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Wan X, Liang G, Wang D. Potential human health risk of the emerging environmental contaminant 6-PPD quinone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175057. [PMID: 39067606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The tire antioxidant 6-PPD has been widely used to enhance tire performance and extend tire lifespan. 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), a quinone derivative derived from 6-PPD in the presence of ozone, has been recognized an emerging environmental contaminant. In addition to causing acute lethality to coho salmon, 6-PPDQ exhibits toxic effects on other aquatic species and mammals. Based on the existing evidence, we provide a critical overview on the human internal exposure, potential adverse effects on health, and prediction of human health risk of 6-PPDQ. 6-PPDQ could be detected in human samples, including human urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. Human exposure to 6-PPDQ in the environment is inevitable and may lead to adverse health effects, including hepatotoxicity, enterotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Additionally, potential human health risk to 6-PPDQ through exposure routes and human samples were predicted. This review is helpful to identify the existing knowledge gaps and future research directions regarding the human health effects of 6-PPDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Liang Y, Zhu F, Li J, Wan X, Ge Y, Liang G, Zhou Y. P-phenylenediamine antioxidants and their quinone derivatives: A review of their environmental occurrence, accessibility, potential toxicity, and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174449. [PMID: 38969117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs), a class of antioxidants, have been widely used to extend the lifespan of rubber products, such as tires and pipes. During use, PPDs will generate their quinone derivatives (PPD-Qs). In recent years, PPDs and PPD-Qs have been detected in the global environment. Among them, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q), the oxidation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), has been identified as highly toxic to coho salmon, with the lethal concentration of 50 % (LC50) being 95 ng/L, highlighting it as an emerging pollutant of great concern. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties, global environmental distribution, bioaccessibility, potential toxicity, human exposure risk, and green measures of PPDs and PPD-Qs. These chemicals exhibit lipophilicity, bioaccumulation potential, and poor aqueous stability. They have been found in water, air, dust, soil, and sediment worldwide, indicating their significance as emerging pollutants. Notably, current studies have identified electronic waste (e-waste), such as discarded wires and cables, as a non-negligible source of PPDs and PPD-Qs, in addition to tire wear. PPDs and PPD-Qs exhibit strong bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms and mammals, with a tendency for biomagnification within the food web, posing health threats to humans. Available toxicity data indicate that PPDs and PPD-Qs have negative effects on aquatic organisms, mammals, and invertebrates. Acute exposure leads to death and acute damage, and long-term exposure can cause a series of adverse effects, including growth and development toxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, intestinal toxicity, and multi-organ damage. This paper discusses current research gaps and offers recommendations to understand better the occurrence, behavior, toxicity, and environmental exposure risks of PPDs and PPD-Qs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Wan
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yiling Ge
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Geyu Liang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
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Xu H, Li C, Mao R, Wang X, Fan Y, Lu H, Liu J, Zhou H. Colorimetric and ECL dual-mode aptasensor for smartphone-based onsite sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 in combination with ZnO@MWCNTs/g-C 3N 4 nanosheets and CuO@CuPt nanocomposites. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 262:116569. [PMID: 39018978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of dual-mode strategies with superior sensitivity and accuracy have garnered increasing attention for researchers in Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) analysis. Herein, a colorimetric-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) dual-mode biosensor was constructed for onsite and ultrasensitive determination of AFB1. The multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were integrated with the ZnO metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to accelerate the electron transfer and boost the ECL intensity of g-C3N4 nanoemitters. Through the aptamer-based DNA sandwich assay, the CuO@CuPt nanocomposites were introduced onto the electrode and acted as the dual functional signal nanoprobes. Due to the good spectrum overlap between the CuO@CuPt nanoprobes and g-C3N4 nanosheets, ECL signal could be efficiently quenched. Additionally, the CuO@CuPt nanoprobes show superior catalytic properties towards the TMB and H2O2 colorimetric reactions, and an obvious color alteration from colorless to blue can be observed using the smartphone. Under optimized conditions, a sensitive and accurate dual-mode analysis of the AFB1 was accomplished with the colorimetric detection limit of 3.26 fg/mL and ECL detection limit of 0.971 fg/mL (S/N = 3). This study combines innovative nanomaterial properties of ZnO@MWCNTs, g-C3N4 and CuO@CuPt for ultrasensitive dual-mode detection, which offers new opportunities for the innovative engineering of the dual-mode sensors and demonstrates significant potential in food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Chenru Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Renjie Mao
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yufei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Haijie Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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Lane RF, Smalling KL, Bradley PM, Greer JB, Gordon SE, Hansen JD, Kolpin DW, Spanjer AR, Masoner JR. Tire-derived contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q: Analysis, sample handling, and reconnaissance of United States stream exposures. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142830. [PMID: 39002655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The environmental ubiquity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) underscores the need to understand the occurrence, persistence, and environmental effects of tire-related chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. One such chemical is 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation product of the tire antioxidant 6PPD. In urban stormwater runoff 6PPD-Q can exceed acute toxicity thresholds for several salmonid species and is being implicated in significant coho salmon losses in the Pacific Northwest. There is a critical need to understand the prevalence of 6PPD-Q across watersheds to identify habitats heavily affected by TRWPs. We conducted a reconnaissance of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in surface waters across the United States from sites (N = 94) with varying land use (urban, agricultural, and forested) and streamflow to better understand stream exposures. A rapid, low-volume direct-inject, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitation of 6PPD-Q and screening for 6PPD. Laboratory holding times, bottle material, headspace, and filter materials were investigated to inform best practices for 6PPD-Q sampling and analysis. Glass bottles with PTFE-lined caps minimized sorption and borosilicate glass fiber filters provided the highest recovery. 6PPD-Q was stable for at least 5 months in pure laboratory solutions and for 75 days at 5 °C with minimal headspace in the investigated surface water and stormwaters. Results also indicated samples can be frozen to extend holding times. 6PPD was not detected in any of the 526 analyzed samples and there were no detections of 6PPD-Q at agricultural or forested sites. 6PPD-Q was frequently detected in stormwater (57%, N = 90) and from urban impacted sites (45%, N = 276) with concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.29 μg/L. The highest concentrations, above the lethal level for coho salmon, occurred during stormwater runoff events. This highlights the importance of capturing episodic runoff events in urban areas near ecologically relevant habitat or nursery grounds for sensitive species.
