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Zou J, Zhao M, Chan SA, Song Y, Yan S, Song W. Rapid and simultaneous determination of ultrashort-, short- and long- chain perfluoroalkyl substances by a novel liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465324. [PMID: 39217736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of persistent organic pollutants that have received considerable attention from public and regulatory groups. Due to regulations of long-chain PFAS, the use of short-chain and ultrashort-chain PFAS is rapidly growing. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop quantitative methods for determining PFAS with different chain lengths in various environmental matrices. This study introduces an innovative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system combining large volume injection (LVI) and online solid phase extraction (SPE). This system incorporates three columns: a reverse-phase (RP) column, a weak anion exchange (WAX) trap column, and a hybrid HILIC/ion-exchange (HILIC/IE) column, controlled by two valves. With valve switching, ultrashort-chain PFAS that are not retained by the RP column are enriched by the trap column, while other PFAS are separated by the RP column. The trapped ultrashort PFAS are then transferred to the HILIC/IE column for further separation. The LVI significantly enhances the method's sensitivity, allowing for rapid and simultaneous determination of ultrashort-, short- and long- chain PFAS in aqueous samples. The matrix effects from various environmental samples were evaluated, and the results indicate that this unique LC-MS method is suitable for analyzing all chain-length PFAS in various matrices, including surface water, sewage effluent, and seawater. Finally, this novel LC-MS method was applied to quantify PFAS in various water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Mengzhe Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Shen-An Chan
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Yue Song
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Hwang JA, Park JS, Jeong HS, Hwang SD. Influence of 17 α-Methyltestosterone on Morphological Deformities and Pigmentation Development in Juvenile Japanese Eels, Anguilla japonica. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2684. [PMID: 39335273 PMCID: PMC11428806 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
17α-methyltestosterone (MT) is a synthetic steroid used to induce masculinization when administered during the larval stage of fish. However, the side effects of MT on eel are still poorly understood and, in this study, we examined the various effects of MT on juvenile eel A. japonica (100.63 ± 8.56 mm total length (TL)). To further investigate growth and sex differentiation, juvenile eels (n = 1000) were exposed to 25 µg/g MT for 6 months. We analyzed growth-related factors, sex steroid hormones, skin pigmentation, and color-related gene expression. Through this study, we found a 90% sex conversion of juvenile eels to males using MT treatment. In the MT-treated eel group (285.97 ± 26.21 mm TL) where sexual maturity was induced, spermatogonia stages were observed in the gonads. In contrast, the control group (395.97 ± 27.72 mm TL) exhibited an 80% immaturity rate, with only 20% of the subjects that were rapidly developing displaying early oogonia. ELISA analysis results showed that the level of growth hormone, which is known to be secreted from spermatogonia, did not change as a result of MT treatment. We confirmed that MT delayed growth and caused morphological changes, particularly a shortened snout length and pigmentation of the fin. The total length, body weight, and snout length were considerably lower in the experimental group than in the control group. In addition, in histological analysis we also observed that some of the MT-treated group (5 out of 10 fish) showed liver atrophy and inflammation, and physiological analysis showed that the cortisol concentration increased in the MT-treated eels. Interestingly, we found that some pigment color-related genes, such as melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), tyrosinase (Tyr), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), were significantly overexpressed in the fins of MT-treated eels. These results suggest that the treatment of A. japonica larvae with MT induced masculinization but also causes growth side effects from the use of synthetic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ae Hwang
- Advanced Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Changwon 51688, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Advanced Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Changwon 51688, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Seung Jeong
- Advanced Aquaculture Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Changwon 51688, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
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Li T, Xiong Z, Rong W, Yang Q, Chen Y, Zhao H, Liu Q, Song J, Wang W, Liu Y, Wang X, Liu S. Effects of exposure to 17α-methyltestosterone on hepatic lipid metabolism in Gobiocypris rarus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 287:110041. [PMID: 39278608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) on hepatic lipid metabolism in Gobiocypris rarus. G. rarus was exposed to varying concentrations of MT (0, 25, 50, and 100 ng/L) for durations of 7, 14, and 21 d. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were conducted using methods, such as ELISA, RT-qPCR, Western Blotting, and RNA-seq, to decipher the key signals and molecular mechanisms triggered by MT in vivo. The results revealed that MT induced hepatomegaly in G. rarus and markedly increased the hepatic steatosis index (HSI). After 14 d of exposure, significant increase in PPARγ mRNA expression was observed, whereas after 21 d, PPARα mRNA expression was significantly reduced. The expression pattern of SREBP1C mRNA initially decreased before increasing, mirroring the trend observed for SREBP1C protein expression. Furthermore, MT increased the levels of key lipid synthesis enzymes, including HSL, CPT1, GPAT, and FAS, thereby fostering lipid accumulation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that MT modulated hepatic bile acid metabolism via the PPAR pathway, consequently influencing cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Considering the differential metabolic pathways of MT across genders, it is postulated that MT may undergo aromatization to estrogen within G. rarus, thereby exerting estrogenic effects. These findings provide crucial experimental insights into the detrimental effects of MT in aquatic settings, underscoring its implications for safeguarding aquatic organisms and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyao Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weiya Rong
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jing Song
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xianzong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China.
| | - Shaozhen Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Resource Utilization and Breeding, Jinzhong 030801, China.
