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Kritzer MF, Adler A, Locklear M. Androgen effects on mesoprefrontal dopamine systems in the adult male brain. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00306-3. [PMID: 38977069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological data show that males are more often and/or more severely affected by symptoms of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and other disorders in which dopamine circuits associated with the prefrontal cortex are dysregulated. This review focuses on research showing that these dopamine circuits are powerfully regulated by androgens. It begins with a brief overview of the sex differences that distinguish prefrontal function in health and prefrontal dysfunction or decline in aging and/or neuropsychiatric disease. This review article then spotlights data from human subjects and animal models that specifically identify androgens as potent modulators of prefrontal cortical operations and of closely related, functionally critical measures of prefrontal dopamine level or tone. Candidate mechanisms by which androgens dynamically control mesoprefrontal dopamine systems and impact prefrontal states of hypo- and hyper-dopaminergia in aging and disease are then considered. This is followed by discussion of a working model that identifies a key locus for androgen modulation of mesoprefrontal dopamine systems as residing within the prefrontal cortex itself. The last sections of this review critically consider the ways in which the organization and regulation of mesoprefrontal dopamine circuits differ in the adult male and female brain, and highlights gaps where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Kritzer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States.
| | - Alexander Adler
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
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Pichlmeier S, Streb J, Rösel FA, Dobler H, Dudeck M, Fritz M. Subjective and objective assessments of executive functions are independently predictive of aggressive tendencies in patients with substance use disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 132:152475. [PMID: 38531178 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Impairments in executive functions have been found to influence violent behavior. Executive functions are crucial in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders because substance use generally impairs cognitive processes and is therefore detrimental for executive functions thereby reducing control of behavior and thus of consumption impulses. We studied correlations between subjective, i.e. self-report, and objective, i.e. behavior-based, assessment of executive functions and the predictive validity of these measures for aggression in patients with substance use disorder. METHODS The study included 64 patients with a diagnosed substance use disorder who were convicted according to the German Criminal Code for crimes they committed in the context of their disorder and were therefore in treatment in forensic psychiatric departments in Germany. Multiple self-report and behavior-based instruments were used to assess executive functions, appetitive and facilitative aggression as well as clinical and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Participants showed impaired executive functions, and measures of executive functions predicted aggressive tendencies and violent offenses. Despite ecological validity of the findings, the subjective and objective assessments of executive functions did not correlate with each other, which corroborates studies in other clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS We discuss that this finding may be due to the conceptual differences between subjective and objective measures. Therefore, self-report and behavior-based measures should not be used as proxies of each other but as complementary measures that are useful for comprehensive diagnostics of cognitive impairments and assessment of risks for violent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pichlmeier
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Judith Streb
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Anna Rösel
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hannah Dobler
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuela Dudeck
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fritz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; School of Health and Social Sciences, AKAD University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany
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Heikkinen AL, Tikkanen V, Hänninen T, Hublin C, Koivisto AM, Saari TT, Remes AM, Paajanen TI, Krüger J. Utility of the INECO Frontal Screening and the Frontal Assessment Battery in detecting executive dysfunction in early-onset cognitive impairment and dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2024; 30:339-349. [PMID: 37800312 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) are executive dysfunction (ED) screening tools that can distinguish patients with neurodegenerative disorders from healthy controls and, to some extent, between dementia subtypes. This paper aims to examine the suitability of these tests in assessing early-onset cognitive impairment and dementia patients. METHOD In a memory clinic patient cohort (age mean = 57.4 years) with symptom onset at ≤65 years, we analyzed the IFS and the FAB results of four groups: early-onset dementia (EOD, n = 49), mild cognitive impairment due to neurological causes (MCI-n, n = 34), MCI due to other causes such as depression (MCI-o, n = 99) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 14). Data were gathered at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. We also studied the tests' accuracy in distinguishing EOD from SCD patients and ED patients from those with intact executive functioning. Correlations with neuropsychological measures were also studied. RESULTS The EOD group had significantly (p < .05) lower IFS and FAB total scores than the MCI-o and SCD groups. Compared with the FAB, the IFS showed more statistically significant (p < .05) differences between diagnostic groups, greater accuracy (IFS AUC = .80, FAB AUC = .75, p = .036) in detecting ED and marginally stronger correlations with neuropsychological measures. We found no statistically significant differences in the EOD group scores from baseline up to 6- or 12-months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS While both tests can detect EOD among memory clinic patients, the IFS may be more reliable in detecting ED than the FAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leena Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Work Ability and Working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Tikkanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Hänninen
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christer Hublin
- Work Ability and Working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toni T Saari
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu I Paajanen
- Work Ability and Working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Crum J, Ronca F, Herbert G, Carmona E, Jones I, Hakim U, Hamer M, Hirsch J, Hamilton A, Tachtsidis I, Burgess PW. Body fat predictive of acute effects of exercise on prefrontal hemodynamics and speed. Neuropsychologia 2024; 196:108805. [PMID: 38340963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- James Crum
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 1777 Exposition Dr, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Flaminia Ronca
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - George Herbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Estela Carmona
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isla Jones
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Uzair Hakim
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Hamer
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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Tikkanen V, Krüger J, Heikkinen AL, Hänninen T, Hublin C, Koivisto AM, Virkkala J, Saari TT, Remes AM, Paajanen TI. A Novel Computerized Flexible Attention Test in Detecting Executive Dysfunction of Patients with Early-Onset Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024:acae026. [PMID: 38581151 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of computer-based cognitive tests has increased in recent years, but there is a need for tests focusing on the assessment of executive function (EF), as it can be crucial for the identification of early-onset neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to examine the ability of the Flexible Attention Test (FAT), a new computer-based test battery for detecting executive dysfunction of early-onset cognitive impairment and dementia patients. METHOD We analyzed the FAT subtask results in memory clinic patients with cognitive symptom onset at ≤65 years. The patients were divided into four groups: early onset dementia (EOD, n = 48), mild cognitive impairment due to neurological causes (MCI-n, n = 34), MCI due to other causes (MCI-o, n = 99), and subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n = 14). The test accuracy to distinguish EOD patients from other groups was examined, as well as correlations with pen-and-paper EF tests. We also reported the 12-months follow-up results. RESULTS The EOD and MCI-n patients performed significantly poorer (p ≤ .002) than those in the MCI-o and SCD groups in most of the FAT subtasks. The accuracies of the FAT subtasks to detect EOD from other causes were mainly moderate (0.34 ≤ area under the curve < 0.74). The FAT subtasks correlated logically with corresponding pen-and-paper EF tests (.15 ≤ r ≤ .75). No systematic learning effects were detected in the FAT performance at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The FAT appears to be a promising method for the precise evaluation of EF and applicable distinguishing early-onset neurodegenerative disorders from patients with other causes of cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Tikkanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Leena Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Work Ability and Working Careers Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Hänninen
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christer Hublin
- Work Ability and Working Careers Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Virkkala
- Work Ability and Working Careers Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Neurophysiology and Clinical Neurosciences, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toni T Saari
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu I Paajanen
- Work Ability and Working Careers Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Liu S, Shi C, Meng H, Meng Y, Gong X, Chen X, Tao L. Cognitive control subprocess deficits and compensatory modulation mechanisms in patients with frontal lobe injury revealed by EEG markers: a basic study to guide brain stimulation. Gen Psychiatr 2023; 36:e101144. [PMID: 37720910 PMCID: PMC10503333 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Frontal lobe injury (FLI) is related to cognitive control impairments, but the influences of FLI on the internal subprocesses of cognitive control remain unclear. Aims We sought to identify specific biomarkers for long-term dysfunction or compensatory modulation in different cognitive control subprocesses. Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Event-related potentials (ERP), oscillations and functional connectivity were used to analyse electroencephalography (EEG) data from 12 patients with unilateral frontal lobe injury (UFLI), 12 patients with bilateral frontal lobe injury (BFLI) and 26 healthy controls (HCs) during a Go/NoGo task, which included several subprocesses: perceptual processing, anticipatory preparation, conflict monitoring and response decision. Results Compared with the HC group, N2 (the second negative peak in the averaged ERP waveform) latency, and frontal and parietal oscillations were decreased only in the BFLI group, whereas P3 (the third positive peak in the averaged ERP waveform) amplitudes and sensorimotor oscillations were decreased in both patient groups. The functional connectivity of the four subprocesses was as follows: alpha connections of posterior networks in the BFLI group were lower than in the HC and UFLI groups, and these alpha connections were negatively correlated with neuropsychological tests. Theta connections of the dorsal frontoparietal network in the bilateral hemispheres of the BFLI group were lower than in the HC and UFLI groups, and these connections in the uninjured hemisphere of the UFLI group were higher than in the HC group, which were negatively correlated with behavioural performances. Delta and theta connections of the midfrontal-related networks in the BFLI group were lower than in the HC group. Theta across-network connections in the HC group were higher than in the BFLI group but lower than in the UFLI group. Conclusions The enhancement of low-frequency connections reflects compensatory mechanisms. In contrast, alpha connections are the opposite, therefore revealing more abnormal neural activity and less compensatory connectivity as the severity of injury increases. The nodes of the above networks may serve as stimulating targets for early treatment to restore corresponding functions. EEG biomarkers can measure neuromodulation effects in heterogeneous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chaoqun Shi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Science, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Meng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Reid BM, Georgieff MK. The Interaction between Psychological Stress and Iron Status on Early-Life Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Nutrients 2023; 15:3798. [PMID: 37686831 PMCID: PMC10490173 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating the possible connection and significant impact of poor iron status and psychological distress on neurocognitive development during pregnancy and the neonatal period, with implications for long-term cognition. Stress and iron deficiency are independently prevalent and thus are frequently comorbid. While iron deficiency and early-life stress independently contribute to long-term neurodevelopmental alterations, their combined effects remain underexplored. Psychological stress responses may engage similar pathways as infectious stress, which alters fundamental iron metabolism processes and cause functional tissue-level iron deficiency. Psychological stress, analogous to but to a lesser degree than infectious stress, activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and increases proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic or severe stress is associated with dysregulated HPA axis functioning and a proinflammatory state. This dysregulation may disrupt iron absorption and utilization, likely mediated by the IL-6 activation of hepcidin, a molecule that impedes iron absorption and redistributes total body iron. This narrative review highlights suggestive studies investigating the relationship between psychological stress and iron status and outlines hypothesized mechanistic pathways connecting psychological stress exposure and iron metabolism. We examine findings regarding the overlapping impacts of early stress exposure to iron deficiency and children's neurocognitive development. We propose that studying the influence of psychological stress on iron metabolism is crucial for comprehending neurocognitive development in children exposed to prenatal and early postnatal stressors and for children at risk of early iron insufficiency. We recommend future directions for dual-exposure studies exploring iron as a potential mediating pathway between early stress and offspring neurodevelopment, offering opportunities for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie M. Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Resnik Robida K, Politakis VA, Oblak A, Ozimič AS, Burger H, Pirtošek Z, Bon J. Detecting Subtle Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Normal Cognition: A Novel Cognitive Control Challenge Task (C3T). Brain Sci 2023; 13:961. [PMID: 37371439 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often show early deficits in cognitive control, with primary difficulties in flexibility and relatively intact stable representations. The aim of our study was to assess executive function using an ecologically valid approach that combines measures of stability and flexibility. Fourteen patients without cognitive deficits and sixteen comparable control subjects completed a standardized neuropsychological test battery and a newly developed cognitive control challenge task (C3T). We found that the accuracy of C3T performance decreased with age in healthy participants and remained impaired in PD patients regardless of age. In addition, PD patients showed significantly lower overall performance for cognitive control tasks than healthy controls, even when they scored in the normal range on standardized neuropsychological tests. PD Patients responded significantly faster than healthy control subjects regarding flexible cognitive control tasks due to their impulsivity. Correlations showed that the C3T task targets multiple cognitive systems, including working memory, inhibition, and task switching, providing a reliable measure of complex cognitive control. C3T could be a valuable tool for characterizing cognitive deficits associated with PD and appears to be a more sensitive measure than standardized neuropsychological tests. A different assessment approach could potentially detect early signs of the disease and identify opportunities for early intervention with neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmen Resnik Robida
- University Rehabilitation Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vida Ana Politakis
- University Rehabilitation Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Oblak
- University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, SI-1260 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Burger
- University Rehabilitation Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zvezdan Pirtošek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- MRD Center for Active and Healthy Ageing, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Bon
- University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana, SI-1260 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Salazar-Frías D, Funes MJ, Merchán-Baeza JA, Ricchetti G, Torralba-Muñoz JM, Rodríguez-Bailón M. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the 10-item Weekly Calendar Planning Activity in Spanish-speaking ABI patients: a multicenter study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1018055. [PMID: 37384192 PMCID: PMC10293833 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1018055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the process of translation, adaptation, and validation in the Spanish context of the 10-item version of the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA-10), a performance-based measure of cognitive instrumental activities of daily living (C-IADL). The study consisted of two phases: I) translation/cultural adaptation of the WCPA, conducted by professional bilingual translators, a panel of experts, and a pilot study, and II) validation in a sample of 42 acquired brain injury patients (ABI) and 42 healthy participants (HC). WCPA primary outcomes showed expected convergent/discriminant validity patterns with socio-demographical and clinical variables and cognitive processes identifying those WCPA outcomes that best predicted executive and memory deficits measured with a battery of traditional neuropsychological tests. In addition, performance on the WCPA was a significant predictor of everyday functioning over variables such as socio-demographics or global cognition when measured with traditional tests. External validity was established by the WCPA's ability to identify everyday cognitive deficits in ABI patients compared to HC, even in those with subtle cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological tests. The Spanish WCPA-10 seems an appropriate and sensitive assessment tool to identify cognitive-functional impairment in ABI-patients, even those with subtle cognitive impairment. The results also highlight the relevance of this kind of test, as they indicate a better prediction of patients' real-world functioning than traditional neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salazar-Frías
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), Experimental Psychology Department, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Jesús Funes
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), Experimental Psychology Department, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Merchán-Baeza
- Research Group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVIC-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giorgia Ricchetti
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), Experimental Psychology Department, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Torralba-Muñoz
- Asociación Granadina de Familias por la Rehabilitación del Daño Cerebral Adquirido, AGREDACE, Granada, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Bailón
- Department of Physiotherapy (Occupational Therapy), Health Science School, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Rojas-Líbano D, Zúñiga J, Corrales V, Pino P, Infante M, Turnbull OH, Bowman C, Salas C. The Bangor Gambling Task: Computerized replication and reappraisal of an emotion-based decision task. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36639359 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Emotion-based decision making (EBDM) is the capacity to make decisions based on prior emotional consequences of actions. Several neuropsychological tasks, using different gambling paradigms and with different levels of complexity, have been designed to assess EBDM. The Bangor Gambling Task (BGT) was created as a brief and simple card gambling-task to assess EBDM. BGT contains a single-card deck and requires participants to decide whether to gamble or not, which can result in wins or losses. Unknown to the participant, the winning probabilities decrease throughout the task (from 0.75 in the first block to 0.25 in the fifth block), requiring participants to reduce their gambling probability to avoid long-term losses. A few studies have offered evidence regarding the BGT convergent validity. However, there are no computerized versions of BGT available, thus slowing the process of gathering information to explore the EBDM mechanisms behind the task, its validity, and clinical usefulness. In this article, we present a computerized version of the BGT using the Matlab environment and make all our code available. We explore BGT's replicability and analyze its probabilistic structure, providing trial-level and block-level analyses. Eighty-one participants performed the computerized version, which followed the same structure as the original version. It took participants 8.5 ± 3.3 minutes to complete the task, which is faster than the paper version. Replicating previous studies, participants diminished their gambling probability throughout the task, learning to inhibit the initially rewarded gambling behavior. This change in gambling probability could be considered a proxy for EBDM. Our analyses suggest that the last blocks are especially sensitive to capturing deficits in EBDM, and we propose some modifications to BGT's original version to enhance the initial exploratory and learning phase. Our results show that the BGT constitutes a quick and simple task to evaluate EBDM capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Líbano
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Zúñiga
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Magister en Neurociencia Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vanessa Corrales
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Pino
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Infante
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver H Turnbull
- Unidad de Neuropsicología Clínica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroline Bowman
- Unidad de Neuropsicología Clínica, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Salas
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK
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11
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Skidmore ER, Eskes G, Brodtmann A. Executive Function Poststroke: Concepts, Recovery, and Interventions. Stroke 2023; 54:20-29. [PMID: 36542071 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Executive function is frequently impaired among people who have sustained stroke. This review provides an overview of definitions, concepts, and measures. The review also summarizes current best evidence examining executive function impairment and recovery trajectories after stroke, correlates of change over time, and emerging intervention research. Finally, this review provides recommendations for research and clinical practices, as well as priorities for future executive function research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Skidmore
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA (E.R.S.)
| | - Gail Eskes
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada (G.E.)
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- Cognitive Health Initiative, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (A.B.)
