1
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Oosthuizen D, Ganief TA, Bernstein KE, Sturrock ED. Proteomic Analysis of Human Macrophages Overexpressing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7055. [PMID: 39000163 PMCID: PMC11240931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) exerts strong modulation of myeloid cell function independently of its cardiovascular arm. The success of the ACE-overexpressing murine macrophage model, ACE 10/10, in treating microbial infections and cancer opens a new avenue into whether ACE overexpression in human macrophages shares these benefits. Additionally, as ACE inhibitors are a widely used antihypertensive medication, their impact on ACE expressing immune cells is of interest and currently understudied. In the present study, we utilized mass spectrometry to characterize and assess global proteomic changes in an ACE-overexpressing human THP-1 cell line. Additionally, proteomic changes and cellular uptake following treatment with an ACE C-domain selective inhibitor, lisinopril-tryptophan, were also assessed. ACE activity was significantly reduced following inhibitor treatment, despite limited uptake within the cell, and both RNA processing and immune pathways were significantly dysregulated with treatment. Also present were upregulated energy and TCA cycle proteins and dysregulated cytokine and interleukin signaling proteins with ACE overexpression. A novel, functionally enriched immune pathway that appeared both with ACE overexpression and inhibitor treatment was neutrophil degranulation. ACE overexpression within human macrophages showed similarities with ACE 10/10 murine macrophages, paving the way for mechanistic studies aimed at understanding the altered immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Oosthuizen
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Tariq A. Ganief
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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2
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Yue G, Gu H, Zhang K, Song Y, Hao Y. ACE inhibitors from Suaeda salsa: 3D-QSAR modeling, metabolomics, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In Silico Pharmacol 2024; 12:59. [PMID: 38912325 PMCID: PMC11192713 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-024-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of ACE is considered as one of the main strategies to reduce hypertension. ACE inhibitors derived from Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) present a novel antihypertensive agent source. This study employed 3D-QSAR pharmacophore, metabolomics, docking-based screening, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify ACE inhibitors from S. salsa. A set of 53 known molecules was chemically diverse to construct a 3D-QSAR model for predictive purposes. S. salsa was characterized using UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-LC-MS techniques, 211 and 586 kinds of bioactive metabolites were identified, respectively. A total of 680 compounds were collected for database construction and virtual screening. An ADMET assessment was conducted to evaluate drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics parameters. Moreover, molecular docking results show that six top hit compounds bind to ACE tightly. Specially, diosmin could interact with ACE by hydrogen bond, Pi-cation bond, and metal bond. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MMPBSA calculations were subsequently employed to elucidate complex stability and the interaction between diosmin and ACE, indicating it a strong ACE inhibitory activity. In conclusion, this study suggests that S.salsa represents a potential source of antihypertensive agents. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-024-00233-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Yue
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, No.146, Huanghe Road, Shenyang, 110034 China
| | - Heze Gu
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, No.146, Huanghe Road, Shenyang, 110034 China
| | - Kuocheng Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, No.146, Huanghe Road, Shenyang, 110034 China
| | - YuanLong Song
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, No.146, Huanghe Road, Shenyang, 110034 China
| | - Yangguang Hao
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, No.146, Huanghe Road, Shenyang, 110034 China
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3
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Bernstein KE, Cao D, Shibata T, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Nishi E, Yamashita M, Tourtellotte WG, Zhao TV, Khan Z. Classical and nonclassical effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme: How increased ACE enhances myeloid immune function. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107388. [PMID: 38763333 PMCID: PMC11208953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As part of the classical renin-angiotensin system, the peptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) makes angiotensin II which has myriad effects on systemic cardiovascular function, inflammation, and cellular proliferation. Less well known is that macrophages and neutrophils make ACE in response to immune activation which has marked effects on myeloid cell function independent of angiotensin II. Here, we discuss both classical (angiotensin) and nonclassical functions of ACE and highlight mice called ACE 10/10 in which genetic manipulation increases ACE expression by macrophages and makes these mice much more resistant to models of tumors, infection, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In another model called NeuACE mice, neutrophils make increased ACE and these mice are much more resistant to infection. In contrast, ACE inhibitors reduce neutrophil killing of bacteria in mice and humans. Increased expression of ACE induces a marked increase in macrophage oxidative metabolism, particularly mitochondrial oxidation of lipids, secondary to increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α expression, and results in increased myeloid cell ATP. ACE present in sperm has a similar metabolic effect, and the lack of ACE activity in these cells reduces both sperm motility and fertilization capacity. These nonclassical effects of ACE are not due to the actions of angiotensin II but to an unknown molecule, probably a peptide, that triggers a profound change in myeloid cell metabolism and function. Purifying and characterizing this peptide could offer a new treatment for several diseases and prove potentially lucrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erika Nishi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Physiology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Research Oncology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute for Myeloma & Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, California, USA