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Whitehead HD, Hayes KL, Swartz JA, Lieberman M. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 53 benzodiazepines in illicit drug samples. Forensic Chem 2023; 35:100512. [PMID: 37483533 PMCID: PMC10358349 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 53 benzodiazepines, including various designer benzodiazepines, was developed. The developed method was applied to a total of 79 illicit street drug samples collected in Chicago, IL. Of these samples, 68 (84%) had detectable amounts of at least one benzodiazepine. Further, of the 53 benzodiazepines included in the developed method just 14 were measured in samples. Clonazolam, a potent designer benzodiazepine and derivative of clonazepam, was the most frequently measured benzodiazepine in 63% of samples and was measured in the highest concentrations. Other benzodiazepines measured in more than 10% of samples included clonazepam, alprazolam, flualprazolam, and oxazepam. Mixtures of benzodiazepines were frequently measured in samples, with just 24% of samples containing just one benzodiazepine. To determine the response of benzodiazepines on a rapid, point-of-use drug checking tool, all 53 benzodiazepine standards were screened on a lateral flow immunoassay benzodiazepine test strip. Sixty eight percent of standards gave a positive BTS response at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, demonstrating BTS have response to a wide variety of benzodiazepines, including many designer benzodiazepines. A comparison of this data to previous data reported for the same samples demonstrated all samples containing a benzodiazepine also had an opioid present, with fentanyl being present in 94% of benzodiazepine samples. These results highlight high rates of polysubstance drug presence in Chicago, IL illicit drug samples, posing an increased risk of drug overdoses in people who use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Kathleen L. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - James A. Swartz
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago. 1040 W. Harrison Street MC (309) Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Marya Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
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Oloye FF, Xie Y, Challis JK, Femi-Oloye OP, Brinkmann M, McPhedran KN, Jones PD, Servos MR, Giesy JP. Understanding common population markers for SARS-CoV-2 RNA normalization in wastewater - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138682. [PMID: 37201600 PMCID: PMC10186006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater monitoring and epidemiology have seen renewed interest during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, there is an increasing need to normalize wastewater-derived viral loads in local populations. Chemical tracers, both exogenous and endogenous compounds, have proven to be more stable and reliable for normalization than biological indicators. However, differing instrumentation and extraction methods can make it difficult to compare results. This review examines current extraction and quantification methods for ten common population indicators: creatinine, coprostanol, nicotine, cotinine, sucralose, acesulfame, androstenedione 5-hydroindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), caffeine, and 1,7-dimethyluric acid. Some wastewater parameters such as ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and daily flowrate were also evaluated. The analytical methods included direct injection, dilute and shoot, liquid/liquid, and solid phase extraction (SPE). Creatine, acesulfame, nicotine, 5-HIAA and androstenedione have been analysed by direct injection into LC-MS; however, most authors prefer to include SPE steps to avoid matrix effects. Both LC-MS and GC-MS have been successfully used to quantify coprostanol in wastewater, and the other selected indicators have been quantified successfully with LC-MS. Acidification to stabilize the sample before freezing to maintain the integrity of samples has been reported to be beneficial. However, there are arguments both for and against working at acidic pHs. Wastewater parameters mentioned earlier are quick and easy to quantify, but the data does not always represent the human population effectively. A preference for population indicators originating solely from humans is apparent. This review summarises methods employed for chemical indicators in wastewater, provides a basis for choosing an appropriate extraction and analysis method, and highlights the utility of accurate chemical tracer data for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi F Oloye
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry N McPhedran
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Gao Z, Sun H, Xie Y, Ren Y. Assessment of the excretion of oxidative stress biomarkers and anabolic steroids based on sewage: A case study of college students and the general population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163079. [PMID: 36990235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of wastewater-based epidemiology to evaluate the health and lifestyle of the population is a novel research interest. However, studies concerning the excretion of endogenous metabolites due to oxidative stress and the consumption of anabolic steroids have rarely been involved. In this study, we compared the effects of events such as final examination and sports meeting on the levels of four oxidative stress biomarkers (8-isoPGF2α, HNE-MA, 8-OHdG, and HCY) and four prohibited anabolic steroids (Testosterone, Androstenedione, Boldenone, and Metandienone) in sewage, using university students and urban populations as studying target. It was found that the per capita mass load of the four oxidative stress biomarkers 8-isoPGF2α, HNE-MA, 8-OHdG, and HCY in the sewage of Guangzhou urban area and university town were 256.6 ± 76.1, 9.4 ± 3.8, 1.1 ± 0.5, and 0.9 ± 0.4 mg/d/1000, respectively. The mean mass load of 8-isoPGF2α was significantly higher than that before the COVID-19 pandemic (74.9 ± 29.6 mg/d/1000 people, P < 0.05). The per capita load levels of oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) during the 2022 exam week relative to the pre-exam period, indicating that the exams caused transient stress to students. The per capita mass load of androgenic steroids was 77.7 mg/d/1000 people. There was an increase in the per capita load level of androgenic steroids during the provincial sports meeting. In this study, we quantified the concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers and androgenic steroids in the sewage and better realized the application of WBE on the health level and lifestyle of the population during special events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yufei Xie
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institution, PR China.
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Liu S, Chen Y, Li T, Qiao L, Yang Q, Rong W, Liu Q, Wang W, Song J, Wang X, Liu Y. Effects of 17α-Methyltestosterone on the Transcriptome and Sex Hormones in the Brain of Gobiocypris rarus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043571. [PMID: 36834982 PMCID: PMC9966397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
17α-Methyltestosterone (MT), a synthetic environmental endocrine disruptor with androgenic effects, has been shown to disrupt the reproductive system and inhibit germ cell maturation in Gobiocypris rarus. To further investigate the regulation of gonadal development by MT through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, G. rarus were exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 100 ng/L of MT for 7, 14, and 21 days. We analyzed its biological indicators, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropins, reproduction-related gene expression, and brain tissue transcriptome profiles. We found a significant decrease in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in G. rarus males exposed to MT for 21 days compared to the control group. GnRH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, as well as the expressions of the gnrh3, gnrhr1, gnrhr3, fshβ, and cyp19a1b genes, were significantly reduced in the brains of both male and female fish when exposed to 100 ng/L MT for 14 days compared to the controls. Therefore, we further constructed four RNA-seq libraries from 100 ng/L MT-treated groups of male and female fish, obtaining 2412 and 2509 DEGs in male and female brain tissue, respectively. Three common pathways were observed to be affected in both sexes after exposure to MT, namely, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, focal adhesion, and cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, we found that MT affected the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway through the upregulation of foxo3 and ccnd2, and the downregulation of pik3c3 and ccnd1. Therefore, we hypothesize that MT interferes with the levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, FSH, and LH) in G. rarus brains through the PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathway, and affects the expression of key genes in the hormone production pathway (gnrh3, gnrhr1 and cyp19a1b) to interfere with the stability of the HPG axis, thus leading to abnormal gonadal development. This study provides a multidimensional perspective on the damaging effects of MT on fish and confirms that G. rarus is a suitable model animal for aquatic toxicology.
