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Sun W, Huang A, Wen S, Kong Q, Liu X. Investigation into temporal changes in the human bloodstain lipidome. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03330-z. [PMID: 39249528 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Bloodstains are crucial pieces of physical evidences found at violent crime scenes, providing valuable information for reconstructing forensic cases. However, there is limited data on how bloodstain lipidomes change over time after deposition. Hence, we deployed a high-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) approach to construct lipidomic atlases of bloodstains, whole blood, plasma, and blood cells from 15 healthy adults. A time-course analysis was also performed on bloodstains deposited for up to 6 months at room temperature (~ 25°C). The molecular levels of 60 out of 400 detected lipid species differed dramatically between bloodstain and whole blood samples, with major disturbances observed in membrane glycerophospholipids. More than half of these lipids were prevalent in the cellular and plasmic fractions; approximately 27% and 10% of the identified lipids were uniquely derived from blood cells and plasma, respectively. Furthermore, a subset of 65 temporally dynamic lipid species arose across the 6-month room-temperature deposition period, with decreased triacylglycerols (TAGs) and increased lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) as representatives, accounting for approximately 8% of the total investigated lipids. The instability of lipids increased linearly with time, with the most variability observed in the first 10 days. This study sheds light on the impact of air-drying bloodstains on blood components at room temperature and provides a list of potential bloodstain lipid markers for determining the age of bloodstains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ao Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shubo Wen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
- Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Xiling Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China.
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Nolen RM, Prouse A, Russell ML, Bloodgood J, Díaz Clark C, Carmichael RH, Petersen LH, Kaiser K, Hala D, Quigg A. Evaluation of fatty acids and carnitine as biomarkers of PFOS exposure in biota (fish and dolphin) from Galveston Bay and the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109817. [PMID: 38101762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a ubiquitous pollutant that elicits a wide range of toxic effects in exposed biota. Coastal zones in highly urbanized or industrial areas are particularly vulnerable to PFOS pollution. At present, information is lacking on biomarkers to assess PFOS effects on aquatic wildlife. This study investigated the efficacy of l-carnitine (or carnitine) and fatty acids as biomarkers of PFOS exposure in aquatic biota. The levels of PFOS, total and free carnitine, and 24 fatty acids (measured as fatty acid methyl esters or FAMEs) were measured in the liver, and muscle or blubber, of fish and dolphins sampled from Galveston Bay and the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM). Overall, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) had the highest hepatic PFOS levels. Galveston Bay fish, gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), had hepatic PFOS levels ∼8-13× higher than nGoM pelagic fish species, red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). The multivariate analysis of PFOS liver body-burdens and biomarkers found carnitine to be a more modal biomarker of PFOS exposure than FAMEs. Significant positive correlation of hepatic PFOS levels with total carnitine was evident for biota from Galveston Bay (fish only), and a significant correlation between PFOS and total and free carnitine was evident for biota from the nGoM (fish and dolphins). Given the essential role of carnitine in mediating fatty acid β-oxidation, our results suggest carnitine to be a likely candidate biomarker of environmental PFOS exposure and indicative of potential dyslipidemia effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna M Nolen
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Alexandra Prouse
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Mackenzie L Russell
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Jennifer Bloodgood
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA; Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 307 N University Blvd, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cristina Díaz Clark
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Ruth H Carmichael
- University Programs, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA; Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 307 N University Blvd, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Lene H Petersen
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Karl Kaiser
- Department of Marine and Coastal Environmental Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Hala
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77553, USA; Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Dijkstra AM, de Blaauw P, van Rijt WJ, Renting H, Maatman RGHJ, van Spronsen FJ, Maase RE, Schielen PCJI, Derks TGJ, Heiner-Fokkema MR. Important Lessons on Long-Term Stability of Amino Acids in Stored Dried Blood Spots. Int J Neonatal Screen 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37489487 PMCID: PMC10366855 DOI: 10.3390/ijns9030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual heel prick Dried Blood Spots (DBS) are valuable samples for retrospective investigation of inborn metabolic diseases (IMD) and biomarker analyses. Because many metabolites suffer time-dependent decay, we investigated the five-year stability of amino acids (AA) in residual heel prick DBS. In 2019/2020, we analyzed 23 AAs in 2170 residual heel prick DBS from the Dutch neonatal screening program, stored from 2013-2017 (one year at +4 °C and four years at room temperature), using liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry. Stability was assessed by AA changes over the five years. Hydroxyproline could not be measured accurately and was not further assessed. Concentrations of 19 out of the remaining 22 AAs degraded significantly, ranked from most to least stable: aspartate, isoleucine, proline, valine, leucine, tyrosine, alanine, phenylalanine, threonine, citrulline, glutamate, serine, ornithine, glycine, asparagine, lysine, taurine, tryptophan and glutamine. Arginine, histidine and methionine concentrations were below the limit of detection and were likely to have been degraded within the first year of storage. AAs in residual heel prick DBS stored at room temperature are subject to substantial degradation, which may cause incorrect interpretation of test results for retrospective biomarker studies and IMD diagnostics. Therefore, retrospective analysis of heel prick blood should be done in comparison to similarly stored heel prick blood from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysa M Dijkstra
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim de Blaauw
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn J van Rijt
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Renting
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald G H J Maatman
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francjan J van Spronsen
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rose E Maase
- Centre for Health Protection, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C J I Schielen
- Centre for Population Screening, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Terry G J Derks
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ottosson F, Russo F, Abrahamsson A, MacSween N, Courraud J, Nielsen ZK, Hougaard DM, Cohen AS, Ernst M. Effects of Long-Term Storage on the Biobanked Neonatal Dried Blood Spot Metabolome. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:685-694. [PMID: 36913955 PMCID: PMC10080689 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over 2.5 million neonatal dried blood spots (DBS) are stored at the Danish National Biobank. These samples offer extraordinary possibilities for metabolomics research, including prediction of disease and understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of disease development. Nevertheless, Danish neonatal DBS have been little explored in metabolomics studies. One question that remains underinvestigated is the long-term stability of the large number of metabolites typically assessed in untargeted metabolomics over long time periods of storage. Here, we investigate temporal trends of metabolites measured in 200 neonatal DBS collected over a time course of 10 years, using an untargeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based metabolomics protocol. We found that a majority (71%) of the metabolome was stable during 10 years of storage at -20 °C. However, we found decreasing trends for lipid-related metabolites, such as glycerophosphocholines and acylcarnitines. A few metabolites, including glutathione and methionine, may be strongly influenced by storage, with changes in metabolite levels up to 0.1-0.2 standard deviation units per year. Our findings indicate that untargeted metabolomics of DBS samples, with long-term storage in biobanks, is suitable for retrospective epidemiological studies. We identify metabolites whose stability in DBS should be closely monitored in future studies of DBS samples with long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ottosson
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Russo
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Abrahamsson
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadia MacSween
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Courraud
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece
- Department
of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Leof. Vasilissis Sofias 80, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Zaki Krag Nielsen
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arieh S. Cohen
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Section
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening,
Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens
Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang S, Sun Y, Zeng T, Wu Y, Ding L, Zhang X, Zhang L, Huang X, Li H, Yang X, Ni Y, Hu Q. Impact of preanalytical freezing delay time on the stability of metabolites in oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples. Metabolomics 2022; 18:82. [PMID: 36282338 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolite stability is critical for tissue metabolomics. However, changes in metabolites in tissues over time from the operating room to the laboratory remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES In this study, we evaluated the effect of postoperative freezing delay time on the stability of metabolites in normal and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues. METHODS Tumor and paired normal tissues from five OSCC patients were collected after surgical resection, and samples was sequentially quenched in liquid nitrogen at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 120 min (80 samples). Untargeted metabolic analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion modes was used to identify metabolic changes associated with delayed freezing time. The trends of metabolite changes at 30-120 and 30-60 min of delayed freezing were analyzed. RESULTS 190 metabolites in 36 chemical classes were detected. After delayed freezing for 120 min, approximately 20% of the metabolites changed significantly in normal and tumor tissues, and differences in the metabolites were found in normal and tumor tissues. After a delay of 60 min, 29 metabolites had changed significantly in normal tissues, and 84 metabolites had changed significantly in tumor tissues. In addition, we constructed three tissue freezing schemes based on the observed variation trends in the metabolites. CONCLUSION Delayed freezing of tissue samples has a certain impact on the stability of metabolites. For metabolites with significant changes, we suggest that the freezing time of tissues be reasonably selected according to the freezing schemes and the actual clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yawei Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xihu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingang Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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Ye C, Wu J, Reiss JD, Sinclair TJ, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Chace DH, Clark RH, Prince LS, Ling XB, Sylvester KG. Progressive Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with the Development of Neonatal Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173547. [PMID: 36079804 PMCID: PMC9459725 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the longitudinal metabolic patterns during the evolution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. Methods: A case-control dataset of preterm infants (<32-week gestation) was obtained from a multicenter database, including 355 BPD cases and 395 controls. A total of 72 amino acid (AA) and acylcarnitine (AC) variables, along with infants’ calorie intake and growth outcomes, were measured on day of life 1, 7, 28, and 42. Logistic regression, clustering methods, and random forest statistical modeling were utilized to identify metabolic variables significantly associated with BPD development and to investigate their longitudinal patterns that are associated with BPD development. Results: A panel of 27 metabolic variables were observed to be longitudinally associated with BPD development. The involved metabolites increased from 1 predominant different AC by day 7 to 19 associated AA and AC compounds by day 28 and 16 metabolic features by day 42. Citrulline, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine, propionylcarnitine, free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, and most median-chain ACs (C5:C10) were the most associated metabolites down-regulated in BPD babies over the early days of life, whereas phenylalanine, methionine, and hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine were observed to be up-regulated in BPD babies. Most calorie intake and growth outcomes revealed similar longitudinal patterns between BPD cases and controls over the first 6 weeks of life, after gestational adjustment. When combining with birth weight, the derived metabolic-based discriminative model observed some differences between those with and without BPD development, with c-statistics of 0.869 and 0.841 at day 7 and 28 of life on the test data. Conclusions: The metabolic panel we describe identified some metabolic differences in the blood associated with BPD pathogenesis. Further work is needed to determine whether these compounds could facilitate the monitoring and/or investigation of early-life metabolic status in the lung and other tissues for the prevention and management of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyin Ye
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Jonathan D. Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tiffany J. Sinclair
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - David K. Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Reese H. Clark
- Pediatrix-Obstetrix Center for Research, Education and Quality, Sunrise, FL 33323, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xuefeng Bruce Ling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children’s Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence: (X.B.L.); (K.G.S.); Tel.: +1-650-723-6439 (K.G.S.); Fax: +1-650-725-5577 (K.G.S.)