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4
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Shibata T, Bhat SA, Cao D, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Nishi E, Medenilla JD, Wang ET, Chan JL, Pisarska MD, Tourtellotte WG, Giani JF, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Testicular ACE regulates sperm metabolism and fertilization through the transcription factor PPARγ. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105486. [PMID: 37992807 PMCID: PMC10788540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Testis angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) plays a critical role in male fertility, but the mechanism is unknown. By using ACE C-domain KO (CKO) mice which lack tACE activity, we found that ATP in CKO sperm was 9.4-fold lower than WT sperm. Similarly, an ACE inhibitor (ACEi) reduced ATP production in mouse sperm by 72%. Metabolic profiling showed that tACE inactivation severely affects oxidative metabolism with decreases in several Krebs cycle intermediates including citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, NAD, α-ketoglutaric acid, succinate, and L-malic acid. We found that sperms lacking tACE activity displayed lower levels of oxidative enzymes (CISY, ODO1, MDHM, QCR2, SDHA, FUMH, CPT2, and ATPA) leading to a decreased mitochondrial respiration rate. The reduced energy production in CKO sperms leads to defects in their physiological functions including motility, acrosine activity, and fertilization in vitro and in vivo. Male mice treated with ACEi show severe impairment in reproductive capacity when mated with female mice. In contrast, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) had no effect. CKO sperms express significantly less peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor, and its blockade eliminates the functional differences between CKO and WT sperms, indicating PPARγ might mediate the effects of tACE on sperm metabolism. Finally, in a cohort of human volunteers, in vitro treatment with the ramipril or a PPARγ inhibitor reduced ATP production in human sperm and hence its motility and acrosine activity. These findings may have clinical significance since millions of people take ACEi daily, including men who are reproductively active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shabir A Bhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erika Nishi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juliet D Medenilla
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erica T Wang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica L Chan
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margareta D Pisarska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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5
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Nguyen P, Brewster AL. Who Dunnit? Angiotensin, Inflammation, or Complement: Unresolved. Epilepsy Curr 2023; 23:133-135. [PMID: 37122407 PMCID: PMC10131566 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
[Box: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuoc Nguyen
- Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University Ringgold Standard Institution
| | - Amy L. Brewster
- Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University Ringgold Standard Institution
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6
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Cozier GE, Newby EC, Schwager SLU, Isaac RE, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Structural basis for the inhibition of human angiotensin-1 converting enzyme by fosinoprilat. FEBS J 2022; 289:6659-6671. [PMID: 35653492 PMCID: PMC9796954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) has two isoforms, somatic ACE (sACE) and testis ACE (tACE). The functions of sACE are widespread, with its involvement in blood pressure regulation most extensively studied. sACE is composed of an N-domain (nACE) and a C-domain (cACE), both catalytically active but have significant structural differences, resulting in different substrate specificities. Even though ACE inhibitors are used clinically, they need much improvement because of serious side effects seen in patients (~ 25-30%) with long-term treatment due to nonselective inhibition of nACE and cACE. Investigation into the distinguishing structural features of each domain is therefore of vital importance for the development of domain-specific inhibitors with minimal side effects. Here, we report kinetic data and high-resolution crystal structures of both nACE (1.75 Å) and cACE (1.85 Å) in complex with fosinoprilat, a clinically used inhibitor. These structures allowed detailed analysis of the molecular features conferring domain selectivity by fosinoprilat. Particularly, altered hydrophobic interactions were observed to be a contributing factor. These experimental data contribute to improved understanding of the structural features that dictate ACE inhibitor domain selectivity, allowing further progress towards designing novel 2nd-generation domain-specific potent ACE inhibitors suitable for clinical administration, with a variety of potential future therapeutic benefits. DATABASE: The atomic coordinates and structure factors for nACE-fosinoprilat and cACE-fosinoprilat structures have been deposited with codes 7Z6Z and 7Z70, respectively, in the RCSB Protein Data Bank, www.pdb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma C. Newby
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathUK
| | - Sylva L. U. Schwager
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa
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7