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Qiu J, Craven C, Wawryk N, Carroll K, Li XF. Integration of solid phase extraction with HILIC-MS/MS for analysis of free amino acids in source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:190-196. [PMID: 35725070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are prevalent in source water, particularly during spring run-off. Monitoring of amino acids in source water is desirable for water treatment plants (WTP) to indicate changes in source water quality. The objective of this study was to establish analytical procedures for reliable monitoring of amino acids in source water. Therefore, we examined two different methods, large volume inject (LVI) and solid phase extraction (SPE), for sample preparation prior to HILIC-MS/MS. The LVI-HILIC-MS/MS method can provide fast and sensitive detection for clean samples, but suffers from matrix effects, resulting in irreproducible separation and shortening column lifetime. We have demonstrated that SPE was necessary prior to HILIC-MS/MS to achieve reproducible and reliable quantification of AAs in source water. A natural heterocyclic amine 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCCA) was also included in the method to indicate changes in other natural nitrogenous compounds in source water. The SPE-HILIC-MS/MS method was able to achieve limits of detection from 2.6-3400 ng/L for the amino acids and MTCCA with RSDs (n=3) of 1.1%-4.8%. As well, retention times (RT) of the analytes were reproducible with variation less than 0.01 min (n=3) through the entire project. We further applied the SPE-HILIC-MS/MS method to determine AAs in authentic source water samples collected from two drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) during the 2021 spring run-off season. The results support that the SPE-HILIC-MS/MS method does not require derivatization and can provide reliable, accurate, and robust analysis of AAs and MTCCA in source water, supporting future monitoring of source water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Caley Craven
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Kristin Carroll
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Du X, Yuan J, Cao H, Ye L, Ma A, Du J, Pan J. Ultrasound-assisted micellar cleanup coupled with large-volume-injection enrichment for the analysis of polar drugs in blood and zebrafish samples. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 85:105998. [PMID: 35378462 PMCID: PMC8980499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel ultrasound-assisted micellar cleanup strategy (UAMC) coupled with large volume injection (LVI) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was proposed and successfully applied to the analysis of cefathiamidine in complex biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, serum and even zebrafish, a challenging positive real sample. Based on the micelle-biomacromolecule interaction, the phase-separation feature of surfactant micelles and ultrasound cavitation, UAMC possessed an impressive matrix cleanup capability and could rapidly reach distribution equilibrium (approximately 2 min), which enabled simultaneous sample cleanup and analyte extraction within 8 min. Due to the high cleanup efficiency of UAMC, large volume of pretreated samples could be injected for analysis without peak broadening, impurity interference and column degradation. Thus, online analyte enrichment could be automatically performed to significantly improve method sensitivity by the column-switching LVI-HPLC system, a commercial HPLC system with small modifications. The UAMC-LVI-HPLC method creatively integrated sample cleanup, analyte extraction and on-column enrichment into simple operation. In addition, the UAMC-LVI-HPLC method enabled non-matrix-matched analysis of cefathiamidine in complex biological samples. This feature was helpful to address the problems caused by conventional matrix-matched or internal standard calibration methods, such as matrix bias, increased workload, limited availability of suitable blank matrices and the use of expensive internal standards. The method had low limits of detections (e.g., 0.0051 mg/L and 0.038 μg/g), wide linear ranges (0.030-100 mg/L and 0.15-489 μg/g), good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9999), satisfactory accuracy (97.6-109.7%) and excellent intra- and interday precision (0.5-4.9%). Thus, UAMC-LVI-HPLC is expected to be a promising candidate for bioanalysis in therapeutic drug monitoring or pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Du
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahao Yuan
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjie Cao
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ye
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ande Ma
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Shimko KM, O'Brien JW, Li J, Tscharke BJ, Brooker L, Thai PK, Choi PM, Samanipour S, Thomas KV. In-Sewer Stability Assessment of Anabolic Steroids and Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1627-1638. [PMID: 35060377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is a potential complementary technique for monitoring the use of performance- and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs), such as anabolic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), within the general population. Assessing in-sewer transformation and degradation is critical for understanding uncertainties associated with wastewater analysis. An electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 59 anabolic agents in wastewater influent was developed. Limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 0.004 to 1.56 μg/L and 0.01 to 4.75 μg/L, respectively. Method performance was acceptable for linearity (R2 > 0.995, few exceptions), accuracy (68-119%), and precision (1-21%RSD), and applicability was successfully demonstrated. To assess the stability of the selected biomarkers in wastewater, we used laboratory-scale sewer reactors to subject the anabolic agents to simulated realistic sewer environments for 12 h. Anabolic agents, including parent compounds and metabolites, were spiked into freshly collected wastewater that was then fed into three sewer reactor types: control sewer (no biofilm), gravity sewer (aerobic conditions), and rising main sewer (anaerobic conditions). Our results revealed that while most glucuronide conjugates were completely transformed following 12 h in the sewer reactors, 50% of the investigated biomarkers had half-lives longer than 4 h (mean residence time) under gravity sewer conditions. Most anabolic agents were likely subject to biofilm sorption and desorption. These novel results lay the groundwork for any future wastewater-based epidemiology research involving anabolic steroids and SARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Water Unit, Health Protection Branch, Queensland Health, 15 Butterfield Street, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, Amsterdam 904, The Netherlands
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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11
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Varticovski L, Stavreva DA, McGowan A, Raziuddin R, Hager GL. Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111415. [PMID: 34339825 PMCID: PMC8762672 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones, such as androgens, estrogens and progestins are naturally occurring compounds that tightly regulate endocrine systems in a variety of living organisms. Uncontrolled environmental exposure to these hormones or their biological and synthetic mimetics has been widely documented. Furthermore, water contaminants penetrate soil to affect flora, fauna and ultimately humans. Because endocrine systems evolved to respond to very small changes in hormone levels, the low levels found in the environment cannot be ignored. The combined actions of sex hormones with glucocorticoids and other nuclear receptors disruptors creates additional level of complexity including the newly described "dynamic assisted loading" mechanism. We reviewed the extensive literature pertaining to world-wide detection of these disruptors and created a detailed Table on the development and current status of methods used for their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - D A Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - A McGowan
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - R Raziuddin
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - G L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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12
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Shimko KM, Piatkowski T, Thomas KV, Speers N, Brooker L, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW. Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126340. [PMID: 34171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naomi Speers
- Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), Unit 14, 5 Tennant Street, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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13
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Stavreva DA, Collins M, McGowan A, Varticovski L, Raziuddin R, Brody DO, Zhao J, Lee J, Kuehn R, Dehareng E, Mazza N, Pegoraro G, Hager GL. Mapping multiple endocrine disrupting activities in Virginia rivers using effect-based assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145602. [PMID: 33592464 PMCID: PMC8026610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Water sources are frequently contaminated with natural and anthropogenic substances having known or suspected endocrine disrupting activities; however, these activities are not routinely measured and monitored. Phenotypic bioassays are a promising new approach for detection and quantitation of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). We developed cell lines expressing fluorescent chimeric constructs capable of detecting environmental contaminants which interact with multiple nuclear receptors. Using these assays, we tested water samples collected in the summers of 2016, 2017 and 2018 from two major Virginia rivers. Samples were concentrated 200× and screened for contaminants interacting with the androgen (AR), glucocorticoid (GR), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and thyroid receptors. Among 45 tested sites, over 70% had AR activity and 60% had AhR activity. Many sites were also positive for GR and TRβ activation (22% and 42%, respectively). Multiple sites were positive for more than one type of contaminants, indicating presence of complex mixtures. These activities may negatively impact river ecosystems and consequently human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Michael Collins
- Center for Natural Capital, PO Box 901, Orange, VA, United States
| | - Andrew McGowan
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Razi Raziuddin
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Owen Brody
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Walt Whitman High School, 7100 Whittier Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Jerry Zhao
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Walt Whitman High School, 7100 Whittier Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Johnna Lee
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Walt Whitman High School, 7100 Whittier Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Riley Kuehn
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Walt Whitman High School, 7100 Whittier Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Elisabeth Dehareng
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Walt Whitman High School, 7100 Whittier Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Nicholas Mazza
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Walt Whitman High School, 7100 Whittier Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20817, United States
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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14
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Backe WJ. Suspect and non-target screening of reuse water by large-volume injection liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128961. [PMID: 33243572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eight samples were obtained to characterize the chemical loads in water recycled for reuse applications. The sources included stormwater, rooftop runoff, wastewater, mixed water, and drinking water as a comparison. The water was reused for irrigation, cleaning, toilet flushing, and cooling purposes. Large-volume injection (650 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were employed to separate and detect features by suspect and non-target screening. The instrumental method had the advantage that no sample extractions were required prior to analysis. Two chromatographic methods were developed to separate positive- and negative-ionizing compounds and retention time models were developed for both. Retention time models provide an additional measure of confidence for probable and tentative identifications. The two models had predictive R2-which indicates how well the models predicts new observations-of 0.87. After data-reduction, the number of features detected in the samples ranged from 304 to 1513. Feature metrics such as the average response-per-feature provided a simple method to characterize similarities and differences between samples. Additionally, a statistical comparison was performed by principal component analysis. Of the 97 suspect-screening compounds, 20 were positively identified. Benzotriazole/benzothiazole-derivatives and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances were the most frequently detectedcompounds during suspect screening. Other compounds detected included pharmaceuticals, drug metabolites, and sucralose. Features were prioritized for non-target analysis based on in-house library matches, magnitude of response, and frequency of occurrence. Fifty-five unique compounds were positively identified via non-target analysis. The identified compounds included 17 pharmaceuticals, 17 pesticides, 13 industrial compounds, four personal-use compounds, and four biological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States.