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Xu Q, Wu Z, Xu Z, Li G. Soil moisture-dependent tire wear particles aging processes shift soil microbial communities and elevated nitrous oxide emission on drylands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175948. [PMID: 39222808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) have been an emerging threat to the soil ecosystem, while impact of the TWPs aging on soil microbial communities remains poorly understood. This study investigated the dynamic responses of soil microbial communities to the TWPs aging under both wet and flooded conditions. We found that different soil moisture conditions resulted in distinct microbial community structures. Soil bacteria were more sensitive to wet conditions, while soil fungi were more sensitive to flooded conditions. The family Symbiobacteraceae was predominant in the TWP-sphere under both wet and flooded conditions after 60 days, followed by Brevibacillaceae. Notably, we observed that TWPs input significantly increased nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from dryland soil. Several taxa including Cyanobacteriales, Blastocatellaceae and Pyrinomonadaceae were identified as TWP-biomarkers in soils and potentially played significant roles in N2O emissions from drylands. Their responses to the TWPs input correlated closely with changes in the relative abundance of genes involved in ammonia oxidation (amoA/B), nitrite reduction (nirS/K) and N2O reduction (nosZ) in drylands. Our results demonstrate that soil moisture-dependent TWP aging influences N2O emission by altering both the associated microbial communities and the relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Q, Xu X, Song C, Zhang D, Kong Y, Cui X. Effect of UV exposure and natural aging on the in vitro PAHs bioaccessibility associated with tire wear particles in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175751. [PMID: 39197782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWP), as an emerging type of microplastics, are a significant source of contaminants in roadside soils due to their high concentration of pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study explored the impact of ultraviolet (UV) exposure and natural aging on the in vitro bioaccessibility of PAHs associated with TWP in soil on a China-wide scale. Our findings suggested that UV exposure amplified the negative charge of TWP by 75 % and increased the hydrophobic groups on the particle surface. The bioaccessibility of 3- and 4-ring PAHs in TWP was significantly (p < 0.05) heightened by UV exposure. After 20 types of soils containing 2 % UV-exposed TWP underwent natural aging, the bioaccessibility of PAHs saw a significant decrease (p < 0.05) to 16-48 %, compared to 28-96 % in the unaged group. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were the two primary soil properties positively influencing the reduction of in vitro PAHs concentration and PAHs bioaccessibility. According to the prediction results, soils in southern China presented the highest potential region for the release of bioaccessible PAHs from TWP, highlighting the regional specificity of environmental impact. Our study provides valuable insights into the biological impact of PAHs associated with TWP on a regional scale, and offers scientific evidence for targeted soil risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenzhuo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dengke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Ge Y, Liu J, Shi R, Li X, Zeb A, Wang Q, Wang J, Zhao Y, Yu M, Yin C, Xiong H, Liu W. Environmental concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q cause oxidative damage and alter metabolism in Eichhornia crassipes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175736. [PMID: 39182783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) are ubiquitous in the environment and can cause toxicity to aquatic animals. However, research on the toxicological effects of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q on aquatic plants remains limited. The present study investigated the physiological, biochemical, and metabolic responses of the floating aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 μg·L-1) of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. We found that 6PPD and 6PPD-Q elicited minimal effects on plant growth, but 6PPD induced a concentration-dependent decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Low doses (0.1 μg·L-1 and 1 μg·L-1) of 6PPD-Q significantly elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content in E. crassipes roots, indicating oxidative damage. Furthermore, 6PPD-Q induced a more pronounced osmotic stress compared to 6PPD. Metabolic analyses revealed that carbohydrates were significantly altered under 6PPD and 6PPD-Q treatments. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the environmental risks posed by 6PPD and 6PPD-Q to plants and reveal the potential mechanisms of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jinzheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruiying Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuexing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chuan Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongxia Xiong
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Protection in Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Peng C, Wang Y, Sha X, Li M, Wang X, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang L. Adverse effect of TWPs on soil fungi and the contribution of benzothiazole rubber additives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135574. [PMID: 39197278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) pollution is widely present in soil, especially in areas severely affected by traffic. Herein, regular variation of fungal biomass with TWPs was found in soils with different distances from the highway. In addition, the concentrations of benzothiazole compounds (BTHs), an important class of rubber vulcanization accelerators, were found to be positively correlated to the TWPs abundance. Sixty days' soil microcosm experiments were conducted to further confirm the adverse effect of TWPs and BTHs on soil fungi. TWPs spiking at 1000 mg/kg, a detectable level in the roadside, resulted in significant reduction of biomass and significant changes of soil fungal community structure, with Eurotium and Polyporales being the sensitive species. BTH+ 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OHBT) (the dominant BTHs in soil) spiking at 200 ng/kg, the dose equivalent to 1000 mg/kg TWPs pollution, also caused a similar magnitude of soil fungal biomass reduction. Adonis demonstrated no significant difference of fungal community structure between TWPs and BTH+OHBT spiked soil, suggesting the adverse effect of TWPs on soil fungi may be explained by the act of BTHs. Pure culture using the representative soil fungi Eurotium and Polyporales also confirmed that BTHs were the main contributors to the adverse effect of TWPs on soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sha