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Dong X, Fan J, Lin D, Wang X, Kuang H, Gong L, Chen C, Jiang J, Xia N, He D, Shen W, Jiang P, Kuang R, Zeng L, Xie Y. Captopril alleviates epilepsy and cognitive impairment by attenuation of C3-mediated inflammation and synaptic phagocytosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:226. [PMID: 36104755 PMCID: PMC9476304 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEvidence from experimental and clinical studies implicates immuno-inflammatory responses as playing an important role in epilepsy-induced brain injury. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), has previously been shown to suppress immuno-inflammatory responses in a variety of neurological diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of captopril on epilepsy remains unclear. In the present study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally subjected to kainic acid (KA) to establish a status epilepticus. Captopril (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily following the KA administration from day 3 to 49. We found that captopril efficiently suppressed the KA-induced epilepsy, as measured by electroencephalography. Moreover, captopril ameliorated the epilepsy-induced cognitive deficits, with improved performance in the Morris water maze, Y-maze and novel objective test. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that captopril reversed a wide range of epilepsy-related biological processes, particularly the glial activation, complement system-mediated phagocytosis and the production of inflammatory factors. Interestingly, captopril suppressed the epilepsy-induced activation and abnormal contact between astrocytes and microglia. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that captopril attenuated microglia-dependent synaptic remodeling presumably through C3–C3ar-mediated phagocytosis in the hippocampus. Finally, the above effects of captopril were partially blocked by an intranasal application of recombinant C3a (1.3 μg/kg/day). Our findings demonstrated that captopril reduced the occurrence of epilepsy and cognitive impairment by attenuation of inflammation and C3-mediated synaptic phagocytosis. This approach can easily be adapted to long-term efficacy and safety in clinical practice.
Graphical Abstract
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8
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Exploring the Impact of ACE Inhibition in Immunity and Disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9028969. [PMID: 36016727 PMCID: PMC9371878 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9028969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and is crucial in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) but also implicated in immune regulation. Intrinsic ACE has been detected in several immune cell populations, including macrophages and neutrophils, where its overexpression results in enhanced bactericidal and antitumour responses, independent of angiotensin II. With roles in antigen presentation and inflammation, the impact of ACE inhibitors must be explored to understand how ACE inhibition may impact our ability to clear infections or malignancy, particularly in the wake of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) pandemic and as antibiotic resistance grows. Patients using ACE inhibitors may be more at risk of postsurgical complications as ACE inhibition in human neutrophils results in decreased ROS and phagocytosis whilst angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have no effect. In contrast, ACE is also elevated in certain autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, and its inhibition benefits patient outcome where inflammatory immune cells are overactive. Although the ACE autoimmune landscape is changing, some studies have conflicting results and require further input. This review seeks to highlight the need for further research covering ACE inhibitor therapeutics and their potential role in improving autoimmune conditions, cancer, or how they may contribute to immunocompromise during infection and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding ACE inhibition in immune cells is a developing field that will alter how ACE inhibitors are designed in future and aid in developing therapeutic interventions.
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9
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Polymorphisms in common antihypertensive targets: Pharmacogenomic implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 94:141-182. [PMID: 35659371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The idea of personalized medicine came to fruition with sequencing the human genome; however, aside from a few cases, the genetic revolution has yet to materialize. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and hypertension is a common prelude to nearly all cardiovascular diseases. Thus, hypertension is an ideal candidate disease to apply tenants of personalized medicine to lessen cardiovascular disease. Herein is a survey that visually depicts the polymorphisms in the top eight antihypertensive targets. Although there are numerous genome-wide association studies regarding cardiovascular disease, few studies look at the effects of receptor polymorphisms on drug treatment. With 17,000+ polymorphisms in the combined target proteins examined, it is expected that some of the clinical variability in the treatment of hypertension is due to polymorphisms in the drug targets. Recent advances in techniques and technology, such as high throughput examination of single mutations, structure prediction, computational power for modeling, and CRISPR models of point mutations, allow for a relatively rapid and comprehensive examination of the effects of known and future polymorphisms on drug affinity and effects. As hypertension is easy to measure and has a plethora of clinically viable ligands, hypertension makes an excellent disease to study pharmacogenomics in the lab and the clinic. If the promises of personalized medicine are to materialize, a concerted effort to examine the effects polymorphisms have on drugs is required. A clinician with the knowledge of a patient's genotype can then prescribe drugs that are optimal for treating that specific patient.