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15
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric quantification of steroids in mixture - Part II. Steroids 2020; 164:108750. [PMID: 33069721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with quantification of the following steroids in mixture: hydrocortisone (1), deoxycorticosterone (2), progesterone (3) and methyltestosterone (4) by means of mass spectrometry and implementing our innovative stochatic dynamic functional relationship between the analyte concentration in solution and the experimental variable intensity. The mass spectrometric data are correlated independently using chromatography. Chemometric analysis is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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16
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Wang J, Zhou J, Yang Q, Wang W, Liu Q, Liu W, Liu S. Effects of 17 α-methyltestosterone on the transcriptome, gonadal histology and sex steroid hormones in Pseudorasbora parva. Theriogenology 2020; 155:88-97. [PMID: 32645508 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing use of environmental endocrine disruptors has caused serious environmental pollution and hurt aquatic organisms. It is still risky for aquatic species and humans exposed to 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), however, the harmful effect of MT on fish is still poorly understood. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of MT on Pseudorasbora parva at multi-levels. We analyzed gonadal histology, the sex steroid hormones, steroidogenic genes expression, and transcriptome profiling of gonads in response to MT in adult P. parva. Through this study, we found MT could inhibit the gonadal development of P. parva, and the growth and development of fish could be delayed by exposure to MT at 200 ng/L. MT could produce disruption effects on fish from multiple pathways, while its interference to the HPGL axis happens primarily through the steroidogenic pathway, e.g., disturbing the expression of crucial genes and sex steroids synthesis. Besides, we constructed 4 RNAseq libraries and obtained 7758 and 11,543 DEGs in females and males, respectively. Interestingly, we found MT had more obvious disruption effects on males than the females, mainly reflected in the immune system. Interestingly, we found three common pathways in both sexes after MT exposure, i.e., cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. These results confirm the suitability of P. parva as a model fish for aquatic toxicological study and provide us a multidimensional sight for the disruption effects of MT on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Junliang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Shaozhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxiannan Road, Taigu, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China.
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17
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Long F, Zhang M, Yuan J, Du J, Ma A, Pan J. A simple, versatile, and automated pulse-diffusion-focusing strategy for sensitive milliliter-level-injection HILIC-MS/MS analysis of hydrophilic toxins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122318. [PMID: 32092652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of trace hydrophilic toxins in complex aqueous-rich matrices is a daunting challenge. To address this analytical bottleneck, pulse diffusion focusing (PDF), a novel sample injection technique for hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS), was developed. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the mechanism and key parameters revealed that the pulse-injection approach, assisted by solvent diffusion, efficiently solved the volume overload problem. This milliliter-level-injection HILIC-MS/MS technique was reported for the first time herein, and provided a significant enhancement in sensitivity compared to the conventional injection method, in addition to being an efficient approach to address the solvent incompatibility of off-line sample preparation and HILIC. The automated PDF-HILIC-MS/MS system was obtained by slightly modifying a commercial LC-MS/MS instrument in an easy and economical manner. The efficiency of the system was demonstrated through the detection of trace tetrodotoxin contents in plasma and urine samples. Low limits of detection (i.e., 0.65 and 2.2 ng·mL-1) were obtained using the simplified sample preparation method. The recoveries were in the range 91-113.3 % with intra-day and inter-day precisions of ≤9.6 %. Further experimental results proved the method to be versatile for various hydrophilic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Long
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahao Yuan
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ande Ma
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Williams M, Kookana RS, Mehta A, Yadav SK, Tailor BL, Maheshwari B. Emerging contaminants in a river receiving untreated wastewater from an Indian urban centre. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1256-1265. [PMID: 30180334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research over the last decade on emerging trace organic contaminants in aquatic systems has largely focused on sources such as treated wastewaters in high income countries, with relatively few studies relating to wastewater sources of these contaminants in low and middle income countries. We undertook a longitudinal survey of the Ahar River for a number of emerging organic contaminants (including pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products and industrial chemicals) which flows through the city of Udaipur, India. Udaipur is a city of approximately 450,000 people with no wastewater treatment occurring at the time of this survey. We found the concentrations of many of the contaminants within the river water were similar to those commonly reported in untreated wastewater in high income countries. For example, concentrations of pharmaceuticals, such as carbamazepine, antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ranged up to 1900 ng/L. Other organic contaminants, such as steroid estrogens (up to 124 ng/L), steroid androgens (up to 1560 ng/L), benzotriazoles (up to 11 μg/L), DEET (up to 390 ng/L), BPA (up to 300 ng/L) and caffeine (up to 37.5 μg/L), were all similar to previously reported concentrations in wastewaters in high income countries. An assessment of the population densities in the watersheds feeding into the river showed increasing population density of a watershed led to a corresponding downstream increase in the concentrations of the organic contaminants, with quantifiable concentrations still present up to 10 km downstream of the areas directly adjacent to the highest population densities. Overall, this study highlights how a relatively clean river can be contaminated by untreated wastewater released from an urban centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Williams
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag no 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag no 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
| | - Anil Mehta
- Vidya Bhawan Polytechnic, Udaipur, India
| | - S K Yadav
- Wolkem India Limited, Udaipur, India
| | - B L Tailor
- ICAR-NBBS & LUP, Regional Centre, Udaipur, India
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19
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Yu J, Huang J, Long F, Ma A, Pan J. “Inverse” cloud point extraction coupled with large volume injection ion-pair chromatography: A green route integrating extraction, challenging sample cleanup and on-column concentration into fast simple operation. Talanta 2018; 190:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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21
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Liang Y, Zhou T. Recent advances of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:226-242. [PMID: 30136406 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques are favored because of their high efficiency and fast analysis speed. Although many sample preparation techniques have been coupled with common liquid chromatography online, the online coupling of sample preparation with the two popular chromatography techniques have gained increasing attention owing to the increasing requirements of efficiency and sensitivity. In this review, we have discussed and summarized the recent advances of the online coupling of sample preparation with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques. The main sample preparation techniques that have been coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography online are solid-phase extraction and in-tube solid-phase microextraction, while solid-phase extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are the main techniques that have been coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography online. Especially, the strategies for online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques were summarized. Typical applications and growing trends of the online coupling techniques were also discussed in detail. With the increasing demands of improving the efficiency, throughput, and analytical capability toward complex samples of the analysis methods, online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques will acquire further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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22