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12
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Ghawami H, Okhovvat A, Homaei Shoaa J, Sorkhavandi M, Yamola M, Moazenzadeh M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Can executive functions of the brain predict official driving test success? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-7. [PMID: 36369857 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2145479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human factors, including the level of cognitive functioning, are the most influential factors in road traffic crashes. Among cognitive abilities, executive functions (EFs) of the brain play a pivotal role in driving performance and outcomes, including crash numbers. The current study was aimed to explore, for the first time, the ability of EF tests to predict success on the official driving tests in applicants of driving license in Iran. We administered a relevant set of commonly used EF tests, including a computerized Stroop test and six tests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS), to 87 healthy new drivers applying for a driver's license (Mage = 25.9 years, SD = 8.2; 43 female). We also administered a series of demographic and psychological questionnaires. The data regarding the participants' official driving tests were extracted from the official records. To determine the relations of the EF tests with success on the driving tests, several correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Most of the EF measures had significant correlations with the road test success, while having no significant relations with the theory test success. Moreover, in our regression analyses, The EF measures predicted success on the official driving road test, but not success on the driving theory test, even after controlling for the effects of previous unlicensed driving experience and stress symptoms. The results demonstrate the predictability of the driving road test success from executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshmatollah Ghawami
- Neuropsychology Division, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Okhovvat
- Department of Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleh Homaei Shoaa
- Department of Personality Psychology, Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Minoo Sorkhavandi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Yamola
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Moazenzadeh
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Choi EJ, Westmacott R, Kirkham FJ, Robertson A, Muthusami P, Shroff M, Moharir M, Williams T, Dirks P, MacGregor D, Slim M, Pulcine E, Bhathal I, Kaseka ML, Kassner A, Logan W, deVeber G, Dlamini N. Fronto-Parietal and White Matter Haemodynamics Predict Cognitive Outcome in Children with Moyamoya Independent of Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:757-773. [PMID: 35338434 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Moyamoya disease is a major arteriopathy characterised by progressive steno-occlusion of the arteries of the circle of Willis. Studies in adults with moyamoya suggest an association between abnormal fronto-parietal and white matter regional haemodynamics and cognitive impairments, even in the absence of focal infarction. However, these associations have not been investigated in children with moyamoya. We examined the relationship between regional haemodynamics and ratings of intellectual ability and executive function, using hypercapnic challenge blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular reactivity in a consecutive cohort of children with confirmed moyamoya. Thirty children were included in the final analysis (mean age: 12.55 ± 3.03 years, 17 females, 15 idiopathic moyamoya and 15 syndromic moyamoya). Frontal haemodynamics were abnormal in all regardless of stroke history and comorbidity, but occipital lobe haemodynamics were also abnormal in children with syndromic moyamoya. Executive function deficits were noted in both idiopathic and syndromic moyamoya, whereas intellectual ability was impaired in syndromic moyamoya, even in the absence of stroke. Analysis of the relative effect of regional abnormal haemodynamics on cognitive outcomes demonstrated that executive dysfunction was predominantly explained by right parietal and white matter haemodynamics independent of stroke and comorbidity, while posterior circulation haemodynamics predicted intellectual ability. These results suggest that parietal and posterior haemodynamics play a compensatory role in overcoming frontal vulnerability and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Choi
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Stroke Imaging Laboratory for Children, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn Westmacott
- Department of Neuropsychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fenella J Kirkham
- Developmental Neurosciences and Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Amanda Robertson
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Stroke Imaging Laboratory for Children, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prakash Muthusami
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Toronto, Canada
- Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manohar Shroff
- Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Toronto, Canada
- Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mahendranath Moharir
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tricia Williams
- Department of Neuropsychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daune MacGregor
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Slim
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Pulcine
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ishvinder Bhathal
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matsanga Leyila Kaseka
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Kassner
- Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, ON, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research & Learning, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - William Logan
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabrielle deVeber
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nomazulu Dlamini
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Stroke Imaging Laboratory for Children, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Stroke Program, Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Ghawami H, Homaei Shoaa J, Moazenzadeh M, Sorkhavandi M, Okhovvat A, Hadizadeh N, Yamola M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Ecological validity of executive function tests in predicting driving performance. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36152341 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2126940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Almost all of our everyday activities depend on executive function (EF) skills. In line with the increasing attention to the ecological validation of neuropsychological assessment and intervention methods, this study aimed to explore the ecological validity of a relevant set of widely used EF tests, mostly from well-known paradigms of EF assessment, in predicting driving ability. Ninety-six healthy novice drivers (Mage = 26.2 years, SD = 8.4; 48 female) completed four stages of our data collection including psychological, EF, and driving assessments. For the psychological assessment, validated measures of sensation-seeking, risk-taking, personality traits, ADHD symptoms, depression, anxiety, and stress were administered. For the EF assessment, selected tests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS: Trail Making, Design Fluency, and Tower) and the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS: Key Search, Zoo Map, and Modified Six Elements) along with a computerized Stroop test were administered. For the driving assessment, we used a simulated driving test comprising of 14 key dimensions of driving skills. Several correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted. Significant correlations were found between all the EF measures and driving performance. Moreover, the EF measures predicted the driving ability over and above the effects of previous driving experience and the psychological variables. These results provide supporting evidence for the ecological validity of the EF tests in predicting driving performance. The incorporation of assessment and intervention targeting multiple domains of EF into driving rehabilitation and education programs could be a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshmatollah Ghawami
- Neuropsychology Division, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleh Homaei Shoaa
- Department of Personality Psychology, Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mona Moazenzadeh
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Sorkhavandi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Okhovvat
- Department of Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Hadizadeh
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Yamola
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Burgess PW, Crum J, Pinti P, Aichelburg C, Oliver D, Lind F, Power S, Swingler E, Hakim U, Merla A, Gilbert S, Tachtsidis I, Hamilton A. Prefrontal cortical activation associated with prospective memory while walking around a real-world street environment. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119392. [PMID: 35714887 PMCID: PMC10509823 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rostral PFC (area 10) activation is common during prospective memory (PM) tasks. But it is not clear what mental processes these activations index. Three candidate explanations from cognitive neuroscience theory are: (i) monitoring of the environment; (ii) spontaneous intention retrieval; (iii) a combination of the two. These explanations make different predictions about the temporal and spatial patterns of activation that would be seen in rostral PFC in naturalistic settings. Accordingly, we plotted functional events in PFC using portable fNIRS while people were carrying out a PM task outside the lab and responding to cues when they were encountered, to decide between these explanations. Nineteen people were asked to walk around a street in London, U.K. and perform various tasks while also remembering to respond to prospective memory (PM) cues when they detected them. The prospective memory cues could be either social (involving greeting a person) or non-social (interacting with a parking meter) in nature. There were also a number of contrast conditions which allowed us to determine activation specifically related to the prospective memory components of the tasks. We found that maintaining both social and non-social intentions was associated with widespread activation within medial and right hemisphere rostral prefrontal cortex (BA 10), in agreement with numerous previous lab-based fMRI studies of prospective memory. In addition, increased activation was found within lateral prefrontal cortex (BA 45 and 46) when people were maintaining a social intention compared to a non-social one. The data were then subjected to a GLM-based method for automatic identification of functional events (AIDE), and the position of the participants at the time of the activation events were located on a map of the physical space. The results showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of these events was not random, but aggregated around areas in which the participants appeared to retrieve their future intentions (i.e., where they saw intentional cues), as well as where they executed them. Functional events were detected most frequently in BA 10 during the PM conditions compared to other regions and tasks. Mobile fNIRS can be used to measure higher cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex in "real world" situations outside the laboratory in freely ambulant individuals. The addition of a "brain-first" approach to the data permits the experimenter to determine not only when haemodynamic changes occur, but also where the participant was when it happened. This can be extremely valuable when trying to link brain and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