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10
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Cao D, Veiras L, Ahmed F, Shibata T, Bernstein EA, Okwan-Duodu D, Giani JF, Khan Z, Bernstein KE. The non-cardiovascular actions of ACE. Peptides 2022; 152:170769. [PMID: 35182689 PMCID: PMC10405936 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well known for its role producing the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and ACE inhibitors are commonly used for treating hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, ACE has many different substrates besides angiotensin I and plays a role in many different physiologic processes. Here, we discuss the role of ACE in the immune response. Several studies in mice indicate that increased expression of ACE by macrophages or neutrophils enhances the ability of these cells to respond to immune challenges such as infection, neoplasm, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. Increased expression of ACE induces increased oxidative metabolism with an increase in cell content of ATP. In contrast, ACE inhibitors have the opposite effect, and in both humans and mice, administration of ACE inhibitors reduces the ability of neutrophils to kill bacteria. Understanding how ACE affects the immune response may provide a means to increase immunity in a variety of chronic conditions now not treated through immune manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA; Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA; Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
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11
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Souza-Silva IM, de Paula CA, Bolais-Ramos L, Santos AK, da Silva FA, de Oliveira VLS, da Rocha ID, Antunes MM, Cordeiro LPB, Teixeira VP, Scalzo Júnior SRA, Raabe AC, Guimaraes PPG, Amaral FA, Resende JM, Fontes MAP, Menezes GB, Guatimosim S, Santos RAS, Verano-Braga T. Peptide fragments of bradykinin show unexpected biological activity not mediated by B 1 or B 2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3061-3077. [PMID: 34978069 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bradykinin (BK-(1-9)) is an endogenous nonapeptide involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. A long-held belief is that peptide fragments of BK-(1-9) are biologically inactive. Here, we have tested the biological activities of BK-(1-9)'s two major peptide fragments in human and animal systems. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Levels of BK peptides in male Wistar rat plasma were quantified by mass spectrometry. NO release was quantified in human, mouse and rat cells, loaded with DAF-FM. We used aortic rings from adult male Wistar rats to test vascular reactivity. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate were measured in conscious adult male Wistar rats. Vascular permeability and nociception were measured in adult mice to evaluate potential pro-inflammatory effects. KEY RESULTS Plasma levels of BK-(1-7) and BK-(1-5) in rats were increased following infusion of BK-(1-9). Both peptides induced NO production in all cell types tested. However, unlike BK-(1-9), NO production elicited by BK-(1-7) or BK-(1-5) was not inhibited by B1 or B2 receptor antagonists. BK-(1-7) and BK-(1-5) induced concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of aortic rings, without involvement B1 or B2 receptors. Intravenous or intra-arterial administration of BK-(1-7) or BK-(1-5) induced similar hypotensive response in vivo. Nociceptive responses of BK-(1-7) and BK-(1-5) were reduced when compared to BK-(1-9), and no increase of vascular permeability was observed for BK-(1-9) fragments. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS BK-(1-7) and BK-(1-5) are endogenous peptides present in plasma. BK-related peptide fragments show biological activity, not mediated by B1 or B2 receptors. These BK-fragments could constitute new, active components of the kallikrein-kinin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maciel Souza-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Amorim de Paula
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bolais-Ramos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson Kenedy Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Filipe Alex da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Pereira Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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12
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Gupta A, Gupta GS. Status of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement system in COVID-19 patients and therapeutic applications of antiviral plant MBLs. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2917-2942. [PMID: 33745077 PMCID: PMC7981598 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." In the majority of patients, infection with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may cause only mild symptoms. However, in some patients, there can also be immunological problems, such as macrophage activation syndrome (CSS) that results in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Comprehension of host-microbe communications is the critical aspect in the advancement of new therapeutics against infectious illnesses. Endogenous animal lectins, a class of proteins, may perceive non-self glycans found on microorganisms. Serum mannose-binding lectin (sMBL), as a part of the innate immune framework, recognizes a wide range of microbial microorganisms and activates complement cascade via an antibody-independent pathway. Although the molecular basis for the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not generally understood, scientific literature indicates that COVID-19 is correlated with unregulated activation of the complement in terms of disease severity. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), inflammation, and immune paralysis contribute to unregulated complement activation. Pre-existing genetic defects in MBL and their association with complement play a major role in immune response dysregulation caused by SARS-CoV-2. In order to generate anti-complement-based therapies in Covid-19, an understanding of sMBL in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and complement is therefore essential. This review highlights the role of endogenous sMBL and complement activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their therapeutic management by various agents, mainly plant lectins, since antiviral mannose-binding plant lectins (pMBLs) offer potential applications in the prevention and control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gupta
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - G S Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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13
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Popova IA, Lubbe L, Petukhov PA, Kalantarov GF, Trakht IN, Chernykh ER, Leplina OY, Lyubimov AV, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM, Sturrock ED, Danilov SM. Epitope mapping of novel monoclonal antibodies to human angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1577-1593. [PMID: 33931897 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE, CD143) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation, vascular remodeling, and immunity. A wide spectrum of mAbs to different epitopes on the N and C domains of human ACE have been generated and used to study different aspects of ACE biology, including establishing a novel approach-conformational fingerprinting. Here we characterized a novel set of 14 mAbs, developed against human seminal fluid ACE. The epitopes for these novel mAbs were defined using recombinant ACE constructs with truncated N and C domains, species cross-reactivity, ACE mutagenesis, and competition with the previously mapped anti-ACE mAbs. Nine mAbs recognized regions on the N domain, and 5 mAbs-on the C domain of ACE. The epitopes for most of these novel mAbs partially overlap with epitopes mapped onto ACE by the previously generated mAbs, whereas mAb 8H1 recognized yet unmapped region on the C domain where three ACE mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease are localized and is a marker for ACE mutation T877M. mAb 2H4 could be considered as a specific marker for ACE in dendritic cells. This novel set of mAbs can identify even subtle changes in human ACE conformation caused by tissue-specific glycosylation of ACE or mutations, and can detect human somatic and testicular ACE in biological fluids and tissues. Furthermore, the high reactivity of these novel mAbs provides an opportunity to study changes in the pattern of ACE expression or glycosylation in different tissues, cells, and diseases, such as sarcoidosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolda A Popova
- Recombinant Protein Production Core (rPPC), Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pavel A Petukhov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ilya N Trakht
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Y Leplina
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex V Lyubimov
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sergei M Danilov
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Medical Center, Moscow University, Moscow, Russia
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14
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ACE2 and ACE: structure-based insights into mechanism, regulation and receptor recognition by SARS-CoV. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2851-2871. [PMID: 33146371 PMCID: PMC7642307 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well-known for its role in blood pressure regulation via the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but also functions in fertility, immunity, haematopoiesis and diseases such as obesity, fibrosis and Alzheimer’s dementia. Like ACE, the human homologue ACE2 is also involved in blood pressure regulation and cleaves a range of substrates involved in different physiological processes. Importantly, it is the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 responsible for the 2020, coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is crucial for the design of therapies to combat this disease. This review provides a comparative analysis of methodologies and findings to describe how structural biology techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have enabled remarkable discoveries into the structure–function relationship of ACE and ACE2. This, in turn, has enabled the development of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and candidate therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. However, despite these advances the function of ACE homologues in non-human organisms is not yet fully understood. ACE homologues have been discovered in the tissues, body fluids and venom of species from diverse lineages and are known to have important functions in fertility, envenoming and insect–host defence mechanisms. We, therefore, further highlight the need for structural insight into insect and venom ACE homologues for the potential development of novel anti-venoms and insecticides.