| | - Karl G. Sylvester
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford Children’s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence: (X.B.L.); (K.G.S.); Tel.: +1-650-723-6439 (K.G.S.); Fax: +1-650-725-5577 (K.G.S.)
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7
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Sazawal S, Das S, Ryckman KK, Khanam R, Nisar I, Deb S, Jasper EA, Rahman S, Mehmood U, Dutta A, Chowdhury NH, Barkat A, Mittal H, Ahmed S, Khalid F, Ali SM, Raqib R, Ilyas M, Nizar A, Manu A, Russell D, Yoshida S, Baqui AH, Jehan F, Dhingra U, Bahl R. Machine learning prediction of gestational age from metabolic screening markers resistant to ambient temperature transportation: Facilitating use of this technology in low resource settings of South Asia and East Africa. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04021. [PMID: 35493781 PMCID: PMC9022771 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of gestational age is critical for guiding preterm neonatal care. In the last decade, metabolic gestational dating approaches emerged in response to a global health need; because in most of the developing world, accurate antenatal gestational age estimates are not feasible. These methods initially developed in North America have now been externally validated in two studies in developing countries, however, require shipment of samples at sub-zero temperature. Methods A subset of 330 pairs of heel prick dried blood spot samples were shipped on dry ice and in ambient temperature from field sites in Tanzania, Bangladesh and Pakistan to laboratory in Iowa (USA). We evaluated impact on recovery of analytes of shipment temperature, developed and evaluated models for predicting gestational age using a limited set of metabolic screening analytes after excluding 17 analytes that were impacted by shipment conditions of a total of 44 analytes. Results With the machine learning model using all the analytes, samples shipped in dry ice yielded a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.19 weeks compared to 1.58 weeks for samples shipped in ambient temperature. Out of the 44 screening analytes, recovery of 17 analytes was significantly different between the two shipment methods and these were excluded from further machine learning model development. The final model, restricted to stable analytes provided a RMSE of 1.24 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.37) weeks for samples shipped on dry ice and RMSE of 1.28 (95% CI = 1.15-1.39) for samples shipped at ambient temperature. Analysis for discriminating preterm births (gestational age <37 weeks), yielded an area under curve (AUC) of 0.76 (95% CI = 0.71-0.81) for samples shipped on dry ice and AUC of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.67-0.78) for samples shipped in ambient temperature. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrate that machine learning algorithms developed using a sub-set of newborn screening analytes which are not sensitive to shipment at ambient temperature, can accurately provide estimates of gestational age comparable to those from published regression models from North America using all analytes. If validated in larger samples especially with more newborns <34 weeks, this technology could substantially facilitate implementation in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sazawal
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi, India,Public Health Laboratory-IDC, Chake Chake, Tanzania
| | - Sayan Das
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rasheda Khanam
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Saikat Deb
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi, India,Public Health Laboratory-IDC, Chake Chake, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Arup Dutta
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Alexander Manu
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, and Ageing, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Sachiyo Yoshida
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, and Ageing, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Usha Dhingra
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, and Ageing, Geneva, Switzerland
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Samples of Biological Fluids on Porous Membranes as a Promising Sample Preparation Method for Biomedical and Veterinary Diagnostics. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Kanďár R, Kopčil M, Laštovičková L. Determination of selected α-keto acids in dried blood samples using HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Virmani MA, Cirulli M. The Role of l-Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052717. [PMID: 35269860 PMCID: PMC8910660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria control cellular fate by various mechanisms and are key drivers of cellular metabolism. Although the main function of mitochondria is energy production, they are also involved in cellular detoxification, cellular stabilization, as well as control of ketogenesis and glucogenesis. Conditions like neurodegenerative disease, insulin resistance, endocrine imbalances, liver and kidney disease are intimately linked to metabolic disorders or inflexibility and to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to a relative lack of micronutrients and substrates is implicated in the development of many chronic diseases. l-carnitine is one of the key nutrients for proper mitochondrial function and is notable for its role in fatty acid oxidation. l-carnitine also plays a major part in protecting cellular membranes, preventing fatty acid accumulation, modulating ketogenesis and glucogenesis and in the elimination of toxic metabolites. l-carnitine deficiency has been observed in many diseases including organic acidurias, inborn errors of metabolism, endocrine imbalances, liver and kidney disease. The protective effects of micronutrients targeting mitochondria hold considerable promise for the management of age and metabolic related diseases. Preventing nutrient deficiencies like l-carnitine can be beneficial in maintaining metabolic flexibility via the optimization of mitochondrial function. This paper reviews the critical role of l-carnitine in mitochondrial function, metabolic flexibility and in other pathophysiological cellular mechanisms.
