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Sebai I, Deaconu A, Mobetty F, Nardocci M, Ing A, Batal M. Measurement of diet quality among First Nations peoples in Canada and associations with health: a scoping review. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:695-708. [PMID: 37421656 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increasing number and the diversity of dietary quality indices used for research, and the differences between settings, there is a need to identify valid indices of dietary quality in different contexts and populations and to identify their associations with health-related outcomes. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this scoping review is to identify the tools used in determining dietary quality among First Nations and to describe the changes in diet. The second objective is to describe the associations identified in studies that have measured the relationship between health and dietary quality among First Nations; and the third objective is to identify factors associated with diet quality. METHODS PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Global Health, and Web of Science were searched from inception to June 2021 and updated in February 2022. Articles were included if the research subjects were First Nations, or if articles reported disaggregated subset data for First Nations. Eligible studies focused on nutrition and diet and were published in English or French. RESULTS A total of 151 articles were included in the analysis. Studies used several indicators to measure if individuals adhered to dietary guidelines. Traditional food consumption was frequently used as an indicator of diet quality (n = 96). The consumption of store-bought foods was used as an indicator in 28 studies. Some studies used other diet quality indicators such as the Healthy Eating Index (n = 5) and ultra-processed food "NOVA" classification (n = 6). A trend for decreasing traditional food intake over time was apparent, alongside an increase in store-bought food intake. This trend was accompanied with declining health status, including the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and dental caries. CONCLUSION This scoping review showed that diet quality among First Nations is improved when traditional foods are consumed. Reduced diet quality was associated with increased risk of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sebai
- Canada Research Chair in Nutrition and Health Inequalities (CIENS), Montreal, Canada
- TRANSNUT, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana Deaconu
- Canada Research Chair in Nutrition and Health Inequalities (CIENS), Montreal, Canada
- TRANSNUT, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fabrice Mobetty
- Canada Research Chair in Nutrition and Health Inequalities (CIENS), Montreal, Canada
- TRANSNUT, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Milena Nardocci
- Canada Research Chair in Nutrition and Health Inequalities (CIENS), Montreal, Canada
- TRANSNUT, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amy Ing
- Canada Research Chair in Nutrition and Health Inequalities (CIENS), Montreal, Canada
- TRANSNUT, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Canada Research Chair in Nutrition and Health Inequalities (CIENS), Montreal, Canada
- TRANSNUT, Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Bekelman TA, Ringham BM, Sauder KA, Johnson SL, Harrall KH, Glueck DH, Dabelea D. Adherence to index-based dietary patterns in childhood and BMI trajectory during the transition to adolescence: the EPOCH study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2439-2446. [PMID: 34304241 PMCID: PMC8542564 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, one in five adolescents are obese. Index-based dietary patterns are measures of the overall diet that have the potential to serve as valuable obesity risk stratification tools. However, little is known about the association between adherence to index-based dietary patterns in childhood and BMI during the transition from childhood to adolescence. OBJECTIVE To prospectively examine the relationship between adherence to three index-based dietary patterns in childhood and BMI trajectory during the transition to adolescence. METHODS The study included 581 children enrolled in a Colorado prospective cohort study conducted between 2006 and 2015. Dietary intake was assessed with the Block Kids Food Frequency Questionnaire at age 10 years. Scores were calculated for the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), the alternate Mediterranean (aMED) diet, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Weight and height were assessed via anthropometry at two research visits (ages 10 and 16 years), with interim clinical measurements extracted from Kaiser Permanente medical records. Separate mixed models were used to assess the association between each diet index score and BMI over a 6-year period. Models were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, income, and exposure to gestational diabetes. RESULTS Median (IQR) number of BMI assessments was 14 (10-18). Among girls, for every ten-unit increase in HEI-2010 score, there was an average 0.64 kg/m2 decrease (p = 0.007) in BMI over time, after adjustment for covariates. Among girls, there was no association between BMI and aMED (β = -0.19, p = 0.24) or DASH (β = 0.28, p = 0.38). Among boys, there was no statistically significant association between BMI and HEI-2010 (0.06, p = 0.83), aMED (0.07, p = 0.70), or DASH (0.42, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Efforts to prevent adolescent obesity could benefit from considering the degree of adherence to federal dietary guidance, as assessed by the HEI, in the period preceding adolescence, especially among girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A. Bekelman
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brandy M. Ringham
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine A. Sauder
