1
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Choi N, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Schlücker S. iSERS: from nanotag design to protein assays and ex vivo imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6675-6693. [PMID: 38828554 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are an eminently important class of ubiquitous biomacromolecules with diverse biological functions, and numerous techniques for their detection, quantification, and localisation have been developed. Many of these methods exploit the selectivity arising from molecular recognition of proteins/antigens by immunoglobulins. The combination of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with such "immuno"-techniques to immuno-SERS (iSERS) is the central topic of this review, which is focused on colloidal SERS nanotags, i.e., molecularly functionalised noble metal nanoparticles conjugated to antibodies, for their use in protein assays and ex vivo imaging. After contrasting the fundamental differences between label-free SERS and iSERS, including a balanced description of the advantages and drawbacks of the latter, we describe the usual workflow of iSERS experiments. Milestones in the development of the iSERS technology are summarised from a historical perspective. By highlighting selected examples from the literature, we illustrate the conceptual progress that has been achieved in the fields of iSERS-based protein assays and ex vivo imaging. Finally, we attempt to predict what is necessary to fully exploit the transformative potential of the iSERS technology by stimulating the transition from research in academic labs into applications for the benefit of our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) & Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany.
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) & Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany.
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2
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Heo EH, Chang H. Simple and sensitive galactose monitoring based on capillary SERS sensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3811-3819. [PMID: 38702448 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Galactosemia, a severe genetic metabolic disorder, results from the absence of galactose-degrading enzymes, leading to harmful galactose accumulation. In this study, we introduce a novel capillary-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for convenient and sensitive galactose detection. The developed sensor enhances SERS signals by introducing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto the surface of silver nanoshells (Ag NSs) within a capillary, creating Ag NSs with Au NPs as satellites. Utilizing 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) as a Raman reporter molecule, the detection method relies on the conversion of 4-MPBA to 4-mercaptophenol (4-MPhOH) driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated during galactose oxidation by galactose oxidase (GOx). A new SERS signal was observed, which was generated by H2O2 produced when galactose and GOx reacted. Our strategy yielded a quantitative change in the SERS signal, specifically in the band intensity ratio of 998 to 1076 cm-1 (I998/I1076) as the galactose concentration increased. Our capillary-based SERS biosensor provides a promising platform for early galactosemia diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hae Heo
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Chang
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lee S, Dang H, Moon JI, Kim K, Joung Y, Park S, Yu Q, Chen J, Lu M, Chen L, Joo SW, Choo J. SERS-based microdevices for use as in vitro diagnostic biosensors. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5394-5427. [PMID: 38597213 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection have helped to overcome the limitations of traditional in vitro diagnostic methods, such as fluorescence and chemiluminescence, owing to its high sensitivity and multiplex detection capability. However, for the implementation of SERS detection technology in disease diagnosis, a SERS-based assay platform capable of analyzing clinical samples is essential. Moreover, infectious diseases like COVID-19 require the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies that can rapidly and accurately determine infection status. As an effective assay platform, SERS-based bioassays utilize SERS nanotags labeled with protein or DNA receptors on Au or Ag nanoparticles, serving as highly sensitive optical probes. Additionally, a microdevice is necessary as an interface between the target biomolecules and SERS nanotags. This review aims to introduce various microdevices developed for SERS detection, available for POC diagnostics, including LFA strips, microfluidic chips, and microarray chips. Furthermore, the article presents research findings reported in the last 20 years for the SERS-based bioassay of various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. Finally, the prospects of SERS bioassays are discussed concerning the integration of SERS-based microdevices and portable Raman readers into POC systems, along with the utilization of artificial intelligence technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Hajun Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Joung-Il Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Younju Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Sohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Mengdan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
| | - Lingxin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Information Communication, Materials, and Chemistry Convergence Technology, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, South Korea.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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4
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Yu X, Park S, Lee S, Joo SW, Choo J. Microfluidics for disease diagnostics based on surface-enhanced raman scattering detection. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:17. [PMID: 38687445 PMCID: PMC11061072 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This review reports diverse microfluidic systems utilizing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection for disease diagnosis. Integrating SERS detection technology, providing high-sensitivity detection, and microfluidic technology for manipulating small liquid samples in microdevices has expanded the analytical capabilities previously confined to larger settings. This study explores the principles and uses of various SERS-based microfluidic devices developed over the last two decades. Specifically, we investigate the operational principles of documented SERS-based microfluidic devices, including continuous-flow channels, microarray-embedded microfluidic channels, droplet microfluidic channels, digital droplet channels, and gradient microfluidic channels. We also examine their applications in biomedical diagnostics. In conclusion, we summarize the areas requiring further development to translate these SERS-based microfluidic technologies into practical applications in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Sohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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5