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15
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Cozier GE, Lubbe L, Sturrock ED, Acharya KR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme open for business: structural insights into the subdomain dynamics. FEBS J 2020; 288:2238-2256. [PMID: 33067882 PMCID: PMC8048788 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin‐1‐converting enzyme (ACE) is a key enzyme in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and kinin systems where it cleaves angiotensin I and bradykinin peptides, respectively. However, ACE also participates in numerous other physiological functions, can hydrolyse many peptide substrates and has various exo‐ and endopeptidase activities. ACE achieves this complexity by containing two homologous catalytic domains (N‐ and C‐domains), which exhibit different substrate specificities. Here, we present the first open conformation structures of ACE N‐domain and a unique closed C‐domain structure (2.0 Å) where the C terminus of a symmetry‐related molecule is observed inserted into the active‐site cavity and binding to the zinc ion. The open native N‐domain structure (1.85 Å) enables comparison with ACE2, a homologue previously observed in open and closed states. An open S2_S′‐mutant N‐domain structure (2.80 Å) includes mutated residues in the S2 and S′ subsites that effect ligand binding, but are distal to the binding site. Analysis of these structures provides important insights into how structural features of the ACE domains are able to accommodate the wide variety of substrates and allow different peptidase activities. Database The atomic coordinates and structure factors for Open nACE, Open S2_S′‐nACE and Native G13‐cACE structures have been deposited with codes 6ZPQ, 6ZPT and 6ZPU, respectively, in the RCSB Protein Data Bank, www.pdb.org
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyles E Cozier
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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16
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Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Sheyn J, Hayden EY, Li S, Fuchs DT, Regis GC, Lopes DHJ, Black KL, Bernstein KE, Teplow DB, Fuchs S, Koronyo Y, Rentsendorj A. Peripherally derived angiotensin converting enzyme-enhanced macrophages alleviate Alzheimer-related disease. Brain 2020; 143:336-358. [PMID: 31794021 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an amyloid-β protein degrading enzyme, to brain resident microglia and peripheral myelomonocytes (ACE10 model) substantially diminished Alzheimer's-like disease in double-transgenic APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 (AD+) mice. In this study, we explored the impact of selective and transient angiotensin-converting enzyme overexpression on macrophage behaviour and the relative contribution of bone marrow-derived ACE10 macrophages, but not microglia, in attenuating disease progression. To this end, two in vivo approaches were applied in AD+ mice: (i) ACE10/GFP+ bone marrow transplantation with head shielding; and (ii) adoptive transfer of CD115+-ACE10/GFP+ monocytes to the peripheral blood. Extensive in vitro studies were further undertaken to establish the unique ACE10-macrophage phenotype(s) in response to amyloid-β1-42 fibrils and oligomers. The combined in vivo approaches showed that increased cerebral infiltration of ACE10 as compared to wild-type monocytes (∼3-fold increase; P < 0.05) led to reductions in cerebral soluble amyloid-β1-42, vascular and parenchymal amyloid-β deposits, and astrocytosis (31%, 47-80%, and 33%, respectively; P < 0.05-0.0001). ACE10 macrophages surrounded brain and retinal amyloid-β plaques and expressed 3.2-fold higher insulin-like growth factor-1 (P < 0.01) and ∼60% lower tumour necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). Importantly, blood enrichment with CD115+-ACE10 monocytes in symptomatic AD+ mice resulted in pronounced synaptic and cognitive preservation (P < 0.05-0.001). In vitro analysis of macrophage response to well-defined amyloid-β1-42 conformers (fibrils, prion rod-like structures, and stabilized soluble oligomers) revealed extensive resistance to amyloid-β1-42 species by ACE10 macrophages. They exhibited 2-5-fold increased surface binding to amyloid-β conformers as well as substantially more effective amyloid-β1-42 uptake, at least 8-fold higher than those of wild-type macrophages (P < 0.0001), which were associated with enhanced expression of surface scavenger receptors (i.e. CD36, scavenger receptor class A member 1, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, CD163; P < 0.05-0.0001), endosomal processing (P < 0.05-0.0001), and ∼80% increased extracellular degradation of amyloid-β1-42 (P < 0.001). Beneficial ACE10 phenotype was reversed by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril) and thus was dependent on angiotensin-converting enzyme catalytic activity. Further, ACE10 macrophages presented distinct anti-inflammatory (low inducible nitric oxide synthase and lower tumour necrosis factor-α), pro-healing immune profiles (high insulin-like growth factor-1, elongated cell morphology), even following exposure to Alzheimer's-related amyloid-β1-42 oligomers. Overall, we provide the first evidence for therapeutic roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme-overexpressing macrophages in preserving synapses and cognition, attenuating neuropathology and neuroinflammation, and enhancing resistance to defined pathognomonic amyloid-β forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience and Chemistry, and Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanna C Regis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dahabada H J Lopes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, Brain Research Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sebastien Fuchs
