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Oh HS, Cloninger CR. The role of temperament and character in the anxiety-depression spectrum among Korean adults. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:1-13. [PMID: 38759504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperament and character are useful in risk assessment and therapy of individuals in the anxiety-depression spectrum but understudied in South Korea. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to identify the temperament and character features associated with anxiety and/or depression in individuals with clinical disorders and in the general population. METHODS A representative sample of 1384 Korean adults over 18 years old (58 % female) were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Multivariate analyses, including structural equation modeling and complex systems analysis, evaluated how personality influenced risk and resilience for anxiety and/or depression. RESULTS The three groups with anxiety and/or depression were strongly distinguished by temperament and character: (i) In AD (n = 58), Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence were higher than in DD, and Self-directedness was higher than in AD+DD; (ii) In DD (n = 90), Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness were higher than in AD+DD; and (iii) In AD+DD (n = 101), Harm Avoidance was highest and Persistence and Self-directedness were lowest (i.e., they were lowest in Resilience). Structural equation models confirmed these risk relations with strong character development reducing the adverse effects of emotional hyperreactivity from extreme temperaments. LIMITATIONS Self-reports were measured only at one point in time, requiring collateral experimental data to support causal interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Interactions of temperament and character are strongly predictive of risk and resilience to anxiety and/or depression by regulating both positive and negative affect. Character mediates the adverse effects of extreme temperaments on affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Oh
- Department of Psychology and Childcare, College of Human Services, Hanshin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Costa PJC, Moreira PAS. The Dimensionality of the Moral Foundations: Contributions from the Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale in Four Societies. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:361-371. [PMID: 37594306 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2245895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Moral Foundations Theory proposes that five innate modules offer an intuitive response that drives our moral judgments. Various instruments were developed to measure the five moral foundations, including the MFV and the MFQ-30 which focus on deliberative moral reasoning. This approach is limited because intuitions are more basic and affect-laden. The Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale (MFSS) was designed to elicit responses that more closely resemble these phenomena. However, studies have not converged on a factorial structure for the MFSS, and measurement invariance has never been assessed. Our study sought to evaluate these properties across four adult samples, via Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, and the associations between the MFSS's scales and relevant constructs. We found that a two-factor solution, reflecting the individualizing and binding foundations, had a reasonable fit, and had invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across gender, age groups, and (configural) four international samples. The scales were reliable, had construct validity with the MFQ-30, and criterion-related validity with the binding moderately predicting belief in God/spirit and religious behaviors. The convergence we found regarding the MFSS's factorial structure across groups has important implications for the dimensionality of these constructs, and - ultimately - for the development of Moral Foundations Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J C Costa
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo A S Moreira
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Educativa (CIIE), FPCE, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Moreira PAS, Inman RA, Cloninger CR. Three joint temperament-character configurations account for learning, personality and well-being: normative demographic findings in a representative national population. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193441. [PMID: 37533723 PMCID: PMC10393030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A common practice in research and clinical practice is to use data considered representative of a target population to compare and understand the personality characteristics of specific groups or specific individuals. To this end, numerous studies have presented normative data for the temperament and character traits outlined in Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality. However, recent genomic evidence demonstrates that human personality is organized as a complex hierarchy that ascends beyond the individual traits to multi-trait profiles that regulate emotional reactivity (temperament profiles) or goals and values (character profiles), and then to three phenotypic networks, which integrate temperament profiles and character profiles, that regulate learning. Given this recent understanding, our aim was to provide a novel and more comprehensive description of personality features at a societal level (using a stratified sample representative of the Portuguese population) by considering personality at its higher levels of complexity. Methods Toward this goal, a stratified sample of 2,443 Portuguese adults responded to the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R). Results We summarize the prevalence of (a) temperament profiles, (b) character profiles, and (c) integrated temperament-character networks within the whole sample, as well as for men vs. women and different age groups separately. Independent of age and education, women were more likely to be capable of resourceful productivity and helpful cooperation combined with being more intuitive, meditative and creative than men. Independent of age and gender, individuals with a degree were also more likely to present these biopsychosocial features. We also found that the organized character profile was most typical of adults in their 40s. Finally, the distribution of personality profiles across age differed as a function of gender: for men the oldest individuals had the most coherent personalities while high personality integration was most prevalent for women in their 30s. Discussion These results have strong implications for research and intervention. In particular, these results are relevant for understanding the epidemiology of interactions between personality, mental health and well-being, including their expressions in a national population as a function of demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. S. Moreira