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Nie C, Shaw I, Chen C. Application of microfluidic technology based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering in cancer biomarker detection: A review. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1429-1451. [PMID: 38223444 PMCID: PMC10785256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With the continuous discovery and research of predictive cancer-related biomarkers, liquid biopsy shows great potential in cancer diagnosis. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and microfluidic technology have received much attention among the various cancer biomarker detection methods. The former has ultrahigh detection sensitivity and can provide a unique fingerprint. In contrast, the latter has the characteristics of miniaturization and integration, which can realize accurate control of the detection samples and high-throughput detection through design. Both have the potential for point-of-care testing (POCT), and their combination (lab-on-a-chip SERS (LoC-SERS)) shows good compatibility. In this paper, the basic situation of circulating proteins, circulating tumor cells, exosomes, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and microRNA (miRNA) in the diagnosis of various cancers is reviewed, and the detection research of these biomarkers by the LoC-SERS platform in recent years is described in detail. At the same time, the challenges and future development of the platform are discussed at the end of the review. Summarizing the current technology is expected to provide a reference for scholars engaged in related work and interested in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Nie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ibrahim Shaw
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
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6
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Ilyas A, Dyussupova A, Sultangaziyev A, Shevchenko Y, Filchakova O, Bukasov R. SERS immuno- and apta-assays in biosensing/bio-detection: Performance comparison, clinical applications, challenges. Talanta 2023; 265:124818. [PMID: 37453393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is increasingly used as a sensitive bioanalytical tool for detection of variety of analytes ranging from viruses and bacteria to cancer biomarkers and toxins, etc. This comprehensive review describes principles of operation and compares the performance of immunoassays and aptamer assays with Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection to each other and to some other bioassay methods, including ELISA and fluorescence assays. Both immuno- and aptamer-based assays are categorized into assay on solid substrates, assays with magnetic nanoparticles and assays in laminar flow or/and strip assays. The best performing and recent examples of assays in each category are described in the text and illustrated in the figures. The average performance, particularly, limit of detection (LOD) for each of those methods reflected in 9 tables of the manuscript and average LODs are calculated and compared. We found out that, on average, there is some advantage in terms of LOD for SERS immunoassays (0.5 pM median LOD of 88 papers) vs SERS aptamer-based assays (1.7 pM median LOD of 51 papers). We also tabulated and analyzed the clinical performance of SERS immune and aptamer assays, where selectivity, specificity, and accuracy are reported, we summarized the best examples. We also reviewed challenges to SERS bioassay performance and real-life application, including non-specific protein binding, nanoparticle aggregation, limited nanotag stability, sometimes, relatively long time to results, etc. The proposed solutions to those challenges are also discussed in the review. Overall, this review may be interesting not only to bioanalytical chemist, but to medical and life science researchers who are interested in improvement of bioanalyte detection and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Yegor Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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7
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Vieira MF, Bovolato ALDC, da Fonseca BG, Izumi CMS, Brolo AG. A Direct Immunoassay Based on Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopy Using AuNP/PS-b-P2VP Nanocomposites. SENSORS 2023; 23:4810. [PMCID: PMC10224472 DOI: 10.3390/s23104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
A biosensor was developed for directly detecting human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based on stable and reproducible gold nanoparticles/polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (AuNP/PS-b-P2VP) nanocomposites. The substrates were functionalized with carboxylic acid groups for the covalent binding of anti-IgG and anti-ATP and the detection of IgG and ATP (1 to 150 μg/mL). SEM images of the nanocomposite show 17 ± 2 nm AuNP clusters adsorbed over a continuous porous PS-b-P2VP thin film. UV–VIS and SERS were used to characterize each step of the substrate functionalization and the specific interaction between anti-IgG and the targeted IgG analyte. The UV–VIS results show a redshift of the LSPR band as the AuNP surface was functionalized and SERS measurements showed consistent changes in the spectral features. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate between samples before and after the affinity tests. Moreover, the designed biosensor proved to be sensitive to different concentrations of IgG with a limit-of-detection (LOD) down to 1 μg/mL. Moreover, the selectivity to IgG was confirmed using standard solutions of IgM as a control. Finally, ATP direct immunoassay (LOD = 1 μg/mL) has demonstrated that this nanocomposite platform can be used to detect different types of biomolecules after proper functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyra F. Vieira
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário s/n, CEP, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lívia de Carvalho Bovolato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Bruno G. da Fonseca
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Celly M. S. Izumi
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário s/n, CEP, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Brolo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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8
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Fattahi Z, Hasanzadeh M. Nanotechnology-assisted microfluidic systems platform for chemical and bioanalysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Exploring Sensitive Label-Free Multiplex Analysis with Raman-Coded Microbeads and SERS-Coded Reporters. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020121. [PMID: 35200381 PMCID: PMC8870176 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suspension microsphere immunoassays are rapidly gaining attention in multiplex bioassays. Accurate detection of multiple analytes from a single measurement is critical in modern bioanalysis, which always requires complex encoding systems. In this study, a novel bioassay with Raman-coded antibody supports (polymer microbeads with different Raman signatures) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-coded nanotags (organic thiols on a gold nanoparticle surface with different SERS signatures) was developed as a model fluorescent, label-free, bead-based multiplex immunoassay system. The developed homogeneous immunoassays included two surface-functionalized monodisperse Raman-coded microbeads of polystyrene and poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) as the immune solid supports, and two epitope modified nanotags (self-assembled 4-mercaptobenzoic acid or 3-mercaptopropionic acid on gold nanoparticles) as the SERS-coded reporters. Such multiplex Raman/SERS-based microsphere immunoassays could selectively identify specific paratope–epitope interactions from one mixture sample solution under a single laser illumination, and thus hold great promise in future suspension multiplex analysis for diverse biomedical applications.