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan L. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kylie H. Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Goettke E, Reynolds J. "It's all interconnected… like a spider web": a qualitative study of the meanings of food and healthy eating in an Indigenous community. Int J Circumpolar Health 2020; 78:1648969. [PMID: 31357907 PMCID: PMC6711030 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2019.1648969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canadian Indigenous populations are disproportionately affected by rising rates of diet-related chronic disease and have been experiencing rapid lifestyle changes affecting diet. In recognition of these issues, this study aimed to obtain greater understanding of attitudes and meanings around healthy eating in a semi-remote community in Eeyou Istchee. A qualitative study design used semi-structured interviews and observational field notes to explore local accounts of food and health. Two distinct versions of “healthy eating” were identified: one relating to traditional food and preparation methods; the other reflecting medicalised accounts of illness and diagnosed conditions. The latter links with “southern” modes of accessing and preparing food, demonstrating local capacity to adapt to the rapid changes in body, lifestyle and environment being experienced. New connections, associating non-native ways with traditional practices, are being formed where traditional ways of living on the land have been severed. These local accounts show how people are continually negotiating different constructs of “healthy eating.” These findings expand current understandings of the context of food and healthy eating in Eeyou Istchee, emphasising present-day and historical experiences of the land. Future research and diet-related health interventions must continue to acknowledge and incorporate local understandings of health to help address the broader socio-political factors that shape Indigenous lifestyles, environments and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Goettke
- a Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.,b Department of Population Health Sciences, King's College London , London , UK
| | - J Reynolds
- a Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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Gachupin FC, Johnson CB, Torabzadeh E, Bryant H, da Silva VR. Usual Dietary Intake and Adherence to Dietary Recommendations among Southwest American-Indian Youths at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz111. [PMID: 31720555 PMCID: PMC6829493 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Indians are disproportionately affected by obesity and diabetes, and American-Indian youths have the highest prevalence of obesity and diabetes among all ethnic groups in the USA. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to assess the usual dietary intake in American-Indian youths who attended a wellness camp program; adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 (DGA) and to the Healthy People 2020 Objectives; and to compare pre- and postcamp reported diets. METHODS A total of six 24-h dietary recalls were conducted in person with American-Indian youths (aged 10-15 y; n = 26) from 3 different Southwest tribes. Three recalls were conducted before the wellness camp, and 3 were conducted after the camp. A series of 2-factor ANOVA were conducted, using a mixed model, to compare the nutrition differences before and after the health camp using a statistical program, R. RESULTS Adherence to federal dietary recommendations was low, with few of the youths meeting the DGA recommendations for fruits (15%, average serving 0.69 cup/d) and vegetables (35%, average serving 0.59 cup/d). All of the participants exceeded the DGA recommended limit on empty calories. Nutrient analysis of total fat intake showed a significant decrease in intake after the camp, F (1, 52) = 5.68, P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS Diet is a modifiable risk factor for obesity and chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and needs to be an integral part of any healthy lifestyle intervention. The camp-based nutrition education had a positive effect on youths, as observed through the total fat intake decreasing after camp. To reinforce nutrition education, future nutrition education should involve parents, be delivered beyond the week at camp, and encompass social determinants of health and access to healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine C Gachupin
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chelsea Brown Johnson
- West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Eastern Division, Martinsburg, WV, USA
| | - Elmira Torabzadeh
- University of Arizona, Statistical Consulting Laboratory, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Vanessa R da Silva
- University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
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So H, McLaren L, Currie GC. The relationship between health eating and overweight/obesity in Canada: cross-sectional study using the CCHS. Obes Sci Pract 2017; 3:399-406. [PMID: 29259798 PMCID: PMC5729495 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The relationship between Canada's Food Guide (CFG) adherence and overweight/obesity at the population level is unknown. Our objective was to explore the association between overweight/obesity and CFG adherence in Canada. Methods Using 24‐h dietary recall data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), we conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of Canadians' consumption of four predefined food types from CFG (grain products, vegetables and fruit, milk and alternatives, meat and alternatives). Respondents aged 18 to 65 years with measured BMI were included. The total number of servings in each food group was compared with the number of recommended servings in CFG to determine adherence. Linear regression was used to explore the association between overweight/obesity and CFG adherence. Results Participants who met the minimum servings in vegetables and fruit had a lower measured BMI. Also, participants who met the minimum servings in meat and alternatives had a higher measured BMI. These associations were observed for the sample as a whole and for those with overweight/obesity, and, for meat and alternatives, among women. Conclusion There is evidence that following the CFG recommendation is associated with measured BMI, for some food groups. This relationship needs to be validated using longitudinal data. What is already known about this subject?
The relationship between dietary adherence and overweight/obesity has been explored in specific disease populations, in First Nations or children and adolescents in specific regions or provinces in Canada.