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S. Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12642. [PMID: 32559343 PMCID: PMC7323084 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has recently emerged in China and spread internationally, posing a health emergency to the global community. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with an acute respiratory illness that varies from mild to the life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The complement system is part of the innate immune arsenal against pathogens, in which many viruses can evade or employ to mediate cell entry. The immunopathology and acute lung injury orchestrated through the influx of pro-inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils can be directly activated by complement components to prime an overzealous cytokine storm. The manifestations of severe COVID-19 such as the ARDS, sepsis and multiorgan failure have an established relationship with activation of the complement cascade. We have collected evidence from all the current studies we are aware of on SARS-CoV-2 immunopathogenesis and the preceding literature on SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infection linking severe COVID-19 disease directly with dysfunction of the complement pathways. This information lends support for a therapeutic anti-inflammatory strategy against complement, where a number of clinically ready potential therapeutic agents are available.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/virology
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Child
- Complement Activation/drug effects
- Complement C3b/antagonists & inhibitors
- Complement C3b/physiology
- Complement Inactivating Agents/pharmacology
- Complement Inactivating Agents/therapeutic use
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Ligands
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Pattern Recognition, Automated
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Polycarpou
- MRC Centre of TransplantationPeter Gorer Department of ImmunobiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mark Howard
- MRC Centre of TransplantationPeter Gorer Department of ImmunobiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Conrad A Farrar
- MRC Centre of TransplantationPeter Gorer Department of ImmunobiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Roseanna Greenlaw
- MRC Centre of TransplantationPeter Gorer Department of ImmunobiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Giorgia Fanelli
- MRC Centre of TransplantationPeter Gorer Department of ImmunobiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department of Respiratory Science and InfectionLeicester Institute of Chemical and Structural BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Linda S Klavinskis
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Steven Sacks
- MRC Centre of TransplantationPeter Gorer Department of ImmunobiologySchool of Immunology and Microbial SciencesGuy's HospitalKing's College LondonLondonUK
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18
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Adin D, Atkins C, Domenig O, DeFrancesco T, Keene B, Tou S, Stern JA, Meurs KM. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone profile before and after angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor administration in dogs with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:600-606. [PMID: 32112596 PMCID: PMC7097578 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism occurs in dogs; however, functional importance is not well studied. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that dogs with the polymorphism would show alternative renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway activation and classical RAAS pathway suppression before and after ACE-inhibitor administration, as compared to dogs without the polymorphism that would show this pattern only after ACE-inhibitor administration. ANIMALS Twenty-one dogs with mitral valve disease that were genotyped for the ACE gene polymorphism. METHODS This retrospective study utilized stored samples from 8 ACE gene polymorphism-negative (PN) dogs and 13 ACE gene polymorphism-positive (PP) dogs before and after enalapril administration. Equilibrium analysis was performed to evaluate serum RAAS metabolites and enzyme activities. Results were compared before and after enalapril, and between groups. RESULTS The classical RAAS pathway was suppressed and the alternative RAAS pathway was enhanced for both genotypes after administration of enalapril, with no differences before enalapril administration. Aldosterone breakthrough occurred in both PN (38%) and PP (54%) dogs despite angiotensin II suppression. Aldosterone was significantly higher (P = .02) in ACE gene PP dogs (median, 92.17 pM; IQR, 21.85-184.70) compared to ACE gene PN dogs (median, 15.91 pM; IQR, <15.00-33.92) after enalapril. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The ACE gene polymorphism did not alter baseline RAAS activity. Aldosterone breatkthrough in some dogs suggests nonangiotensin mediated aldosterone production that might be negatively influenced by genotype. These results support the use of aldosterone receptor antagonists with ACE-inhibitors when RAAS inhibition is indicated for dogs, especially those positive for the ACE gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clarke Atkins
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Teresa DeFrancesco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Bruce Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sandra Tou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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19