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10
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Langer J, Jimenez de Aberasturi D, Aizpurua J, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Auguié B, Baumberg JJ, Bazan GC, Bell SEJ, Boisen A, Brolo AG, Choo J, Cialla-May D, Deckert V, Fabris L, Faulds K, García de Abajo FJ, Goodacre R, Graham D, Haes AJ, Haynes CL, Huck C, Itoh T, Käll M, Kneipp J, Kotov NA, Kuang H, Le Ru EC, Lee HK, Li JF, Ling XY, Maier SA, Mayerhöfer T, Moskovits M, Murakoshi K, Nam JM, Nie S, Ozaki Y, Pastoriza-Santos I, Perez-Juste J, Popp J, Pucci A, Reich S, Ren B, Schatz GC, Shegai T, Schlücker S, Tay LL, Thomas KG, Tian ZQ, Van Duyne RP, Vo-Dinh T, Wang Y, Willets KA, Xu C, Xu H, Xu Y, Yamamoto YS, Zhao B, Liz-Marzán LM. Present and Future of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS NANO 2020; 14:28-117. [PMID: 31478375 PMCID: PMC6990571 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1381] [Impact Index Per Article: 345.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the enhancement of Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on nanostructured metal surfaces is a landmark in the history of spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Significant experimental and theoretical effort has been directed toward understanding the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect and demonstrating its potential in various types of ultrasensitive sensing applications in a wide variety of fields. In the 45 years since its discovery, SERS has blossomed into a rich area of research and technology, but additional efforts are still needed before it can be routinely used analytically and in commercial products. In this Review, prominent authors from around the world joined together to summarize the state of the art in understanding and using SERS and to predict what can be expected in the near future in terms of research, applications, and technological development. This Review is dedicated to SERS pioneer and our coauthor, the late Prof. Richard Van Duyne, whom we lost during the preparation of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Langer
- CIC
biomaGUNE and CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | | | - Javier Aizpurua
- Materials
Physics Center (CSIC-UPV/EHU), and Donostia
International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Departamento
de Química Física e Inorgánica and EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Baptiste Auguié
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria
University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The
MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls
Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department
of Materials and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Steven E. J. Bell
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department
of Micro- and Nanotechnology, The Danish National Research Foundation
and Villum Foundation’s Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery
and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Alexandre G. Brolo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3 V6, Canada
- Center
for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies”, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies”, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Laura Fabris
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers
University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Karen Faulds
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- The Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Haes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian Huck
- Kirchhoff
Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Tamitake Itoh
- Nano-Bioanalysis
Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Mikael Käll
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg S412 96, Sweden
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, Berlin-Adlershof 12489, Germany
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hua Kuang
- Key Lab
of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International
Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key
Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, JiangSu 214122, China
| | - Eric C. Le Ru
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria
University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The
MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls
Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hiang Kwee Lee
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, MOE Key Laboratory
of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xing Yi Ling
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair in
Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies”, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, North 10 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo,
Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | | | - Jorge Perez-Juste
- Departamento
de Química Física and CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Juergen Popp
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies”, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff
Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, MOE Key Laboratory
of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg S412 96, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical
Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration
Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Li-Lin Tay
- National
Research Council Canada, Metrology Research
Centre, Ottawa K1A0R6, Canada
| | - K. George Thomas
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, MOE Key Laboratory
of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Richard P. Van Duyne
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick
Institute for Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and
Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern
University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- Key Lab
of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International
Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key
Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, JiangSu 214122, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School
of Physics and Technology and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yikai Xu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko S. Yamamoto
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key
Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- CIC
biomaGUNE and CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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11
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Cui X, Hu D, Wang C, Chen S, Zhao Z, Xu X, Yao Y, Liu T. A surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based probe method for detecting chromogranin A in adrenal tumors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:397-407. [PMID: 31983270 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aim to demonstrate that a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) probe can be effectively used for protein detection in adrenal tumors. Materials & methods: The SERS probe method, which uses Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles conjugated with a CgA antibody and a SERS reporter, was applied to detect CgA in adrenal tumors. Results: Our data reveal that the results of the CgA-SERS probe method were almost identical to those of western blot and superior to those of traditional immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: This study offers a novel strategy to detect CgA in adrenal tumors and provides more reliable protein test results than traditional immunohistochemistry analysis for adrenal pathologists, meaning that it might be a better clinical reference for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- College of Medicine & Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Data Analytics & Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China
| | - Dayu Hu
- College of Medicine & Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Shuo Chen
- College of Medicine & Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China
| | - Zeyin Zhao
- College of Medicine & Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Xu
- College of Medicine & Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China
| | - Yudong Yao
- College of Medicine & Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, No.500 Wisdom Street, Shenyang, 110169, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjingbei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
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12
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Jeon J, Choi N, Chen H, Moon JI, Chen L, Choo J. SERS-based droplet microfluidics for high-throughput gradient analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:674-681. [PMID: 30657509 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01180j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, microfluidic technology has emerged as a highly efficient tool for the study of various chemical and biological reactions. Recently, we reported that high-throughput detection of various concentrations of a reagent is possible using a continuous gradient microfluidic channel combined with a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection platform. In this continuous flow regime, however, the deposition of nanoparticle aggregates on channel surfaces induces the "memory effect," affecting both sensitivity and reproducibility. To resolve this problem, a SERS-based gradient droplet system was developed. Herein, the serial dilution of a reagent was achieved in a stepwise manner using microfluidic concentration gradient generators. Then various concentrations of a reagent generated in different channels were simultaneously trapped into the tiny volume of droplets by injecting an oil mixture into the channel. Compared to the single-phase regime, this two-phase liquid/liquid segmented flow regime allows minimization of resident time distributions of reagents through localization of reagents in encapsulated droplets. Consequently, the sample stacking problem could be solved using this system because it greatly reduces the memory effect. We believe that this SERS-based gradient droplet system will be of significant utility in simultaneously monitoring chemical and biological reactions for various concentrations of a reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyeok Jeon
