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Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Rezaee R, Riahi-Zanjani B, Karimi G. Alleviation of microcystin-leucine arginine -induced hepatotoxicity: An updated overview. Toxicon 2024; 243:107715. [PMID: 38636613 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contamination of surface waters is a major health threat for all living creatures. Some types of blue-green algae that naturally occur in fresh water, are able to produce various toxins, like Microcystins (MCs). Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa is the most toxic and abundant isoforms of MCs, and it causes hepatotoxicity. The present article reviews preclinical experiments examined different treatments, including herbal derivatives, dietary supplements and drugs against MC-LR hepatotoxicity. METHODS We searched scientific databases Web of Science, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords to find suitable studies until November 2023. RESULTS MC-LR through Organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily transporters (OATPs) penetrates and accumulates in hepatocytes, and it inhibits protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A). Consequently, MC-LR disturbs many signaling pathways and induces oxidative stress thus damages cellular macromolecules. Some protective agents, especially plants rich in flavonoids, and natural supplements, as well as chemoprotectants were shown to diminish MC-LR hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION The reviewed agents through blocking the OATP transporters (nontoxic nostocyclopeptide-M1, captopril, and naringin), then inhibition of MC-LR uptake (naringin, rifampin, cyclosporin-A, silymarin and captopril), and finally at restoration of PPAse activity (silybin, quercetin, morin, naringin, rifampin, captopril, azo dyes) exert hepatoprotective effect against MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-Sardoo
- Bio Environmental Health Hazard Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Li SC, Gu LH, Wang YF, Wang LM, Chen L, Giesy JP, Tuo X, Xu WL, Wu QH, Liu YQ, Wu MH, Diao YY, Zeng HH, Zhang QB. A proteomic study on gastric impairment in rats caused by microcystin-LR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:169306. [PMID: 38103614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common cyanobacterial toxins. Epidemiological investigation showed that exposure to MCs can cause gastro-intestinal symptoms, gastroenteritis and gastric cancer. MCs can also accumulate in and cause histopathological damage to stomach. However, the exact mechanisms by which MCs cause gastric injury were unclear. In this study, Wistar rats were administrated 50, 75 or 100 μg microcystin-LR (MC-LR)/kg, body mass (bm) via tail vein, and histopathology, response of anti-oxidant system and the proteome of gastric tissues at 24 h after exposure were studied. Bleeding of fore-stomach and gastric corpus, inflammation and necrosis in gastric corpus and exfoliation of mucosal epithelial cells in gastric antrum were observed following acute MC-LR exposure. Compared with controls, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly greater in gastric tissues of exposed rats, while activities of catalase (CAT) were less in rats administrated 50 μg MC-LR/kg, bm, and concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were greater in rats administrated 75 or 100 μg MC-LR/kg, bm. These results indicated that MC-LR could disrupt the anti-oxidant system and cause oxidative stress. The proteomic results revealed that MC-LR could affect expressions of proteins related to cytoskeleton, immune system, gastric functions, and some signaling pathways, including platelet activation, complement and coagulation cascades, and ferroptosis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that transcriptions of genes for ferroptosis and gastric function were altered, which confirmed results of proteomics. Overall, this study illustrated that MC-LR could induce gastric dysfunction, and ferroptosis might be involved in MC-LR-induced gastric injury. This study provided novel insights into mechanisms of digestive diseases induced by MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chun Li
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li-Hong Gu
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li-Mei Wang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Qilu Lake Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Plateau Shallow Lake in Yunnan Province, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xun Tuo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian-Hui Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yi-Qing Liu
- Qilu Lake Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Plateau Shallow Lake in Yunnan Province, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming-Huo Wu
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yang-Yang Diao
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hao-Hang Zeng
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qing-Bi Zhang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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3
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Tan Y, Qiu Z, Zeng H, Luo J, Wang L, Wang J, Cui K, Zhang G, Zeng Y, Jin H, Chen X, Huang Y, Shu W. Microcystin-leucine-arginine impairs bone microstructure and biomechanics by activating osteoimmune response and inhibiting osteoblasts maturation in developing rats. Toxicology 2023; 494:153595. [PMID: 37467923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) affects bone health in adult mice via osteo-immunomodulation. However, its effect on osteoblasts and bone development is unclear. This study investigated the effect of MC-LR on bone osteoimmune and osteoblasts in the developing period. 18 Four-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups (n = 9 per group) and exposed to 0 (control) and 1 μg/kg b.w. MC-LR (exposure) by intraperitoneal injection for four weeks. The heart blood was collected for serological examination, and the femur for morphological, histopathological, and biomechanical analysis. MC-LR exposure significantly weakened bone microstructures (bone volume, bone volume/total volume, bone trabecular number, connectivity density) and biomechanics (maximum loads and maximum deflection) (P < 0.05). Besides, MC-LR decreased serum procollagen type І car-boxy-terminal propeptide, osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, while elevating osteoclasts number, matrix metalloproteinase-9, β-catenin, Runt-related transcription factor 2, and osterix in bone, and bone alkaline phosphate, C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-I collagen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b in serum (P < 0.05). Moreover, MC-LR increased CD4+ T-cells, CD4+/CD8+, M1 and M2 macrophages, and cells apoptosis in the bone marrow, interleukin-6, interleukin-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum, decreased serum interleukin-10 (P < 0.05). Overall, MC-LR can promote bone resorption by activating osteoclasts via osteoimmunology, which may involve macrophages besides lymphocytes. MC-LR may inhibit bone formation by stopping the osteoblasts at an immature stage. Thus, MC-LR weakened bone microstructure and biomechanics in developing period. Its risk on bone development needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaohua Luo
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lingqiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Cui
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huidong Jin