| | - James Crum
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Paola Pinti
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | | | - Dominic Oliver
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Frida Lind
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Sarah Power
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | | | - Uzair Hakim
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Infrared Imaging Lab, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technology (ITAB), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Sam Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
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16
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Daigle KM, Pietrzykowski MO, Waters AB, Swenson LP, Gansler DA. Central Executive Network and Executive Function in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Individuals: Meta-Analysis of Structural and Functional MRI. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 34:204-213. [PMID: 35272491 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neural architecture of executive function is of interest given its utility as a transdiagnostic predictor of adaptive functioning. However, a gap exists in the meta-analytic literature assessing this relationship in neuropsychiatric populations, concordance between structural and functional architecture, and the relationship with neuropsychological assessment of executive function. Given the importance of the central executive network (CEN) in Alzheimer's disease, this population may be useful in understanding this relationship in Alzheimer's disease pathology. METHODS A meta-analysis of studies (k=21) was conducted to elucidate the relationship between executive function and CEN for structural architecture (k=10; N=1,027) among patients with Alzheimer's disease (k=6; N=250) and healthy control subjects (HCs) (k=4; N=777) and for functional architecture (k=11; N=522) among patients with Alzheimer's disease (k=6; N=306) and HCs (k=5; N=216). Random-effects modeling was used to increase accuracy of conclusions about population means. RESULTS Analyses revealed a positive brain-behavior relationship (pr=0.032, 95% CI=0.07, 0.54), although there was a lack of statistically significant heterogeneity between functional and structural neuroimaging (Q=9.89, p=0.971, I2=0.00%) and between the Alzheimer's and HC groups in functional (Q=8.18, p=0.612, I2=0.00%) and structural (Q=1.60, p=0.996, I2=0.00%) neuroimaging. Similarly, a lack of statistically significant heterogeneity was revealed between functional and structural neuroimaging among patients with Alzheimer's disease (Q=3.59, p=0.980, I2=0.00%) and HCs (Q=3.67, p=0.885, I2=0.00%). CONCLUSIONS Structural and functional imaging in the CEN are predictive of executive function performance among patients with Alzheimer's disease and HCs. Regardless of how the CEN is affected, behavior is correlated to the degree to which the CEN is affected. Findings are significant in the context of methodological decisions in multimodal neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Daigle
- Clinical Neuroscience of Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Daigle, Pietrzykowski, Waters, Gansler); and Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Swenson)
| | - Malvina O Pietrzykowski
- Clinical Neuroscience of Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Daigle, Pietrzykowski, Waters, Gansler); and Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Swenson)
| | - Abigail B Waters
- Clinical Neuroscience of Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Daigle, Pietrzykowski, Waters, Gansler); and Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Swenson)
| | - Lance P Swenson
- Clinical Neuroscience of Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Daigle, Pietrzykowski, Waters, Gansler); and Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Swenson)
| | - David A Gansler
- Clinical Neuroscience of Cognitive Control Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Daigle, Pietrzykowski, Waters, Gansler); and Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston (Swenson)
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17
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Jordan C, Lawlor B, Loughrey D. A systematic review of music interventions for the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (non-dementia). J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:382-390. [PMID: 35576664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Music interventions may represent an effective approach to improving symptoms and delaying progression of MCI to dementia. This review identified nine studies (8 RCT's, 1 observational study) that explored the benefits of music interventions to those with MCI. Studies included five music-playing interventions (sample size (n) ranged from 35 to 201, age ranged from 62 to 94), one music listening intervention (n = 100, mean age = 77 (music intervention) mean age = 76 (dance intervention), one music with movement intervention (n = 16, age range 65-84 years) and two music reminiscence interventions (n = 68; 72, age range = 60-85 years). Only individuals with a clinical diagnosis of MCI were included, no individuals with a diagnosis of dementia were included. Studies were limited due to their sample size, failure to consider confounding variables (i.e. socialization), inconsistency with therapist led sessions, failure to match conditions across interventions, limited follow-up period post-intervention and the tendency to focus on depression exclusively as a measure of behavioural symptoms. Different types of music interventions have differential results on cognitive and behavioural symptoms. The different pattern of brain activation and cognitive abilities which support each type of music activity (e.g. listening vs playing music) may offer some explanation towards these differences. A standardised protocol is needed for each type of music intervention to address how music interventions are studied, taking these limitations into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jordan
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Loughrey
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Peltier C, Lejeune FX, Jorgensen LGT, Rametti-Lacroux A, Tanguy D, Godefroy V, Bendetowicz D, Carle G, Cognat E, Bombois S, Migliaccio R, Levy R, Marin F, Batrancourt B. A temporal classification method based on behavior time series data in patients with behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and apathy. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 376:109625. [PMID: 35653896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Peltier
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), ChemoSens Platform, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, PROBE Research Infrastructure, Dijon, France
| | - François-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Lars G T Jorgensen
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Rametti-Lacroux
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Godefroy
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - David Bendetowicz
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Guilhem Carle
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Cognat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bombois
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Center of excellence of neurodegenerative disease (CoEN), Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Center of excellence of neurodegenerative disease (CoEN), Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Centre of Excellence for Human and Animal Movement Biomechanics (CoEMoB), Laboratoire de BioMécanique et BioIngénierie (UMR CNRS 7338), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Alliance Sorbonne Université, 60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Bénédicte Batrancourt
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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19
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Tanguy D, Batrancourt B, Estudillo-Romero A, Baxter JSH, Le Ber I, Bouzigues A, Godefroy V, Funkiewiez A, Chamayou C, Volle E, Saracino D, Rametti-Lacroux A, Morandi X, Jannin P, Levy R, Migliaccio R. An ecological approach to identify distinct neural correlates of disinhibition in frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103079. [PMID: 35700600 PMCID: PMC9194654 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Disinhibition is a core symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly frontotemporal dementia, and is a major cause of stress for caregivers. While a distinction between behavioural and cognitive disinhibition is common, an operational definition of behavioural disinhibition is still missing. Furthermore, conventional assessment of behavioural disinhibition, based on questionnaires completed by the caregivers, often lacks ecological validity. Therefore, their neuroanatomical correlates are non-univocal. In the present work, we used an original behavioural approach in a semi-ecological situation to assess two specific dimensions of behavioural disinhibition: compulsivity and social disinhibition. First, we investigated disinhibition profile in patients compared to controls. Then, to validate our approach, compulsivity and social disinhibition scores were correlated with classic cognitive tests measuring disinhibition (Hayling Test) and social cognition (mini-Social cognition & Emotional Assessment). Finally, we disentangled the anatomical networks underlying these two subtypes of behavioural disinhibition, taking in account the grey (voxel-based morphometry) and white matter (diffusion tensor imaging tractography). We included 17 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia patients and 18 healthy controls. We identified patients as more compulsive and socially disinhibited than controls. We found that behavioural metrics in the semi-ecological task were related to cognitive performance: compulsivity correlated with the Hayling test and both compulsivity and social disinhibition were associated with the emotion recognition test. Based on voxel-based morphometry and tractography, compulsivity correlated with atrophy in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, the right temporal region and subcortical structures, as well as with alterations of the bilateral cingulum and uncinate fasciculus, the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the right arcuate fasciculus. Thus, the network of regions related to compulsivity matched the "semantic appraisal" network. Social disinhibition was associated with bilateral frontal atrophy and impairments in the forceps minor, the bilateral cingulum and the left uncinate fasciculus, regions corresponding to the frontal component of the "salience" network. Summarizing, this study validates our semi-ecological approach, through the identification of two subtypes of behavioural disinhibition, and highlights different neural networks underlying compulsivity and social disinhibition. Taken together, these findings are promising for clinical practice by providing a better characterisation of inhibition disorders, promoting their detection and consequently a more adapted management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Tanguy
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Bénédicte Batrancourt
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - John S H Baxter
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, IM2A, Paris, France
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Godefroy
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Funkiewiez
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, IM2A, Paris, France
| | - Céline Chamayou
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, IM2A, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, IM2A, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Rametti-Lacroux
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Morandi
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Jannin
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, IM2A, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, IM2A, Paris, France.