What does this study add?
This study explores the relationship between dietary adherence (Canada's Food Guide) and overweight/obesity in adults at the national level in Canada and finds that participants who met the minimum servings in vegetables and fruit had a lower measured BMI. Also, participants who met the minimum servings in meat and alternatives had a higher measured BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H So
- Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - L McLaren
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - G C Currie
- Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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Diet quality indices in relation to metabolic syndrome in an Indigenous Cree (Eeyouch) population in northern Québec, Canada. Public Health Nutr 2017; 21:172-180. [DOI: 10.1017/s136898001700115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo assess associations between three diet quality indices and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Cree (Eeyouch) of northern Québec, Canada, as well as to evaluate their pertinence in this Indigenous context.DesignThe alternative-Healthy Eating Index 2010 (aHEI-2010), the Food Quality Score (FQS) and the contribution of ultra-processed products (UPP) to total daily dietary energy intake using the NOVA classification were calculated from 24 h food recalls. MetS was determined with the latest harmonized definition. Logistic regressions assessed the relationship between quintiles of dietary quality scores with MetS and its components.SettingStudy sample from the 2005–2009 cross-sectional Nituuchischaayihititaau Aschii Environment-and-Health Study.SubjectsEeyouch (n 811) from seven James Bay communities (≥18 years old).ResultsMetS prevalence was 56·6 % with 95·4 % abdominal adiposity, 50·1 % elevated fasting plasma glucose, 43·4 % hypertension, 38·6 % elevated TAG and 44·5 % reduced HDL cholesterol. Comparing highest and lowest quintiles of scores, adjusted OR (95 % CI) of MetS was 0·70 (0·39, 1·08; P-trend=0·05) for aHEI-2010, 1·06 (0·63, 1·76; P-trend=0·87) for FQS and 1·90 (1·14, 3·17; P-trend=0·04) for the contribution of UPP to total daily dietary energy intake.ConclusionsAlthough diet quality indices have been associated with cardiometabolic risk, only the dietary intake of UPP was significantly associated with MetS in the Eeyouch. Indices tailored to the food environment of northern communities are essential to further understand the impact of diet quality in this context.
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Kolahdooz F, Sadeghirad B, Corriveau A, Sharma S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among indigenous populations in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1316-1327. [PMID: 26566086 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.913003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on overweight and obesity among indigenous peoples in Canada have been inconclusive. A systematic review was conducted on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian indigenous populations. Major bibliographic databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 1990 and June 2013. We reviewed 594 abstracts and included 41 studies in the meta-analyses. Using the heterogeneity test (Cochrane Q) results, the overall prevalence was estimated using fixed- or random-effects model. Nonadults (<18 years) had a pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity at 29.8% (95% CI: 25.2-34.4) and 26.5% (95% CI: 21.8-31.3), respectively. The pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults were 29.7% (95% CI: 28.2-31.2) and 36.6% (95% CI: 32.9-40.2), respectively. Adult males had higher overweight prevalence than females (34.6% vs. 26.6%), but lower obesity prevalence (31.6% vs. 40.6%). Nonadult girls had higher prevalence than boys [overweight: 27.6%; 95% CI: 22.6-32.7 vs. 24.7%; 95% CI: 19.0-30.5; obesity: 28.6%; 95% CI: 20.3-36.9 vs. 25.1%; 95% CI: 13.8-36.4]. Nonadult Inuit had the highest overweight and lowest obesity prevalence. Although Inuit adult had the lowest prevalence of overweight (28.7%; 95% CI: 27.3-30.2) and obesity (32.3%; 95% CI: 25.5-39.1), it was relatively high. This study highlights the need for nutritional intervention programs for obesity prevention among indigenous populations in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Kolahdooz
- a Indigenous and Global Health Research Group , Department of Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Behnam Sadeghirad
- b Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - André Corriveau
- c Office of the Chief Public Health Officer , Department of Health and Social Services , Government of the Northwest Territories , Yellowknife , Northwest Territories , Canada
| | - Sangita Sharma
- a Indigenous and Global Health Research Group , Department of Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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Proust F, Drescher O, Laouan-Sidi EA, Robinson E, Lucas M, Dewailly É. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles and relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors in Cree (Eeyouch) of Northern Québec. Int J Circumpolar Health 2016; 75:30361. [PMID: 27427488 PMCID: PMC4947832 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v75.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) from fish are known modulators of cardiometabolic risk factors. Objective To examine fatty acids (FAs) status and the relationship between n-3 LC-PUFA and cardiometabolic risk factors in Cree participants. Design We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study (n=829) conducted in Cree adults (aged 18–74 years) from 7 communities of the James Bay territory of Quebec (Canada) in 2005–2009. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical and anthropometric data were collected. FAs were quantified in red blood cells (RBCs) under fasting conditions. Results A total of 89% of the participants were overweight (with 69% obesity), 33% had hypertriglyceridemia, 44% had low plasma HDL-c and 77% had fasting plasma insulin ≥90 pmol/l. Total n-3 PUFAs accounted for 6% of total FAs and were higher among older participants, while n-6 PUFAs accounted for 31% of total FAs and were higher among younger participants. According to the adjusted multiple linear regression models, n-3 LC-PUFA was associated (p<0.05) with higher total cholesterol, LDL-c and apo B-100, and was also associated (p<0.05) with lower blood glucose. Conclusion Overall, this study showed that n-3 LC-PUFA levels measured in the RBCs of the Cree adults are relatively low and tend towards lower levels among youth. These levels might be insufficient to offset the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Proust
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Olivia Drescher
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Elhadji A Laouan-Sidi
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Robinson
- Public Health Department of the James Bay Cree Territory, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Lucas
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada;
| | - Éric Dewailly
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Banfield EC, Liu Y, Davis JS, Chang S, Frazier-Wood AC. Poor Adherence to US Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Population. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 116:21-27. [PMID: 26391469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor diet quality in childhood and adolescence is associated with adverse health outcomes throughout life, yet the dietary habits of American children and how they change across childhood and adolescence are unknown. OBJECTIVES This study sought to describe diet quality among children and adolescents by assessing adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and to determine whether any differences in adherence occurred across childhood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We employed a cross-sectional design using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Of 9,280 children aged 4 to 18 years who participated in NHANES from 2005 to 2010, those with insufficient data on dietary recall (n=852) or who were pregnant or lactating during the time of interview (n=38) were excluded from the final study sample (n=8,390). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured adherence to the DGA using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and stratified participants into three age groups (4 to 8, 9 to 13, and 14 to 18 years of age). We analyzed each of 12 HEI-2010 components and total HEI-2010 score. RESULTS The youngest children had the highest overall diet quality due to significantly greater scores for total fruit, whole fruit, dairy, and whole grains. These children also had the highest scores for sodium, refined grains, and empty calories. Total HEI-2010 scores ranged from 43.59 to 52.11 out of 100, much lower than the minimum score of 80 that is thought to indicate a diet associated with good health. CONCLUSIONS Overall, children and adolescents are failing to meet the DGA and may be at an increased risk of chronic diseases throughout life. By analyzing which food groups show differences between age groups, we provide data that can inform the development of dietary interventions to promote specific food groups targeting specific ages and improve diet quality among children and adolescents.
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Physical Activity and Fitness of First Nations Youth in a Remote and Isolated Northern Ontario Community: A Needs Assessment. J Community Health 2015; 41:46-56. [PMID: 26175076 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-015-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among a group of First Nations youth, this research aimed to obtain objective measures of anthropometry, physical activity (PA) and fitness; to identify any group-level differences by sex, body mass index, waist circumference and body fat categories; to assess the barriers and supports to PA. Youth participated in anthropometric measures (BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage), PA assessment (3 days of accelerometry) and fitness testing (guided by the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Approach). Barriers and supports were assessed via environmental scan and focus groups. Descriptive statistics were compared to reference data. Group differences by sex, BMI status, waist circumference and body fat categories were tested using Mann-Whitney U and Chi square tests (p ≤ 0.05). Qualitative data were assembled into one file and coded manually for categories and themes. Seventy-two youth (12.1 ± 1.1 years, 61.1% male) participated in at least one measure; 36 completed the accelerometry. Sixty-three percent were overweight or obese, 51% were abdominally obese and 21% had excess body fat. Most (86.1%) met Canada's PA guidelines. Boys were more active than girls (p = 0.025) and had greater cardiorespiratory endurance (p = 0.003). Overweight, obese, or abdominally obese youth had lower cardiorespiratory endurance than normal weight youth (p < 0.001). Barriers and supports fell under the main themes: motivation, role models, personnel and facilities, environment and programs. Based on this assessment, youth in this community are active, but not sufficiently physically fit, especially among those affected by obesity and abdominal obesity. The findings, in addition to the numerous barriers to PA, support the community's desire for school-based PA programming.