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Wood J, Minter LJ, Bibus D, Tollefson TN, Ange-van Heugten K. Assessment of the effects of storage temperature on fatty acid analysis using dried blood spot cards from managed southern white rhinoceroses ( Ceratotherium simum simum): implications for field collection and nutritional care. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12896. [PMID: 35186484 PMCID: PMC8852271 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) are an endangered species in decline due to poaching and negative habitat changes. Conservation of the species has become increasingly important and a focus on better human management has become prevalent. One area of management that impacts southern white rhinoceroses is nutritional health monitoring, which is often conducted through blood analysis. Blood analysis conducted during field research can be difficult due to temperature, distance, and limited technological resources, so new methods of fast, and relatively stable blood collection are being pursued. One method that has been used in humans for many years is beginning to make its way into wildlife studies: the use of dried blood spot (DBS) cards. These cards are used as a tool to store single drops of whole blood on specialized filter paper and, once dried, can be used for nutritional biomarker analysis. An area of interest for southern white rhinoceroses and nutrition is monitoring fatty acid percentages for cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive health. The time and temperature limitations for storing blood fractions or liquid whole blood when analyzing fatty acids have been investigated, but few studies have performed storage studies on DBS cards colder than -20 °C or in non-human species. METHODS In order to better understand the limitations of DBS cards and the impact of temperature on fatty acid DBS samples in long-term storage, triplicate samples from seven adult southern white rhinoceroses at the North Carolina Zoo were collected and subjected to three storage treatments (immediate, room temperature (23 °C), or frozen (-80 °C) for 1 year). RESULTS Stearidonic (18:4w3) (Δ 0.3%), arachdic (20:0) (Δ 0.1%), eicosatetraenoic (20:4w3) (Δ 0.2%), and erucic acid (22:1w9) (Δ 0.1%) were in higher concentration in frozen than initial. Fatty acids in higher concentrations in the initial samples than frozen were myristic (14:0) (Δ 0.2%), mead (20:3w9) (Δ 0.1%), docosatetraenoic (22:4w6) (Δ 0.2%), nervonic (24:1) (Δ 0.1%), and total highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) (Δ 0.7%). Stearic (18:0) (Δ 2.2%), stearidonic (18:4w3) (Δ 0.3%), arachdic (20:0) (Δ 0.2%), paullinic (20:1w7) (Δ 0.4%), eicosatetraenoic (20:4w3) (Δ 0.1%), eicosapentaenoic (20:5w3) (Δ 0.1%), docosatetraenoic (22:4w6) (Δ 0.2%), nervonic acid (24:1) (Δ 0.2%), monoenes (Δ 1.9%), and total saturates (Δ 3.6%) had higher concentrations in room temperature than initial. Linoleic (18:2w6) (Δ 4.9%), mead acid (20:3w9) (Δ 0.1%), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (5.3%), and total omega-6 fatty acids (Δ 4.8%) had higher concentrations in initial compared to room temperature. Arachidonic (20:4w6) (Δ 0.4%) and omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5w3) (Δ 0.1%), had higher concentrations in frozen than in room temperature. DISCUSSION The frozen samples had the fewest statistical differences compared to room temperature samples and essential omega-3 and -6 fatty acids were stable with freezing up to 1 year. While more research is still warranted, current results suggest that DBS samples are best utilized when immediate analysis or -80 °C storage is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wood
- Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Doug Bibus
- Lipid Technologies LLC, Austin, Minnesota, United States
| | - Troy N. Tollefson
- Mazuri® Exotic Animal Nutrition, PMI Nutrition, Land O’ Lakes, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Shimada Y, Kawano N, Goto M, Watanabe H, Ihara K. Stability of amino acids, free and acyl-carnitine in stored dried blood spots. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15072. [PMID: 34817917 PMCID: PMC9313883 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborn screening of inborn errors of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry has become a public health strategy in many developed countries. Retrospective analyses using stored dried blood specimens have been limited, mainly due to a lack of biochemical information on the long-term stability of acylcarnitines and amino acids in stored specimens. We studied the characteristic profiles of the stability of amino acid, free carnitine, and acyl carnitines in dried blood specimens stored in a refrigerator after newborn screening. METHODS Dried blood specimens from 198 healthy newborns, which had been stored in a refrigerator at 5 °C after newborn screening, were prospectively subjected to tandem mass spectrometry analyses after 1, 3, 6 months, 1 and 2 years of storage. We also retrospectively re-analyzed the stored samples from 90 newborns, which had been analyzed and stored at 5 °C for 4 years. RESULTS We found that proline (Pro) and tyrosine (Tyr) were stable for 2 years, and that alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), and phenylalanine (Phe) decayed with linear regression. The C0 increased during the time-course of 2 years, whereas most acylcarnitines gradually decayed and some showed a linear correlation. The retrospective analysis of samples stored for 4 years revealed that Ala, Phe, Pro and Tyr were almost stable, leucine (Leu), valine (Val) decayed with linear regression, C0 increased, and C10, C12, C14, C14:1, C16, C18, C18:1 decreased, while maintaining a linear correlation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that some metabolic parameters from refrigerator-stored dried blood specimens were applicable for the detection of inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu City, Oita, Japan
| | - Nanae Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu City, Oita, Japan
| | - Miho Goto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Almeida Memorial Hospital, Oita City, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiromi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Almeida Memorial Hospital, Oita City, Oita, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu City, Oita, Japan
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Arginine, as a Key Indicator for Real-Time Stability Monitoring of Quality Control in the Newborn Screening Test Using Dried Blood Spot. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) have advantages such as minimizing blood collection volume and the distress to neonate. DBS have been used for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based newborn screening tests (NST) of amino acid (AA) and acylcarnitine. The Newborn Screening Quality Assurance Program (NSQAP) have been provided quality control (QC) materials for MS/MS, as DBS cards. The NSQAP is generally provided within 14 months of the shelf life and the recommended storage condition is at −10 °C to −30 °C. Previously, several accelerated degradation studies had been performed to determine the transportation stability and short-term stability of AAs and acylcarnitines in DBS. However, the experimental condition is markedly different to the storage condition. We performed long-term monitoring for the real-time stability of seven AAs and 14 acylcarnitines from three levels of 2012 NSQAP QC materials across a time period of 788 days. Arginine suddenly yielded a catastrophic degeneration pattern, which started around D300. When comparing this with previous accelerated degradation studies, methionine, tyrosine, citrulline, and acetylcarnitine did not show a remarkable measurand drift for the real-time stability, except for arginine. Our study showed that arginine would require intensive QC monitoring in routine practice, and should be used for the assessment of the stability in long-term storage of DBS samples for biobanking.
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Ruiz-Sala P, Peña-Quintana L. Biochemical Markers for the Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214855. [PMID: 34768374 PMCID: PMC8584803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) contributes a large proportion to the body’s energy needs in fasting and in situations of metabolic stress. Most tissues use energy from fatty acids, particularly the heart, skeletal muscle and the liver. In the brain, ketone bodies formed from FAO in the liver are used as the main source of energy. The mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs), which include the carnitine system defects, constitute a group of diseases with several types and subtypes and with variable clinical spectrum and prognosis, from paucisymptomatic cases to more severe affectations, with a 5% rate of sudden death in childhood, and with fasting hypoketotic hypoglycemia frequently occurring. The implementation of newborn screening programs has resulted in new challenges in diagnosis, with the detection of new phenotypes as well as carriers and false positive cases. In this article, a review of the biochemical markers used for the diagnosis of FAODs is presented. The analysis of acylcarnitines by MS/MS contributes to improving the biochemical diagnosis, both in affected patients and in newborn screening, but acylglycines, organic acids, and other metabolites are also reported. Moreover, this review recommends caution, and outlines the differences in the interpretation of the biomarkers depending on age, clinical situation and types of samples or techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ruiz-Sala
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, CIBERER, IDIPAZ, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Peña-Quintana
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Mother and Child Insular University Hospital Complex, Asociación Canaria para la Investigación Pediátrica (ACIP), CIBEROBN, University Institute for Research in Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Correspondence:
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From bedside to bench-practical considerations to avoid pre-analytical pitfalls and assess sample quality for high-resolution metabolomics and lipidomics analyses of body fluids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5567-5585. [PMID: 34159398 PMCID: PMC8410705 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stability of lipids and other metabolites in human body fluids ranges from very stable over several days to very unstable within minutes after sample collection. Since the high-resolution analytics of metabolomics and lipidomics approaches comprise all these compounds, the handling of body fluid samples, and thus the pre-analytical phase, is of utmost importance to obtain valid profiling data. This phase consists of two parts, sample collection in the hospital (“bedside”) and sample processing in the laboratory (“bench”). For sample quality, the apparently simple steps in the hospital are much more critical than the “bench” side handling, where (bio)analytical chemists focus on highly standardized processing for high-resolution analysis under well-controlled conditions. This review discusses the most critical pre-analytical steps for sample quality from patient preparation; collection of body fluids (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid) to sample handling, transport, and storage in freezers; and subsequent thawing using current literature, as well as own investigations and practical experiences in the hospital. Furthermore, it provides guidance for (bio)analytical chemists to detect and prevent potential pre-analytical pitfalls at the “bedside,” and how to assess the quality of already collected body fluid samples. A knowledge base is provided allowing one to decide whether or not the sample quality is acceptable for its intended use in distinct profiling approaches and to select the most suitable samples for high-resolution metabolomics and lipidomics investigations.
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Qasrawi DO, Boyd JM, Sadrzadeh SMH. Measuring steroids from dried blood spots using tandem mass spectrometry to diagnose congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 520:202-207. [PMID: 34097883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders that occur due to defects in the steroidogenesis pathway. Approximately 90% of CAH cases can be diagnosed by the measurement of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone alone. However, the quantification of six additional steroids could significantly improve CAH laboratory diagnosis. Using dried blood spot (DBS) as specimen of choice can further improve patient care due to the small sample volume required for CAH diagnosis in neonates. METHODS An optimized DBS sample preparation method was employed for steroids quantification without the need of derivatization. A LC-MS/MS assay was developed and optimized using a reverse phase-ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) system combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using positive electrospray ionization mode. RESULTS The assay was validated according to CLSI analytical guidelines, including lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), linearity, precision, accuracy, carryover, and method comparison. The analytical measuring range of the method for all steroids was 2.5, 5, or 10 ng/ml to 250 ng/ml in DBS, r2 ≥ 0.995. The LLOQ, intra-day and inter-day precision were 0.11-1.8 ng/ml, 1.2-6.4 ng/ml, 1.8-11.5%, and 5.3-13.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our LC-MS/MS assay simultaneously detects 7 steroids for the diagnosis of CAH and can be readily implemented in clinical laboratories to provide superior analytical performance over traditional immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema O Qasrawi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories - Calgary and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Road NW, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada.