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
| | - Richard A. Inman
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
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Moreira PAS, Inman RA, Cloninger CR. Disentangling the personality pathways to well-being. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3353. [PMID: 36849800 PMCID: PMC9969391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic, psychological, and developmental research shows that human personality is organized as a complex hierarchy that ascends from individual traits in many specific situations to multi-trait profiles in two domains that regulate emotional reactivity (temperament) or goals and values (character), and finally to three integrated temperament-character networks that regulate learning to maintain well-being in changing conditions. We carried out person-centered analyses of the components of subjective well-being (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) to personality in both adolescents (N = 1739) and adults (N = 897). Personality was considered at each level of its organization (trait, temperament or character profiles, and joint temperament-character networks). We show for the first time that negative affect and life satisfaction are dependent on the personality network for intentional self-control, whereas positive affect is dependent on the personality network for self-awareness that underlies the human capacities for healthy longevity, creativity, and prosocial values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A S Moreira
- Instituto de Psicologia E de Ciências da Educação (IPCE), Universidade Lusíada Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação Em Psicologia Para O Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Richard A Inman
- Instituto de Psicologia E de Ciências da Educação (IPCE), Universidade Lusíada Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Em Psicologia Para O Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, USA
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Psychobiological personality traits of children and adolescents with disorders of arousal. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:42-48. [PMID: 36571910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disorders of arousal (DOA) are parasomnias that emerge from incomplete arousal out of Non-Rem Sleep (NREM) and lead to a broad variety of emotional and motor behaviours. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that specific psychopathological traits contribute to the multifactorial origin of these phenomena. The aim of the current multicenter study was to compare the personality profile of children and adolescents with and without DOA using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI). METHODS We enrolled 36 patients with a diagnosis of DOA (mean age of 11 ± 3 years, 64% males), and 36 healthy age and gender matched control subjects (mean age of 11.2 ± 3.6, years, 67% males). Their parents completed the Paris Arousal Disorder Severity Scale (PADSS), the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and the JTCI. RESULTS Patients with DOA reached significantly higher levels compared to their control group in total PADSS (p < 0.0001) and in total SDSC (p < 0.0001). They also displayed higher scores in novelty seeking (p = 0.005), harm avoidance (p = 0.01), self-transcendence (p = 0.006) JTCI subscales, and lower scores on the self-directedness subscale (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Our pediatric sample with DOA exhibited specific psychobiological personality traits compared to age and gender matched subjects without DOA. These results shed light on new possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms, as TCI traits have been linked to specific genetic variants and brain circuits, like the reward system. Prospective studies are required to assess the effect of targeted psychological/psychiatric treatment on DOA symptomatology.
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Lawson KM, Barrett BL, Cerny RJ, Enrici KE, Garcia-Cardenas J, Gonzales CE, Hernandez ID, Iacobacci CP, Lin T, Martinez Urieta NY, Moreno P, Rivera MG, Teichrow DJ, Vizcarra A, Hostinar CE, Robins RW. The Development of Shyness from Late Childhood to Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study of Mexican-origin Youth. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2023; 14:13-25. [PMID: 36644497 PMCID: PMC9838638 DOI: 10.1177/19485506211070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Shyness, the tendency to be inhibited and uncomfortable in novel social situations, is a consequential personality trait, especially during adolescence. The present study examined the development of shyness from late childhood (age 10) through adolescence (age 16) using data from a large, longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth (N = 674). Using both self- and mother-reports of shyness assessed via the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, we found moderate to high rank-order stabilities across two-year intervals and a mean-level decrease in shyness from age 10 to 16. Anxiety and depression were associated with higher initial levels of shyness, and anxiety was associated with greater decreases in shyness from age 10 to 16. Contrary to predictions, neither nativity (country of birth) nor language proficiency (English, Spanish) was associated with the development of shyness across adolescence. Thus, youth generally decline in shyness during adolescence, although there is substantial individual variability in shyness trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan J Cerny
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tiffanie Lin
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
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Yeshua M, Zohar AH, Berger A. Mediating roles of character traits and parenting in the relationship between maternal effortful control and children's conduct problems. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15211. [PMID: 37065687 PMCID: PMC10100806 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parenting practices are crucial to children's development and are important predictors of children's conduct problems. The aim of the current study was to test the mediating role of mothers' character traits on the relationship between their temperamental self-regulation and their parenting practices, and on their children's conduct problems. Method A representative sample of 387 Israeli mothers of kindergarten children was recruited online. They completed questionnaires about their own effortful control (adult temperament questionnaire; ATQ), character traits (temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R), big five inventory (BFI)), and parenting practices (coping with children's negative emotions scale; CCNES), as well as conduct problems of their children (strengths and difficulties questionnaire; SDQ). Structural equation models were fitted, testing for direct and indirect connections, once with character traits drawn from the TCI and once with BFI traits. Results In both analyses, the first model presented a significant direct effect between mothers' effortful control and children's conduct problems. When including mother's parenting and character (based on the TCI or on the BFI) in the model, the direct path became insignificant and significant mediation effects were found; specifically, the indirect path through the parenting practices, as well as the mediated mediation path through the parenting practices and character. Moreover, mediation effects were found between mothers' effortful control and parenting practices through some character traits. The selected models showed a good fit (e.g., NFI = 0.985; CFI = 0.997; RMSEA = 0.038). Discussion Our findings emphasize the importance of the mother's mature personality characteristics, the mother's actual parental practices, and the crucial value of this path for predicting child behavior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Yeshua