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Gaudin VL, Receveur O, Walz L, Girard F, Potvin L. A mixed methods inquiry into the determinants of traditional food consumption among three Cree communities of Eeyou Istchee from an ecological perspective. Int J Circumpolar Health 2014; 73:24918. [PMID: 25466760 PMCID: PMC4247392 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v73.24918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Aboriginal nations of Canada have higher incidences of chronic diseases, coinciding with profound changes in their environment, lifestyle and diet. Traditional foods can protect against the risks of chronic disease. However, their consumption is in decline, and little is known about the complex mechanisms underlying this trend. OBJECTIVE To identify the factors involved in traditional food consumption by Cree Aboriginal people living in 3 communities in northern Quebec, Canada. Design. A mixed methods explanatory design, including focus group interviews to interpret the results of logistic regression. METHODS This study includes a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey of 3 Cree communities (n=374) and 4 focus group interviews (n=23). In the first, quantitative phase of the study, data were collected using a food-frequency questionnaire along with a structured questionnaire. Subsequently, the focus group interviews helped explain and build on the results of logistic regressions. RESULTS People who consume traditional food 3 days or more weekly were more likely to be 40 years old and over, to walk 30 minutes or more per day, not to have completed their schooling, to live in Mistissini and to be a hunter (p<0.05 for all comparisons). The focus group participants provided explanations for the quantitative analysis results or completed them. For example, although no statistical association was found, focus group participants believed that employment acts as both a facilitator and a barrier to traditional food consumption, rendering the effect undetectable. In addition, focus group participants suggested that traditional food consumption is the result of multiple interconnected influences, including individual, family, community and environmental influences, rather than a single factor. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on a number of factors that are unique to traditional foods, factors that have been understudied to date. Efforts to promote and maintain traditional food consumption could improve the overall health and wellbeing of Cree communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Laberge Gaudin
- Public Health Department, Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay, Mistissini, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Receveur
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leah Walz
- Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Girard
- Department of Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada;
| | - Louise Potvin
- Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Valera B, Sohani Z, Rana A, Poirier P, Anand SS. The ethnoepidemiology of obesity. Can J Cardiol 2014; 31:131-41. [PMID: 25661548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity varies significantly across ethnic groups and among aboriginal people in Canada and appears to be increasing overall in children and youth, which will have significant health consequences in the future. Individual health behaviours, genetic predisposition, and community-level factors all contribute to the high burden of overweight and obesity across communities in Canada. Preliminary studies indicate that individuals who live in neighbourhoods in Canada with increased walkability, fewer fast food outlets, and higher socioeconomic status have lower rates of overweight/obesity when compared with other neighbourhoods. However, more research is required to understand the impact of community level factors on overweight/obesity trends in Canadian ethnic groups, including children and youth, and aboriginal people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valera
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Zahra Sohani
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Rana
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada; Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Kerpan ST, Humbert ML, Henry CJ. Determinants of Diet for Urban Aboriginal Youth. Health Promot Pract 2014; 16:392-400. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839914557862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are associated with several life-threating comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is a growing health concern in North America, with some groups experiencing higher levels of obesity than others. One group of particular interest is urban Aboriginal youth because they are a quickly growing population who experience high rates of obesity. Obesity is a complex condition with many contributing factors, diet being one of the primary contributors. In this article, we discuss the findings from an ethnographic study that examined determinants of diet for urban Aboriginal youth. Results revealed two themes: (a) Traditions and Sharing, and (b) The Struggle. The findings with Traditions and Sharing showed that food-sharing networks are often used to acquire traditional food. Traditional foods were believed to be healthy and desired by the participants. The theme The Struggle provides insight into the daily challenges the participants faced with food insecurity. Health promotion professionals need to consider the multiplicity of determinants of diet for urban Aboriginal youth in order to plan and implement culturally appropriate health promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene T. Kerpan
- College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M. Louise Humbert
- College of Kinesiology University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Carol J. Henry
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Gates A, Skinner K, Gates M. The diets of school-aged Aboriginal youths in Canada: a systematic review of the literature. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28:246-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gates
- School of Public Health & Health Systems; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - K. Skinner
- Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay ON Canada
| | - M. Gates