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20
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Politakis VA, Slana Ozimič A, Repovš G. Cognitive Control Challenge Task Across the Lifespan. Front Psychol 2022; 12:789816. [PMID: 35222153 PMCID: PMC8864288 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting everyday challenges and responding in a goal-directed manner requires both the ability to maintain the current task set in face of distractors-stable cognitive control, and the ability to flexibly generate or switch to a new task set when environmental requirements change-flexible cognitive control. While studies show that the development varies across individual component processes supporting cognitive control, little is known about changes in complex stable and flexible cognitive control across the lifespan. In the present study, we used the newly developed Cognitive Control Challenge Task (C3T) to examine the development of complex stable and flexible cognitive control across the lifespan and to gain insight into their interdependence. A total of 340 participants (229 women, age range 8-84 years) from two samples participated in the study, in which they were asked to complete the C3T along with a series of standard tests of individual components of cognitive control. The results showed that the development of both stable and flexible complex cognitive control follows the expected inverted U-curve. In contrast, the indeces of task set formation and task set switching cost increase linearly across the lifespan, suggesting that stable and flexible complex cognitive control are subserved by separable cognitive systems with different developmental trajectories. Correlations with standard cognitive tests indicate that complex cognitive control captured by the C3T engages a broad range of cognitive abilities, such as working memory and planning, and reflects global processing speed, jointly suggesting that the C3T is an effective test of complex cognitive control that has both research and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ana Politakis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Finnanger TG, Andersson S, Chevignard M, Johansen GO, Brandt AE, Hypher RE, Risnes K, Rø TB, Stubberud J. Assessment of Executive Function in Everyday Life—Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Adaptation of the Children’s Cooking Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:761755. [PMID: 35185492 PMCID: PMC8852328 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.761755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are few standardized measures available to assess executive function (EF) in a naturalistic setting for children. The Children’s Cooking Task (CCT) is a complex test that has been specifically developed to assess EF in a standardized open-ended environment (cooking). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, sensitivity and specificity, and also convergent and divergent validity of the Norwegian version of CCT among children with pediatric Acquired Brain Injury (pABI) and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: The present study has a cross-sectional design, based on baseline data derived from a multicenter RCT. Seventy-five children with pABI from two university hospitals with parent-reported executive dysfunction and minimum of 12 months since injury/completed cancer therapy, as well as 59 HCs aged 10–17 years, were assessed with CCT using total errors as the main outcome measure. The pABI group completed tests assessing EF (i.e., inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and planning) on the impairment level within the ICF framework (performance-based neuropsychological tests and the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children), and on the participation level (questionnaires). In addition, they completed tests of intellectual ability, processing speed, attention, learning, and memory. Finally, overall functional outcome (pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended) was evaluated for the children with pABI. Results: Acceptable internal consistency and good inter-rater reliability were found for the CCT. Children with pABI performed significantly worse on the CCT than the HCs. The CCT identified group membership, but the sensitivity and specificity were overall classified as poor. Convergent validity was demonstrated by associations between the CCT and performance-based tests assessing inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, as well as teacher-reported executive dysfunction (questionnaires). Divergent validity was supported by the lack of association with performance-based measures of learning and memory, attention, and verbal intellectual ability. However, there was a moderate association between the CCT and performance-based tests of processing speed. Lastly, better performance on the CCT was associated with a better functional outcome. Conclusion: Our study with a relatively large sample of children with pABI and HC’s demonstrated good psychometric properties of the CCT. CCT performance was associated with the overall level of disability and function, suggesting that CCT is related to the level of activity in everyday life and participation in society. Hence, our study suggests that the CCT has the potential to advance the assessment of EF by providing a valid analysis of real-world performance. Nevertheless, further research is needed on larger samples, focusing on predictors of task performance, and evaluating the ability of CCT to detect improvement in EF over time. The patterns of error and problem-solving strategies evaluated by the CCT could be used to inform neuropsychological rehabilitation treatmentand represent a more valid outcome measure of rehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torun G. Finnanger
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Mathilde Chevignard
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Neurological Injury, Saint Maurice Hospitals, Saint Maurice, France
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB) Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 24 Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation (HaMCRe), Paris, France
| | - Gøril O. Johansen
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne E. Brandt
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruth E. Hypher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Risnes
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Clinical Research Unit, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B. Rø
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Jan Stubberud
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22
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Barrash J, Bruss J, Anderson SW, Kuceyeski A, Manzel K, Tranel D, Boes AD. Lesions in different prefrontal sectors are associated with different types of acquired personality disturbances. Cortex 2022; 147:169-184. [PMID: 35051710 PMCID: PMC8816872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
"Frontal lobe syndrome" is a term often used to describe a diverse array of personality disturbances following frontal lobe damage. This study's guiding premise was that greater neuroanatomical specificity could be achieved by evaluating specific types of personality disturbances following acquired frontal lobe lesions. We hypothesized that three acquired personality disturbances would be associated with lesion involvement of distinct sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC): 1) emotional-social disturbance and ventromedial PFC, 2) hypoemotional disturbance and dorsomedial PFC, and 3) dysexecutive and dorsolateral PFC. In addition, we hypothesized that distressed personality disturbance would not be associated with focal PFC lesions in any sector. Each hypothesis was pre-registered and tested in 182 participants with adult-onset, chronic, focal brain lesions studied with an observational, cross-sectional design. Pre- and postmorbid personality was assessed by informant-rating with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change, completed by a spouse or family member. Two complementary analytic approaches were employed: 1) a hypothesis-driven region-of-interest (ROI) regression analysis examining the associations of lesions in specific PFC sectors with acquired personality disturbances; 2) a data-driven multivariate lesion-behavior mapping analysis, which was not limited to pre-specified regions. Each hypothesis received some support: (i) Emotional/social personality disturbance was most strongly associated with ventromedial PFC lesions in both statistical approaches. (ii) Hypoemotional disturbance was associated with dorsomedial PFC lesions in the ROI analyses, without any significant lesion-symptom mapping associations. (iii) Dysexecutive personality disturbance was associated with bilateral dorsolateral PFC lesions and ventromedial PFC lesions; lesion-symptom mapping showed maximal association of executive dysfunction with damage of the right middle frontal gyrus within the dorsolateral PFC. (iv) Distressed personality disturbance was not associated with lesions in any PFC sector. Altogether, the findings can be interpreted to indicate that damage to different prefrontal sectors may disrupt different anatomical-functional systems and result in distinct personality disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barrash
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Joel Bruss
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Steven W Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Manzel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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23
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The central executive network and executive function in healthy and persons with schizophrenia groups: a meta-analysis of structural and functional MRI. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:1451-1464. [PMID: 34775552 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis evaluated the extent to which executive function can be understood with structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Studies included structural in schizophrenia (k = 8; n = 241) and healthy controls (k = 12; n = 1660), and functional in schizophrenia (k = 4; n = 104) and healthy controls (k = 12; n = 712). Results revealed a positive association in the brain behavior relationship when pooled across schizophrenia and control samples for structural (pr = 0.27) and functional (pr = 0.29) modalities. Subgroup analyses revealed no significant difference for functional neuroimaging (pr = .43, 95%CI = -.08-.77, p = .088) but with structural neuroimaging (pr = .37, 95%CI = -.08-.69, p = .015) the association to executive functions is lower in the control group. Subgroup analyses also revealed no significant differences in the strength of the brain-behavior relationship in the schizophrenia group (pr = .59, 95%CI = .58-.61, p = .881) or the control group (pr = 0.19, 95%CI = 0.18-0.19, p = 0.920), suggesting concordance.
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24
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Segmentation of Prefrontal Lobe Based on Improved Clustering Algorithm in Patients with Diabetes. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8129044. [PMID: 34659449 PMCID: PMC8516534 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8129044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetics are prone to postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The occurrence may be related to the damage of the prefrontal lobe. In this study, the prefrontal lobe was segmented based on an improved clustering algorithm in patients with diabetes, in order to evaluate the relationship between prefrontal lobe volume and COPD. In this study, a total of 48 diabetics who underwent selective noncardiac surgery were selected. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of the patients were segmented based on the improved clustering algorithm, and their prefrontal volume was measured. The correlation between the volume of the prefrontal lobe and Z-score or blood glucose was analyzed. Qualitative analysis shows that the gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid based on the improved clustering algorithm were easy to distinguish. Quantitative evaluation results show that the proposed segmentation algorithm can obtain the optimal Jaccard coefficient and the least average segmentation time. There was a negative correlation between the volume of the prefrontal lobe and the Z-score. The cut-off value of prefrontal lobe volume for predicting POCD was <179.8, with the high specificity. There was a negative correlation between blood glucose and volume of the prefrontal lobe. From the results, we concluded that the segmentation of the prefrontal lobe based on an improved clustering algorithm before operation may predict the occurrence of POCD in diabetics.
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25
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Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated that the frontal lobes play a critical role in the top-down control of behavior, and damage to the frontal cortex impairs performance on tasks that require executive control [Burgess, P. W., & Stuss, D. T. Fifty years of prefrontal cortex research: Impact on assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23, 755-767, 2017; Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 401-433, 2002]. Across executive functioning tasks, performance deficits are often quantified as the number of false alarms per total number of nontarget trials. However, most studies of frontal lobe function focus on individual task performance and do not discuss commonalities of errors committed across different tasks. Here, we describe a neurocognitive account that explores the link between deficient frontal lobe function and increased false alarms across an array of experimental tasks from a variety of task domains. We review evidence for heightened false alarms following frontal deficits in episodic long-term memory tests, working memory tasks (e.g., n-back), attentional tasks (e.g., continuous performance tasks), interference control tasks (e.g., recent probes), and inhibitory control tasks (e.g., go/no-go). We examine this relationship via neuroimaging studies, lesion studies, and across age groups and pathologies that impact the pFC, and we propose 11 issues in cognitive processing that can result in false alarms. In our review, some overlapping neural regions were implicated in the regulation of false alarms. Ultimately, however, we find evidence for the fractionation and localization of certain frontal processes related to the commission of specific types of false alarms. We outline avenues for additional research that will enable further delineation of the fractionation of the frontal lobes' regulation of false alarms.