| | - Jessica M Boyd
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Calgary and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Road NW, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - S M H Sadrzadeh
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Calgary and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Road NW, Calgary, AB T2L 2K8, Canada
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Lotz-Havla AS, Weiß KJ, Schiergens KA, Brunet T, Kohlhase J, Regenauer-Vandewiele S, Maier EM. Subcutaneous vitamin B12 administration using a portable infusion pump in cobalamin-related remethylation disorders: a gentle and easy to use alternative to intramuscular injections. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:215. [PMID: 33980297 PMCID: PMC8114704 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cobalamin (cbl)-related remethylation disorders are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders comprising the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine and affecting multiple organ systems, most prominently the nervous system and the bone marrow. To date, the parenteral, generally intramuscular, lifelong administration of hydroxycobalamin (OHCbl) is the mainstay of therapy in these disorders. The dosage and frequency of OHCbl is titrated in each patient to the minimum effective dose in order to account for the painful injections. This may result in undertreatment, a possible risk factor for disease progression and disease-related complications. Results We describe parenteral administration of OHCbl using a subcutaneous catheter together with a portable infusion pump in a home therapy setting in four pediatric patients with remethylation disorders, two patients with cblC, one patient with cblG, and one patient with cblE deficiency, in whom intramuscular injections were not or no longer feasible. The placement of the subcutaneous catheters and handling of the infusion pump were readily accomplished and well accepted by the patients and their families. No adverse events occurred. The use of a small, portable syringe driver pump allowed for a most flexible administration of OHCbl in everyday life. The concentrations of total homocysteine levels were determined at regular patient visits and remained within the therapeutic target range. This approach allowed for the continuation of OHCbl therapy or the adjustment of therapy required to improve metabolic control in our patients. Conclusions Subcutaneous infusion using a subcutaneous catheter system and a portable pump for OHCbl administration in combined and isolated remethylation disorders is safe, acceptable, and effective. It decreases disease burden in preventing frequent single injections and providing patient independence. Thus, it may promote long-term adherence to therapy in patients and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie S Lotz-Havla
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina J Weiß
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina A Schiergens
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 32, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kohlhase
- SYNLAB Center for Human Genetics, Heinrich-von-Stephan-Str. 5, 79100, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Regenauer-Vandewiele
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther M Maier
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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Borrajo GJ, Doña VV. How Long are Residual Newborn Screening Specimens Useful for Retesting when Stored in Suboptimal and Uncontrolled Conditions of Temperature and Humidity? JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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van Rijt WJ, Schielen PCJI, Özer Y, Bijsterveld K, van der Sluijs FH, Derks TGJ, Heiner-Fokkema MR. Instability of Acylcarnitines in Stored Dried Blood Spots: The Impact on Retrospective Analysis of Biomarkers for Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Int J Neonatal Screen 2020; 6:ijns6040083. [PMID: 33147805 PMCID: PMC7712882 DOI: 10.3390/ijns6040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stored dried blood spots (DBS) can provide valuable samples for the retrospective diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism, and for validation studies for newborn blood spot screening programs. Acylcarnitine species are subject to degradation upon long-term storage at room temperature, but limited data are available on the stability in original samples and the impact on acylcarnitine ratios. We analysed complete acylcarnitine profiles by flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry in 598 anonymous DBS stored from 2013 to 2017, at +4 °C during the first year and thereafter at room temperature. The concentrations of C2-, C3-, C4-, C5-, C6-, C8-, C10:1-, C10-, C12:1-, C12-, C14:1-, C14-, C16:1-, C16-, C18:2-, C18:1-, C18-, C5OH+C4DC-, C18:1OH-, and C16DC-carnitine decreased significantly, whereas a positive trend was found for free carnitine. Only the C4/C8-, C8/C10-, C14:1/C10- and C14:1/C16-carnitine ratios appeared robust for the metabolite instability. The metabolite instability may provoke the wrong interpretation of test results in the case of retrospective studies and risk the inaccurate estimation of cut-off targets in validation studies when only stored control DBS are used. We recommend including control DBS in diagnostic, retrospective cohort studies, and, for validation studies, we recommend using fresh samples and repeatedly re-evaluating cut-off targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn J. van Rijt
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.J.v.R.); (T.G.J.D.)
| | - Peter C. J. I. Schielen
- Reference Laboratory for Neonatal Screening, Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Yasemin Özer
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Ö.); (K.B.); (F.H.v.d.S.)
| | - Klaas Bijsterveld
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Ö.); (K.B.); (F.H.v.d.S.)
| | - Fjodor H. van der Sluijs
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Ö.); (K.B.); (F.H.v.d.S.)
| | - Terry G. J. Derks
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (W.J.v.R.); (T.G.J.D.)
| | - M. Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (Y.Ö.); (K.B.); (F.H.v.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Untargeted foodomics strategy using high-resolution mass spectrometry reveals potential indicators for fish freshness. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1127:98-105. [PMID: 32800143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish among other food can easily become spoilage. However, the existing literature endeavouring into a holistic investigation of fish metabolome during storage is scarce. There is a need for a powerful tool for more in-depth determinations. The present study is leveraging high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based untargeted foodomics in the exploration of potential indicators for fish freshness. Three batches of fish fillets were stored in the refrigerator (+4 °C) for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Features were detected via UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and hereby undergone selection, identification, and verification. Eight sensitive indicators with significant time-dependent responses were yielded. The loss of freshness in fish is manifested in the upregulation of uracil, hypoxanthine, and inosine (involved in nucleotide changes) and α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and linoleic acid (involved in lipid hydrolysis) as well as in the downregulation of decanoylcarnitine (involved in fatty acid metabolism). Our work provides a promising approach to assess the quality of fish during storage and gain deeper insights into the metabolic reaction.
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Evaluation of a novel blood microsampling device for clinical trial sample collection and protein biomarker analysis. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:919-935. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluation of a novel microsampling device for its use in clinical sample collection and biomarker analysis. Methodology: Matching samples were collected from 16 healthy donors (ten females, six males; age 42 ± 20) via K2EDTA touch activated phlebotomy (TAP) device and phlebotomy. The protein profile differences between sampling groups was evaluated using aptamer-based proteomic assay SomaScan and selected ELISA. Conclusion: Somascan signal concordance between phlebotomy- and TAP-generated samples was studied and comparability of protein abundances between these blood sample collection methods was demonstrated. Statistically significant correlation in selected ELISA assays also confirmed the TAP device applicability to the quantitative analysis of protein biomarkers in clinical trials.