- School of Public Health & Health Systems; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Native American youth have greater rates of overweight/obesity than same-aged youth from the general population. Even though dietary shifts are suspected, surprisingly little information exists concerning the dietary patterns of contemporary Native American adolescents. AIM This study examines the dietary composition of Native American adolescents residing in upstate New York at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. The goal of this investigation is to assess the food patterns of Akwesasne adolescents via a total diet approach. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING AND METHODS: The sample is comprised of 246 Mohawk adolescents between the ages of 10-16.9 years of age residing at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. Food frequency data was collected from adolescents via interview during a cross-sectional study investigating their exposure to environmental pollutants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Nutrient-dilute but energy-dense foods characterize most of the top 10 dietary sources of energy, carbohydrates, and fat. Although micronutrient intakes are by and large adequate in the sample, micronutrients are most often derived from highly fortified food sources. Adolescent diets contain few naturally-occurring sources of many micronutrients, especially folate and iron. A narrow variety of foods dominate the top dietary sources across both macronutrient and micronutrients, strongly suggesting the need for increased dietary diversity within this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ravenscroft
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222 , USA
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Patton IT, McPherson AC. Anthropometric measurements in Canadian children: a scoping review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:e369-74. [PMID: 24183177 PMCID: PMC6974125 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.104.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to identify what forms of anthropometric measurement are currently being utilized with Canadian children and youth and what are the gaps in the literature on this topic. METHODS The current study utilized a scoping review methodology in order to achieve the study objectives. Online databases Medline and PubMed and CINAHL were used to search articles from the last decade (2002-2012) that addressed Canadian children aged 2-18 years. SYNTHESIS 50 studies were included in this review. A variety of anthropometric measurements were identified, including body mass index, waist circumference, hip-to-waist ratio, among others. Six of the included studies (12%) utilized nationally representative data from large-scale studies. BMI was the most reported form of measurement with 88% of studies collecting it. Waist circumference was a distant second with 20% of studies reporting it. Several gaps in the literature exist with regards to First Nations (FN) research; many of the measurement methods were not used. Additionally, FN accounted for only 2.5% of the study's sample. The majority of studies took place in Quebec (29%) and Ontario (27%). CONCLUSION Body mass index is the most reported method of anthropometric measurement used for children. Efforts should be taken by health care practitioners and researchers to collect other forms of measurement in order to assist in understanding the validity of other measures and their value when used with children. Furthermore, attention needs to be focused on utilizing and studying various forms of anthropometric measurement across all Canadian regions and populations.
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Willows ND, Ridley D, Raine KD, Maximova K. High adiposity is associated cross-sectionally with low self-concept and body size dissatisfaction among indigenous Cree schoolchildren in Canada. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:118. [PMID: 23937909 PMCID: PMC3751487 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and mental health problems are prevalent among indigenous children in Canada and the United States. In this cross-sectional study the associations between adiposity and body size satisfaction, body image and self-concept were examined in indigenous children in grades four to six living in Cree communities in the Province of Quebec (Canada). METHODS Weight status and body mass index (BMI) z-scores were derived from children's measured height and weight using the World Health Organization growth reference. Multivariate regression models that included child's age and sex were used to assess the association between (a) weight status and physical appearance satisfaction using pictorial and verbal body rating measures in 202 of 263 children, and (b) BMI z-score and self-concept measured using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale in a subset of 78 children. RESULTS Children (10.67 ± 0.98 years) were predominantly overweight (28.2%) or obese (45.0%). Many (40.0%) children had low global self-concept indicating that they had serious doubts about their self-worth and lacked confidence. About one-third (34.7%) of children did not like the way they looked and 46.3% scored low on the physical appearance and attributes domain of self-concept indicating poor self-esteem in relation to their body image and physical strength, feeling unattractive, or being bothered by specific aspects of their physical appearance. Compared to normal weight children, overweight and obese children were more likely to desire being smaller (OR=4.3 and 19.8, respectively), say their body size was too big (OR=7.7 and 30.6, respectively) and not liking the way they looked (OR=2.4 and 7.8, respectively). Higher BMI z-score was associated with lower scores for global self-concept (β=-1.3), intellectual and school status (β=-1.5) and physical appearance and attributes (β=-1.3) indicating negative self-evaluations in these areas. Despite comparable weight status to boys, girls were more likely to have lower scores for global self-concept (β=-3.8), physical appearance and attributes (β=-4.2), desiring to be smaller (OR=4.3) and not liking the way they looked (OR=2.3). CONCLUSIONS The psychosocial correlates of obesity are important considerations for indigenous children, particularly girls, given that poor self-concept and body size dissatisfaction negatively impact mental and emotional qualities of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Dianne Willows
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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18
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Gates M, Hanning RM, Gates A, McCarthy DD, Tsuji LJS. Assessing the impact of pilot school snack programs on milk and alternatives intake in 2 remote First Nation communities in northern Ontario, Canada. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2013; 83:69-76. [PMID: 23331265 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canadian Aboriginal youth have poorer diet quality and higher rates of overweight and obesity than the general population. This research aimed to assess the impact of simple food provision programs on the intakes of milk and alternatives among youth in Kashechewan and Attawapiskat First Nations (FNs), Ontario, Canada. METHODS A pilot school snack program was initiated in Kashechewan in May 2009 including coordinator training and grant writing support. A supplementary milk and alternatives program was initiated in Attawapiskat in February 2010. Changes in dietary intake were assessed using Web-based 24-hour dietary recalls in grade 6 to 8 students, pre- and 1-week post-program, with a 1-year follow-up in Kashechewan. Student impressions were collected after 1 week using open-ended questions in the Web survey. Teacher and administrator impressions were collected via focus groups after 1 year in Kashechewan. RESULTS After 1 week, calcium intake increased in Kashechewan (805.9 ± 552.0 to 1027.6 ± 603.7 mg, p = .044); however, improvements were not sustained at 1 year; milk and alternatives (1.7 ± 1.7 servings to 2.1 ± 1.4 servings, p = .034) and vitamin D (2.5 ± 2.6 to 3.5 ± 3.4 µg, p = .022) intakes increased in Attawapiskat. Impressions of the programs were positive, though limited resources, staff, facilities, and funding were barriers to sustaining the consistent snack provision of the 1-week pilot phase. CONCLUSION These illustrations show the potential of snack programs to address the low intakes of milk and alternatives among youth in remote FNs. Community-level constraints must be addressed for sustained program benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gates