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Kwak S, Kim H, Kim H, Youm Y, Chey J. Distributed functional connectivity predicts neuropsychological test performance among older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3305-3325. [PMID: 33960591 PMCID: PMC8193511 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological test is an essential tool in assessing cognitive and functional changes associated with late-life neurocognitive disorders. Despite the utility of the neuropsychological test, the brain-wide neural basis of the test performance remains unclear. Using the predictive modeling approach, we aimed to identify the optimal combination of functional connectivities that predicts neuropsychological test scores of novel individuals. Resting-state functional connectivity and neuropsychological tests included in the OASIS-3 dataset (n = 428) were used to train the predictive models, and the identified models were iteratively applied to the holdout internal test set (n = 216) and external test set (KSHAP, n = 151). We found that the connectivity-based predicted score tracked the actual behavioral test scores (r = 0.08-0.44). The predictive models utilizing most of the connectivity features showed better accuracy than those composed of focal connectivity features, suggesting that its neural basis is largely distributed across multiple brain systems. The discriminant and clinical validity of the predictive models were further assessed. Our results suggest that late-life neuropsychological test performance can be formally characterized with distributed connectome-based predictive models, and further translational evidence is needed when developing theoretically valid and clinically incremental predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyul Kwak
- Department of PsychologySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hairin Kim
- Department of PsychologySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Kim
- Department of PsychologyChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of SociologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeanyung Chey
- Department of PsychologySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Resting-State Network Plasticity Induced by Music Therapy after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6682471. [PMID: 33763126 PMCID: PMC7964116 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a complex pattern of abnormalities in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and network dysfunction, which can potentially be ameliorated by rehabilitation. In our previous randomized controlled trial, we found that a 3-month neurological music therapy intervention enhanced executive function (EF) and increased grey matter volume in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in patients with moderate-to-severe TBI (N = 40). Extending this study, we performed longitudinal rsFC analyses of resting-state fMRI data using a ROI-to-ROI approach assessing within-network and between-network rsFC in the frontoparietal (FPN), dorsal attention (DAN), default mode (DMN), and salience (SAL) networks, which all have been associated with cognitive impairment after TBI. We also performed a seed-based connectivity analysis between the right IFG and whole-brain rsFC. The results showed that neurological music therapy increased the coupling between the FPN and DAN as well as between these networks and primary sensory networks. By contrast, the DMN was less connected with sensory networks after the intervention. Similarly, there was a shift towards a less connected state within the FPN and SAL networks, which are typically hyperconnected following TBI. Improvements in EF were correlated with rsFC within the FPN and between the DMN and sensorimotor networks. Finally, in the seed-based connectivity analysis, the right IFG showed increased rsFC with the right inferior parietal and left frontoparietal (Rolandic operculum) regions. Together, these results indicate that the rehabilitative effects of neurological music therapy after TBI are underpinned by a pattern of within- and between-network connectivity changes in cognitive networks as well as increased connectivity between frontal and parietal regions associated with music processing.
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Brain functional changes in perimenopausal women: an amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:384-390. [PMID: 33438891 PMCID: PMC8284389 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of sex hormones on amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in brain regions related to cognition in perimenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 25 perimenopausal women and 25 premenopausal women who underwent behavioral evaluations, sex hormone level measurements, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All data and ALFF analyses were preprocessed using the Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI. Statistical analyses were performed using the Resting-State fMRI Data Analysis Toolkit to explore the differences in ALFF between perimenopausal and premenopausal women. The gray matter volume (GMV) values extracted from brain regions (regions of interest) with significantly different ALFF values between the perimenopausal and premenopausal groups were compared. We analyzed the correlations of the ALFF and GMV values of these regions of interest with the results of behavioral evaluations and sex hormone levels in the two groups. Results: Compared with the premenopausal group, the perimenopausal group showed significant ALFF increase in the left gyrus rectus. Regions with decreased ALFF in the perimenopausal group included the left superior temporal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left insula. The GMV values of the left gyrus rectus and left superior temporal gyrus were reduced in perimenopausal women. Furthermore, the estradiol level was negatively correlated with the ALFF value of the left gyrus rectus in perimenopausal women. Conclusions: The ALFF and GMV values of certain brain regions related to cognitive function were changed in perimenopausal women. Such functional brain alterations may provide more information regarding the mechanism of cognitive dysfunction in perimenopausal women.
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Ashlesh P, Deepak KK, Preet KK. Role of prefrontal cortex during Sudoku task: fNIRS study. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:419-427. [PMID: 33335780 PMCID: PMC7718610 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sudoku is a popular cognitively stimulating leisure-time activity. Many studies have been directed toward finding an algorithm to solve Sudoku, but the investigation of the neural substrates involved in Sudoku has been challenging. Methods Sudoku task was divided into two steps to understand the differential function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) while applying heuristic rules. PFC activity was recorded at 16 optode locations using functional near infrared spectroscopy. Classical two-way analysis of variance as well as general linear model-based approach was used to analyze the data from 28 noise-free recordings obtained from right-handed participants. Results Post hoc analysis showed a significant increase in oxyhemoglobin concentrations and decrease in deoxyhemoglobin concentrations at all 16 optode locations during step 1 (3 × 3 subgrids) and step 2 (easy level 9 × 9 Sudoku) when compared with the rest (p < 0.0001). Contrasting the step 2 - step 1 revealed that medial regions of PFC were preferentially activated. Conclusion Both the medial and lateral regions of PFC are activated during Sudoku task. However, the medial regions of PFC play a differential role, especially when we consider searching and selecting the heuristic rules. Thus, Sudoku may be used for cognitive remediation training in neuropsychiatric disorders involving PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patil Ashlesh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Kishore K Deepak
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kochhar Kanwal Preet
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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30
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Olsson C, Arvidsson P, Blom Johansson M. What do people respond to when rating executive function? - a cognitive interviewing investigation of BRIEF-A informant ratings in severe aphasia. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:2930-2940. [PMID: 33270466 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1849418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Executive dysfunction is common in persons with severe aphasia. Assessing these functions in this population is challenging. Informant ratings, such as the BRIEF-A, might be a useful alternative to neuropsychological tests. However, research has shown weak relationships between tests and ratings. The aim of this study was to understand how significant others of people with severe aphasia interpret and respond to questions about executive function in the informant report version of BRIEF-A. METHODS Eleven significant others were interviewed about a subset of the BRIEF-A items, using cognitive interviewing. Interviews were subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS There was variation in the interpretation of the items of BRIEF-A which frequently corrupted the items' relation to what it was intended to measure. Further, informants wavered between considering the person with aphasias' ability or actual performance and many had lowered their expectations. The language problems caused by the aphasia affected the validity of some items. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative results of BRIEF-A informant ratings should be interpreted with caution, since it is unclear to what extent the responses represent executive function. The use of informant ratings does not solve the problem with aphasia being a confounding factor in assessment of executive function.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONAssessing executive function in people with severe aphasia is important but challenging.Quantitative results of informant ratings of executive function, such as BRIEF-A, in this population should be interpreted with caution, since it is unclear to what extent the ratings represent executive function.Using informant ratings does not solve the problem of the aphasia being a confounding factor, since the aphasia impacts on the validity of some of the items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Olsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Speech-Language Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Arvidsson
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Monica Blom Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Speech-Language Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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León-Domínguez U, Solís-Marcos I, López-Delgado CA, Martín JMBY, León-Carrión J. A Frontal Neuropsychological Profile in Fitness to Drive. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 148:105807. [PMID: 33069156 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Traffic accidents are a global concern due to the elevated mortality rates of both drivers and pedestrians. The World Health Organization declared 2011-2020 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety, endorsing initiatives to reduce traffic-related deaths. Yet, despite these incentives, fatal accidents still occur. Different studies have linked deficits in executive functions to risky driving attitudes and crashes. The present study focuses on demographic, cognitive and personality factors, related to the prefrontal cortex, that are characteristic of drivers prone to risky behavior behind the wheel. The penalty Points System was used to classify drivers as "safe", with no point loss over a two-year period, or "risky", with full point loss during the same interval. A neuropsychological assessment of prefrontal cognitive functions was carried out on each group to identify variables associated with safe and risky behavior. Neuropsychological indexes were obtained from a continuous performance task without cue (Simple Attention), a continuous performance task with cue (Conditioned Attention), the Tower of Hanoi test and the Neurologically-related Changes in Personality Inventory (NECHAPI). A Discriminant Analysis (DA) found that education level, reaction times in Simple and Conditioned Attention, learning errors in the Tower of Hanoi and vulnerability in the personality test, best predicted whether drivers were likely to be in the safe or risky group. Finally, a cross-validation analysis performed on the same sample correctly classified 87.5% of the drivers. These data suggest that prefrontal dysfunction contributes to risky behavior behind the wheel. The inclusion of cognitive programs to identify and train drivers with this propensity could reduce risky driving, and consequently, save lives on the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto León-Domínguez
- Human Cognition and Brain Research lab, School of Psychology, University of Monterrey, San Pedro Garza, García, Mexico.