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
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13
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Application of SERS-Based Microfluidics for In Vitro Diagnostics. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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14
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Neng J, Li Y, Driscoll AJ, Wilson WC, Johnson PA. Detection of Multiple Pathogens in Serum Using Silica-Encapsulated Nanotags in a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Immunoassay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5707-5712. [PMID: 29733579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A robust immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been developed to simultaneously detect trace quantities of multiple pathogenic antigens from West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus, and Yersinia pestis in fetal bovine serum. Antigens were detected by capture with silica-encapsulated nanotags and magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with polyclonal antibodies. The magnetic pull-down resulted in aggregation of the immune complexes, and the silica-encapsulated nanotags provided distinct spectra corresponding to each antigen captured. The limit of detection was ∼10 pg/mL in 20% fetal bovine serum, a significant improvement over previous studies in terms of sensitivity, level of multiplexing, and medium complexity. This highly sensitive multiplex immunoassay platform provides a promising method to detect various antigens directly in crude serum samples without the tedious process of sample preparation, which is desirable for on-site diagnostic testing and real-time disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Neng
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Yina Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - Ashley J Driscoll
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Manhattan , Kansas 66502 , United States
| | - Patrick A Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
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15
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Chen N, Guo W, Lin Z, Wei Q, Chen G. Label-free sensitive luminescence biosensor for immunoglobulin G based on Ag 6Au 6 ethisterone cluster-estrogen receptor α aggregation and graphene. Talanta 2018; 185:243-248. [PMID: 29759196 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A specific and label-free "on-off-on" luminescence biosensor based on a novel heterometallic cluster [Ag6Au6(ethisterone)12]-estrogen receptor α (Ag6Au6Eth-ERα) aggregation utilizing graphene oxide (GO) as a quencher to lead a small background signal was firstly constructed to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a simple process and high selectivity. The efficient photoluminescent (PL) Ag6Au6Eth-ERα aggregation is strongly quenched by GO. In the presence of IgG, the PL of this system will be restored, and perceivable by human eyes under UV lamp excitation (365 nm). The quenching mechanism of GO on Ag6Au6Eth-ERα and enhancement mechanism of IgG on Ag6Au6Eth-ERα-GO were investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the biosensor for high sensitive IgG detection expressed a wider linear range of 0.0078-10 ng/mL and a lower detection limit of 0.65 pg/mL with good stability and repeatability, which provided a new approach for label-free IgG detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zhixiang Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Qiaohua Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Guonan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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16
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Plasmofluidics for Biosensing and Medical Diagnostics. NANOTECHNOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS FOR BIOSENSING AND MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122966 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-56333-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmofluidics, an extension of optofluidics into the nanoscale regime, merges plasmonics and micro-/nanofluidics for highly integrated and multifunctional lab on a chip. In this chapter, we focus on the applications of plasmofluidics in the versatile manipulation and sensing of biological cell, organelles, molecules, and nanoparticles, which underpin advanced biomedical diagnostics.
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17
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Lim JM, Heo NS, Oh SY, Ryu MY, Seo JH, Park TJ, Huh YS, Park JP. Selection of affinity peptides for interference-free detection of cholera toxin. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Selectivity/Specificity Improvement Strategies in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112689. [PMID: 29160798 PMCID: PMC5713634 DOI: 10.3390/s17112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique for the discrimination, identification, and potential quantification of certain compounds/organisms. However, its real application is challenging due to the multiple interference from the complicated detection matrix. Therefore, selective/specific detection is crucial for the real application of SERS technique. We summarize in this review five selective/specific detection techniques (chemical reaction, antibody, aptamer, molecularly imprinted polymers and microfluidics), which can be applied for the rapid and reliable selective/specific detection when coupled with SERS technique.
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19
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Koh D, Wang A, Schneider P, Bosinski B, Oh KW. Introduction of a Chemical-Free Metal PDMS Thermal Bonding for Fabrication of Flexible Electrode by Metal Transfer onto PDMS. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E280. [PMID: 30400470 PMCID: PMC6190368 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a flexible and biocompatible material widely used in the fabrication of microfluidic devices, and is often studied for the fabrication of flexible electrodes. The most popular method of fabricating a flexible electrode using PDMS is done by transferring a metal electrode onto said PDMS. However, the transfer process is difficult and the transferred metal layer is easily damaged due to inherently weak adhesion forces between the metal and PDMS, thus requiring a chemical treatment or sacrificial layer between the two. The fabrication process using a chemical treatment or sacrificial layer is complicated and expensive, which is the major limitation of using PDMS in the fabrication of flexible electrodes. This paper discusses the findings of a possible solution to create strong bonding between PDMS and various metals (copper, nickel and silver) using a chemical-free metal to PDMS thermal bonding technique. This method is the same as the PDMS curing process, but with a variation in the curing condition. The condition required to create strong bonding was studied by observing copper transferred by various PDMS curing conditions, including the standard condition. The condition creating the strong bonding was baking PDMS (5:1 = base polymer: curing agent) at 150 °C for 20 min. Experimentation showed that the optimum thickness of the transferred metal shows that the optimum thickness is approximately 500 nm, which allows for a higher resistance to stresses. The successful transfer of copper, nickel and silver layers onto PDMS with a stronger adhesion force opens up many new applications dealing with the fabrication of flexible electrodes, sensors, and flexible soft magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domin Koh
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Anyang Wang
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Phil Schneider
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Brett Bosinski
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Kwang W Oh
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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20
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Choi N, Lee J, Ko J, Jeon JH, Rhie GE, deMello AJ, Choo J. Integrated SERS-Based Microdroplet Platform for the Automated Immunoassay of F1 Antigens in Yersinia pestis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8413-8420. [PMID: 28737374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based microfluidic platforms has attracted significant recent attention in the biological sciences. SERS is a highly sensitive detection modality, with microfluidic platforms providing many advantages over microscale methods, including high analytical throughput, facile automation, and reduced sample requirements. Accordingly, the integration of SERS with microfluidic platforms offers significant utility in chemical and biological experimentation. Herein, we report a fully integrated SERS-based microdroplet platform for the automatic immunoassay of specific antigen fraction 1 (F1) in Yersinia pestis. Specifically, highly efficient and rapid immunoreactions are achieved through sequential droplet generation, transport, and merging, while wash-free immunodetection is realized through droplet-splitting. Such integration affords a novel multifunctional platform capable of performing complex multistep immunoassays in nL-volume droplets. The limit of detection of the F1 antigen for Yersinia pestis using the integrated SERS-based microdroplet platform is 59.6 pg/mL, a value approximately 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This assay system has additional advantages including reduced sample consumption (less than 100 μL), rapid assay times (less than 10 min), and fully automated fluid control. We anticipate that this integrated SERS-based microdroplet device will provide new insights in the development of facile assay platforms for various hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhyun Choi