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Lopes C, Malhão F, Guimarães C, Pinheiro I, Gonçalves JF, Castro LFC, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Testosterone-induced modulation of peroxisomal morphology and peroxisome-related gene expression in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) primary hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:30-39. [PMID: 29032351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of androgenic signaling has been linked to possible cross-modulation with other hormone-mediated pathways. Therefore, our objective was to explore effects caused by testosterone - T (1, 10 and 50μM) in peroxisomal signaling of brown trout hepatocytes. To study the underlying paths involved, several co-exposure conditions were tested, with flutamide - F (anti-androgen) and ICI 182,780 - ICI (anti-estrogen). Molecular and morphological approaches were both evaluated. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), catalase and urate oxidase were the selected targets for gene expression analysis. The vitellogenin A gene was also included as a biomarker of estrogenicity. Peroxisome relative volumes were estimated by immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy was used for qualitative morphological control. The single exposures of T caused a significant down-regulation of urate oxidase (10 and 50μM) and a general up-regulation of vitellogenin. A significant reduction of peroxisome relative volumes and smaller peroxisome profiles were observed at 50μM. Co-administration of T and ICI reversed the morphological modifications and vitellogenin levels. The simultaneous exposure of T and F caused a significant and concentration-dependent diminishing in vitellogenin expression. Together, the findings suggest that in the tested model, T acted via both androgen and estrogen receptors to shape the peroxisomal related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimarães
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José F Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Department of Aquatic Production, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), U.Porto - University of Porto, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Pérez-Fernández V, Mainero Rocca L, Tomai P, Fanali S, Gentili A. Recent advancements and future trends in environmental analysis: Sample preparation, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 983:9-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Direct residue analysis of systemic insecticides and some of their relevant metabolites in wines by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Backe WJ. A novel mass spectrometric method for formaldehyde in children's personal-care products and water via derivatization with acetylacetone. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1047-1056. [PMID: 28386963 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New legislation in the state of Minnesota prohibits the sale of children's personal-care products (PCPs) that contain more than 500 ng/mg formaldehyde. Previous attempts to quantify formaldehyde in PCPs use nonspecific derivatization procedures that employ harsh reagents and/or nonspecific detection. Derivatization of formaldehyde by acetylacetone occurs under mild conditions and is specific for formaldehyde but it has not been investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). METHODS To determine formaldehyde, PCPs were dissolved and then interferences were minimized by graphitized-carbon solid-phase extraction. Formaldehyde was derivatized to 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) using an acetylacetone solution. Post-derivatization, samples were diluted and analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was performed by isotopic dilution. Product-ion spectra were acquired for DDL and D12 -DDL. The mass shifts between the two product-ion spectra were used to assign fragment structures. To confirm molecular formulas, high-resolution accurate-mass analysis of the DDL product ions was performed by quadrupole time-of-flight MS. RESULTS Structures were proposed for all product ions of DDL above 10% relative intensity. Method accuracy ranged between 96-104% for all matrices at all concentrations tested. Method precision was less than 4% relative standard deviation. The reporting limit was 10 ng/mg in PCPs and 100 μg/L in water. Twenty children's PCPs were tested to demonstrate the method and formaldehyde was reported in five from 23-1500 ng/mg. Of those five, two samples contained formaldehyde above the Minnesota regulatory limit. CONCLUSIONS The developed method allows for the accurate quantification of formaldehyde in PCPs at levels below those required by a new regulation on children's products in Minnesota. The method includes a derivatization procedure that is newly adapted to HPLC/MS/MS; therefore, structures were proposed for the product ions of the derivative (DDL). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- 601 Robert St. N., P.O. Box 64899, Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, 55164-0899, USA
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26
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Shaikh N, Taujale S, Zhang H, Artyushkova K, Ali AMS, Cerrato JM. Spectroscopic Investigation of Interfacial Interaction of Manganese Oxide with Triclosan, Aniline, and Phenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10978-10987. [PMID: 27668521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the reaction of manganese oxide [MnOx(s)] with phenol, aniline, and triclosan in batch experiments using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and aqueous chemistry measurements. Analyses of XPS high-resolution spectra suggest that the Mn(III) content increased 8-10% and the content of Mn(II) increased 12-15% in the surface of reacted MnOx(s) compared to the control, indicating that the oxidation of organic compounds causes the reduction of MnOx(s). Fitting of C 1s XPS spectra suggests an increase in the number of aromatic and aliphatic bonds for MnOx(s) reacted with organic compounds. The presence of 2.7% Cl in the MnOx(s) surface after reaction with triclosan was detected by XPS survey scans, while no Cl was detected in MnOx-phenol, MnOx-aniline, and MnOx-control. Raman spectra confirm the increased intensity of carbon features in MnOx(s) samples that reacted with organic compounds compared to unreacted MnOx(s). These spectroscopy results indicate that phenol, aniline, triclosan, and related byproducts are associated with the surface of MnOx(s)-reacted samples. The results from this research contribute to a better understanding of interactions between MnOx(s) and organic compounds that are relevant to natural and engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Shaikh
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico , MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Saru Taujale
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University , 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University , 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kateryna Artyushkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Mexico , MSC01 1120, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico , MSC03 2040, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - José M Cerrato
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico , MSC01 1070, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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27