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Moat SJ, George RS, Carling RS. Use of Dried Blood Spot Specimens to Monitor Patients with Inherited Metabolic Disorders. Int J Neonatal Screen 2020; 6:26. [PMID: 33073023 PMCID: PMC7422991 DOI: 10.3390/ijns6020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) using dried blood spot (DBS) specimens has been routinely used since the inception of newborn screening (NBS) for phenylketonuria in the 1960s. The introduction of flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS) in the 1990s facilitated the expansion of NBS for IMDs. This has led to increased identification of patients who require biochemical monitoring. Monitoring of IMD patients using DBS specimens is widely favoured due to the convenience of collecting blood from a finger prick onto filter paper devices in the patient's home, which can then be mailed directly to the laboratory. Ideally, analytical methodologies with a short analysis time and high sample throughput are required to enable results to be communicated to patients in a timely manner, allowing prompt therapy adjustment. The development of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS), means that metabolic laboratories now have the capability to routinely analyse DBS specimens with superior specificity and sensitivity. This advancement in analytical technology has led to the development of numerous assays to detect analytes at low concentrations (pmol/L) in DBS specimens that can be used to monitor IMD patients. In this review, we discuss the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical variables that may affect the final test result obtained using DBS specimens used for monitoring of patients with an IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Moat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Immunology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Roanna S. George
- Derriford Combined Laboratory, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Rachel S. Carling
- Biochemical Sciences, Viapath, Guys & St Thomas’ NHSFT, London SE1 7EH, UK;
- GKT School of Medical Education, King’s College, London SE1 1UH, UK
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23
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Han J, Higgins R, Lim MD, Atkinson K, Yang J, Lin K, Borchers CH. Isotope-labeling derivatization with 3-nitrophenylhydrazine for LC/multiple-reaction monitoring-mass-spectrometry-based quantitation of carnitines in dried blood spots. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:177-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kaku N, Ihara K, Hirata Y, Yamada K, Lee S, Kanemasa H, Motomura Y, Baba H, Tanaka T, Sakai Y, Maehara Y, Ohga S. Diagnostic potential of stored dried blood spots for inborn errors of metabolism: a metabolic autopsy of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:885-889. [PMID: 29720407 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM It is estimated that 1-5% of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases might be caused by undiagnosed inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs); however, the postmortem identification of IEMs remains difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of dried blood spots (DBSs) stored after newborn screening tests as a metabolic autopsy to determine the causes of death in infants and children who died suddenly and unexpectedly. METHODS Infants or toddlers who had suddenly died without a definite diagnosis between July 2008 and December 2012 at Kyushu University Hospital in Japan were enrolled in this study. Their Guthrie cards, which had been stored for several years at 4-8°C, were used for an acylcarnitine analysis by tandem mass spectrometry to identify inborn errors of metabolism. RESULTS Fifteen infants and children who died at less than 2 years of age and for whom the cause of death was unknown were enrolled for the study. After correcting the C0 and C8 values assuming the hydrolysation of acylcarnitine in the stored DBSs, the corrected C8 value of one case just exceeded the cut-off level for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency screening. Genetic and biochemical analyses confirmed this patient to have MCAD deficiency. CONCLUSION DBSs stored after newborn screening tests are a promising tool for metabolic autopsy. The appropriate compensation of acylcarnitine data and subsequent genetic and biochemical analyses are essential for the postmortem diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kaku
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kanemasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Baba
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tamami Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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25
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Tebani A, Afonso C, Bekri S. Advances in metabolome information retrieval: turning chemistry into biology. Part I: analytical chemistry of the metabolome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:379-391. [PMID: 28840392 PMCID: PMC5959978 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are small molecules produced by enzymatic reactions in a given organism. Metabolomics or metabolic phenotyping is a well-established omics aimed at comprehensively assessing metabolites in biological systems. These comprehensive analyses use analytical platforms, mainly nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, along with associated separation methods to gather qualitative and quantitative data. Metabolomics holistically evaluates biological systems in an unbiased, data-driven approach that may ultimately support generation of hypotheses. The approach inherently allows the molecular characterization of a biological sample with regard to both internal (genetics) and environmental (exosome, microbiome) influences. Metabolomics workflows are based on whether the investigator knows a priori what kind of metabolites to assess. Thus, a targeted metabolomics approach is defined as a quantitative analysis (absolute concentrations are determined) or a semiquantitative analysis (relative intensities are determined) of a set of metabolites that are possibly linked to common chemical classes or a selected metabolic pathway. An untargeted metabolomics approach is a semiquantitative analysis of the largest possible number of metabolites contained in a biological sample. This is part I of a review intending to give an overview of the state of the art of major metabolic phenotyping technologies. Furthermore, their inherent analytical advantages and limits regarding experimental design, sample handling, standardization and workflow challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Tebani
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, IRIB, INSERM U1245, 76000, Rouen, France
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, IRIB, INSERM U1245, 76000, Rouen, France.
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26
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Monostori P, Klinke G, Richter S, Baráth Á, Fingerhut R, Baumgartner MR, Kölker S, Hoffmann GF, Gramer G, Okun JG. Simultaneous determination of 3-hydroxypropionic acid, methylmalonic acid and methylcitric acid in dried blood spots: Second-tier LC-MS/MS assay for newborn screening of propionic acidemia, methylmalonic acidemias and combined remethylation disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184897. [PMID: 28915261 PMCID: PMC5600371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Increased propionylcarnitine levels in newborn screening are indicative for a group of potentially severe disorders including propionic acidemia (PA), methylmalonic acidemias and combined remethylation disorders (MMACBL). This alteration is relatively non-specific, resulting in the necessity of confirmation and differential diagnosis in subsequent tests. Thus, we aimed to develop a multiplex approach for concurrent determination of 3-hydroxypropionic acid, methylmalonic acid and methylcitric acid from the same dried blood spot (DBS) as in primary screening (second-tier test). We also set out to validate the method using newborn and follow-up samples of patients with confirmed PA or MMACBL. Methods The assay was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and clinically validated with retrospective analysis of DBS samples from PA or MMACBL patients. Results Reliable determination of all three analytes in DBSs was achieved following simple and fast (<20 min) sample preparation without laborious derivatization or any additional pipetting steps. The method clearly distinguished the pathological and normal samples and differentiated between PA and MMACBL in all stored newborn specimens. Methylcitric acid was elevated in all PA samples; 3-hydroxypropionic acid was also high in most cases. Methylmalonic acid was increased in all MMACBL specimens; mostly together with methylcitric acid. Conclusions A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay allowing simultaneous determination of the biomarkers 3-hydroxypropionic acid, methylmalonic acid and methylcitric acid in DBSs has been developed. The assay can use the same specimen as in primary screening (second-tier test) which may reduce the need for repeated blood sampling. The presented preliminary findings suggest that this method can reliably differentiate patients with PA and MMACBL in newborn screening. The validated assay is being evaluated prospectively in a pilot project for extension of the German newborn screening panel (‟Newborn screening 2020”; Newborn Screening Center, University Hospital Heidelberg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Monostori
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Glynis Klinke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Richter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ákos Baráth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Children’s Research Center, Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R. Baumgartner
- Children’s Research Center, Division of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F. Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Gramer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Sun Y, Wang YY, Jiang T. Clinical features and genotyping of patients with primary carnitine deficiency identified by newborn screening. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:879-883. [PMID: 28753539 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to investigate clinical and gene mutation characteristics of primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) patients identified by newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). METHODS Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied to screen inherited metabolic disease and seven patients with PCD were diagnosed among 62,568 samples. The SLC22A5 gene was detected by using diagnosis panel of genetic and metabolic diseases based on Ion Torrent Semiconductor Sequencing Technology. RESULTS The initial free carnitine (C0) concentrations of the patients were 6.43±1.36 μmol/L, and the recall screening concentrations were 5.59±0.89 μmol/L. The patients were treated with oral carnitine, so the levels after treatment were 20.24±3.88 μmol/L. All patients had two pathogenic mutation alleles. CONCLUSIONS The combined application of MS/MS and a next generation sequencing panel could be used for the accurate diagnosis of PCD. The results of genetic diagnosis can guide the assisted reproductive treatment. The prognosis of PCD patients is good after early treatment.
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Rasmussen J, Hougaard DM, Sandhu N, Fjællegaard K, Petersen PR, Steuerwald U, Lund AM. Primary Carnitine Deficiency: Is Foetal Development Affected and Can Newborn Screening Be Improved? JIMD Rep 2017; 36:35-40. [PMID: 28105570 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2016_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) causes low levels of carnitine in patients potentially leading to metabolic and cardiac symptoms. Newborn screening for PCD is now routine in many countries by measuring carnitine levels in infants. In this study we report Apgar scores, length and weight in newborns with PCD and newborns born to mothers with PCD compared to controls. Furthermore we report how effective different screening algorithms have been to detect newborns with PCD in the Faroe Islands. RESULTS Newborns with PCD and newborns born to mothers with PCD did not differ with regard to Apgar scores, length and weight compared to controls. Newborns with PCD and newborns born to mothers with PCD had significantly lower levels of free carnitine (fC0) than controls. Screening algorithms focusing only on fC0 had a high rate of detection of newborns with PCD. Sample collection 4-9 days after birth seems to result in a higher detection rate than the current 2-3 days. CONCLUSION The clinical status at birth in infants with PCD and infants born to mothers with PCD does not differ compared to control infants. Screening algorithms for PCD should focus on fC0, and blood samples should be taken when the maternal influence on fC0 has diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rasmussen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital, FO-100, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.
| | - David M Hougaard
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noreen Sandhu
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Fjællegaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital, FO-100, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Poula R Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital, FO-100, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Ulrike Steuerwald
- Department of Occupational and Public Health, National Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.,Screening-Laboratories Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Allan M Lund
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wagner M, Tonoli D, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze dried blood spots. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:361-438. [PMID: 25252132 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wagner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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30
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Biomarkers for nutrient intake with focus on alternative sampling techniques. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:12. [PMID: 27551313 PMCID: PMC4968438 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers of nutrient intake or nutrient status are important objective measures of foods/nutrients as one of the most important environmental factors people are exposed to. It is very difficult to obtain accurate data on individual food intake, and there is a large variation of nutrient composition of foods consumed in a population. Thus, it is difficult to obtain precise measures of exposure to different nutrients and thereby be able to understand the relationship between diet, health, and disease. This is the background for investing considerable resources in studying biomarkers of nutrients believed to be important in our foods. Modern technology with high sensitivity and specificity concerning many nutrient biomarkers has allowed an interesting development with analyses of very small amounts of blood or tissue material. In combination with non-professional collection of blood by finger-pricking and collection on filters or sticks, this may make collection of samples and analyses of biomarkers much more available for scientists as well as health professionals and even lay people in particular in relation to the marked trend of self-monitoring of body functions linked to mobile phone technology. Assuming standard operating procedures are used for collection, drying, transport, extraction, and analysis of samples, it turns out that many analytes of nutritional interest can be measured like metabolites, drugs, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and many types of peptides and proteins. The advantage of this alternative sampling technology is that non-professionals can collect, dry, and mail the samples; the samples can often be stored under room temperature in a dry atmosphere, requiring small amounts of blood. Another promising area is the potential relation between the microbiome and biomarkers that may be measured in feces as well as in blood.