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Juhui Ko
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Jeon
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju 28159, South Korea
| | - Gi-Eun Rhie
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Cheongju 28159, South Korea
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University , Ansan 15588, South Korea
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21
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Wang Z, Zong S, Wu L, Zhu D, Cui Y. SERS-Activated Platforms for Immunoassay: Probes, Encoding Methods, and Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7910-7963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyuan Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenfei Zong
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Chang H, Ko E, Kang H, Cha MG, Lee YS, Jeong DH. Synthesis of optically tunable bumpy silver nanoshells by changing the silica core size and their SERS activities. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-tunable AgNSs with a broad extinction band are fabricated, all exhibit strong SERS activities at single-particle levels. The SERS activities of the AgNSs increased with reduced size and seemed to correlate with their roughness factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Chang
- Department of Chemistry Education
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbyeol Ko
- Department of Chemistry Education
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Homan Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nano-Science and Technology and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Geun Cha
- Department of Chemistry Education
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nano-Science and Technology and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Education
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
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23
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Marks H, Huang PJ, Mabbott S, Graham D, Kameoka J, Coté G. Ferric plasmonic nanoparticles, aptamers, and magnetofluidic chips: toward the development of diagnostic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy assays. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:127005. [PMID: 27997017 PMCID: PMC5168936 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.127005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of aptamers and their corresponding analytes onto plasmonic nanoparticles mediates the formation of nanoparticle assemblies: molecularly bound nanoclusters that cause a measurable change in the colloid’s optical properties. The optimization of a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) competitive binding assay utilizing plasmonic “target” and magnetic “probe” nanoparticles for the detection of the toxin bisphenol-A (BPA) is presented. These assay nanoclusters were housed inside three types of optofluidic chips patterned with magnetically activated nickel pads, in either a straight or array pattern. Both Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 2 CoO 4 were compared as potential magnetic cores for the silver-coated probe nanoparticles. We found that the Ag @ Fe 2 O 3 particles were, on average, more uniform in size and more stable than Ag @ Fe 2 CoO 4 , whereas the addition of cobalt significantly improved the collection time of particles. Using Raman mapping of the assay housed within the magnetofluidic chips, it was determined that a 1 × 5 array of 50 ?? ? m square nickel pads provided the most uniform SERS enhancement of the assay (coefficient of variation ? 25 % ) within the magnetofluidic chip. Additionally, the packaged assay demonstrated the desired response to BPA, verifying the technology’s potential to translate magnetic nanoparticle assays into a user-free optical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Marks
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 101 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Texas A&M University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 575 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Samuel Mabbott
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Graham
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Kameoka
- Texas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 188 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gerard Coté
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 101 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Texas A&M University, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 101 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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24
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Yang T, Jiang J. Embedding Raman Tags between Au Nanostar@Nanoshell for Multiplex Immunosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4980-4985. [PMID: 27273763 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel Raman tags with various reporter molecules embedded in between gold nanostar (AuNS) and gold nanoshell are developed, showing significantly enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering intensity compared to gold nanoparticle-based composites. Immunoassay using these AuNS@tag@shell structures is highly specific with sensitivity down to 0.1 pg mL-1 , and is capable of multiplex detection, making them highly promising for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- i-Lab and Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- i-Lab and Division of Nanobiomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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25
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Raja B, Pascente C, Knoop J, Shakarisaz D, Sherlock T, Kemper S, Kourentzi K, Renzi RF, Hatch AV, Olano J, Peng BH, Ruchhoeft P, Willson R. An embedded microretroreflector-based microfluidic immunoassay platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1625-35. [PMID: 27025227 PMCID: PMC5533084 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00038j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic immunoassay platform based on the use of linear microretroreflectors embedded in a transparent polymer layer as an optical sensing surface, and micron-sized magnetic particles as light-blocking labels. Retroreflectors return light directly to its source and are highly detectable using inexpensive optics. The analyte is immuno-magnetically pre-concentrated from a sample and then captured on an antibody-modified microfluidic substrate comprised of embedded microretroreflectors, thereby blocking reflected light. Fluidic force discrimination is used to increase specificity of the assay, following which a difference imaging algorithm that can see single 3 μm magnetic particles without optical calibration is used to detect and quantify signal intensity from each sub-array of retroreflectors. We demonstrate the utility of embedded microretroreflectors as a new sensing modality through a proof-of-concept immunoassay for a small, obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, Rickettsia conorii, the causative agent of Mediterranean Spotted Fever. The combination of large sensing area, optimized surface chemistry and microfluidic protocols, automated image capture and analysis, and high sensitivity of the difference imaging results in a sensitive immunoassay with a limit of detection of roughly 4000 R. conorii per mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Raja
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Carmen Pascente
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Knoop
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - David Shakarisaz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tim Sherlock
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Steven Kemper
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Ronald F Renzi
- Advanced Systems Engineering and Deployment, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Anson V Hatch
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Juan Olano
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Ruchhoeft
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. and Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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26
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Gao R, Cheng Z, deMello AJ, Choo J. Wash-free magnetic immunoassay of the PSA cancer marker using SERS and droplet microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1022-9. [PMID: 26879372 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01249j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel wash-free magnetic immunoassay technique for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) that uses a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based microdroplet sensor. The magnetic bar embedded in a droplet-based microfluidic system segregates the free and bound SERS tags by splitting the droplets into two smaller parts. The presence of PSA targets leads more SERS tags to immunocomplex in one droplet so that fewer SERS tags remain in another supernatant solution droplet. Thus, SERS signal measurement enables the quantitative evaluation of PSA markers. This approach can provide a rapid and sensitive assay that is applicable for PSA cancer markers in serum without any washing. Specifically, SERS signals were measured at 174 droplets per minute and averaged for quantitative evaluation of PSA. The limit of detection (LOD) determined by our SERS-based microdroplet sensor was estimated to be below 0.1 ng mL(-1), which is significantly below the clinical cut-off value for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In addition, because the entire assay can be carried out automatically, only a minimal amount of sample is needed. Accordingly, the approach is expected to be useful as a potential clinical tool for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongke Gao