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mengxi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Liu J, Yu M, Shi R, Ge Y, Li J, Zeb A, Cheng Z, Liu W. Comparative toxic effect of tire wear particle-derived compounds 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone to Chlorella vulgaris. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175592. [PMID: 39154997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely used antioxidant in rubber products, and its corresponding ozone photolysis product N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), have raised public concerns due to their environmental toxicity. However, there is an existing knowledge gap on the toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q to aquatic plants. A model aquatic plant, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), was subjected to 6PPD and 6PPD-Q at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/L to investigate their effects on plant growth, photosynthetic, antioxidant system, and metabolic behavior. The results showed that 6PPD-Q enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency of C. vulgaris, promoting growth of C. vulgaris at low concentrations (50, 100, and 200 μg/L) while inhibiting growth at high concentration (400 μg/L). 6PPD-Q induced more oxidative stress than 6PPD, disrupting cell permeability and mitochondrial membrane potential stability. C. vulgaris responded to contaminant-induced oxidative stress by altering antioxidant enzyme activities and active substance levels. Metabolomics further identified fatty acids as the most significantly altered metabolites following exposure to both contaminants. In conclusion, this study compares the toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q to C. vulgaris, with 6PPD-Q demonstrating higher toxicity. This study provides valuable insight into the risk assessment of tire wear particles (TWPs) derived chemicals in aquatic habitats and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruiying Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yichen Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Yu Q, Dong S, Sheng L, Su X, Wang L, Fan W, Yu Y. Cotransport of 6PPD-Q and pristine/aged microplastics in porous media: An insight based on transport forms and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 265:122254. [PMID: 39153450 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The environmental fate and risks of microplastics (MPs) and their associated contaminants have attracted increasing concern in recent years. In this study, the cotransport of six kinds of pristine and aged MPs and the antiager ozonation product N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) were investigated via a series of batch and transport experiments, and characteristic analysis (e.g., SEM, FTIR and XPS). Generally, pristine MPs exhibit higher adsorption ability than aged MPs due to the hydrophobic interaction. The 6PPD-Q usually exhibited both free moving and bond-MPs moving during transport process in presence of MPs, but none free 6PPD-Q was detected in presence of pristine PP MPs. The mobility of 6PPD-Q was generally facilitated in presence of MPs by bond-MPs moving due to the hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, π-π interaction (the maximum total mass recovery of 84.11%), which efficiency was influenced with the combined effect of adsorption ability and mobility of MPs. The pristine PVC MPs showed highest facilitation on 6PPD-Q transport. The retained 6PPD-Q in porous media also was released by various MPs with different mass recovery ranged from 15.72% to 56.26% via surface moving of MPs around porous media. Both the dissolved and retained 6PPD-Q decreased the MPs mobility with the minimum mass recovery of 34.02%. Findings from this study contribute to the prediction and assessment of the combined risks of MPs and 6PPD-Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Yu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shunan Dong
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Liting Sheng
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoting Su
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Weiya Fan
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yulu Yu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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11
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Chen C, Gao L, Ding P, Zhang S, Wang X, Yang K, Zhou Y, Chi B, Tuo X. The potential impact of 6PPD and its oxidation product 6PPD-quinone on human health: A case study on their interaction with human serum albumin. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142675. [PMID: 38908442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
6PPD and its oxidation product, 6PPD-quinone have garnered widespread attention due to their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health, and are recognized as emerging pollutants. In this study, we investigated the interaction mechanism between 6PPD/6PPD-quinone and human serum albumin (HSA) through various experiments. Experimental findings reveal that the IC50 values of 6PPD-quinone and 6PPD against HEK293T cells were 11.78 and 40.04 μM, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of these compounds was regulated by HSA, displaying an inverse correlation with their binding affinity to HSA. Furthermore, 6PPD/6PPD-quinone can spontaneously insert into site I on HSA, forming a binary complex that induces changes in the secondary structure of HSA. However, their effects on the esterase-like activity of HSA exhibit a dichotomy. While 6PPD activates the esterase-like activity of HSA, 6PPD-quinone inhibits it. Molecular docking analyses reveal that both 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone interact with many amino acid residues on HSA, including TRP214, ARG222, ARG218, ALA291, PHE211. The π electrons on the benzene rings of 6PPD/6PPD-quinone play pivotal roles in maintaining the stability of complexes. Moreover, the stronger binding affinity observed between 6PPD and HSA compared to 6PPD-quinone, may be attributed to the larger negative surface potential of 6PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Linna Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kaiyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yikun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baozhu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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12
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Wang Y, Li X, Yang H, Wu Y, Pu Q, He W, Li X. A review of tire wear particles: Occurrence, adverse effects, and control strategies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116782. [PMID: 39059345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs), common mixed particulate emerging contaminants in the environment, have global per capita emissions accounting for 0.23-1.9 kg/year, attracting global attention recently due to their wide detection, small size, mobility, and high toxicity. This review focuses on the occurrence characteristics of TWPs in multiple environmental media, adverse effects on organisms, potential toxicity mechanisms, and environmental risk prevention and control strategies of TWPs. The environmental fate of TWPs throughout the entire process is systematically investigated by the bibliometric analysis function of CiteSpace. This review supplements the gap in the joint toxicity and related toxicity mechanisms of TWPs with other environmental pollutants. Based on the risks review of TWPs and their additives, adverse impacts have been found in organisms from aquatic environments, soil, and humans, such as the growth inhibition effect on Chironomus dilutes. A multi-faceted and rationalized prevention and control treatment of "source-process-end" for the whole process can be achieved by regulating the use of studded tires, improving the tire additive formula, growing plants roadside, encouraging micro-degradation, and other methods, which are first reviewed. By addressing the current knowledge gaps and exploring prospects, this study contributes to developing strategies for reducing risks and assessing the fate of TWPs in multiple environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519041, China.
| | - Xinao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qikun Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wei He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's A1B 3X5, Canada.