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31
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Osteresch B, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Analysis of ochratoxin A in dried blood spots - Correlation between venous and finger-prick blood, the influence of hematocrit and spotted volume. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:158-64. [PMID: 27046696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the improvement of a method for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in dried blood spots (DBS) by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The DBS technique was advanced for the analysis of these two compounds in DBS with unknown amounts of blood as well as varying hematocrit values. Furthermore the comparability of venous vs. capillary blood was investigated. Human whole blood samples were spotted, dried, and extracted with a solvent consisting of acetone, acetonitrile and water for analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. Quantification was carried out by stable isotope labelled internal standards. Blood samples of volunteers (n=50) were used to further optimize and simplify the procedure. Ochratoxin A and 2'R-ochratoxin A concentrations found in the entire spots (approx. 100 μL blood) were compared with punched DBS discs of 8.8mm size containing approximately 20 μL blood. As a result the amounts of both toxins in a punched 8.8mm disc correlate well with the entire DBS. Also the use of capillary blood from finger-pricks versus venous blood was evaluated. The analyte levels correlate as well indicating that the less invasive finger-prick sampling gives also reliable results. The influence of hematocrit was investigated in a range of 25-55% according to the hematocrit in the used real blood samples (34-46% hematocrit). However no significant hematocrit effect was observed for the utilized real blood samples. Moreover different blood volumes were spotted and punched as a minimal spot size is usually recommended for accurate analysis. In this experiment finger-prick samples typically consist of about 90 μL blood. Therefore spots of 75, 100 and 125 μL blood were prepared and analyzed. Similar to the hematocrit effect, no considerable influence was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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32
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Corso G, Papagni F, Gelzo M, Gallo M, Barone R, Graf M, Scarpato N, Dello Russo A. Development and Validation of an Enzymatic Method for Total Cholesterol Analysis Using Whole Blood Spot. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 30:517-23. [PMID: 26511311 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum cholesterol represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to quantify total cholesterol in dried blood spot (DBS) by direct enzymatic method. METHODS Three hundred seventeen blood samples with serum cholesterol level ranging from 81 to 337 mg/dl were collected. DBS were manually prepared, cholesterol was extracted using methanol and analyzed by a manual enzymatic method. DBS cholesterol method was validated for imprecision and extraction efficacy. DBS cholesterol values were correlated (training test) with serum values measured by automated enzymatic method (reference method). The obtained correlation was used for predicting serum cholesterol from DBS analysis of a new sample group (validation test, n = 58). RESULTS Within-day and between-day coefficient of variation (CV%) were lower than 7.69 and 6.32, respectively. Residual cholesterol in DBS after extraction was 16%. DBS cholesterol and serum cholesterol showed a linear correlation (slope = 0.5217; r = 0.9139) and a bias of -28%. Furthermore, DBS cholesterol values of validation test (n = 58), converted using the training test correlation, were not statistically different compared to the corresponding plasma values (P = 0.9487), and the comparison by Passing and Bablok showed a linear regression with a slope of 1.068 (r = 0.611) and a bias of -0.22%. CONCLUSIONS The results show that this enzymatic method is suitable to analyze cholesterol in DBS and it could be automated and used for population screening of total blood cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Papagni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosalba Barone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Graf
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Scarpato
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Szabó E, Szatmári I, Szőnyi L, Takáts Z. Quantitative Analytical Method for the Determination of Biotinidase Activity in Dried Blood Spot Samples. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10573-8. [PMID: 26400555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biotinidase activity assay is included in most newborn screening protocols, and the positive results are confirmed by quantitative enzyme activity measurements. In our study, we describe a new quantitative analytical method for the determination of biotinidase activity using the blood sample deposited onto filter paper as the assay medium, by predepositing N-biotinyl-p-aminobenzoic acid onto the standard sample collection paper. The analysis of the assay mixture requires a simple extraction step from a dried blood spot followed by the quantification of product by LC-MS. The method provides a simple and reliable enzyme assay method that enables the rapid diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency (BD). Out of the measured 36 samples, 13 were healthy with lower enzyme activities, 16 were patients with partial BD, and 7 were patients with profound BD with residual activity below 10%. Expression of enzyme activity in percentage of mean activity of negative controls allows comparison of the different techniques. The obtained results are in good agreement with activity data determined from both dried blood spots and serum samples, giving an informative diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szabó
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University , Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - Ildikó Szatmári
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University , Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - László Szőnyi
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University , Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Takáts
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College , SW7 2AZ London, U.K
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Albini A, Briga D, Conti M, Bruno A, Farioli D, Canali S, Sogno I, D'Ambrosio G, Consonni P, Noonan DM. SANIST: a rapid mass spectrometric SACI/ESI data acquisition and elaboration platform for verifying potential candidate biomarkers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1703-1710. [PMID: 26331920 PMCID: PMC5049612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Surface-Activated Chemical Ionization/Electrospray Ionization mass spectrometry (SACI/ESI-MS) is a technique with high sensitivity and low noise that allows accurate biomarker discovery studies. We developed a dedicated SACI/ESI software, named SANIST, for both biomarker fingerprint data acquisition and as a diagnostic tool, using prostate cancer (PCa) as the disease of interest. METHODS Liquid chromatography (LC)/SACI/ESI-MS technology was employed to detect a potential biomarker panel for PCa disease prediction. Serum from patients with histologically confirmed or negative prostate biopsies for PCa was employed. The biomarker data (m/z or Thompson value, retention time and extraction mass chromatogram peak area) were stored in an ascii database. SANIST software allowed identification of potential biomarkers. A Bayesian scoring algorithm developed in house allowed sample separation based on comparison with samples in the database. RESULTS Biomarker candidates from the carnitine family were detected at significantly lower levels in patients showing histologically confirmed PCa. Using these biomarkers, the SANIST scoring algorithm allowed separation of patients with PCa from biopsy negative subjects with high accuracy and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS SANIST was able to rapidly identify and perform a preliminary evaluation of the potential diagnostic efficiency of potential biomarkers for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- IRCCS - Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova in Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniela Briga
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Farioli
- IRCCS - Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova in Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sara Canali
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sogno
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Consonni
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Cramer B, Osteresch B, Muñoz KA, Hillmann H, Sibrowski W, Humpf H. Biomonitoring using dried blood spots: detection of ochratoxin A and its degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in blood from coffee drinkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1837-43. [PMID: 26012425 PMCID: PMC4744763 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this study, human exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A (2'R-OTA, previously named as 14R-Ochratoxin A [22]) through coffee consumption was assessed. LC-MS/MS and the dried blood spot (DBS) technique were used for the analysis of blood samples from coffee and noncoffee drinkers (n = 50), and food frequency questionnaires were used to document coffee consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS For the detection of OTA and 2'R-OTA in blood, a new sensitive and efficient sample preparation method based on DBS was established and validated. Using this technique 2'R-OTA was for the first time detected in biological samples. Comparison between coffee drinkers and noncoffee drinkers showed for the first time that 2'R-OTA was only present in blood from the first group while OTA could be found in both groups in a mean concentration of 0.21 μg/L. 2'R-OTA mean concentration was 0.11 μg/L with a maximum concentration of 0.414 μg/L. Thus, in average 2'R-OTA was approx. half the concentration of OTA but in some cases even exceeded OTA levels. No correlation between the amounts of coffee consumption and OTA or 2'R-OTA levels was observed. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed for the first time a high exposure of coffee consumers to 2'R-OTA, a compound formed from OTA during coffee roasting. Since little information is available regarding toxicity and possible carcinogenicity of this compound, further OTA monitoring in blood including 2'R-OTA is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Katherine A. Muñoz
- Universität Koblenz‐LandauInstitute for Environmental Sciences, Research Group of Environmental and Soil ChemistryLandau in der PfalzGermany
| | - Hartmut Hillmann
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und TransplantationsimmunologieUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Walter Sibrowski
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und TransplantationsimmunologieUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
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Yoon HR. Screening newborns for metabolic disorders based on targeted metabolomics using tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 20:119-24. [PMID: 26512346 PMCID: PMC4623338 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2015.20.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of newborn screening is to diagnose genetic, metabolic, and other inherited disorders, at their earliest to start treatment before the clinical manifestations become evident. Understanding and tracing the biochemical data obtained from tandem mass spectrometry is vital for early diagnosis of metabolic diseases associated with such disorders. Accordingly, it is important to focus on the entire diagnostic process, including differential and confirmatory diagnostic options, and the major factors that influence the results of biochemical analysis. Compared to regular biochemical testing, this is a complex process carried out by a medical physician specialist. It is comprised of an integrated program requiring multidisciplinary approach such as, pediatric specialist, expert scientist, clinical laboratory technician, and nutritionist. Tandem mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to improve screening of newborns for diverse metabolic diseases. It is likely to be used to analyze other treatable disorders or significantly improve existing newborn tests to allow broad scale and precise testing. This new era of various screening programs, new treatments, and the availability of detection technology will prove to be beneficial for the future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Yoon