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ada H. Zohar
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Graduate Program in Gerontological Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Matsuzaki Y, Ishibashi R, Yasuda M, Tanabe-Ishibashi A, Honda A, Abe T, Sugiura M. Does the eight-factor "power to live" in disaster exist since childhood? Front Public Health 2022; 10:1022939. [PMID: 36579065 PMCID: PMC9791042 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1022939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on the survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami have revealed eight factors, called power to live, which are closely related to resilience and effective coping after intense and prolonged stress. However, whether the eight factors, which were examined in adults, are applicable to children is unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the eight-factor structure of power to live was present since late childhood. Method A 34-item power to live questionnaire was filled by middle- to upper-grade elementary (n = 378) and junior high school students (n = 456). Moreover, because elementary school students may lack introspective ability, their power to live was evaluated through a parental assessment (n = 358). Additionally, we examined the relationship between each power to live factor and questions regarding disaster prevention awareness among 25 elementary school students. Results The results from confirmatory factor analysis for factor structure revealed generally acceptable fit indices. The reports from elementary school students and their parents significantly positively correlated with each power to live factor. Although reliability indices for factors such as stubbornness, etiquette, self-transcendence, and active well-being were not good for elementary school students, the reliability indices for all factors, excluding stubbornness, increased in junior high school students. Moreover, we identified a correlation between problem-solving, altruism, and emotional regulation and questionnaire items regarding awareness of disaster prevention in elementary school students. Conclusion Our results suggest that although factors common to adults, such as leadership, problem-solving, altruism, and emotional regulation, were identified at the elementary school stage, some factors, such as stubbornness, are in the process of being formed. Future studies should examine the developmental changes assumed to underlie these factors and their relationship to experience and neurodevelopmental basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuzaki
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,*Correspondence: Yutaka Matsuzaki
| | - Ryo Ishibashi
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,Smart-Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mari Yasuda
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Akio Honda
- Department of Information Design, Faculty of Informatics, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, Fukuroi, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Abe
- Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,Smart-Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Lawson KM, Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ, Cheng R, Robins RW. Trajectories of temperament from late childhood through adolescence and associations with anxiety and depression in young adulthood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221124318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are pervasive and pernicious mental health problems for young adults. Developmental trajectories of adolescent temperament (Effortful Control, Negative Emotionality, and Positive Emotionality) may help us predict who will experience anxiety/depression during young adulthood. The present study used longitudinal data from a large, community sample of Mexican-origin youth ( N = 674) to examine how temperament develops across adolescence (age 10–16) and whether the developmental trajectories of temperament are associated with anxiety/depression during young adulthood (ages 19 and 21). Results indicate that Effortful Control, Negatively Emotionality, and the Affiliation facet of Positive Emotionality tend to decrease across adolescence, whereas Surgency tends to increase. Smaller decreases in Effortful Control and greater increases in Positive Emotionality across adolescence were associated with fewer anxiety/depression symptoms during young adulthood, whereas smaller decreases in Negative Emotionality were associated with more anxiety/depression symptoms later on. Thus, temperament development serves as both a protective factor (Effortful Control, Positive Emotionality) and a risk factor (Negative Emotionality) for later anxiety/depression in Mexican-origin youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Huang T, Li H, Tan S, Xie S, Cheng Q, Xiang Y, Zhou X. The efficacy and acceptability of exposure therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:259. [PMID: 35413848 PMCID: PMC9006570 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among children and adolescents who have experienced traumatic events. Exposure therapy (ET) has been shown to be effective in treating PTSD in adults. However, its efficacy remains uncertain in children and adolescents. AIMS To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of ET in children and adolescents with PTSD. METHOD We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ProQuest, LILACS, and international trial registries for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessed ET in children and adolescents (aged ≤18 years) with PTSD up to August 31, 2020. The primary outcomes were efficacy (the endpoint score from PTSD symptom severity rating scales) and acceptability (all-cause discontinuation), secondary outcomes included efficacy at follow-up (score from PTSD scales at the longest point of follow-up), depressive symptoms (end-point score on depressive symptom severity rating scales) and quality of life/social functioning (end-point score on quality of life/social functioning rating scales). This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020150859). RESULT