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
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27
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Haisch C. Raman-based microarray readout: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4535-45. [PMID: 26973235 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For a quarter of a century, microarrays have been part of the routine analytical toolbox. Label-based fluorescence detection is still the commonest optical readout strategy. Since the 1990s, a continuously increasing number of label-based as well as label-free experiments on Raman-based microarray readout concepts have been reported. This review summarizes the possible concepts and methods and their advantages and challenges. A common label-based strategy is based on the binding of selective receptors as well as Raman reporter molecules to plasmonic nanoparticles in a sandwich immunoassay, which results in surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals of the reporter molecule. Alternatively, capture of the analytes can be performed by receptors on a microarray surface. Addition of plasmonic nanoparticles again leads to a surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal, not of a label but directly of the analyte. This approach is mostly proposed for bacteria and cell detection. However, although many promising readout strategies have been discussed in numerous publications, rarely have any of them made the step from proof of concept to a practical application, let alone routine use. Graphical Abstract Possible realization of a SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) system for microarray readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Haisch
- Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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28
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Wang X, Zhou L, Wei G, Jiang T, Zhou J. SERS-based immunoassay using a core–shell SiO2@Ag immune probe and Ag-decorated NiCo2O4 nanorods immune substrate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel sandwich structure consisting of the SiO2@Ag immune probe and the Ag-decorated NNRs substrate was used to detect AFP and a detection limit is as low as 2.1 fg mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Institute of Photonics
- Faculty of Science
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Institute of Photonics
- Faculty of Science
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Guodong Wei
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Institute of Photonics
- Faculty of Science
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Photonics
- Faculty of Science
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo
- China
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29
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Breault-Turcot J, Poirier-Richard HP, Couture M, Pelechacz D, Masson JF. Single chip SPR and fluorescent ELISA assay of prostate specific antigen. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4433-4440. [PMID: 26467689 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A multi-channel system combining fluidics and micropatterned plasmonic materials with wavelength interrogation surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence detection was integrated from the combination of a small and motorized fluorescence microscope mounted on a portable 4-channel SPR instrument. The SPR and fluorescent measurements were performed based on the same detection area in a multi-channel fluidic, with a sensing scheme for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) consisting of a sandwich assay with a capture anti-PSA immobilized onto the SPR sensor and a detection anti-PSA modified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In this dual-detection instrument, fluorescence was measured from the solution side of the micropatterned gold film, while the interface between the glass prism and the gold film served to interrogate the SPR response. The SPR sensors were comprised of microhole arrays fabricated by photolithography to enhance the instrumental response for PSA detection by approximately a factor of 2 to 3 and they were coated with a self-assembled monolayer of a peptide (3-MPA-HHHDD-OH) to minimize nonspecific adsorption. PSA was successfully detected at clinical concentrations from 10 pM to 50 nM with this integrated system in a single assay lasting 12 minutes, almost centering on the desired range for PSA diagnostic tests (>4 ng mL(-1) or >150 pM). The combination of two robust techniques in a single chip and instrument has led to a simple and effective assay that can be carried out on a small and portable instrument providing rapid biodetection of an important cancer biomarker with a dynamic range of nearly 4 orders of magnitude in the clinical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Breault-Turcot
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - H-P Poirier-Richard
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - M Couture
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - D Pelechacz
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - J-F Masson
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada. and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS), Canada
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30
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Development of optical biosensor technologies for cardiac troponin recognition. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Yakoh A, Pinyorospathum C, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O. Biomedical Probes Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles for Electrochemical and Optical Spectroscopy Applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:21427-77. [PMID: 26343676 PMCID: PMC4610547 DOI: 10.3390/s150921427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles usually provide novel and unique physical properties as their size approaches nanometer scale dimensions. The unique physical and optical properties of nanoparticles may lead to applications in a variety of areas, including biomedical detection. Therefore, current research is now increasingly focused on the use of the high surface-to-volume ratios of nanoparticles to fabricate superb chemical- or biosensors for various detection applications. This article highlights various kinds of inorganic nanoparticles, including metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and semiconductor nanoparticles that can be perceived as useful materials for biomedical probes and points to the outstanding results arising from their use in such probes. The progress in the use of inorganic nanoparticle-based electrochemical, colorimetric and spectrophotometric detection in recent applications, especially bioanalysis, and the main functions of inorganic nanoparticles in detection are reviewed. The article begins with a conceptual discussion of nanoparticles according to types, followed by numerous applications to analytes including biomolecules, disease markers, and pharmaceutical substances. Most of the references cited herein, dating from 2010 to 2015, generally mention one or more of the following characteristics: a low detection limit, good signal amplification and simultaneous detection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chanika Pinyorospathum
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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32
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Bedics MA, Kearns H, Cox JM, Mabbott S, Ali F, Shand NC, Faulds K, Benedict JB, Graham D, Detty MR. Extreme red shifted SERS nanotags. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2302-2306. [PMID: 29308144 PMCID: PMC5645778 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfaced enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags operating with 1280 nm excitation were constructed from reporter molecules selected from a library of 14 chalcogenopyrylium dyes containing phenyl, 2-thienyl, and 2-selenophenyl substituents and a surface of hollow gold nanoshells (HGNs). These 1280 SERS nanotags are unique as they have multiple chalcogen atoms available which allow them to adsorb strongly onto the gold surface of the HGN thus producing exceptional SERS signals at this long excitation wavelength. Picomolar limits of detection (LOD) were observed and individual reporters of the library were identified by principal component analysis and classified according to their unique structure and SERS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bedics
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , New York 14260 , United States .
| | - Hayleigh Kearns
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology , WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , United Kingdom .
| | - Jordan M Cox
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , New York 14260 , United States .
| | - Sam Mabbott
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology , WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , United Kingdom .
| | - Fatima Ali
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology , WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , United Kingdom .
| | | | - Karen Faulds
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology , WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , United Kingdom .
| | - Jason B Benedict
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , New York 14260 , United States .