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Analysis Lab, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Batterman S, Chernyak S. Performance and storage integrity of dried blood spots for PCB, BFR and pesticide measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 494-495:252-60. [PMID: 25058892 PMCID: PMC4134318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBSs) can provide accurate and valuable estimates of exposure to environmental toxicants, and the use of information derived from archived newborn DBSs has enormous potential to open up new research on the impacts of early chemical exposure on disease. Broad application of DBS for the purpose of quantitative exposure estimation requires robust and validated methods. This study investigates the suitability of DBS analyses for population studies of exposure to three chemical groups: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and chlorinated pesticides. It examines background (matrix) contamination, recovery and extraction variability, sensitivity, and storage stability. DBS samples prepared using 50 μL of adult blood were analyzed by GC/MS, and method performance was confirmed by using certified materials and paired DBS-blood samples from six volunteers. Several of the target compounds and their degradation products have not been previously measured in DBSs. All target compounds were detected in DBS samples collected from the volunteers. Sample DBS cards showed background contamination of several compounds. When stored at room temperature, target compounds, excluding PBDEs, were stable for up to one month. When refrigerated or frozen, stability was acceptable for all compounds up to one year, and multiyear storage appears acceptable at colder (e.g., -80°C) temperatures. Multicompartment models may be used to estimate or correct for storage losses. Considering concentrations of contaminants for adults and children reported in the literature, and experimental values of detection limits and background contamination, DBS samples are suitable for quantifying exposures to many PCBs, BFRs and persistent pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Room 6075 SPH2, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Sergei Chernyak
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Room 6075 SPH2, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Mak CM, Lee HCH, Chan AYW, Lam CW. Inborn errors of metabolism and expanded newborn screening: review and update. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 50:142-62. [PMID: 24295058 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.847896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders caused by a defect in a metabolic pathway, leading to malfunctioning metabolism and/or the accumulation of toxic intermediate metabolites. To date, more than 1000 different IEM have been identified. While individually rare, the cumulative incidence has been shown to be upwards of 1 in 800. Clinical presentations are protean, complicating diagnostic pathways. IEM are present in all ethnic groups and across every age. Some IEM are amenable to treatment, with promising outcomes. However, high clinical suspicion alone is not sufficient to reduce morbidities and mortalities. In the last decade, due to the advent of tandem mass spectrometry, expanded newborn screening (NBS) has become a mandatory public health strategy in most developed and developing countries. The technology allows inexpensive simultaneous detection of more than 30 different metabolic disorders in one single blood spot specimen at a cost of about USD 10 per baby, with commendable analytical accuracy and precision. The sensitivity and specificity of this method can be up to 99% and 99.995%, respectively, for most amino acid disorders, organic acidemias, and fatty acid oxidation defects. Cost-effectiveness studies have confirmed that the savings achieved through the use of expanded NBS programs are significantly greater than the costs of implementation. The adverse effects of false positive results are negligible in view of the economic health benefits generated by expanded NBS and these could be minimized through increased education, better communication, and improved technologies. Local screening agencies should be given the autonomy to develop their screening programs in order to keep pace with international advancements. The development of biochemical genetics is closely linked with expanded NBS. With ongoing advancements in nanotechnology and molecular genomics, the field of biochemical genetics is still expanding rapidly. The potential of tandem mass spectrometry is extending to cover more disorders. Indeed, the use of genetic markers in T-cell receptor excision circles for severe combined immunodeficiency is one promising example. NBS represents the highest volume of genetic testing. It is more than a test and it warrants systematic healthcare service delivery across the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases. There should be a comprehensive reporting system entailing genetic counselling as well as short-term and long-term follow-up. It is essential to integrate existing clinical IEM services with the expanded NBS program to enable close communication between the laboratory, clinicians, and allied health parties. In this review, we will discuss the history of IEM, its clinical presentations in children and adult patients, and its incidence among different ethnicities; the history and recent expansion of NBS, its cost-effectiveness, associated pros and cons, and the ethical issues that can arise; the analytical aspects of tandem mass spectrometry and post-analytical perspectives regarding result interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Miu Mak
- Chemical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital , Hong Kong, SAR , China and
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Wu Q, Wang Y, Gu X, Zhou J, Zhang H, Lv W, Chen Z, Yan C. Urinary metabolomic study of non-small cell lung carcinoma based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1728-35. [PMID: 24771673 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xue Gu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Junyi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wang Lv
- Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Abstract
Recognition of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) disorders is important for the pediatric neurologist as they present with a spectrum of clinical disorders, including progressive lipid storage myopathy, recurrent myoglobinuria, neuropathy, progressive cardiomyopathy, recurrent hypoglycemic hypoketotic encephalopathy or Reye-like syndrome, seizures, and mental retardation. They constitute a critical group of diseases because they are potentially rapidly fatal and a source of major morbidity. There is frequently a family history of sudden infant death syndrome in siblings. Early recognition and prompt institution of therapy and appropriate preventive measures, and in certain cases specific therapy, may be life-saving and may significantly decrease long-term morbidity, particularly with respect to CNS sequelae. All currently known conditions are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. There are now at least 25 enzymes and specific transport proteins in the β-oxidation pathway and 18 have been associated with human disease. The most common defect is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, which had an incidence of 1 in 8930 live births in one series. The identification of serum acylcarnitines by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry of dried blood spots on filter paper in newborn screening programs has significantly enhanced the early recognition of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tein
- Neurometabolic Clinic and Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology and Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Rasmussen J, Nielsen OW, Janzen N, Duno M, Gislason H, Køber L, Steuerwald U, Lund AM. Carnitine levels in 26,462 individuals from the nationwide screening program for primary carnitine deficiency in the Faroe Islands. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:215-22. [PMID: 23653224 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation and has been associated to episodes of sudden death in the Faroe Islands. Data are presented from the nationwide population based Faroese screening program to find people with low carnitine levels indicating PCD. METHODS Whole blood samples from dried blood spots were analysed by tandem mass spectrometry with and without butylation. Genetic analyses were performed in all people with non-butylated free carnitine (fC0) below 7 μmol/L. RESULTS 55 % (n = 26,462) of the entire population was screened and 89 PCD patients were identified, yielding an overall prevalence of 1:297 of PCD in the Faroe Islands. Carnitine levels were positively correlated to age in both males and females (p < 0.003) although levels decreased in females when reaching fertile age. The gender difference in mean carnitine levels was significant during female fertile age (4.71 μmol/L fC0 in the age group 25-30 years, p < 0.01). A lower cut-off of 5 μmol/L in fC0 identified all homozygous for the severe genotype c.95A > G (p.N32S) (n = 20). CONCLUSION Carnitine levels differ by gender and age. A lower cut-off of 5 μmol/L in fC0 was appropriate to identify c.95A > G homozygotes. The prevalence of PCD in the Faroe Islands is the highest reported in the world (1:297).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rasmussen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital, FO-100, Thorshavn, Faroe Islands,
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Golbahar J, Altayab DD, Carreon E. Short-term stability of amino acids and acylcarnitines in the dried blood spots used to screen newborns for metabolic disorders. J Med Screen 2014; 21:5-9. [PMID: 24531510 DOI: 10.1177/0969141314525367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tandem mass spectrometry is increasingly used in the Middle East in newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism using dried blood spots. The sensitivity and specificity of this system for analyzing fatty and amino acids, screening for more than 40 metabolic conditions, is known. However, the short term stability of acylcarnitines and amino acids in dried blood spots in extreme heat and humid conditions is not well documented. We examined the short term effect of heat and humidity on the levels of 7 amino acids and 10 acylcarnitines used in newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders. METHODS Dried blood spots were exposed with humidity <30% to temperatures of 4, room temperature, 37° C, and 45, and also with humidity >70% at 37° C and 45. Amino acids and acylcarnitines in the dried blood spots were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS During the eight days of the study in high temperature and high humidity storage, most acylcarnitines and amino acids lost almost 50% of initial concentration. After eight days' exposure at 37 and 45 with humidity >70%, methionine was determined to be the most sensitive, and phenylalanine and leucine were the least sensitive amino acids. At 37 with humidity >70% C6 was the most sensitive and free carnitine (C0) was the least sensitive acylcarnitine; at 45 with humidity >70% C16 was the most sensitive and C0 was the least sensitive. CONCLUSION Low humidity and low temperature conditions are required for transportation and storage of dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Golbahar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, AGU, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain / Diagnostic Services, Biochemical Genetic Unit, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Genetic Diagnosis and Research, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Chen S, Wei C, Gao P, Kong H, Jia Z, Hu C, Dai W, Wu Y, Xu G. Effect of Allium macrostemon on a rat model of depression studied by using plasma lipid and acylcarnitine profiles from liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 89:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Drug, Lipid, and Acylcarnitine Profiling Using Dried Blood Spot (DBS) Technology in Drug Discovery. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-742-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
The use of DBS is an appealing approach to employing microsampling techniques for the bioanalysis of samples, as has been demonstrated for the past 50 years in the metabolic screening of metabolites and diseases. In addition to its minimally invasive sample collection procedures and its economical merits, DBS microsampling benefits from the very high sensitivity, selectivity and multianalyte capabilities of LC–MS, which has been especially well demonstrated in newborn screening applications. Only a few microliters of a biological fluid are required for analysis, which also translates to significantly reduced demands on clinical samples from patients or from animals. Recently, the pharmaceutical industry and other arenas have begun to explore the utility and practicality of DBS microsampling. This review discusses the basis for why DBS techniques are likely to be part of the future, as well as offering insights into where these benefits may be realized.