A total of 6 RCTs (278 patients) were included. The results showed that ET was statistically more efficacious than control groups (standardized mean differences [SMD]: - 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: - 0.91 to - 0.03). In subgroup analysis, exposure therapy was more efficacious for patients with single type of trauma (SMD: - 1.04, 95%CI: - 1.43 to - 0.65). Patients with an average age of 14 years and older, ET was more effective than the control groups (SMD: - 1.04, 95%CI: - 1.43 to - 0.65), and the intervention using prolonged exposure therapy (PE) (SMD: - 1.04, 95%CI: - 1.43 to - 0.65) was superior than control groups. Results for secondary outcomes of efficacy at follow-up (SMD: - 0.64, 95%CI: - 1.17 to - 0.10) and depressive symptoms (SMD: - 0.58, 95%CI: - 0.93 to - 0.22) were similar to the previous findings for efficacy outcome. No statistically significant effects for acceptability and quality of life/social functioning were found. CONCLUSION ET showed superiority in efficacy at post-treatment/follow-up and depressive symptoms improvement in children and adolescents with PTSD. Patients with single type of trauma may benefit more from ET. And ET is more effective in patients 14 years or older. Moreover, PE could be a better choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Huang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haomiao Li
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyu Tan
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyu Xie
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qisheng Cheng
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajie Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Body-Related Attitudes, Personality, and Identity in Female Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa or Other Mental Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074316. [PMID: 35409997 PMCID: PMC8998874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The psychological integration of body-related attitudes (BodyRA) is a critical developmental task in adolescence. Adolescents must adapt to their changing body image and body satisfaction. For young people, BodyRA (body dissatisfaction, bulimia, and drive for thinness) are connected to insecurities, which can disturb identity integration and personality development. Our goal was to evaluate the importance of BodyRA also for other mental disorders other than anorexia nervosa (AN), and the association between BodyRA with temperament and personality traits and identity diffusion. Data for the period of 2012 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed from a convenience sample of patients in a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital (n = 114). The patients were 13 to 17 years of age and had a BMI of 11.9−36.1 kg/m2. As expected, BodyRA were found to be more pronounced in AN, as well as in borderline personality disorder (BPD), depression (DD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). BodyRA correlated significantly with internalizing problems in patients with DD (r = 0.428−0.565, p < 0.01) and BPD (r = 0.680, p < 0.01) as well as with BMI (r = 0.404, p < 0.01) in patients with DD. Moreover, we detected significant correlations with impaired identity development in patients with DD (r = 0.482−0.565, p < 0.01) and BPD (r = 0.681−0.703, p < 0.01). BodyRA also correlated significantly with the personality traits of harm avoidance (r = 0.377−0.541, p < 0.01) and self-directedness (r = −0.537−−0.635, p < 0.01) in DD. These personality traits and bulimia were used as predictors for identity diffusion in the investigated disorders of this study. We conclude that BodyRA, harm avoidance and self-directedness are associated with identity development in adolescent females with mental disorders.
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Temperament Profiles Associated with Internalizing Symptoms and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescents with ADHD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:109-123. [PMID: 33398690 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated temperament profiles associated with internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior in adolescents with ADHD. Participants were 121 adolescents (90 males) with ADHD, ranging in age from 13 to 18 years (M = 15.40, SD = 1.59). Emotional and behavioral ratings were obtained using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and temperament profiles were assessed by administering the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Multivariate profile analyses and post hoc tests revealed that youth high in internalizing symptoms were significantly higher in harm avoidance and lower in self-directedness. Youth high in externalizing behavior were significantly lower in cooperativeness. No cognitive differences were observed across groups, but youth high in externalizing behavior had more ADHD symptoms and greater impairment in daily life. Findings reveal unique temperament factors associated with comorbid concerns, which may have implications for adapting and personalizing intervention efforts based on these different profiles within adolescents with ADHD.
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Abstract
The genetic basis for the emergence of creativity in modern humans remains a mystery despite sequencing the genomes of chimpanzees and Neanderthals, our closest hominid relatives. Data-driven methods allowed us to uncover networks of genes distinguishing the three major systems of modern human personality and adaptability: emotional reactivity, self-control, and self-awareness. Now we have identified which of these genes are present in chimpanzees and Neanderthals. We replicated our findings in separate analyses of three high-coverage genomes of Neanderthals. We found that Neanderthals had nearly the same genes for emotional reactivity as chimpanzees, and they were intermediate between modern humans and chimpanzees in their numbers of genes for both self-control and self-awareness. 95% of the 267 genes we found only in modern humans were not protein-coding, including many long-non-coding RNAs in the self-awareness network. These genes may have arisen by positive selection for the characteristics of human well-being and behavioral modernity, including creativity, prosocial behavior, and healthy longevity. The genes that cluster in association with those found only in modern humans are over-expressed in brain regions involved in human self-awareness and creativity, including late-myelinating and phylogenetically recent regions of neocortex for autobiographical memory in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions, as well as related components of cortico-thalamo-ponto-cerebellar-cortical and cortico-striato-cortical loops. We conclude that modern humans have more than 200 unique non-protein-coding genes regulating co-expression of many more protein-coding genes in coordinated networks that underlie their capacities for self-awareness, creativity, prosocial behavior, and healthy longevity, which are not found in chimpanzees or Neanderthals.