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13
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Duque-Villaverde A, Armada D, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Recycled tire rubber materials in the spotlight. Determination of hazardous and lethal substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172674. [PMID: 38657808 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
One way of recycling end-of-life tires is by shredding them to obtain crumb rubber, a microplastic material (<0.5 mm), used as infill in artificial turf sports fields or as playground flooring. There is emerging concern about the health and environmental consequences that this type of surfaces can cause. This research aims to develop an analytical methodology able to determine 11 compounds of environmental and health concern, including antiozonants such as N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) or N, N´-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD), and vulcanization and crosslinking agents, such as N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (CBS), 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) or hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) from tire rubber. Ultrasound assisted extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UAE-LC-MS/MS) is validated demonstrating suitability. The methodology is applied to monitor the target compounds in forty real crumb rubber samples of different origin including, football pitches, outdoor and indoor playgrounds, urban pavements, commercial samples, and tires. Several alternative infill materials, such as sand, cork granulates, thermoplastic elastomers and coconut fibres, are also collected and analysed. All the target analytes are identified and quantified in the crumb rubber samples. The antiozonant 6PPD is present at the highest concentrations up to 0.2 % in new synthetic fields. The tire rubber-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone (2-((4-methylpentan-2-yl)amino)-5-(phenylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione), recently linked to acute mortality in salmons, is found in all types of crumb rubber samples attaining concentrations up to 40 μg g-1 in football pitches. The crosslinking agent HMMM is detected in most of the playing surfaces, at concentrations up to 36 μg g-1. The tested infill alternatives are free of most of the target compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the largest study considering the target compounds in tire rubber particles and the first to focus on these compounds in playgrounds including the analysis of HMMM, 6PPD-quinone and DTG in crumb rubber used as an infill material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Duque-Villaverde
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Armada
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, E-15080 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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14
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Sun T, Cai S, Zhang X, Wang D, Zhang W. Leaching hazards of tire wear particles in hydrothermal treatment of sludge: Exploring molecular composition, transformation mechanism, and ecological effects of tire wear particle-derived compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121669. [PMID: 38728786 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are considered a significant contributor of microplastics (MPs) in the sludge during heavy rainfall events. Numerous studies have shown that hydrothermal treatment (HT) of sludge can accelerate the leaching of MP-derived compound into hydrothermal liquid, thus impairing the performance of subsequent anaerobic digestion and the quality of the hydrothermal liquid fertilizer. However, the leaching behavior of TWPs in the HT of sludge remains inadequately explored. This study examined the molecular composition of TWP-derived compounds and transformation pathways of representative tire-related additives under different hydrothermal temperatures using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with mass difference analysis. The acute toxicity and phytotoxicity of TWP leachates were assessed using Vibrio qinghaiensis Q67 and rice hydroponics experiments. The results indicated that elevating the hydrothermal temperature not only amplified the leaching behavior of TWPs but also enhanced the chemical complexity of the TWP leachate. Utilizing both suspect and non-target screenings, a total of 144 compounds were identified as additives, including N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PDD), hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), dibutyl phthalate (DBP). These additives underwent various reactions, such as desaturation, acetylation, and other reactions, leading to the formation of different transformation products (TPs). Moreover, certain additives, including caprolactam and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol, demonstrated the potential to form conjugate products with amino acids or Maillard products. Meanwhile, TWP-derived compounds showed significant acute toxicity and detrimental effects on plant growth. This study systematically investigated the environmental fate of TWPs and their derived compounds during the HT of sludge, offering novel insights into the intricate interactions between the micropollutants and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Siying Cai
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of environmental engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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15
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Kazmi SSUH, Xu Q, Tayyab M, Pastorino P, Barcelò D, Yaseen ZM, Khan ZH, Li G. Navigating the environmental dynamics, toxicity to aquatic organisms and human associated risks of an emerging tire wear contaminant 6PPD quinone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124313. [PMID: 38838808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-quinone diamine (6PPDQ) is a derivative of 6PPD, a synthetic antioxidant used in tire manufacturing to control the degradation caused by oxidation and heat aging. Its discovery in 2020 has raised important environmental concern, particularly regarding its association with acute mortality in coho salmon, prompting surge in research on its occurrence, fate, and transport in aquatic ecosystems. Despite this attention, there remain notable gaps in grasping the knowledge, demanding an in depth overview. Thus, this review consolidates recent studies to offer a thorough investigation of 6PPDQ's environmental dynamics, pathways into aquatic ecosystems, toxicity to aquatic organisms, and human health implications. Various aquatic species exhibit differential susceptibility to 6PPDQ toxicity, manifesting in acute mortalities, disruption of metabolic pathways, oxidative stress, behavioral responses, and developmental abnormalities. Whereas, understanding the species-specific responses, molecular mechanisms, and broader ecological implications requires further investigation across disciplines such as ecotoxicology, molecular biology, and environmental chemistry. Integration of findings emphasizes the complexity of 6PPDQ toxicity and its potential risks to human health. However, urgent priorities should be given to the measures like long-term monitoring studies to evaluate the chronic effects on aquatic ecosystems and the establishment of standardized toxicity testing protocols to ensure the result comparability and reproducibility. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental professionals seeking appraisals into the impacts of 6PPDQ contamination on aquatic ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Peoples R China
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Damià Barcelò
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Zaher Mundher Yaseen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zulqarnain Haider Khan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, Peoples R China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, Peoples R China.
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16
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Mayer PM, Moran KD, Miller EL, Brander SM, Harper S, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Carrasco-Navarro V, Ho KT, Burgess RM, Thornton Hampton LM, Granek EF, McCauley M, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP, Hu X, Williams AJ, Beckingham BA, Jackson ME, Sanders-Smith RD, Fender CL, King GA, Bollman M, Kaushal SS, Cunningham BE, Hutton SJ, Lang J, Goss HV, Siddiqui S, Sutton R, Lin D, Mendez M. Where the rubber meets the road: Emerging environmental impacts of tire wear particles and their chemical cocktails. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171153. [PMID: 38460683 PMCID: PMC11214769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Kelly D Moran
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Ezra L Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Stacey Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Victor Carrasco-Navarro
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kay T Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Leah M Thornton Hampton
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States of America.
| | - Elise F Granek
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, United States of America.
| | - Margaret McCauley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington Stormwater Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States of America.