- University of Waterloo, School of Public Health and Health Systems, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Skinner K, Hanning RM, Sutherland C, Edwards-Wheesk R, Tsuji LJS. Using a SWOT analysis to inform healthy eating and physical activity strategies for a remote First Nations community in Canada. Am J Health Promot 2012; 26:e159-70. [PMID: 22747324 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.061019136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To plan community-driven health promotion strategies based on a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the healthy eating and physical activity patterns of First Nation (FN) youth. DESIGN Cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative data used to develop SWOT themes and strategies. SETTING Remote, subarctic FN community of Fort Albany, Ontario, Canada. SUBJECTS Adult (n = 25) and youth (n = 66, grades 6-11) community members. MEASURES Qualitative data were collected using five focus groups with adults (two focus groups) and youth (three focus groups), seven individual interviews with adults, and an environmental scan of 13 direct observations of events/locations (e.g., the grocery store). Quantitative data on food/physical activity behaviors were collected using a validated Web-based survey with youth. ANALYSIS Themes were identified from qualitative and quantitative data and were analyzed and interpreted within a SWOT matrix. RESULTS Thirty-two SWOT themes were identified (e.g., accessibility of existing facilities, such as the gymnasium). The SWOT analysis showed how these themes could be combined and transformed into 12 strategies (e.g., expanding and enhancing the school snack/breakfast program) while integrating suggestions from the community. CONCLUSION SWOT analysis was a beneficial tool that facilitated the combination of local data and community ideas in the development of targeted health promotion strategies for the FN community of Fort Albany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Skinner
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Johnson-Down LM, Egeland GM. How is nutrition transition affecting dietary adequacy in Eeyouch (Cree) adults of Northern Quebec, Canada? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38:300-5. [PMID: 23537022 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid development, including the building of hydroelectric projects and roads in remote areas of Northern Quebec, Canada, has led to concerns about the contamination of traditional foods (TF) and a transition to a diet characterized by increased commercial food intake. A cross-sectional study of 850 Cree adults, aged ≥19 years, from 7 of the 9 Eeyouch communities was conducted during the spring and summer seasons of 2005-2008. Anthropometric measures were collected. TF and dietary intake were assessed using food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and 24-h recalls. Obesity was high, with 77% of the women and 64% of the men classified as obese. Past-year TF consumption was 100%, and 41% of participants reported eating TF on the 24-h recall. TF intake as reported on both the FFQs and the 24-h recalls was higher in individuals aged >50 years of age and in men, relative to younger adults and women, respectively. TF consumption increased protein, vitamin D, iron, and magnesium in all individuals, and energy, cholesterol, magnesium, sodium, and zinc in men aged 19-50 years; it decreased vitamin C in men and women aged ≥51 years. Participants reported drinking a mean daily 0.78 ± 1.34 cans of soft drinks or other high-sugar beverages per day or 5.28% ± 8.92% of total energy. It is important to identify behaviours that are contributing to obesity and its health consequences in this population and to find culturally appropriate ways to promote the consumption of TF and to reduce the consumption of energy-dense and nutrient-poor beverages and food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Johnson-Down
- a Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (CINE) and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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21
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Lazzinnaro R, Plourde H, Johnson-Down L, Dewailly E, Egeland GM. High-sugar drink consumption: an associate of obesity and impaired fasting glucose in Canadian Indigenous (Cree) communities. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:e17-e19. [PMID: 22748711 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schell LM, Gallo MV. Overweight and obesity among North American Indian infants, children, and youth. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:302-13. [PMID: 22378356 PMCID: PMC3514018 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of overweight and obesity among North American Indian children and youth exceeds that of other ethnic groups in the United States. This observation is based on studies using body mass index as the primary measure of overweight and obesity. In the mid-20th century, there were regional differences among North American Indian groups in sub-adults' size and shape and only a few Southwestern groups were characterized by high rates of overweight and obesity. In most populations, the high prevalence of overweight and obesity developed in the last decades of the 20th century. Childhood obesity may begin early in life as many studies report higher birth weights and greater weight-for-height in the preschool years. Contributing factors include higher maternal weights, a nutritional transition from locally caught or raised foods to store bought items, psychosocial stress associated with threats to cultural identity and national sovereignty, and exposure to obesogenic pollutants, all associated to some degree with poverty. Obesity is part of the profile of poor health among Native Americans in the US and Canada, and contributes to woefully high rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and early mortality. Interventions that are culturally appropriate are needed to reduce weights at all points in the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Schell
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany, New York, USA.