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Shahini N, Talaei A, Salimi Z, Adinepour Sarab M, Gholamzad S, Teimouri A, Hajebi Khaniki S, Kamkar M. Temperament and character traits in substance use disorder in Iran: a case control study. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:138. [PMID: 34511136 PMCID: PMC8436551 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with Substance use disorder have distinct personality traits, they were high score in novelty seeking (NS) and sensation seeking and lower in Self-directedness and higher in Self-transcendence, so we aim to investigate the relationships of temperament and characteristics with related some variables such as substance of choice.
Design and setting A case–control study enrolling 70 Substance use disorder patients and 70 controls was conducted at Mashhad University of medical sciences. Methods Using a case–control design, a group of 70 Substance use disorder patients and 70 controls was conducted at Mashhad university of medical sciences. All participation completed the 240 questions of Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was employed to compare the relationship between temperament and character traits and patterns of substance use. Results The scores of reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence were significantly lower in the case group compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.05). In contrast, the score of novel seeking was significantly higher in the case group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, harm avoidance was not significantly different between the two studied groups (P = 0.637). Conclusions Higher NS in patients with substance use disorder is common and different traits, and temperaments would choose different substance combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Shahini
- Golestan Research Center of Psychiatry (GRCP), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgān, Iran
| | - Ali Talaei
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zanireh Salimi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moussalreza Adinepour Sarab
- Educational Supervisor of Ibn Sina Hospital and Dr. Hejazi, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shakiba Gholamzad
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Teimouri
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Hajebi Khaniki
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadzaman Kamkar
- Golestan Research Center of Psychiatry (GRCP), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgān, Iran
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15
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Zwir I, Del-Val C, Arnedo J, Pulkki-Råback L, Konte B, Yang SS, Romero-Zaliz R, Hintsanen M, Cloninger KM, Garcia D, Svrakic DM, Lester N, Rozsa S, Mesa A, Lyytikäinen LP, Giegling I, Kähönen M, Martinez M, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, de Erausquin GA, Mamah D, Raitakari O, Rujescu D, Postolache TT, Gu CC, Sung J, Lehtimäki T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Cloninger CR. Three genetic-environmental networks for human personality. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3858-3875. [PMID: 31748689 PMCID: PMC8550959 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic, developmental, and brain-imaging studies suggest that human personality is the integrated expression of three major systems of learning and memory that regulate (1) associative conditioning, (2) intentionality, and (3) self-awareness. We have uncovered largely disjoint sets of genes regulating these dissociable learning processes in different clusters of people with (1) unregulated temperament profiles (i.e., associatively conditioned habits and emotional reactivity), (2) organized character profiles (i.e., intentional self-control of emotional conflicts and goals), and (3) creative character profiles (i.e., self-aware appraisal of values and theories), respectively. However, little is known about how these temperament and character components of personality are jointly organized and develop in an integrated manner. In three large independent genome-wide association studies from Finland, Germany, and Korea, we used a data-driven machine learning method to uncover joint phenotypic networks of temperament and character and also the genetic networks with which they are associated. We found three clusters of similar numbers of people with distinct combinations of temperament and character profiles. Their associated genetic and environmental networks were largely disjoint, and differentially related to distinct forms of learning and memory. Of the 972 genes that mapped to the three phenotypic networks, 72% were unique to a single network. The findings in the Finnish discovery sample were blindly and independently replicated in samples of Germans and Koreans. We conclude that temperament and character are integrated within three disjoint networks that regulate healthy longevity and dissociable systems of learning and memory by nearly disjoint sets of genetic and environmental influences.
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Grants
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology TIN2012-38805 and DPI2015-69585-R
- The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (Skidi), and 308676; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association: and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS).
- American Federation for Suicide Prevention
- Healthy Twin Family Register of Korea
- Anthropedia Foundation
- The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284, 322098, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (Skidi), and 308676; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association: and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS); and Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation.
