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Mancke F, Herpertz SC, Kleindienst N, Bertsch K. Emotion Dysregulation and Trait Anger Sequentially Mediate the Association Between Borderline Personality Disorder and Aggression. J Pers Disord 2017; 31:256-272. [PMID: 27064852 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2016_30_247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation and trait anger are seen as central aspects of aggression in borderline personality disorder (BPD); their interplay in aggression of BPD, however, remains unclear. Using a cross-sectional design, we conducted a mediation analysis in a well-characterized sample of female and male BPD patients (n = 95). We found that emotion dysregulation and trait anger sequentially mediate the association between BPD and aggression. In accordance with major theories of BPD, emotion dysregulation may thus constitute an underlying factor that gives rise to anger and in turn to aggression in BPD. These findings may help to develop mechanism-based anti-aggressive interventions for patients with BPD, which should target emotion dysregulation and anger proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mancke
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine C Herpertz
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kleindienst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Bertsch
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fujisato H, Ito M, Takebayashi Y, Hosogoshi H, Kato N, Nakajima S, Miyamae M, Oe Y, Usami S, Kanie A, Horikoshi M, Berking M. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:145-152. [PMID: 27770644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) comprehensively assesses nine aspects of emotion regulation skills: awareness, clarity, sensation, understanding, compassionate self-support, modification, acceptance, tolerance, and readiness to confront. However, it is unknown about the levels of emotion regulation skills in various mental disorders, and its cross-cultural validity. We developed a Japanese version of the ERSQ, then examined its validity and reliability in clinical and non-clinical populations. METHODS In an Internet-based survey, 2684 participants (406 with MDD, 198 with PD, 116 with SAD, 66 with OCD, 636 with comorbid MDD and ≥1 anxiety disorder, and 99 with comorbid anxiety disorders; 1163 non-clinical sample) answered the ERSQ, diagnostic status, and measures of mindfulness, emotion regulation, behavioral activation, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) replicated the theoretical nine-factor structure of the original ERSQ. Higher-order factor analysis model assuming two second-order factors and nine first-order factors also showed adequate fit to the data, suggesting the factorial validity of the scale. Analyses of multi-group CFA indicated the equivalence of factor loadings across clinical and non-clinical subsamples. The levels of internal consistency and time stability were sufficient. Convergent validity of the scale was also confirmed for most of external criteria. Character on the emotion regulation skills for each diagnostic group was depicted. LIMITATIONS Internet survey of samples with limited disorders, with self-reported diagnoses, may limit generalizability. CONCLUSIONS The Japanese version of the ERSQ showed adequate reliability and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaya Ito
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | | | | | - Noriko Kato
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Miyamae
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan; University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuki Oe
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Kanie
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
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Ibraheim M, Kalpakci A, Sharp C. The specificity of emotion dysregulation in adolescents with borderline personality disorder: comparison with psychiatric and healthy controls. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:1. [PMID: 28078089 PMCID: PMC5223469 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has supported the notion that emotion dysregulation is a core feature of BPD. However, given that this feature is typical of healthy adolescents as well as adolescents with other psychiatric disorders, the specificity of emotion dysregulation to BPD in this age group has not yet been determined. The overall aim of this study was to examine emotion dysregulation in adolescent inpatients with BPD compared with non-BPD inpatient adolescents and healthy non-clinical adolescents, taking into account both global emotion dysregulation deficits and more specific impairments. METHOD The sample included 185 adolescent inpatients with BPD (M = 15.23, SD = 1.52), 367 non-BPD psychiatric inpatient adolescents (M = 15.37, SD = 1.40), and 146 healthy adolescents (M = 15.23, SD = 1.22), all of whom were between the ages of 12 and 17. Borderline personality features were assessed, along with emotion dysregulation and psychiatric severity. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, and psychiatric severity, results revealed that adolescents with BPD had higher overall emotional dysregulation compared with non-BPD psychiatric controls and healthy controls. These differences were apparent in only two domains of emotion dysregulation including limited access to emotion regulation strategies perceived as effective and impulse control difficulties when experiencing negative emotions. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest BPD-specific elevations on emotion dysregulation generally, and subscales related to behavioral regulation specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ibraheim
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Allison Kalpakci
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA
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Winsper C, Hall J, Strauss VY, Wolke D. Aetiological pathways to Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms in early adolescence: childhood dysregulated behaviour, maladaptive parenting and bully victimisation. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:10. [PMID: 28588894 PMCID: PMC5457614 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental theories for the aetiology of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) suggest that both individual features (e.g., childhood dysregulated behaviour) and negative environmental experiences (e.g., maladaptive parenting, peer victimisation) may lead to the development of BPD symptoms during adolescence. Few prospective studies have examined potential aetiological pathways involving these two factors. METHOD We addressed this gap in the literature using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We assessed mother-reported childhood dysregulated behaviour at 4, 7 and 8 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); maladaptive parenting (maternal hitting, punishment, and hostility) at 8 to 9 years; and bully victimisation (child and mother report) at 8, 9 and 10 years. BPD symptoms were assessed at 11 years using the UK Childhood Interview for DSM-IV BPD. Control variables included adolescent depression (assessed with the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire-SMFQ) and psychotic symptoms (assessed with the Psychosis-Like Symptoms Interview-PLIKS) at 11 to 14 years, and mother's exposure to family adversity during pregnancy (assessed with the Family Adversity Scale-FAI). RESULTS In unadjusted logistic regression analyses, childhood dysregulated behaviour and all environmental risk factors (i.e., family adversity, maladaptive parenting, and bully victimisation) were significantly associated with BPD symptoms at 11 years. Within structural equation modelling controlling for all associations simultaneously, family adversity and male sex significantly predicted dysregulated behaviour across childhood, while bully victimisation significantly predicted BPD, depression, and psychotic symptoms. Children displaying dysregulated behaviour across childhood were significantly more likely to experience maladaptive parenting (β = 0.075, p < 0.001) and bully victimisation (β = 0.327, p < 0.001). Further, there was a significant indirect association between childhood dysregulated behaviour and BPD symptoms via an increased risk of bullying (β = 0.097, p < 0.001). While significant indirect associations between dysregulated behaviour, bully victimisation and depression (β = 0.063, p < 0.001) and psychotic (β = 0.074, p < 0.001) outcomes were also observed, the indirect association was significantly stronger for the BPD outcome (BPD - depression = 0.034, p < 0.01; BPD - psychotic symptoms = 0.023, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Childhood dysregulated behaviour is associated with BPD in early adolescence via an increased risk of bully victimisation. This suggests that childhood dysregulation may influence the risk of bully victimisation, which in turn influences the development of BPD. Effective interventions should target dysregulated behaviour early on to reduce exposure to environmental risks and the subsequent development of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Winsper
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Vicky Y Strauss
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent executive functions research to better delineate the nosology of personality disorders. RECENT FINDINGS This review indicates that there are consistent impairments in executive functioning in people with personality disorders as compared with matched controls. Only five disorders were considered: borderline, obsessive-compulsive, antisocial, narcissistic, and schizotypal. Significant deficits are observed in decision-making, working memory, inhibition, and flexibility. Relevant data for the remaining personality disorders have not yet been published in relation to the executive functions. SUMMARY People with personality disorders could present a pattern of neurocognitive alterations that suggest a specific impairment of the prefrontal areas. The executive dysfunctions could partially explain the behavioral alterations in people with personality disorders.Further research should adopt broader considerations of effects of comorbidity and clinical heterogeneity, include community samples and, possibly, longitudinal designs with samples of youth.
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