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Place BJ, Perkins MJ, Sinclair E, Barsamian AL, Blakemore PR, Field JA. Trace Analysis of Surfactants in Corexit Oil Dispersant Formulations and Seawater. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH. PART II, TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2016; 129:273-281. [PMID: 27594772 PMCID: PMC5007063 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After the April 2010 explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, and subsequent release of millions of barrels of oil, two Corexit oil dispersant formulations were used in unprecedented quantities both on the surface and sub-surface of the Gulf of Mexico. Although the dispersant formulations contain four classes of surfactants, current studies to date focus on the anionic surfactant, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (DOSS). Factors affecting the integrity of environmental and laboratory samples for Corexit analysis have not been systematically investigated. For this reason, a quantitative analytical method was developed for the detection of all four classes of surfactants, as well as the hydrolysis products of DOSS, the enantiomeric mixture of α- and β-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (α-/β-EHSS). The analytical method was then used to evaluate which practices for sample collection, storage, and analysis resulted in high quality data. Large volume, direct injection of seawater followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) minimized analytical artifacts, analysis time, and both chemical and solid waste. Concentrations of DOSS in the seawater samples ranged from 71 - 13,000 ng/L, while the nonionic surfactants including Span 80, Tween 80, Tween 85 were detected infrequently (26% of samples) at concentrations from 840 - 9100 ng/L. The enantiomers α-/β-EHSS were detected in seawater, at concentrations from 200 - 1,900 ng/L, and in both Corexit dispersant formulations, indicating α-/β-EHSS were applied to the oil spill and may be not unambiguous indicator of DOSS degradation. Best practices are provided to ensure sample integrity and data quality for environmental monitoring studies and laboratory that require the detection and quantification of Corexit-based surfactants in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt J. Perkins
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Ewan Sinclair
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA
| | | | | | - Jennifer A. Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Corresponding Author Information: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, 1007 ALS Building, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, , Phone: 541-737-2265, Fax: 541-737-0497
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28
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Zhong Q, Shen L, Liu J, Yu D, Li S, Li Z, Yao J, Huang T, Kawano SI, Hashi Y, Zhou T. Automatic on-line solid-phase extraction with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of ten antipsychotics in human plasma. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2129-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaqi Liu
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation; Guangzhou China
| | - Dianbao Yu
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation; Guangzhou China
| | - Simin Li
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation; Guangzhou China
| | - Jinting Yao
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation; Guangzhou China
| | | | | | - Yuki Hashi
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation; Guangzhou China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
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29
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Pre-column dilution large volume injection ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of multi-class pesticides in cabbages. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Backe WJ. An Ultrasensitive (Parts-Per-Quadrillion) and SPE-Free Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Estrogens in Surface Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14311-8. [PMID: 26580084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method is presented here that is sensitive to the parts-per-quadrillion (pg/L) for estrogens in surface water. The estrogens included for study were estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and equilin. The method consisted of the small-scale liquid-liquid extraction of surface water followed by derivation with dansyl chloride. Analyte separation and detection were performed by high-pressure liquid-chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry. A large volume (100 μL) of the sample was injected on-column to increase the analyte mass sent to the detector. The detection limits of the method were 0.045 ng/L for estrone, 0.086 ng/L for 17β-estradiol, 0.030 ng/L for estriol, 0.049 ng/L for 17α-ethinylestradiol, and 0.13 ng/L for equilin. The whole-method accuracy ranged from 93 ± 5.8% to 105 ± 4.5% for all the analytes at two different spike levels. Similarly, the precision of the method was less than 8.0% relative standard deviation. The final method was used to analyze a series of samples from the Mississippi River spanning 51 river miles. Estrone was detected in all of the samples and 17β-estradiol was detected in one. Concentrations of estrone ranged from between the detection and quantification limits up to 0.63 ng/L. Increases in the concentration of estrone could be observed downstream from potential sources including a drinking water treatment plant. 17β-estradiol was detected below its quantitation limit in a sample taken downstream from a wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health , 601 Robert St. N., P.O. Box 64899, , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55164-0899, United States
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Brewer AJ, Lunte C. Analysis of Nucleosides in Municipal Wastewater by Large-Volume Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:5504-5510. [PMID: 26322136 PMCID: PMC4551110 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay00929d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides are components of both DNA and RNA, and contain either a ribose (RNA) or 2deoxyribose (DNA) sugar and a purine or pyrimidine base. In addition to DNA and RNA turnover, modified nucleosides found in urine have been correlated to a diminished health status associated with AIDS, cancers, oxidative stress and age. Nucleosides found in municipal wastewater influent are potentially useful markers of community health status, and as of now, remain uninvestigated. A method was developed to quantify nucleosides in municipal wastewater using large-volume injection, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Method accuracy ranged from 92 to 139% when quantified by using isotopically labeled internal standards. Precision ranged from 6.1 to 19% of the relative standard deviation. The method's utility was demonstrated by the analysis of twenty-four hour composite wastewater influent samples that were collected over a week to investigate community nucleoside excretion. Nucleosides originating from RNA were more abundant that DNA over the study period, with total loads of nucleosides ranging from 2 to 25 kg/day. Given this relatively high amount of nucleosides found over the study period they present an attractive analyte for the investigation of community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 2030 Becker Drive Room 220, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Craig Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. 2030 Becker Drive Room 220, Lawrence, KS 66045
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Effects of 17 α-methyltestosterone on transcriptome, gonadal histology and sex steroid hormones in rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2015; 15:20-7. [PMID: 26070167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), a synthetic androgen, is known for its interference effects on the endocrine system. Aiming to investigate the transcriptome profiling of gonads induced by MT and to understand the molecular mechanism by which MT causes adverse effects in fish, transcriptome profiling of gonads, gonadal histology and the sex steroid hormones in response to MT were analyzed in Gobiocypris rarus. Eight libraries, 4 from the ovary and 4 from the testis, were constructed and sequenced and then a total number of clean reads per sample ranging from 7.03 to 9.99 million were obtained. In females, a total of 191 transcripts were differentially regulated by MT, consisting of 102 up-regulated transcripts and 89 down-regulated transcripts. In males, 268 differentially expressed genes with 108 up-regulated and 160 down-regulated were detected upon MT exposure. Testosterone serves as the major sex steroid hormone content in G. rarus of both sexes. The concentrations of 17β-estradiol, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were significantly increased in females and decreased in males after MT exposure. Interestingly, MT caused a decreased number of vitellogenic oocytes in the ovary and spermatozoa in the testis. After MT exposure, four differentially expressed genes (ndufa4, slc1a3a, caskin-2 and rpt3) were found in G. rarus of both sexes. Overall, we suggest that MT seemed to affect genes involved in pathways related to physiological processes in the gonads of G. rarus. These processes include the electron transfer of Complex IV, endothelial cell activation, axon growth and guidance, and proteasome assembly and glutamate transport metabolic.