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Cao DY, Spivia WR, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Peng Z, Jones AE, Bernstein EA, Saito S, Okwan-Duodu D, Parker SJ, Giani JF, Divakaruni AS, Van Eyk JE, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases oxidative metabolism and cellular ATP. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1369-1384. [PMID: 31871049 PMCID: PMC6996878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) affects blood pressure. In addition, ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases their immune function. Using MS and chemical analysis, we identified marked changes of intermediate metabolites in ACE-overexpressing macrophages and neutrophils, with increased cellular ATP (1.7-3.0-fold) and Krebs cycle intermediates, including citrate, isocitrate, succinate, and malate (1.4-3.9-fold). Increased ATP is due to ACE C-domain catalytic activity; it is reversed by an ACE inhibitor but not by an angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist. In contrast, macrophages from ACE knockout (null) mice averaged only 28% of the ATP levels found in WT mice. ACE overexpression does not change cell or mitochondrial size or number. However, expression levels of the electron transport chain proteins NDUFB8 (complex I), ATP5A, and ATP5β (complex V) are significantly increased in macrophages and neutrophils, and COX1 and COX2 (complex IV) are increased in macrophages overexpressing ACE. Macrophages overexpressing ACE have increased mitochondrial membrane potential (24% higher), ATP production rates (29% higher), and maximal respiratory rates (37% higher) compared with WT cells. Increased cellular ATP underpins increased myeloid cell superoxide production and phagocytosis associated with increased ACE expression. Myeloid cells overexpressing ACE indicate the existence of a novel pathway in which myeloid cell function can be enhanced, with a key feature being increased cellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Weston R Spivia
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Sarah J Parker
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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20
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Veiras LC, Cao D, Saito S, Peng Z, Bernstein EA, Shen JZY, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Okwan-Duodu D, Giani JF, Khan Z, Bernstein KE. Overexpression of ACE in Myeloid Cells Increases Immune Effectiveness and Leads to a New Way of Considering Inflammation in Acute and Chronic Diseases. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:4. [PMID: 31916032 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-019-1008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent studies exploring how myeloid cell overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) affects the immune response and to formulate an approach for considering the effectiveness of inflammation in cardiovascular disease RECENT FINDINGS: While it is widely appreciated that the renin-angiotensin system affects aspects of inflammation through the action of angiotensin II, new studies reveal a previously unknown role of ACE in myeloid cell biology. This was apparent from analysis of two mouse lines genetically modified to overexpress ACE in monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils. Cells overexpressing ACE demonstrated an increased immune response. For example, mice with increased macrophage ACE expression have increased resistance to melanoma, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and ApoE-knockout-induced atherosclerosis. These data indicate the profound effect of increasing myeloid cell function. Further, they suggest that an appropriate way to evaluate inflammation in both acute and chronic diseases is to ask whether the inflammatory infiltrate is sufficient to eliminate the immune challenge. The expression of ACE by myeloid cells induces a heightened immune response by these cells. The overexpression of ACE is associated with immune function beyond that possible by wild type (WT) myeloid cells. A heightened immune response effectively resolves disease in a variety of acute and chronic models of disease including models of Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Justin Z Y Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, Rm 2021, 110 N George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, Rm 2021, 110 N George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, Rm 2021, 110 N George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, Rm 2021, 110 N George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Cao DY, Spivia WR, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Peng Z, Jones AE, Bernstein EA, Saito S, Okwan-Duodu D, Parker SJ, Giani JF, Divakaruni AS, Van Eyk JE, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases oxidative metabolism and cellular ATP. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Okwan-Duodu D, Weiss D, Peng Z, Veiras LC, Cao DY, Saito S, Khan Z, Bernstein EA, Giani JF, Taylor WR, Bernstein KE. Overexpression of myeloid angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) reduces atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:573-579. [PMID: 31615657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are ubiquitous in all stages of atherosclerosis, exerting tremendous impact on lesion progression and plaque stability. Because macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques express angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), current dogma posits that local myeloid-mediated effects worsen the disease. In contrast, we previously reported that myeloid ACE overexpression augments macrophage resistance to various immune challenges, including tumors, bacterial infection and Alzheimer's plaque deposition. Here, we sought to assess the impact of myeloid ACE on atherosclerosis. METHODS A mouse model in which ACE is overexpressed in myelomonocytic lineage cells, called ACE10, was generated and sequentially crossed with ApoE-deficient mice to create ACE10/10ApoE-/- (ACE10/ApoE). Control mice were ACEWT/WTApoE-/- (WT/ApoE). Atherosclerosis was induced using an atherogenic diet alone, or in combination with unilateral nephrectomy plus deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt for eight weeks. RESULTS With an atherogenic diet alone or in combination with DOCA, the ACE10/ApoE mice showed significantly less atherosclerotic plaques compared to their WT/ApoE counterparts (p < 0.01). When recipient ApoE-/- mice were reconstituted with ACE10/10 bone marrow, these mice showed significantly reduced lesion areas compared to recipients reconstituted with wild type bone marrow. Furthermore, transfer of ACE-deficient bone marrow had no impact on lesion area. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that while myeloid ACE may not be required for atherosclerosis, enhanced ACE expression paradoxically reduced disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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