- American Society for Suicide Prevention
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Coral Del-Val
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Arnedo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah S Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Danilo Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blekinge Centre of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nigel Lester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Mesa
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- University Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maribel Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gabriel A de Erausquin
- The Glenn Biggs Institute of Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Heath San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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16
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Paganini C, Peterson G, Andrews K. The Mediating Role of Temperamental Traits on the Relationship between Age of Puberty and Eating Disorders: A Mediating Analysis through Structural Equation Modelling of Australian Eating Disorder Outpatients. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2021; 182:391-405. [PMID: 34151736 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1940822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study had the aim to assess whether temperamental traits mediate the relationship between time of puberty and eating disorder (ED) severity using a sample of 292 outpatients with EDs [68 with Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive Type (AN-R), 101 with Anorexia Nervosa Binge Purging Type (AN-BP), 72 with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 51 with Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED)]. Age of puberty, the severity of EDs, and temperamental traits were assessed through Demographic and Medical History Form, Eating Disorder Examination 17.0d (EDE-17.0d) and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), with a focus on the temperament scales: novelty seeking (TCI-NS), harm avoidance (TCI-HA), reward dependence (TCI-RD) and persistence (TCI-P). One-way ANOVA, correlation, and mediating analyses through structural equation modeling were performed to test the relationship between variables under investigation and assess if the four temperamental traits act as mediators in the relationship between time of puberty and ED severity. The results show a full mediating effect of the temperamental sub-scales on the relationship between puberty and EDE-17. In particular, TCI-R HA showed a complementary mediation on the relationship between age of puberty and EDE-17.0d, meaning that age of puberty increases the level of TCI-R HA, which in turn increases the severity of ED, confirming that this temperamental trait plays an important role in the development of ED after puberty. To conclude, temperamental traits seem to play a full mediating role in the relationship between puberty and ED severity, but more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia.,Australian College of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
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17
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Nieuwenhuis J, Kleinepier T, van Ham M. The Role of Exposure to Neighborhood and School Poverty in Understanding Educational Attainment. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:872-892. [PMID: 33829400 PMCID: PMC8043918 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Because the demographic composition of neighborhoods and schools overlaps, their effects on educational attainment are not independent of each other. Throughout the early teenage years, the timing and duration of exposure to neighborhood and school contexts can vary, advocating for a longitudinal approach when studying schooling outcomes. This study uses Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data (N = 4502; 49% female) to examine how exposure to poverty between ages 10–16 predicts educational attainment. The results indicate that enduring exposure to neighborhood poverty relates to educational attainment, while timing does not. For school poverty, longer exposure is related to lower attainment, but earlier exposure has a stronger impact than later exposure. Adolescents who were exposed to poverty in both contexts for the full observation period had the lowest educational attainment. The findings highlight the importance of understanding when and how long adolescents are exposed to contextual poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | - Maarten van Ham
- Delft University of Technology & University of St. Andrews, Julianalaan 134, Delft, the Netherlands
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18
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Blanken TF, Courbet O, Franc N, Albajara Sáenz A, Van Someren EJW, Peigneux P, Villemonteix T. Is an irritable ADHD profile traceable using personality dimensions? Replicability, stability, and predictive value over time of data-driven profiles. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:633-645. [PMID: 32399809 PMCID: PMC8041702 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous condition. In particular, children with ADHD display varying profiles of dispositional traits, as assessed through temperament and personality questionnaires. Previous data-driven community detection analyses based on temperament dimensions identified an irritable profile of patients with ADHD, uniquely characterized by elevated emotional dysregulation symptoms. Belonging to this profile increased the risk of developing comorbid disorders. Here, we investigated whether we could replicate this profile in a sample of 178 children with ADHD, using community detection based on personality dimensions. Stability of the identified profiles, of individual classifications, and clinical prediction were longitudinally assessed over a 1-year interval. Three personality profiles were detected: The first two profiles had high levels of neuroticism, with the first displaying higher ADHD severity and lower openness to experience (profile 1; N = 38), and the second lower agreeableness (profile 2; N = 73). The third profile displayed scores closer to the normative range on all five factors (profile 3; N = 67). The identified profiles did only partially replicate the temperament-based profiles previously reported, as higher levels of neuroticism were found in two of the three detected profiles. Nonetheless, despite changes in individual classifications, the profiles themselves were highly stable over time and of clinical predictive value. Whereas children belonging to profiles 1 and 2 benefited from starting medication, children in profile 3 did not. Hence, belonging to an emotionally dysregulated profile at baseline predicted the effect of medication at follow-up over and above initial ADHD symptom severity. This finding suggests that personality profiles could play a role in predicting treatment response in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa F Blanken
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ophélie Courbet
- Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Lab, Paris 8 University, Rue de la Liberté 2, 93526, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Nathalie Franc
- Médecine Psychologique de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent (MPEA1), MPEA Secteur 1, Hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 80 avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Ariadna Albajara Sáenz