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He X, Xi C, Tang B, Wang G, Chen D, Peng T, Mu Z. Simultaneous determination of 30 hormones illegally added to anti-ageing functional foods using UPLC-MS/MS coupled with SPE clean-up. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1625-38. [PMID: 25188907 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.953602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 30 hormones in anti-ageing functional foods (capsules, powders and tablets). The analytes were extracted with acetic acid-acetonitrile (1-99 v/v), methanol and acetone, respectively. The extract was purified using a combined column, followed by analyte detection with electrospray ionisation in positive- or negative-ion modes. The results indicated that the 30 compounds had good linear correlations in the range of 1-1000 μg kg⁻¹, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.03-2 and 0.1-5 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. The average recovery of 30 compounds at the three spiked levels varied from 74.7% to 124.1%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.4-15.0%. This method was applied to the analysis of hormones in 14 real samples of which seven hormones (such as estrone, dienestrol) were detected in four samples, but the remainder of the hormones were not detected. The developed method is sensitive, efficient, reliable and applicable to real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin He
- a College of Pharmacy , Chongqing Medical University , Yuzhong District , Chongqing , China
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Zhong Q, Qiu X, Lin C, Shen L, Huo Y, Zhan S, Yao J, Huang T, Kawano SI, Hashi Y, Xiao L, Zhou T. An automatic versatile system integrating solid-phase extraction with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using a dual-dilution strategy for direct analysis of auxins in plant extracts. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Wu M, Qian Y, Boyd JM, Hrudey SE, Le XC, Li XF. Direct large volume injection ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of artificial sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame in well water. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:156-61. [PMID: 25085815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acesulfame (ACE) and sucralose (SUC) have become recognized as ideal domestic wastewater contamination indicators. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis is commonly used; however, the sensitivity of SUC is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of ACE, limiting the routine monitoring of SUC. To address this issue, we examined the ESI behavior of both ACE and SUC under various conditions. ACE is ionic in aqueous solution and efficiently produces simple [M-H](-) ions, but SUC produces multiple adduct ions, limiting its sensitivity. The formic acid (FA) adducts of SUC [M+HCOO](-) are sensitively and reproducibly generated under the LC-MS conditions. When [M+HCOO](-) is used as the precursor ion for SUC detection, the sensitivity increases approximately 20-fold compared to when [M-H](-) is the precursor ion. To further improve the limit of detection (LOD), we integrated the large volume injection approach (500μL injection) with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), which reduced the method detection limit (MDL) to 0.2ng/L for ACE and 5ng/L for SUC. To demonstrate the applicability of this method, we analyzed 100 well water samples collected in Alberta. ACE was detected in 24 wells at concentrations of 1-1534ng/L and SUC in 8 wells at concentrations of 65-541ng/L. These results suggest that wastewater is the most likely source of ACE and SUC impacts in these wells, suggesting the need for monitoring the quality of domestic well water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuo Wu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Yichao Qian
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Jessica M Boyd
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Steve E Hrudey
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G3.
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Feswick A, Ings JS, Doyle MA, Bosker T, Munkittrick KR, Martyniuk CJ. Transcriptomics profiling and steroid production in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) testes after treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:106-19. [PMID: 24447443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen in mammals with multiple roles; however the physiological actions of DHT in male fishes are not well known. To address this knowledge gap, male mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) were continuously exposed to 0, 5, and 50 μg/L DHT for 21 days. Following exposure, testes were separated for histology, ex vivo incubation to measure steroidogenic capacity, and gene expression analyses (real-time PCR and microarray). DHT significantly decreased ex vivo 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) production in males exposed to 50 μg/L DHT but not 5 μg/L DHT, and DHT exposure did not affect ex vivo testosterone production. Histological examination revealed that the amount of interlobular and connective tissue present in the testes was increased in the 50 μg/L DHT treatment. Despite reductions in the production of 11KT, DHT did not affect the expression of targeted genes in the steroidogenic pathway such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star), P450 side chain cleavage (cyp11a1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsd11b3). Microarray analysis in the testes of individuals from control and 50 μg/L DHT revealed that males exposed to 50 μg/L DHT showed regulated transcriptional sub-networks that were related to immunity, regulation of blood flow, lipids and xenobiotic clearance, suggesting that DHT may be involved in the physiological regulation of these processes in the fish testes. A second objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of measuring mRNA levels in tissues used for ex vivo steroid production by comparing RNA integrity and transcript levels in testes of both immediately flash frozen tissue and incubated tissue. There was no significant difference in RNA quality between the two time points, indicating RNA integrity can remain intact for at least 18 h in ex vivo assays, thereby providing a viable option for researchers assessing multi-level biological reproductive endpoints when limited tissue is available. While the gene expression levels of actb, efla, rps12, rps18, star, and hsd11b3 remained unchanged, esr2a (esrba), esr2b (esrbb) and cyp11a1 were significantly lower in incubated tissue compared to flash frozen tissue. Therefore caution must be used as the steady-state levels of select genes may change over time. This study improves our understanding of DHT action in the teleostean testis and generates new hypotheses regarding cell processes that are regulated by this underexplored and potent androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feswick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - J S Ings
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - M A Doyle
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - T Bosker
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - K R Munkittrick
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - C J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada.