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (UW Tacoma), Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America.
| | - Ximin Hu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Antony J Williams
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Computational Chemistry & Cheminformatics Branch, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Barbara A Beckingham
- Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 66 George Street Charleston, SC 29424, United States of America.
| | - Miranda E Jackson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rhea D Sanders-Smith
- Washington State Department of Ecology, 300 Desmond Drive SE, Lacey, WA 98503, United States of America.
| | - Chloe L Fender
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - George A King
- CSS, Inc., 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Michael Bollman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Brittany E Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sara J Hutton
- GSI Environmental, Inc., Olympia, Washington 98502, USA.
| | - Jackelyn Lang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
| | - Heather V Goss
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20004, United States of America.
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Diana Lin
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Miguel Mendez
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
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17
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Li Y, Zeng J, Liang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhang J, Shen X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Sun Y. A Review of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N'-phenyl- p-Phenylenediamine (6PPD) and Its Derivative 6PPD-Quinone in the Environment. TOXICS 2024; 12:394. [PMID: 38922074 PMCID: PMC11209267 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
As an antioxidant and antiozonant, N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is predominantly used in the rubber industry to prevent degradation. However, 6PPD can be ozonated to generate a highly toxic transformation product called N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-quinone), which is toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Thus, 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone, two emerging contaminants, have attracted extensive attention recently. This review discussed the levels and distribution of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone in the environment and investigated their toxic effects on a series of organisms. 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone have been widely found in air, water, and dust, while data on soil, sediment, and biota are scarce. 6PPD-quinone can cause teratogenic, developmental, reproductive, neuronal, and genetic toxicity for organisms, at environmentally relevant concentrations. Future research should pay more attention to the bioaccumulation, biomagnification, transformation, and toxic mechanisms of 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongjin Liang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Xingze Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
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18
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Zhang Z, Dai C, Chen S, Hu H, Kang R, Xu X, Huo X. Spatiotemporal variation of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in dust and soil from e-waste recycling areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171495. [PMID: 38453087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its derivative 6PPDQ have been detected in various environmental media, with harmful consequences for both ecosystems and biological health. However, the distribution of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in areas around e-waste recycling areas is currently unknown. We collected soil and dust samples from areas around a traditional e-waste recycling zone, an emerging recycling park, and a reference area. Higher levels of 6PPD were found in dust from residential areas around the traditional e-waste recycling zone compared to the reference area (median: 108.99 versus 33.57 ng/g, P < 0.01). Lower levels of 6PPDQ were detected in dust samples from around the emerging e-waste recycling parks compared to traditional e-waste recycling zones (median: 15.40 versus 46.37 ng/g, P < 0.05). The median concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPDQ were higher in the dust samples than in the soil samples (P < 0.001). The concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in the dust and soil varied seasonally, with the highest total concentrations occurring in the winter. Results from a multiple linear regression analysis indicate that 6PPDQ is negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with 6PPD, O3, and radiation. This study confirms that e-waste is a potential contributor to 6PPD and 6PPDQ. In residential areas, 6PPD and 6PPDQ are more likely to accumulate in dust than in soil. The emerging e-waste recycling parks have greatly improved the local 6PPDQ pollution situation. Further studies are necessary to understand the distribution of newly found substances in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenxu Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongfei Hu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongyi Kang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Jiang Y, Wang C, Ma L, Gao T, Wāng Y. Environmental profiles, hazard identification, and toxicological hallmarks of emerging tire rubber-related contaminants 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108677. [PMID: 38677083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is commonly used in rubber compounds as antioxidants to protect against degradation from heat, oxygen, and ozone exposure. This practice extends the lifespan of rubber products, including tires, by preventing cracking, aging, and deterioration. However, the environmental consequences of waste generated during rubber product use, particularly the formation of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) through the reaction of 6PPD with ozone, have raised significant concerns due to their detrimental effects on ecosystems. Extensive research has revealed the widespread occurrence of 6PPD and its derivate 6PPD-Q in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. The emerging substance of 6PPD-Q has been shown to pose acute mortality and long-term hazards to aquatic and terrestrial organisms at concentrations below environmentally relevant levels. Studies have demonstrated toxic effects of 6PPD-Q on a range of organisms, including zebrafish, nematodes, and mammals. These effects include neurobehavioral changes, reproductive dysfunction, and digestive damage through various exposure pathways. Mechanistic insights suggest that mitochondrial stress, DNA adduct formation, and disruption of lipid metabolism contribute to the toxicity induced by 6PPD-Q. Recent findings of 6PPD-Q in human samples, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, underscore the importance of further research on the public health and toxicological implications of these compounds. The distribution, fate, biological effects, and underlying mechanisms of 6PPD-Q in the environment highlight the urgent need for additional research to understand and address the environmental and health impacts of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chunzhi Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tiantian Gao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yán Wāng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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20
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Xia B, Wang S, Li R, Dong F, Zheng Y, Li Y. From Water to Water: Insight into the Translocation of Pesticides from Plant Rhizosphere Solution to Leaf Guttation and the Associated Ecological Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7600-7608. [PMID: 38629313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant guttation is an important source of water/nutrients for many beneficial insects, while the presence of pesticides in guttation has been considered as a new exposure route for nontarget insects. This study aimed to elucidate how 15 diverse pesticides are translocated from growth media to guttation by maize plants through a hydroponic experiment. All pesticides were effectively translocated from the growth solution to maize guttation and reached a steady state within 5 days. The strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.43-0.84) between the concentrations of pesticides in guttation and in xylem sap demonstrated that xylem sap was a major source of pesticides in guttation. The relationship between the bioaccumulation of pesticides in guttation (BCFguttation) and the chemical Kow was split into two distinct patterns: for pesticides with log Kow > 3, we identified a good negative linear correlation between log BCFguttation and log Kow (R2 = 0.71); however, for pesticides with log Kow < 3, all data fall close to a horizontal line of BCFguttation ≅ 1, indicating that hydrophilic pesticides can easily pass through the plants from rhizosphere solution to leaf guttation and reach saturation status. Besides, after feeding with pesticide-contaminated guttation, the mortality of honeybees was significantly impacted, even at very low levels (e.g., ∑600 μg/L with a mortality of 93%). Our results provide essential information for predicting the contamination of plant guttation with pesticides and associated ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqi Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Runan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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21