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UN-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UN-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Villemonteix
- Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Lab, Paris 8 University, Rue de la Liberté 2, 93526, Saint-Denis, France
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19
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Xiao Q, Wu Z, Jiao Q, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Lu G. Children with euthymic bipolar disorder during an emotional go/nogo task: Insights into the neural circuits of cognitive-emotional regulation. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:669-676. [PMID: 33445090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), manifested by alternating episodes of depression and mania, is more likely to relapse than adult BD and develop into chronic BD. Although it can be asymptomatic during the remission of PBD, subtle changes in the brain neural response can still exist. Abnormal activities in the neural circuits of cognitive-emotional regulation have been found in adult BD patients using fMRI. However, few fMRI studies focus on emotional regulation on cognitive function in euthymic PBD, especially during an emotional go/nogo task. Therefore, this study aims to compare differences in the activities of both emotional and cognitive circuits between euthymic BD children and healthy controls. METHODS 18 euthymic PBD and 17 healthy subjects from 12 to 17 years of age were enrolled in our study. Simultaneous neural activity was recorded during the overall task and the effect of emotional factors on task performances was assessed. RESULTS There were no significant differences in behavioral performances between the PBD group and the control group. During a task with emotional versus neutral distractors, euthymic PBD patients showed increased activities in the DLPFC, inferior parietal lobule, superior/middle frontal gyrus, superior/middle temporal gyrus, insula, posterior cingulate gyrus and posterior cerebellum lobe relative to healthy controls. The insula and DLPFC activities in response to emotional versus neutral distractors were positively associated with the differences in false response errors. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the enhanced neural activities in euthymic PBD during a task with emotional versus control distractors. These brain regions supporting the cognitive and emotional dysregulation of PBD mainly coincide with the salience and executive control networks. As neural responses are more sensitive than behavioral manifestations in euthymic PBD, our findings will inspire more clinical studies to unveil the characteristic neuromechanism of PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Mental Health Centre of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Medical Department, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
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20
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Moreira PAS, Inman RA, Cloninger CR. Reactance and personality: assessing psychological reactance using a biopsychosocial and person-centered approach. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Moreira P, Pedras S, Pombo P. Students' Personality Contributes More to Academic Performance than Well-Being and Learning Approach-Implications for Sustainable Development and Education. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:1132-1149. [PMID: 34542440 PMCID: PMC8314314 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to describe the predictive role of personality dimensions, learning approaches, and well-being in the academic performance of students. In total, 602 students participated in this cross-sectional study and completed a set of questionnaires assessing personality, learning approach, and well-being. Two indexes were calculated to assess affective and non-affective well-being. The results partially support the hypotheses formulated. Results revealed that personality temperament and character dimensions, deep learning approach, and affective well-being were significant predictors of academic performance. A deep approach to learning was a full and partial mediator of the relationship between personality and academic performance. The results improve the understanding of the differential contribution of personality, type of learning approach, and type of well-being to academic performance. Comprehending that personality is the strongest predictor of academic performance, after controlling the type of learning approach and the type of well-being, informs school policies and decision-makers that it is essential to encourage personality development in adolescents to improve academic performance. These results also have implications for educational policies and practices at various levels, including an emphasis on the role of well-being as an educational asset. Understanding the links between personality, well-being, and education is essential to conceptualize education as a vital societal resource for facing current and future challenges, such as sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Moreira
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação [Institute of Psychology and Education], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD) [The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Susana Pedras
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD) [The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paula Pombo
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação [Institute of Psychology and Education], Universidade Lusíada-Norte, 4369-006 Porto, Portugal;
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22
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Bidirectional pathways between psychosocial risk factors and paranoid ideation in a general nonclinical population. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:421-430. [PMID: 33084551 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated (a) whether psychosocial factors (experienced stress, anticipatory worry, social detachment, sleeping disturbances, alcohol use) predict the course of paranoid ideation between the ages of 24 to 50 years and (b) whether the predictive relationships are more likely to proceed from the psychosocial factors to paranoid ideation, or vice versa. The participants (N = 1534-1553) came from the population-based Young Finns study. Paranoid ideation and psychosocial factors were assessed by reliable self-report questionnaires in 2001, 2007, and 2011/2012. The data were analyzed using growth curve and structural equation models. High experienced stress, anticipatory worry, social detachment, frequent sleeping disturbances, and frequent alcohol use predicted more paranoid ideation. More risk factors predicted increasing paranoid ideation. There were bidirectional predictive relationships of paranoid ideation with experienced stress, anticipatory worry, social detachment, and sleeping disturbances. The link between alcohol use and paranoid ideation was only correlative. In conclusion, paranoid ideation increases by reciprocal interactions with stress, worry, social detachment, and sleeping disturbances. The findings support the threat-anticipation model of paranoid ideation, providing important implications for treatment of paranoia.