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology , WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , United Kingdom .
| | - Michael R Detty
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , New York 14260 , United States .
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33
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Wang C, Yu C. Analytical characterization using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and microfluidic sampling. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:092001. [PMID: 25676092 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/9/092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of analytical techniques, it has become much easier to detect chemical and biological analytes, even at very low detection limits. In recent years, techniques based on vibrational spectroscopy, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), have been developed for non-destructive detection of pathogenic microorganisms. SERS is a highly sensitive analytical tool that can be used to characterize chemical and biological analytes interacting with SERS-active substrates. However, it has always been a challenge to obtain consistent and reproducible SERS spectroscopic results at complicated experimental conditions. Microfluidics, a tool for highly precise manipulation of small volume liquid samples, can be used to overcome the major drawbacks of SERS-based techniques. High reproducibility of SERS measurement could be obtained in continuous flow generated inside microfluidic devices. This article provides a thorough review of the principles, concepts and methods of SERS-microfluidic platforms, and the applications of such platforms in trace analysis of chemical and biological analytes.
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34
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Parisi J, Dong Q, Lei Y. In situ microfluidic fabrication of SERS nanostructures for highly sensitive fingerprint microfluidic-SERS sensing. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A microfluidic-SERS device has been fabricated via a facile in situ galvanic replacement for ultrasensitive detection of pesticides and herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Parisi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
| | - Qiuchen Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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35
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Kearns H, Shand NC, Smith WE, Faulds K, Graham D. 1064 nm SERS of NIR active hollow gold nanotags. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:1980-6. [PMID: 25475892 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NIR active hollow gold nanotags have been developed to provide effective SERS when excited at 1064 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kearns
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- West CHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
| | | | - W. E. Smith
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- West CHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
| | - K. Faulds
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- West CHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
| | - D. Graham
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology
- West CHEM
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
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36
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Song C, Min L, Zhou N, Yang Y, Su S, Huang W, Wang L. Synthesis of novel gold mesoflowers as SERS tags for immunoassay with improved sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21842-50. [PMID: 25089331 DOI: 10.1021/am502636h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new class of flowerlike gold mesostructure in high yield is successfully synthesized through a facile one-step route using ascorbic acid as a reducing agent of gold salt with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) as surfactant. The as-prepared Au particles have spherical profiles with an averaged diameter of 770 ± 50 nm, but showing a highly rough surface consisting of many irregular and randomly arranged protrusions. The Au mesoflowers exhibit strong surface-enhanced effects and near-infrared absorption which were utilized in the design of efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags as immunosensors for immunoassay with improved sensitivity. The experimental results indicate that a good linear relationship is found between the peak intensity at 1071 cm(-1) and the logarithm of H-IgG concentration in the range between 1 ng/mL and 1 fg/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 1 fg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Song
- Key Lab Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , Nanjing 210023, China
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37
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Marks HL, Pishko MV, Jackson GW, Coté GL. Rational design of a bisphenol A aptamer selective surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobe. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11614-9. [PMID: 25329684 PMCID: PMC4255672 DOI: 10.1021/ac502541v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS) optical nanoprobes offer
a number of advantages for ultrasensitive analyte detection. These
functionalized colloidal nanoparticles are a multifunctional assay
component. providing a platform for conjugation to spectral tags,
stabilizing polymers, and biorecognition elements such as aptamers
or antibodies. We demonstrate the design and characterization of a
SERS-active nanoprobe and investigate the nanoparticles’ biorecognition
capabilities for use in a competitive binding assay. Specifically,
the nanoprobe is designed for the quantification of bisphenol A (BPA)
levels in the blood after human exposure to the toxin in food and
beverage plastic packaging. The nanoprobes demonstrated specific affinity
to a BPA aptamer with a dissociation constant Kd of 54 nM, and provided a dose-dependent SERS spectra with
a limit of detection of 3 nM. Our conjugation approach shows the versatility
of colloidal nanoparticles in assay development, acting as detectable
spectral tagging elements and biologically active ligands concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Marks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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38
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Balzerova A, Fargasova A, Markova Z, Ranc V, Zboril R. Magnetically-Assisted Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (MA-SERS) for Label-Free Determination of Human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Blood Using Fe3O4@Ag Nanocomposite. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11107-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503347h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balzerova
- Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu
12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ariana Fargasova
- Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu
12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Markova
- Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu
12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Ranc
- Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu
12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced
Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu
12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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39
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Nolan JP, Duggan E, Condello D. Optimization of SERS tag intensity, binding footprint, and emittance. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1233-42. [PMID: 24892497 PMCID: PMC4215889 DOI: 10.1021/bc5000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags have attracted interest as labels for use in a variety of applications, including biomolecular assays. An obstacle to progress in this area is a lack of standardized approaches to compare the brightness of different SERS tags within and between laboratories. Here we present an approach based on binding of SERS tags to beads with known binding capacities that allows evaluation of the average intensity, the relative binding footprint of particles in a SERS tag preparation, and the size-normalized intensity or emittance. We tested this on four different SERS tag compositions and show that aggregated gold nanorods produce SERS tags that are 2-4 times brighter than relatively more monodisperse nanorods, but that the aggregated nanorods are also correspondingly larger, which may negate the intensity if steric hindrance limits the number of tags bound to a target. By contrast, SERS tags prepared from smaller gold nanorods coated with a silver shell produce SERS tags that are 2-3 times brighter, on a size-normalized basis, than the Au nanorod-based tags, resulting in labels with improved performance in SERS-based image and flow cytometry assays. SERS tags based on red-resonant Ag plates showed similarly bright signals and small footprint. This approach to evaluating SERS tag brightness is general, uses readily available reagents and instruments, and should be suitable for interlab comparisons of SERS tag brightness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Duggan