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Ai T, Yao S, Yu Y, Peng K, Jin L, Zhu X, Zhou H, Huang J, Sun J, Zhu L. Transformation process and phytotoxicity of sulfamethoxazole and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole in rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170857. [PMID: 38340847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics, extensively used in human and veterinary therapy, accumulate in agroecosystem soils through livestock manure and sewage irrigation. However, the interaction between sulfonamides and rice plants remains unclear. This study investigated the transformation behavior and toxicity of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and its main metabolite, N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (NASMX) in rice. SMX and NASMX were rapidly taken up by roots and translocated acropetally. NASMX showed higher accumulating capacity, with NASMX concentrations up to 20.36 ± 1.98 μg/g (roots) and 5.62 ± 1.17 μg/g (shoots), and with SMX concentrations up to 15.97 ± 2.53 μg/g (roots) and 3.22 ± 0.789 μg/g (shoots). A total of 18 intermediate transformation products of SMX were identified by nontarget screening using Orbitrap-HRMS, revealing pathways such as deamination, hydroxylation, acetylation, formylation, and glycosylation. Notably, NASMX transformed back into SMX in rice, a novel finding. Transcriptomic analysis highlights the involvements of cytochrome P450 (CYP450), acetyltransferase (ACEs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs) in these biotransformation pathways. Moreover, exposure to SMX and NASMX disrupts TCA cycle, amino acid, linoleic acid, nucleotide metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways of rice, with NASMX exerting a stronger impact on metabolic networks. These findings elucidate the sulfonamides' metabolism, phytotoxicity mechanisms, and contribute to assessing food safety and human exposure risk amid antibiotic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xifen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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22
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Jachimowicz P, Peng R, Hüffer T, Hofmann T, Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A. Tire materials disturb transformations of nitrogen compounds and affect the structure of biomass in aerobic granular sludge reactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133223. [PMID: 38113742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Tire materials (TMs) present a notable hazard due to their potential to release harmful chemicals and microplastics into the environment. They can infiltrate wastewater treatment plants, where their effects remain inadequately understood, raising concerns regarding their influence on treatment procedures. Thus, this study investigated the impact of TMs in wastewater (10, 25, 50 mg/L) on wastewater treatment efficiency, biomass morphology, and microbial composition in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactors. TM dosage negatively correlated with nitrification and denitrification efficiencies, reducing overall nitrogen removal, but did not affect the efficiency of chemical-oxygen-demand removal. The presence of TMs increased the diameter of the granules due to TM incorporation into the biomass. The most frequently leached additives from TMs were N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, benzothiazole (BTH), and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole. In the treated wastewater, only BTH and aniline were detected in higher concentrations, which indicates that tire additives were biodegraded by AGS. The microbial community within the AGS adapted to TMs and their chemicals, highlighting the potential for efficient degradation of tire additives by bacteria belonging to the genera Rubrivivax, Ferruginibacter, and Xanthomonas. Additionally, our research underscores AGS's ability to incorporate TMs into biomass and effectively biodegrade tire additives, offering a promising solution for addressing environmental concerns related to TMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jachimowicz
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ruoting Peng
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Ferreira T, Homem V, Cereceda-Balic F, Fadic X, Alves A, Ratola N. Are volatile methylsiloxanes in downcycled tire microplastics? Levels and human exposure estimation in synthetic turf football fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11950-11967. [PMID: 38228949 PMCID: PMC10869416 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Downcycled rubber, derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs), is frequently applied as crumb rubber (CR) as infill of synthetic turf in sports facilities. This practice has been questioned in recent years as numerous studies have reported the presence of potentially hazardous chemicals in this material. CR particles fall into the category of microplastics (MPs), making them possible vectors for emerging micropollutants. A preliminary study where volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) were found in CR originated the hypothesis that VMSs are present in this material worldwide. Consequently, the present work evaluates for the first time the levels and trends of seven VMSs in CR from synthetic turf football fields, while attempting to identify the main sources and impacts of these chemicals. A total of 135 CR samples and 12 other of alternative materials were analyzed, employing an ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the presence of VMSs was confirmed in all samples, in total concentrations ranging from 1.60 to 5089 ng.g-1. The levels were higher in commercial CR (before field application), a reflection of the use of VMS-containing additives in tire production and/or the degradation of silicone polymers employed in vehicles. The VMSs generally decreased over time on the turf, as expected given their volatile nature and the wearing of the material. Finally, the human exposure doses to VMSs in CR (by dermal absorption and ingestion) for people in contact with synthetic turf in football fields were negligible (maximum total exposure of 20.5 ng.kgBW-1.year-1) in comparison with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) reference doses: 1.35 × 109 ng.kgBW-1.year-1 for D4 and 1.83 × 109 ng.kgBW-1.year-1 for D5. Nevertheless, more knowledge on exposure through inhalation and the combined effects of all substances is necessary to provide further corroboration. This work proved the presence of VMSs in CR from ELTs, another family of chemical of concern to take into account when studying MPs as vectors of other contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Cereceda-Balic
- Centre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM) and Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ximena Fadic
- Centre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM) and Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Luo C, Xu R, Wu D, Zhang X, Cheng X, Wang H, Yin X, Xu J, Ma Q, Chen F. Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process effects on tire wear particles aging and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167497. [PMID: 37778564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are widely distributed in natural water and pose as major pollutants in aquatic environments. In this study, heat-activated persulfate (HPT) and ultraviolet-activated persulfate treatments (UPT) were employed to investigate the influence of sulfate radical (SO4-•)-based advanced oxidation process (SAOPs) on TWP physicochemical properties and to clarify their ecotoxic effects in laboratory-level studies. Results showed that the specific surface areas of TWPs increased after UPT but decreased after HPT. In terms of chemical properties, the increase of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surfaces of TWPs was more evident in UPT than that in HPT. The atrazine (ATZ) adsorption capacity of TWPs after HPT and UPT was increased compared with the untreated TWPs. Atrazine adsorbed by TWPs was easily resolved and released in artificial intestinal fluid (1.89-2.08 mg/g) and artificial gastric fluid (1.60-2.04 mg/g) conditions. Acute toxicity experiments of Photobacterium phosphoreum and SEM-EDS detection results suggested that various heavy metals (e.g., Zn2+, Cu2+) in the TWPs would be released into the water system in SAOPs. ATZ released from TWPs that adsorbed ATZ herbicide, rather than TWPs themselves, had a negative effect on aquatic plant growth (e.g., C. vulgaris). The leaching solution of oxidized TWPs (after HPT and UPT) showed a more significant inhibition effect on the zebrafish survival compared with that of untreated TWPs, which was possibly caused by the generation of oxidation byproducts such as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwei Luo
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Ruidi Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Daoji Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Cheng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Xinkun Yin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Jingtao Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China; Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Qiao Ma
- National Engineering Lab of Coal-Fired Pollution Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China.