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23
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Cloninger CR, Cloninger KM, Zwir I, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. The complex genetics and biology of human temperament: a review of traditional concepts in relation to new molecular findings. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:290. [PMID: 31712636 PMCID: PMC6848211 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term learning and memory. The results were replicated in three independent samples despite variable cultures and environments. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by behavioral conditioning in animals, including the two major molecular pathways for response to extracellular stimuli, the Ras-MEK-ERK and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR cascades. These pathways are activated by a wide variety of physiological and psychosocial stimuli that vary in positive and negative valence and in consequences for health and survival. Changes in these pathways are orchestrated to maintain cellular homeostasis despite changing conditions by modulating temperament and its circadian and seasonal rhythms. In this review we first consider traditional concepts of temperament in relation to the new genetic findings by examining the partial overlap of alternative measures of temperament. Then we propose a definition of temperament as the disposition of a person to learn how to behave, react emotionally, and form attachments automatically by associative conditioning. This definition provides necessary and sufficient criteria to distinguish temperament from other aspects of personality that become integrated with it across the life span. We describe the effects of specific stimuli on the molecular processes underlying temperament from functional, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. Our new knowledge can improve communication among investigators, increase the power and efficacy of clinical trials, and improve the effectiveness of treatment of personality and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Zohar AH, Shimone LP, Hen M. Active and passive procrastination in terms of temperament and character. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6988. [PMID: 31179184 PMCID: PMC6545097 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While passive procrastination is usually associated with distress and dysfunction active procrastination may be an effective coping style. To test this possibility, we examined passive and active procrastination in terms of temperament, character, and emotional intelligence (EI), as well as by a short-term longitudinal study. Methods Adult community volunteers (N = 126) self-reported twice in an online short-term longitudinal study. At baseline on active and passive procrastination, as well as on the temperament and character inventory of personality (TCI-140) and EI. At first testing, they were asked to freely describe three personal goals and to make action plans to achieve each within the next two weeks. Two weeks later they reported on progress on their personal goals (PPG). Results PPG correlated positively with active procrastination and negatively with passive procrastination. Dividing the participants into median splits on active and passive procrastination resulted in four groups: Active, Passive, Active-Passive, and Non-Procrastinators. Analysis of variance showed that active procrastinators had an advantage in temperament and character traits as well as EI. Active procrastinators were also higher than the other groups on personality profiles i.e. combinations of traits; dependable temperament and well-developed character. Conclusions Active procrastination can be an adaptive and productive coping style. It is associated with dependable temperament, well-developed character, and high emotional intelligence and predicts meeting personal goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada H Zohar
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, , Emek Hefer, Israel.,Lior Zfaty Center for the Prevention of Suicide and Mental Pain, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Lior Pesah Shimone
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, , Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Meirav Hen
- Psychology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Gallillee, Israel
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Inman RA, Sousa AM, Cunha D, Moreira P. Therapeutic reactance in adolescents: the psychometrics of the Therapeutic Reactance Scale in adolescents. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2019; 7:1-9. [PMID: 33520764 PMCID: PMC7709934 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2019-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS) is a classic measure of psychological reactance, yet only two studies have evaluated its factorial structure. Both proposed different multidimensional structures based on exploratory analyses. Not only is the factorial structure of the TRS unclear, but the scale has yet to be validated in adolescents. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the factorial structure of the TRS in adolescents. METHODS The authors conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and analyses of reliability and validity, with a sample of 1,344 adolescents. RESULTS A four-factor model fits well to the data. Three of the four TRS dimensions (not susceptibility to influence, SI) were correlated with the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale (HPRS). These three dimensions were also correlated with novelty seeking, cooperativeness and persistence components of personality (Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality), while SI showed a different pattern. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study demonstrates that the TRS is a suitable and potentially useful tool for measuring reactance in adolescents, but the authors propose that practitioners may wish to consider excluding items pertaining to the SI dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Inman
- Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Lusíada-Norte (Porto), Psychology for Positive Development Research Center (CIPD), Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Sousa
- Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Lusíada-Norte (Porto), Psychology for Positive Development Research Center (CIPD), Portugal
| | - Diana Cunha
- Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Lusíada-Norte (Porto), Psychology for Positive Development Research Center (CIPD), Portugal
| | - Paulo Moreira
- Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Lusíada-Norte (Porto), Psychology for Positive Development Research Center (CIPD), Portugal
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Lee SJ, Park SH, Cloninger CR, Chae H. Behavior problems and personality in Korean high school students. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6106. [PMID: 30581682 PMCID: PMC6292374 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extant studies have examined the effect of psychological characteristics on clinical features that define behavior problems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of temperament and character as both individual factors and complex profiles on behavior problems in a community sample of adolescents. Methods Behavior problems and personality of 670 Korean high school students were measured with the Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Junior version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI). Stepwise regression analysis analyzed the effects of JTCI character and temperament traits on YSR Total, Internalizing and Externalizing subscale scores, and Profile Analysis examined differences of JTCI personality profiles among three latent YSR subscale profiles acquired from Latent Profile Analysis. Results Seven subscales of the JTCI explained 38% of the YSR total degree of behavior problems, and JTCI Novelty-Seeking and Harm-Avoidance were found to account for vulnerability while JTCI Reward-Dependence and Self-Directedness explained resilience to behavior problems. There were three distinct latent YSR profile groups based on nine YSR subscales, and low behavior problem group showed a resilient personality profile characterized by low Novelty-Seeking and Harm-Avoidance and high Reward-Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness while high behavior problem group exhibited a vulnerable personality profile of the opposite tendency. Discussion Temperament and character explained behavior problems of Korean high school students as both individual personality traits and a complex personality profile. The results and implications of this study were examined in regard to mental health of adolescents, and the importance of education in the development of mature personality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Psychology, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Han Chae
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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