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Hlimi T, Skinner K, Hanning RM, Martin ID, Tsuji LJS. Traditional food consumption behaviour and concern with environmental contaminants among Cree schoolchildren of the Mushkegowuk territory. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:17344. [PMID: 22456047 PMCID: PMC3417711 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.17344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate factors influencing consumption of traditional foods (e.g. wild game, fish) and concerns about environmental contaminants among schoolchildren of the Mushkegowuk Territory First Nations (Moose Factory, Fort Albany, Kashechewan, Attawapiskat, and Peawanuck). Study design Cross-sectional data collection from a Web-based Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (WEB-Q). Methods Schoolchildren in grades 6–12 (n =262) responded to 4 of the WEB-Q questions: (a) Do you eat game? (b) How often do you eat game? (c) How concerned are you about the environmental contaminants in the wild game and fish that you eat? (d) I would eat more game if… [6 response options]. Data were collected in 2004 (Fort Albany), 2005 (Peawanuck), 2006 (Attawapiskat), 2007 (Moose Factory) and 2009 (Kashechewan). Hierarchical log-linear modelling (LLM) was used for analyses of multi-way frequency data. Results Of the schoolchildren answering the specific questions: 174 consumed game; 95 reported concerns about contaminants in game; and 84 would increase their game consumption if it were more available in their homes. LLM revealed significant differences between communities; schoolchildren in Moose Factory consumed game “rarely or never” at greater than expected frequency, and fewer than expected consumed game “at least once a day”. Schoolchildren in Kashechewan had greater frequency of daily game consumption and few were concerned about contaminants in game. Using LLM, we found that sex was an insignificant variable and did not affect game consumption frequency or environmental contaminant concern. Conclusion The consumption of traditional foods differed between communities and appears to be related to contamination concerns. In addition, latitudinal variation appears to influence the frequency of traditional food consumption in children; children in the most southerly location consumed traditional food less frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Hlimi
- Department of Environment and Resource Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Acar Tek N, Yildiran H, Akbulut G, Bilici S, Koksal E, Gezmen Karadag M, Sanlıer N. Evaluation of dietary quality of adolescents using Healthy Eating Index. Nutr Res Pract 2011; 5:322-8. [PMID: 21994527 PMCID: PMC3180683 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.4.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) to assess diet quality and determine the relationship between the HEI-2005 and the energy and nutrient intakes of adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,104 healthy adolescents, mean age of 15.8 ± 1.24 years. Dietary intake was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall method, and dietary quality was assessed by means of the HEI-2005. Diet quality scores ranged from 23.7 to 77.5. The mean score was found to be 51.5 ± 9.07 according to the HEI-2005. There were no differences according to gender; 42.8% had a poor diet and 57.2% had a diet that needs improvement. No subjects had a "good diet". Lower mean subgroup scores were found for whole grains, total vegetables, total fruits, dairy products, and meat and beans. Fruits and vegetables scores were significantly high in girls, whereas sodium, oil, and meat and beans scores were significantly high in boys. Total HEI-2005 scores were increasingly associated with parental education level when age and gender were adjusted. There was a negative correlation between HEI-2005 scores and age, total energy intake, and fat intake. Positive correlation was only observed in the HEI-2005 scores for protein and dietary fibre intakes. Consequently, the overall diet quality and nutritional habits of Turkish adolescents need modification and improvement. In the family, measures should be initiated by the government, including advertisements and campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Acar Tek
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Besevler, Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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