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Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Cheng G, Zha J, Wang Z. Pyruvate carboxylase as a sensitive protein biomarker for exogenous steroid chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 189:184-193. [PMID: 24681510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Assessing protein responses to endocrine disrupting chemicals is critical for understanding the mechanisms of chemical action and for the assessment of hazards. In this study, the response of the liver proteome of male rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) and females treated with 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) were analyzed. A total of 23 and 24 proteins were identified with differential expression in response to E2 and MT, respectively. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) was the only common differentially expressed protein in both males and females after E2- and MT-treatments. The mRNA as well as the protein levels of PC were significantly down-regulated compared with that of the controls (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that endocrine disruptors interfere with genes and proteins of the TCA cycle and PC may be a sensitive biomarker of exposure to exogenous steroid chemicals in the liver of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Gang Cheng
- Key Lab for Biotechnology of National Commission for Nationalities, College of Life Science, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
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38
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Cao S, Xu W, Lou QQ, Zhang YF, Zhao YX, Wei WJ, Qin ZF. Environmental (anti-)androgenic chemicals affect germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of Xenopus laevis oocytes in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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The determination of acrylamide in environmental and drinking waters by large-volume injection – hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Pan J, Huang Y, Liu L, Hu Y, Li G. A novel fractionized sampling and stacking strategy for online hyphenation of solid-phase-based extraction to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for ultrasensitive analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Repice C, Dal Grande M, Maggi R, Pedrazzani R. Licit and illicit drugs in a wastewater treatment plant in Verona, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:27-34. [PMID: 23777670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 12 active substances among licit and illicit drugs was investigated over a 2 week period inflowing and outflowing in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant in the city of Verona, Northern Italy. Chemical analyses were performed by means of on-line solid phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in order to minimize sample pre-treatment. Quantifiable concentrations, up to hundreds of ng/L, were detected in influent and in effluent only for carbamazepine, codeine and benzoylecgonine. Such values are in accordance with literature data, so as removal efficiencies: it was observed that there was pretty much no abatement for carbamazepine, while average removal percentages of about 60% and 90% were calculated for codeine and benzoylecgonine, respectively. These results provide useful information (also concerning some active principles never or rarely detected, up to now, such as lormetazepam) for integrated water cycle managing, also taking into account the specific characteristics of the receiving water basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Repice
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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42
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Backe WJ, Day TC, Field JA. Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic fluorinated chemicals in aqueous film forming foam formulations and groundwater from U.S. military bases by nonaqueous large-volume injection HPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5226-34. [PMID: 23590254 DOI: 10.1021/es3034999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method was developed to quantify 26 newly-identified and 21 legacy (e.g. perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and fluorotelomer sulfonates) per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) formulations. Prior to analysis, AFFF formulations were diluted into methanol and PFAS in groundwater were micro liquid-liquid extracted. Methanolic dilutions of AFFF formulations and groundwater extracts were analyzed by large-volume injection (900 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal chromatography was performed using cation exchange (silica) and anion exchange (propylamine) guard columns connected in series to a reverse-phase (C18) analytical column. Method detection limits for PFAS in groundwater ranged from 0.71 ng/L to 67 ng/L, and whole-method accuracy ranged from 96% to 106% for analytes for which matched authentic analytical standards were available. For analytes without authentic analytical standards, whole-method accuracy ranged from 78 % to 144 %, and whole-method precision was less than 15 % relative standard deviation for all analytes. A demonstration of the method on groundwater samples from five military bases revealed eight of the 26 newly-identified PFAS present at concentrations up to 6900 ng/L. The newly-identified PFAS represent a minor fraction of the fluorinated chemicals in groundwater relative to legacy PFAS. The profiles of PFAS in groundwater differ from those found in fluorotelomer- and electrofluorination-based AFFF formulations, which potentially indicates environmental transformation of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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43
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Guo F, Liu Q, Qu GB, Song SJ, Sun JT, Shi JB, Jiang GB. Simultaneous determination of five estrogens and four androgens in water samples by online solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Vulliet E, Giroud B, Marote P. Determination of testosterone and its photodegradation products in surface waters using solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1021-1030. [PMID: 22729875 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of several by-products from the photodegradation of testosterone was previously observed under laboratory conditions. The objectives of the manuscript were to complete the identification of testosterone's photoproducts and to develop an analytical method for the detection of testosterone as well as its three main photoproducts in natural sunlit surface waters. To accomplish these tasks, an efficient extraction method was developed based on solid-phase extraction, followed by the use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a selective and sensitive detection method. This analytical procedure has the capability of detecting target analytes in the ng/L range, with recoveries above 80 %. The methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of testosterone and its photoproducts in several surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Département Service Central d'Analyse, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280 CNRS, Equipe TRACES, Université de Lyon, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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JIN W, HUANG B, WANG B, WANG DW, Zhao SM, PAN XJ. Simultaneous Determination of Androgens and Progestogen in Surface Water and Sediment by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Kopperi M, Ruiz-Jiménez J, Hukkinen JI, Riekkola ML. New way to quantify multiple steroidal compounds in wastewater by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 761:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Pan J, Hu Y, Liang T, Li G. Preparation of solid-phase microextraction fibers by in-mold coating strategy for derivatization analysis of 24-epibrassinolide in pollen samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jones-Lepp TL, Sanchez C, Alvarez DA, Wilson DC, Taniguchi-Fu RL. Point sources of emerging contaminants along the Colorado River Basin: source water for the arid Southwestern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 430:237-45. [PMID: 22684090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) (e.g., pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, personal care products) have been detected in waters across the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate point sources of ECs along the Colorado River, from the headwaters in Colorado to the Gulf of California. At selected locations in the Colorado River Basin (sites in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California), waste stream tributaries and receiving surface waters were sampled using either grab sampling or polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). The grab samples were extracted using solid-phase cartridge extraction (SPE), and the POCIS sorbents were transferred into empty SPEs and eluted with methanol. All extracts were prepared for, and analyzed by, liquid chromatography-electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-ITMS). Log D(OW) values were calculated for all ECs in the study and compared to the empirical data collected. POCIS extracts were screened for the presence of estrogenic chemicals using the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. Extracts from the 2008 POCIS deployment in the Las Vegas Wash showed the second highest estrogenicity response. In the grab samples, azithromycin (an antibiotic) was detected in all but one urban waste stream, with concentrations ranging from 30ng/L to 2800ng/L. Concentration levels of azithromycin, methamphetamine and pseudoephedrine showed temporal variation from the Tucson WWTP. Those ECs that were detected in the main surface water channels (those that are diverted for urban use and irrigation along the Colorado River) were in the region of the limit-of-detection (e.g., 10ng/L), but most were below detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Jones-Lepp
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, PO Box 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA.
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Khan GA, Lindberg R, Grabic R, Fick J. The development and application of a system for simultaneously determining anti-infectives and nasal decongestants using on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Backe WJ, Field JA. Is SPE necessary for environmental analysis? A quantitative comparison of matrix effects from large-volume injection and solid-phase extraction based methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6750-6758. [PMID: 22626028 DOI: 10.1021/es300235z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental analysis by large-volume injection (LVI) was compared to solid-phase extraction (SPE) based methods using matrix effects as a quantitative indicator of analytical signal quality. LVI was performed by the direct injection of 900 μL of wastewater onto a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column while SPE-based methods utilized octadecyl silane (C18) and hydrophobic-lypophilic balance (HLB) solid phases to preconcentrate wastewater prior to analysis. Model analytes from three classes of environmental contaminants were selected for study including four estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol, and ethinylestradiol), eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C4-C11), and five perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C4, C6-C8, and C10). The matrix effects on analytes were assessed by two approaches (quantitatively by calculating percent matrix effects and qualitatively with postcolumn infusions) and compared across LVI- and SPE-based methods at constant (high and low) analyte-to-matrix mass ratios. The results from this study demonstrated that the LVI-based method produced analytical signals of quality similar to the two SPE-based methods. Furthermore, LVI presented a clear advantage over SPE because it was performed at lower cost, required fewer materials, involved less labor and eliminated the analyte loss associated with SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Chemistry Department, 153 Gilbert Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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