| | - Ignacio Solís-Marcos
- The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - José León-Carrión
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Center for Brain Injury Rehabilitation (CRECER), Seville, Spain
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32
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José RG, Samuel AS, Isabel MM. Neuropsychology of executive functions in patients with focal lesion in the prefrontal cortex: A systematic review. Brain Cogn 2020; 146:105633. [PMID: 33221658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions are conceptualized as a set of cognitive processes that coordinate more basic processes for the resolution of complex behaviors. This neuronal substrate is believed to reside in the most anterior part of the brain. A systematic review of the high-impact literature was carried out to investigate what were the main deficits in executive functions after brain injury. It was found that the literature is fundamentally oriented towards the investigation of the ventromedial cortex and its deficits in decision-making and moral reasoning. Research on the dorsolateral cortex and more cognitive functions such as working memory is relegated to a second choice. This review proposes that a correct functioning of the ventromedial cortex is necessary in order to integrate emotional, cognitive and sensory information for an adequate choice in decision making and moral reasoning. It has also been found that the main deficits of working memory in the dorsolateral cortex are more associated with complex and visuospatial tasks. However, an increase in research synthesizing this type of study is necessary to reach more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiz-Gutiérrez José
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Santiago Ramón y Cajal, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Arias-Sánchez Samuel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Santiago Ramón y Cajal, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Martín-Monzón Isabel
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Santiago Ramón y Cajal, University of Seville, Spain.
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33
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Working memory updating training promotes plasticity & behavioural gains: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:209-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Szanto K, Galfalvy H, Kenneally L, Almasi R, Dombrovski AY. Predictors of serious suicidal behavior in late-life depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 40:85-98. [PMID: 32778367 PMCID: PMC7655527 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify pathways to suicidal behavior in late life that can guide identification of those most at risk and improve treatment. In a longitudinal study of late-life depression, we prospectively assessed risk factors specifically associated with fatal and near-fatal as compared to less lethal suicidal behavior. We enrolled 401 participants (age 66+9.9): 311 with unipolar non-psychotic depression and 90 non-psychiatric controls. The median follow-up was 5.4 years. Results indicated that history of suicide attempt predicted a two-fold increase in the risk of dying from natural causes. In univariate models, male gender, higher income, current depression and current and worst lifetime suicidal ideation severity, cognitive control deficits, and low levels of non-planning impulsivity predicted fatal and near-fatal suicidal behavior. In contrast, incident less lethal suicidal behavior was mostly associated with maladaptive personality traits, impulsivity, and severity of psychiatric illness in univariate models. In multipredictor models, male gender, worst lifetime suicidal ideation, and deficits in cognitive control independently predicted fatal/near-fatal suicidal behavior, while introversion, history of suicide attempt, and earlier age of onset of depression predicted less lethal suicidal behavior. While clinicians may be familiar with suicide risk factors identified in younger samples such as dysfunctional personality, impulsivity, and co-morbid substance use, in late life these characteristics only pertain to lower-lethality suicidal behavior. Cognitive control deficits, which likely play a greater role in old age, predict serious suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Kenneally
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
| | - Rebeka Almasi
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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35
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Hashmi S, Vanderwert RE, Price HA, Gerson SA. Exploring the Benefits of Doll Play Through Neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:560176. [PMID: 33132876 PMCID: PMC7560494 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.560176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that pretend play is beneficial to social and cognitive development. However, there is little evidence regarding the neural regions that are active while children engage in pretend play. We examined the activation of prefrontal and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) regions using near-infrared spectroscopy while 42 4- to 8-year-old children freely played with dolls or tablet games with a social partner or by themselves. Social play activated right prefrontal regions more than solo play. Children engaged the pSTS during solo doll play but not during solo tablet play, suggesting they were rehearsing social cognitive skills more with dolls. These findings suggest social play utilizes multiple neural regions and highlight how doll play can achieve similar patterns of activation, even when children play by themselves. Doll play may provide a unique opportunity for children to practice social interactions important for developing social-emotional skills, such as empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hashmi
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ross E Vanderwert
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science (CUCHDS), Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hope A Price
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Gerson
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science (CUCHDS), Cardiff, United Kingdom
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36
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Lacreuse A, Raz N, Schmidtke D, Hopkins WD, Herndon JG. Age-related decline in executive function as a hallmark of cognitive ageing in primates: an overview of cognitive and neurobiological studies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190618. [PMID: 32951543 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) is a complex construct that reflects multiple higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, updating, inhibiting and set-shifting. Decline in these functions is a hallmark of cognitive ageing in humans, and age differences and changes in EF correlate with age-related differences and changes in association cortices, particularly the prefrontal areas. Here, we review evidence for age-related decline in EF and associated neurobiological changes in prosimians, New World and Old World monkeys, apes and humans. While EF declines with age in all primate species studied, the relationship of this decline with age-related alterations in the prefrontal cortex remains unclear, owing to the scarcity of neurobiological studies focusing on the ageing brain in most primate species. In addition, the influence of sex, vascular and metabolic risk, and hormonal status has rarely been considered. We outline several methodological limitations and challenges with the goal of producing a comprehensive integration of cognitive and neurobiological data across species and elucidating how ageing shapes neurocognitive trajectories in primates with different life histories, lifespans and brain architectures. Such comparative investigations are critical for fostering translational research and understanding healthy and pathological ageing in our own species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Naftali Raz
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidtke
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - William D Hopkins
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - James G Herndon
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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37
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Enhancing cognitive control training with transcranial direct current stimulation: a systematic parameter study. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1358-1369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Williams JHG, Huggins CF, Zupan B, Willis M, Van Rheenen TE, Sato W, Palermo R, Ortner C, Krippl M, Kret M, Dickson JM, Li CSR, Lowe L. A sensorimotor control framework for understanding emotional communication and regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:503-518. [PMID: 32070695 PMCID: PMC7505116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our research team was asked to consider the relationship of the neuroscience of sensorimotor control to the language of emotions and feelings. Actions are the principal means for the communication of emotions and feelings in both humans and other animals, and the allostatic mechanisms controlling action also apply to the regulation of emotional states by the self and others. We consider how motor control of hierarchically organised, feedback-based, goal-directed action has evolved in humans, within a context of consciousness, appraisal and cultural learning, to serve emotions and feelings. In our linguistic analysis, we found that many emotion and feelings words could be assigned to stages in the sensorimotor learning process, but the assignment was often arbitrary. The embodied nature of emotional communication means that action words are frequently used, but that the meanings or senses of the word depend on its contextual use, just as the relationship of an action to an emotion is also contextually dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H G Williams
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Charlotte F Huggins
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barbra Zupan
- Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Megan Willis
- Australian Catholic University, School of Psychology, ARC Centre for Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Wataru Sato
- Kyoto University, Kokoro Research Centre, 46 Yoshidashimoadachicho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Romina Palermo
- University of Western Australia, School of Psychological Science, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Catherine Ortner
- Thompson Rivers University, Department of Psychology, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Martin Krippl
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Mariska Kret
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology, Pieter de la Court, Waassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Dickson
- Edith Cowan University, Psychology Department, School of Arts and Humanities, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Yale University, Connecticut Mental Health Centre, S112, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Neuroqualia, Room 229A, Forrester Hall, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 1X5, Canada
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39
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Siponkoski ST, Martínez-Molina N, Kuusela L, Laitinen S, Holma M, Ahlfors M, Jordan-Kilkki P, Ala-Kauhaluoma K, Melkas S, Pekkola J, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Laine M, Ylinen A, Rantanen P, Koskinen S, Lipsanen J, Särkämö T. Music Therapy Enhances Executive Functions and Prefrontal Structural Neuroplasticity after Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:618-634. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sini-Tuuli Siponkoski
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noelia Martínez-Molina
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linda Kuusela
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Helsinki Central University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Milla Holma
- Musiikkiterapiaosuuskunta InstruMental (Music Therapy Cooperative InstruMental), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Katja Ala-Kauhaluoma
- Ludus Oy Tutkimus- ja kuntoutuspalvelut (Assessment and Intervention Services), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Melkas
- Department of Neurology and Brain Injury Outpatient Clinic, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Pekkola
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Helsinki Central University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matti Laine
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Aarne Ylinen
- Department of Neurology and Brain Injury Outpatient Clinic, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Sanna Koskinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lipsanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Särkämö
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Gunnar MR, Reid BM. Early Deprivation Revisited: Contemporary Studies of the Impact on Young Children of Institutional Care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is clear evidence that early deprivation in the form of early institutional care affects children both immediately and long after they are removed from the institution. This article reviews the modern literature on the impact of institutional care from animal models to longitudinal studies in humans. Importantly, we examine the current understanding of neuroendocrine regulation in the context of early deprivation. We discuss the opportunities and limitations of studying the effects of deprivation in previously institutionalized children, review behavioral findings and related neurobiological studies, and address the physical health ramifications of institutional care. Finally, we touch on future directions for both science and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;,
| | - Brie M. Reid
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;,
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41
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Alsemari A, Malloy PF. The Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale in the differential diagnosis of behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 35:633-642. [PMID: 31842672 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1701709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale (BDS) is a brief measure of frontal systems that is adopted from Luria's syndrome analysis approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the BDS as an objective measure of self-regulation in behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Two patient groups matched in education and dementia severity (n = 21 bvFTD and 21 AD) recruited from a memory clinic and a matched normal control (NC) group (n = 21) were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests including the BDS. RESULTS ROC analyses revealed that performance on the BDS discriminated between the bvFTD group and the AD and NC groups, as well as between AD and NC groups. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that the majority of the variance in BDS performance was explained by executive tests. CONCLUSIONS the BDS has good psychometric prosperities; is easy to administer and score; is well tolerated by geriatric patients; and is useful diagnostically for discriminating bvFTD from AD, yielding good to excellent sensitivity and specificity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alsemari
- Clinical Psychology, William James College, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Malloy
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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42
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Obradović J, Willoughby MT. Studying Executive Function Skills in Young Children in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: Progress and Directions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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43
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The Reliability and Validity of the Action Fluency Test in Healthy College Students. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:1175-1191. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study examined the test–retest reliability and construct validity of the Action Fluency Test (AFT) as a measure of executive functioning.