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Stability of metabolites in dried blood spots stored at different temperatures over a 2-year period. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1507-14. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantitative LC–ESI-MS/MS, developed from newborn screening, is increasingly used for targeted metabolite profiling. Dried blood spots (DBS) provide easily obtainable biological samples but long-term stability data are sparse. DBS were stored at ambient temperature (room temperature [RT]; 21°C), -20 and -80°C. Metabolites were analyzed at 12 time points (0–104 weeks) by LC–ESI-MS/MS, using fully quantitative stable isotope dilution. Results: Principal component analysis showed alterations in metabolite stability at different temperatures, with major changes only at RT. Univariate analysis for individual analytes demonstrated increases or reductions in concentration. Conclusion: Significant changes are observed in certain DBS metabolites at RT, which are attenuated or not present when frozen. These data will help to inform the design, analysis and interpretation of future DBS studies.
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Yang W, Chen Y, Xi C, Zhang R, Song Y, Zhan Q, Bi X, Abliz Z. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based plasma metabonomics delineate the effect of metabolites' stability on reliability of potential biomarkers. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2606-10. [PMID: 23387999 DOI: 10.1021/ac303576b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabonomics is an important platform for investigating the metabolites of integrated living systems and their dynamic responses to changes caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors. A metabonomics strategy based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion modes was applied to investigate the short-term and long-term stability of metabolites in plasma. Principal components analysis and ten types of identified metabolites were used to summarize the time-dependent change rules in metabolites systematically at different temperatures. The long-term stability of metabolites in plasma specimens stored at -80 °C for five years was also studied. Analysis of these subjects identified 36 metabolites with statistically significant changes in expression (p < 0.05) and found a kind of metabolite with a hundred-fold change. The stability of metabolites in blood at 4 °C for 24 h was also investigated. These studies show that a thorough understanding of the effects of metabolite stability are necessary for improving the reliability of potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, PR China
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Yang Q, Manicke NE, Wang H, Petucci C, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Direct and quantitative analysis of underivatized acylcarnitines in serum and whole blood using paper spray mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1389-97. [PMID: 22760507 PMCID: PMC3598621 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple protocol for rapid quantitation of acylcarnitines in serum and whole blood has been developed using paper spray mass spectrometry. Dried serum and whole blood containing a mixture of ten acylcarnitines at various concentrations were analyzed as spots from paper directly without any sample pretreatment, separation, or derivatization. The composition of the spray solvent was found to be a critical factor: for serum samples, spray solvent of methanol/water/formic acid (80:20:0.1) gave the best signal intensity while for blood samples which contain more matrix components, acetonitrile/water (90:10) was a much more suitable spray solvent. For the paper type and size used, 0.5 μL of sample provided an optimal signal for both serum and whole blood samples. For quantitative profiling, the limits of quantitation obtained from both serum and blood were much lower than the clinically validated cutoff values for diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders in newborn screening. Linearity (R(2) > 0.95) and reproducibility (RSD ~10 %) were achieved in the concentration ranges from 100 nM to 5 μM for the C2 acylcarnitine, and for other acylcarnitines, these values were from 10 to 500 nM. Acylcarnitine profiles offer an effective demonstration of the fact that paper spray mass spectrometry is an appropriate, simple, rapid method with high sensitivity and high reproducibility applicable to newborn screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - He Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Petucci
- Metabolomics Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Ansari M, Uppugunduri CRS, Déglon J, Théorêt Y, Versace F, Gumy-Pause F, Ozsahin H, Dayer P, Desmules J, Daali Y. A simplified method for busulfan monitoring using dried blood spot in combination with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1437-1446. [PMID: 22592987 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Busulfan (Bu) is an important component of the myeloablative conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) especially in children. Intravenously administered Bu exhibits a therapeutic window phenomenon requiring therapeutic drug monitoring. Analytical methods developed for Bu routine monitoring were aimed at using low volumes of biological fluids and development of simple procedures to facilitate the dosage adjustment. In this report, we describe a simple, rapid method for Bu measurement using dried blood spots (DBS) from only 5 μL of whole blood. METHODS Bu extracted from DBS with methanol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode using D8-Bu as an internal standard. The method was in-house validated evaluating trueness, repeatability, within-laboratory reproducibility, specificity and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). RESULTS The method was linear in the calibration range of 100-2000 ng mL(-1) (r(2)>0.99) encompassing the therapeutic concentrations of Bu. A good trueness (<14%), precision (<10%), and recovery (100%) were observed during validation of the method with quality controls of 300, 600 and 1400 ng mL(-1). The LLOQ was determined as 50 ng mL(-1) and no matrix or carryover effects were observed. The validated method was applied to measure Bu levels in four children receiving infusion of Bu prior to HSCT. A good correlation was observed between the Bu levels measured by DBS and dried plasma spot (DPS) (r(2) =0.96) and between DPS and the GC/MS method (r(2) =0.92). Bu was found to be stable in DBS up to 6 h at room temperature and for 24 h at 4 °C. CONCLUSIONS The new DBS method facilitates earlier dosage adjustment during Bu therapy by its specific and simple procedure using 5 μL of whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Onco-hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ensenauer R, Fingerhut R, Schriever SC, Fink B, Becker M, Sellerer NC, Pagel P, Kirschner A, Dame T, Olgemöller B, Röschinger W, Roscher AA. In situ assay of fatty acid β-oxidation by metabolite profiling following permeabilization of cell membranes. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1012-1020. [PMID: 22345709 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d022608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial FA β-oxidation (FAO) has drawn increasing interest for defining lipid-induced metabolic dysfunctions, such as in obesity-induced insulin resistance, and evaluating pharmacologic strategies to improve β-oxidation function. The aim was to develop a new assay to quantify β-oxidation function in intact mitochondria and with a low amount of cell material. Cell membranes of primary human fibroblasts were permeabilized with digitonin prior to a load with FFA substrate. Following 120 min of incubation, the various generated acylcarnitines were extracted from both cells and incubation medium by protein precipitation/desalting and subjected to solid-phase extraction. A panel of 30 acylcarnitines per well was quantified by MS/MS and normalized to citrate synthase activity to analyze mitochondrial metabolite flux. Pretreatment with bezafibrate and etomoxir revealed stimulating and inhibiting regulatory effects on β-oxidation function, respectively. In addition to the advantage of a much shorter assay time due to in situ permeabilization compared with whole-cell incubation systems, the method allows the detection of multiple acylcarnitines from an only limited amount of intact cells, particularly relevant to the use of primary cells. This novel approach facilitates highly sensitive, simple, and fast monitoring of pharmacological effects on FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Ensenauer
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- Laboratory Becker, Olgemöller and Colleagues, 81671 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Fink
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Becker
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Nina C Sellerer
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Pagel
- Lehrstuhl für Genomorientierte Bioinformatik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschner
- Lehrstuhl für Genomorientierte Bioinformatik, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Torsten Dame
- Laboratory Becker, Olgemöller and Colleagues, 81671 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wulf Röschinger
- Laboratory Becker, Olgemöller and Colleagues, 81671 Munich, Germany
| | - Adelbert A Roscher
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
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