- La Jolla Bioengineering
Institute Suite 210 3535
General Atomics Court San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Danilo Condello
- La Jolla Bioengineering
Institute Suite 210 3535
General Atomics Court San Diego, California 92121, United States
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40
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Direct readout SERS multiplex sensing of pesticides via gold nanoplate-in-shell monolayer substrate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Ranc V, Markova Z, Hajduch M, Prucek R, Kvitek L, Kaslik J, Safarova K, Zboril R. Magnetically Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Selective Determination of Dopamine in an Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid and a Mouse Striatum Using Fe3O4/Ag Nanocomposite. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2939-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Ranc
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Markova
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of
Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kvitek
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kaslik
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Safarova
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Center
of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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42
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Webb JA, Bardhan R. Emerging advances in nanomedicine with engineered gold nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2502-30. [PMID: 24445488 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostructures possess unique characteristics that enable their use as contrast agents, as therapeutic entities, and as scaffolds to adhere functional molecules, therapeutic cargo, and targeting ligands. Due to their ease of synthesis, straightforward surface functionalization, and non-toxicity, gold nanostructures have emerged as powerful nanoagents for cancer detection and treatment. This comprehensive review summarizes the progress made in nanomedicine with gold nanostructures (1) as probes for various bioimaging techniques including dark-field, one-photon and two-photon fluorescence, photothermal optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic tomography, positron emission tomography, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering based imaging, (2) as therapeutic components for photothermal therapy, gene and drug delivery, and radiofrequency ablation, and (3) as a theranostic platform to simultaneously achieve both cancer detection and treatment. Distinct from other published reviews, this article also discusses the recent advances of gold nanostructures as contrast agents and therapeutic actuators for inflammatory diseases including atherosclerotic plaque and arthritis. For each of the topics discussed above, the fundamental principles and progress made in the past five years are discussed. The review concludes with a detailed future outlook discussing the challenges in using gold nanostructures, cellular trafficking, and translational considerations that are imperative for rapid clinical viability of plasmonic nanostructures, as well as the significance of emerging technologies such as Fano resonant gold nanostructures in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Ye S, Mao Y, Guo Y, Zhang S. Enzyme-based signal amplification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in cancer-biomarker detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Koh Y, Kang H, Lee SH, Yang JK, Kim JH, Lee YS, Kim YK. Nanoslit membrane-integrated fluidic chip for protein detection based on size-dependent particle trapping. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:237-243. [PMID: 24202619 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication of a nanoslit membrane-integrated fluidic chip (Nanoslit-Chip) used for trapping and concentrating micro-/nano-particles of desired size and its application in detecting biological molecules based on target-induced particle aggregation. To trap particles of a specific size, a large scale uniform sized nanoslit fluid channel array is fabricated on a silicon dioxide membrane. A small number of fluorescence labeled particles in a large volume of solution are concentrated into a monolayer of particles in a small nanoslit membrane, which enables us to effectively quantify them via fluorescence intensity. In addition, the particles of desired size (1.8 μm) are readily separated from the mixture of particles with a different size (450 nm) in Nanoslit-Chip size, and then quantified via fluorescence measurements. Finally, the Nanoslit-Chip is successfully applied to the sensitive detection of proteins by target-induced particle aggregation, trapping, and quantification. This shows its potential as a biological and clinical device for quantitative and sensitive detection of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yul Koh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Choi JW, Lee S, Lee DH, Kim J, deMello AJ, Chang SI. Integrated pneumatic micro-pumps for high-throughput droplet-based microfluidics. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems have recently emerged as powerful experimental tools in the chemical and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Biochemistry
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Soo-Ik Chang
- Department of Biochemistry
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Chon H, Lee S, Yoon SY, Lee EK, Chang SI, Choo J. SERS-based competitive immunoassay of troponin I and CK-MB markers for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1058-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47850e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Quantitative Analysis of Disease Biomarkers Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7832-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Song C, Chen J, Zhao Y, Wang L. Gold-modified silver nanorod arrays for SERS-based immunoassays with improved sensitivity. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:7488-7494. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanorod arrays and Au-modified AgNR arrays are fabricated for SERS immunoassays with improved sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Song
- Key Lab for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
- University of Georgia
- Athens, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Georgia
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Georgia
- Athens, USA
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
- University of Georgia
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Lab for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023, China
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Tekin HC, Gijs MAM. Ultrasensitive protein detection: a case for microfluidic magnetic bead-based assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4711-39. [PMID: 24145920 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We review the use of magnetic micro- and nanoparticles ('magnetic beads') in microfluidic systems for ultrasensitive protein detection. During recent years magnetic beads have been used frequently in immunoassays, either as mobile substrates on which the target antigen is captured, as detection labels, or simultaneously as substrates and labels. The major part of the reviewed work has as application the detection of antibodies or disease biomarkers in serum or of biotoxins from food samples. Several of the most sensitive assays allow protein detection down to fg mL(-1) concentrations. We benchmark the performance of these microfluidic magnetic bead-based assays with the most promising earlier work and with alternative solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cumhur Tekin
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bimetallic gold–silver nanoplate array as a highly active SERS substrate for detection of streptavidin/biotin assemblies. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 805:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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