Method
Using a correlational design, 128 healthy college students (M Age = 19.24, SD = 2.01; M education = 13.29 years, SD = 0.81) completed the AFT, and measures of verbal and figural fluency, executive functioning and other relevant constructs (e.g., vocabulary, working memory, and attention).
Results
Coefficients of stability were acceptable for AFT correct words (r = .76; p < .01), but not for errors (r = .41) or perseverations (r = .14). No practice effects were observed upon repeat testing (M interval = 39.21 days). Divergent validity evidence was mixed. AFT scores were unrelated to working memory and perceptual-reasoning abilities; however, correlations with vocabulary (r = .32; p < .01) and information-processing speed (r = .30; p < .01) were greater than associations between AFT scores and executive measures. Regarding convergent validity, AFT scores correlated with other fluency tasks (r = .4 range), but correlations with measures of executive functioning were absent or small. Action and letter fluency correlated with measures of attentional control and inhibition; however, these associations were no longer significant after controlling for shared variance with information-processing speed.
Conclusions
Findings are consistent with previous research suggesting vocabulary and information-processing speed underlie effective fluency performance to a greater extent than executive functioning. The AFT measures unique variance not accounted for by semantic and letter fluency tasks, and therefore may be used for a variety of research and clinical purposes.
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Frontal Anatomical Correlates of Cognitive and Speech Motor Deficits in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:9518309. [PMID: 31001362 PMCID: PMC6436339 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9518309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify neurostructural frontal lobe correlates of cognitive and speaking rate changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 17 patients diagnosed with ALS and 12 matched controls underwent clinical, bulbar, and neuropsychological assessment and structural neuroimaging. Neuropsychological testing was performed via a novel computerized frontal battery (ALS-CFB), based on a validated theoretical model of frontal lobe functions, and focused on testing energization, executive function, emotion processing, theory of mind, and behavioral inhibition via antisaccades. The measure of speaking rate represented bulbar motor changes. Neuroanatomical assessment was performed using volumetric analyses focused on frontal lobe regions, postcentral gyrus, and occipital lobes as controls. Partial least square regressions (PLS) were used to predict behavioral (cognitive and speech rate) outcomes using volumetric measures. The data supported the overall hypothesis that distinct behavioral changes in cognition and speaking rate in ALS were related to specific regional neurostructural brain changes. These changes did not support a notion of a general dysexecutive syndrome in ALS. The observed specificity of behavior-brain changes can begin to provide a framework for subtyping of ALS. The data also support a more integrative framework for clinical assessment of frontal lobe functioning in ALS, which requires both behavioral testing and neuroimaging.
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Marcopulos B, Łojek E. Introduction to the special issue: Are modern neuropsychological assessment methods really "modern"? Reflections on the current neuropsychological test armamentarium. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:187-199. [PMID: 30760098 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1560502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We introduce this special issue which focuses on how advances in neuroscience and technology can modernize and transform clinical neuropsychological assessment. METHOD We included both invited and solicited papers to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of currently used, standardized neuropsychological tests and to explore how we might incorporate new technologies and neuroscientific advances to modernize neuropsychological assessment methods. RESULTS The papers are organized along the following themes: (1) A critique of the current clinical neuropsychological test armamentarium; (2) A description of new opportunities for collecting neurobehavioral data with technology; (3) Digital science, biomedical big data and the internet; (4) Integrating neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological assessments; (5) Modernization, globalization and culture. CONCLUSION The process of modernizing methods of assessment in clinical neuropsychology is laborious and requires a coordinated, sustained effort among clinicians, researchers, and the test industry. While embracing technology is necessary, we must also be aware of unintended consequences as we navigate this exciting new territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Marcopulos
- a Department of Graduate Psychology , James Madison University , Harrisonburg , VA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA
| | - Emilia Łojek
- c Faculty of Psychology , University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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Pinti P, Aichelburg C, Gilbert S, Hamilton A, Hirsch J, Burgess P, Tachtsidis I. A Review on the Use of Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Naturalistic Environments . JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 60:347-373. [PMID: 30643322 PMCID: PMC6329605 DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel miniaturized wireless and wearable functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) devices have paved the way to new functional brain imaging that can revolutionize the cognitive research fields. Over the past few decades, several studies have been conducted with conventional fNIRS systems that have demonstrated the suitability of this technology for a wide variety of populations and applications, to investigate both the healthy brain and the diseased brain. However, what makes wearable fNIRS even more appealing is its capability to allow measurements in everyday life scenarios that are not possible with other gold-standard neuroimaging modalities, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This can have a huge impact on the way we explore the neural bases and mechanisms underpinning human brain functioning. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of studies conducted with wearable fNIRS in naturalistic settings in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In addition, we present the challenges associated with the use of wearable fNIRS in unrestrained contexts, discussing solutions that will allow accurate inference of functional brain activity. Finally, we provide an overview of the future perspectives in cognitive neuroscience that we believe would benefit the most by using wearable fNIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pinti
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | | | - Sam Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
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Wu HC, White S, Rees G, Burgess PW. Executive function in high-functioning autism: Decision-making consistency as a characteristic gambling behaviour. Cortex 2018; 107:21-36. [PMID: 29500074 PMCID: PMC6181799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities are a critical diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies using gambling paradigms with ASD populations have identified that, unlike typically developed control participants, people with a diagnosis of ASD tend to maintain particular response patterns regardless of the magnitude of potential outcomes to uncertain gains or losses. Here we designed a gambling test that permitted calculation of the response consistency in gambling choices in situations that presented varying expected outcomes in terms of gains or losses. The task was administered to 33 adults with a diagnosis of ASDs and compared to a group of 47 typically-developed (TD) control participants who were matched for age and IQ. When presented with choices where participants could either make a risky gamble or a safe choice in terms of gains or losses (e.g., 20% chance of winning £5 vs. 100% chance of winning £1), the ASD participants did not differ from the TDs in their overall risk-taking behaviour. However, they were more consistent in their individual choices from trial to trial. Furthermore, the proportion of participants who either implemented an invariate response strategy (e.g., either always choosing the most risky or most "safe" option) was significantly higher in the ASD group compared with the controls. Additionally, while the ASD group were slower to make their responses in the win frame and the first half of the lose frame, by the end of the task their decision times were the same as the TD controls. These findings suggest that the ASD tendency towards repetitive behaviour may demonstrate itself even in high-level decision-making tasks, which needs to be understood if we are to be sure what such tasks are measuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Chen Wu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Sarah White
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Geraint Rees
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
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