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25
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Xu Q, Wu W, Xiao Z, Sun X, Ma J, Ding J, Zhu Z, Li G. Responses of soil and collembolan (Folsomia candida) gut microbiomes to 6PPD-Q pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165810. [PMID: 37499813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential risk of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) to soil organisms remains poorly understood. Here we showed that 6PPD-Q pollution inhibited the survival of collembolans (Folsomia candida) with the chronic median lethal concentration (LC50) of 16.31 μg kg-1 in a 28-day soil culture. The microbe-microbe interactions between abundant taxa in soil and collembolan gut helped alleviate the negative impact of 6PPD-Q on soil microbial community, while rare taxa contributed to maintaining microbial network complexity and stability under 6PPD-Q stresses. Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the gut of both adult and juvenile collembolans were identified as potential indicators for 6PPD-Q exposure. Such responses were accompanied by increases in the relative abundances of genes involved in nutrient cycles and their interactions between soil and collembolan gut microbiomes, which enhanced nitrogen and carbon turnover in 6PPD-Q polluted soil, potentially alleviating the stresses caused by 6PPD-Q. Overall, this study sheds new light on the toxicity of 6PPD-Q to soil organisms and links 6PPD-Q stresses to microbial responses and soil functions, thus highlighting the urgency of assessing its potential risk to the terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zufei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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26
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Shao Z, Wang S, Liu N, Wang W, Zhu L. Interactions between sulfonamide homologues and glycosyltransferase induced metabolic disorders in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122486. [PMID: 37669699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine and its derivatives (sulfonamides, SAs) could induce distinct biotoxic, metabolic and physiological abnormalities, potentially due to their subtle structural differences. This study conducted an in-depth investigation on the interactions between SA homologues, i.e. sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamerazine (SD1), and sulfamethazine (SD2), and the key metabolic enzyme (glycosyltransferase, GT) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Untargeted screening of SA metabolites revealed that GT-catalyzed glycosylation was the primary transformation pathway of SAs in rice. Molecular docking identified that the binding sites of SAs on GT (D0TZD6) were responsible for transferring sugar moiety to synthesize polysaccharides and detoxify SAs. Specifically, amino acids in the GT-binding cavity (e.g., GLY487 and CYS486) formed stable hydrogen bonds with SAs (e.g., the sulfonamide group of SD). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that SAs induced conformational changes in GT ligand binding domain, which was supported by the significantly decreased GT activity and gene expression level. As evidenced by proteomics and metabolomics, SAs inhibited the transfer and synthesis of sugar but stimulated sugar decomposition in rice leaves, leading to the accumulation of mono- and disaccharides in rice leaves. While the differences in the increased sugar content by SD (24.3%, compared with control), SD1 (11.1%), and SD2 (6.24%) can be attributed to their number of methyl groups (0, 1, 2, respectively), which determined the steric hindrance and hydrogen bonds formation with GT. This study suggested that the disturbances on crop sugar metabolism by homologues contaminants are determined by the interaction between the contaminants and the target enzyme, and are greatly dependent on the steric hindrance effects contributed by their side chains. The results are of importance to identify priority pollutants and ensure crop quality in contaminated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Shao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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27
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Canha N, Jafarova M, Grifoni L, Gamelas CA, Alves LC, Almeida SM, Loppi S. Microplastic contamination of lettuces grown in urban vegetable gardens in Lisbon (Portugal). Sci Rep 2023; 13:14278. [PMID: 37652978 PMCID: PMC10471761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban vegetable gardens are very often a feature of cities that want to offer their citizens a more sustainable lifestyle by producing their own food products. However, cities can have significant pollution levels (or pollution hotspots) due to specific sources of pollution, such as traffic. Among the various pollutants, microplastics (MPs) are emerging as a consensual concern due to the awareness of the environmental contamination, their bioaccumulation potential and human intake, and, consequently unknown human health impacts. The present study compared the content of MPs in lettuce plants cultivated in Lisbon urban gardens with those cultivated in a rural area, as well as samples bought in supermarkets. Microplastics were detected in all washed leaves, with mean levels ranging from 6.3 ± 6.2 to 29.4 ± 18.2 MPs/g. Lettuce grown in urban gardens from areas with high traffic density showed higher MPs levels. Weak positive Spearman's rank correlations were found between MPs content and concentrations of Cu and S (determined by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission, PIXE), suggesting a possible role of traffic contribution to MPs levels, as both elements are considered traffic-source tracers. These results contribute to shed light on the MP contamination of vegetables grown in such urban environments, that may represent a potential MP exposure route through the dietary intake, corresponding to a 70% increase in annual MP intake compared to lettuces bought in supermarkets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | | | - Lisa Grifoni
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 605, Via di Vigna Murata, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla A Gamelas
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, Centro de Investigação em Energia e Ambiente, IPS Campus, 2914-508, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Luís C Alves
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Susana Marta Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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28
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Zhang SY, Gan X, Shen B, Jiang J, Shen H, Lei Y, Liang Q, Bai C, Huang C, Wu W, Guo Y, Song Y, Chen J. 6PPD and its metabolite 6PPDQ induce different developmental toxicities and phenotypes in embryonic zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131601. [PMID: 37182464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The automobile tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its quinone metabolite 6PPDQ have recently received much attention for their acute aquatic toxicity. The present study investigated the mechanistic developmental toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPDQ in embryonic zebrafish. Neither compound induced significant mortality but significantly decreased spontaneous embryo movement and heart rate. Both compounds induced malformations with different phenotypes; the 6PPD-exposed larvae manifested a myopia-like phenotype with a convex eyeball and fusion vessels, while the 6PPDQ-exposed embryonic zebrafish manifested enlarged intestine and blood-coagulated gut, activated neutrophils, and overexpressed enteric neurons. mRNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that 6PPD- and 6PPDQ-induced distinct differential gene expression aligned with their toxic phenotype. 6PPD activated the retinoic acid metabolic gene cyp26a, but 6PPDQ activated adaptive cellular response to xenobiotics gene cyp1a. 6PPD suppressed the gene expression of the eye involved in retinoic acid metabolism, phototransduction, photoreceptor function and visual perception. In contrast, 6PPDQ perturbed genes involved in inward rectifier K+ and voltage-gated ion channels activities, K+ import across the plasma membrane, iron ion binding, and intestinal immune network for IgA production. The current study advances the present understanding the reason of why many fish species are so adversely impacted by 6PPD and 6PPDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Gan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Baoguo Shen
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Jian Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Huimin Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Yuhang Lei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Chenglian Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China.
| | - Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Jiangfei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health, School of Public health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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29
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Sun Q, Dong Y, Wen X, Zhang X, Hou S, Zhao W, Yin D. A review on recent advances in mass spectrometry analysis of harmful contaminants in food. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1244459. [PMID: 37593680 PMCID: PMC10428016 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1244459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is a widespread global concern with the emergence of foodborne diseases. Thus, establishing accurate and sensitive detection methods of harmful contaminants in different food matrices is essential to address and prevent the associated health risks. Among various analytical tools, mass spectrometry (MS) can quantify multiple impurities simultaneously due to high resolution and accuracy and can achieve non-target profiling of unknown pollutants in food. Therefore, MS has been widely used for determination of hazardous contaminants [e.g., mycotoxin, pesticide and veterinary drug residues, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, acrylamide, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and p-Phenylenediamine compounds (PPDs) in food samples]. This work summarizes MS applications in detecting harmful contaminants in food matrices, discusses advantages of MS for food safety study, and provides a perspective on future directions of MS development in food research. With the persistent occurrence of novel contaminants, MS will play a more and more critical role in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Sun
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yide Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shijiao Hou
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dan Yin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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30
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Jin R, Wu Y, He Q, Sun P, Chen Q, Xia C, Huang Y, Yang J, Liu M. Ubiquity of Amino Accelerators and Antioxidants in Road Dust from Multiple Land Types: Targeted and Nontargeted Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10361-10372. [PMID: 37402695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Amino accelerators and antioxidants (AAL/Os), as well as their degradation derivatives, are industrial additives of emerging concern due to their massive production and use (particularly in rubber tires), pervasiveness in the environment, and documented adverse effects. This study delineated their inter-regional variations in road dust collected from urban/suburb, agricultural, and forest areas, and screened for less-studied AAL/O analogues with high-resolution mass spectrometry. 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG; median concentration: 121 ng/g) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q; 9.75 ng/g) are the most abundant congeners, constituting 69.7% and 41.4% of the total concentrations of AAL/Os (192 ng/g) and those of AAO transformation products (22.3 ng/g), respectively. The spatial distribution across the studied sites suggests evident human impacts, reflected by the pronounced urban signature and vehicle-originated pollution. Our nontargeted analysis of the most-contaminated road dust identified 16 AAL/O-related chemicals, many of which have received little investigation. Particularly, environmental and toxicological information remains extremely scarce for five out of the 10 most concerning compounds prioritized in terms of their dusty residues and toxicity including 1,2-diphenyl-3-cyclohexylguanidine (DPCG), N,N''-bis[2-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]guanidine (BPPG), and N-(4-anilinophenyl)formamide (PPD-CHO). Additionally, dicyclohexylamine (DChA), broadly applied as an antioxidant in automobile products, had an even greater median level than DPG. Therefore, future research on their health risks and (eco)toxic potential is of high importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qun He
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Pei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunjie Xia
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China
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31
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Rodgers TM, Wang Y, Humes C, Jeronimo M, Johannessen C, Spraakman S, Giang A, Scholes RC. Bioretention Cells Provide a 10-Fold Reduction in 6PPD-Quinone Mass Loadings to Receiving Waters: Evidence from a Field Experiment and Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:582-588. [PMID: 37455862 PMCID: PMC10339781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Road runoff to streams and rivers exposes aquatic organisms to complex mixtures of chemical contaminants. In particular, the tire-derived chemical 6PPD-quinone (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone) is acutely toxic to several species of salmonids, which are critical to fisheries, ecosystems, and Indigenous cultures. We therefore urgently require interventions that can reduce loadings of 6PPD-quinone to salmonid habitats. Herein, we conducted a spike and recovery experiment on a full-scale, mature bioretention cell to assess the efficacy of stormwater green infrastructure technologies in reducing 6PPD-quinone loadings to receiving waters. We then interpreted and extended the results of our experiment using an improved version of the "Bioretention Blues" contaminant transport and fate model. Overall, our results showed that stormwater bioretention systems can effectively mitigate >∼90% of 6PPD-quinone loadings to streams under most "typical" storm conditions (i.e., < 2-year return period). We therefore recommend that stormwater managers and other environmental stewards redirect stormwater away from receiving waters and into engineered green infrastructure systems such as bioretention cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
F. M. Rodgers
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Humes
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School
of Population and Public Health, University
of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z9, Canada
| | - Cassandra Johannessen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Green
Infrastructure Design Team, City of Vancouver
Engineering Services, Vancouver V5Z 0B4, Canada
| | - Amanda Giang
- Institute
of Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel C. Scholes
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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