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Weiqun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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Casas-Rodríguez A, Cebadero-Dominguez Ó, Puerto M, Cameán AM, Jos A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Cylindrospermopsin in Human T Cells and Monocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040301. [PMID: 37104239 PMCID: PMC10146592 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin with an increasing occurrence, and therefore it is important to elucidate its toxicity profile. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin, although the scientific literature has already revealed that it affects a wide range of organs and systems. However, research on its potential immunotoxicity is still limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of CYN on two human cell lines representative of the immune system: THP-1 (monocytes) and Jurkat (lymphocytes). CYN reduced cell viability, leading to mean effective concentrations (EC50 24 h) of 6.00 ± 1.04 µM and 5.20 ± 1.20 µM for THP-1 and Jurkat cells, respectively, and induced cell death mainly by apoptosis in both experimental models. Moreover, CYN decreased the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages after 48 h of exposure. In addition, an up-regulation of the mRNA expression of different cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 2, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ), was also observed mainly after 24 h exposure in both cell lines. However, only an increase in TNF-α in THP-1 supernatants was observed by ELISA. Overall, these results suggest the immunomodulatory activity of CYN in vitro. Therefore, further research is required to evaluate the impact of CYN on the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Review of Cyanotoxicity Studies Based on Cell Cultures. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:5647178. [PMID: 35509523 PMCID: PMC9061046 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5647178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins (CTs) are a large and diverse group of toxins produced by the peculiar photosynthetic prokaryotes of the domain Cyanoprokaryota. Toxin-producing aquatic cyanoprokaryotes can develop in mass, causing “water blooms” or “cyanoblooms,” which may lead to environmental disaster—water poisoning, extinction of aquatic life, and even to human death. CT studies on single cells and cells in culture are an important stage of toxicological studies with increasing impact for their further use for scientific and clinical purposes, and for policies of environmental protection. The higher cost of animal use and continuous resistance to the use of animals for scientific and toxicological studies lead to a progressive increase of cell lines use. This review aims to present (1) the important results of the effects of CT on human and animal cell lines, (2) the methods and concentrations used to obtain these results, (3) the studied cell lines and their tissues of origin, and (4) the intracellular targets of CT. CTs reviewed are presented in alphabetical order as follows: aeruginosins, anatoxins, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine), cylindrospermopsins, depsipeptides, lipopolysaccharides, lyngbyatoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cyanobacterial retinoids, and saxitoxins. The presence of all these data in a review allows in one look to advance the research on CT using cell cultures by facilitating the selection of the most appropriate methods, conditions, and cell lines for future toxicological, pharmacological, and physiological studies.
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Liu K, Zhao X, Guo M, Zhu J, Li D, Ding J, Han X, Wu J. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) induces mouse ovarian inflammation by promoting granulosa cells to produce inflammatory cytokine via activation of cGAS-STING signaling. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:6-16. [PMID: 35032610 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early experimental studies have demonstrated that microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is able to induce multiple organ damage. Female reproductive disorders caused by MC-LR have attracted increased attention in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms of female reproductive malfunctions are not yet fully understood. Our previous study confirmed that MC-LR could enter mice ovary, induce apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cell and lead to follicular atresia. Research shows that ovary inflammation is positively related to the decline of female reproductive function. This study was aimed to find out the relationship between inflammation response and ovarian injury caused by MC-LR. MC-LR were administrated at 0, 7.5, 22.5 and 45 µg/kg for two weeks by intraperitoneal injection in female BALB/c mice. Histopathological analysis of ovary was performed. We found that MC-LR exposure induced inflammation response and fibrosis in ovary. In the present study, we observed that MC-LR could enter ovary and was mainly distributed in mGCs (mouse ovarian granulosa cells), but not in the theca-interstitial cells. We isolated and cultured mGCs with different concentrations of MC-LR at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 µM. MC-LR exposure caused mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage which was detected by qPCR andimmunofluorescence staining. Subsequently, mtDNA leakage activated cGAS-STING signaling, leading to elevated production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α in mGCs.Diffusion of TNF-α in ovary resulted in inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial cell proliferation. Ovarian inflammation provides a new perspective to explore the underlying mechanisms associated with MC-LR-induced female reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyang Liu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Meihong Guo
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jinling Zhu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Jiang Wu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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Immunotoxic Effects Induced by Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100711. [PMID: 34679003 PMCID: PMC8540411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxin occurrence is gaining importance due to anthropogenic activities, climate change and eutrophication. Among them, Microcystins (MCs) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are the most frequently studied due to their ubiquity and toxicity. Although MCs are primary classified as hepatotoxins and CYN as a cytotoxin, they have been shown to induce deleterious effects in a wide range of organs. However, their effects on the immune system are as yet scarcely investigated. Thus, to know the impact of cyanotoxins on the immune system, due to its importance in organisms’ homeostasis, is considered of interest. A review of the scientific literature dealing with the immunotoxicity of MCs and CYN has been performed, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have been considered. Results have confirmed the scarcity of reports on the topic, particularly for CYN. Decreased cell viability, apoptosis or altered functions of immune cells, and changed levels and mRNA expression of cytokines are among the most common effects reported. Underlying mechanisms, however, are still not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed in order to have a full picture of cyanotoxin immunotoxicity.
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Su RC, Breidenbach JD, Alganem K, Khalaf FK, French BW, Dube P, Malhotra D, McCullumsmith R, Presloid JB, Wooten RM, Kennedy DJ, Haller ST. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) Triggers Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9939. [PMID: 34576099 PMCID: PMC8472269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We were the first to previously report that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has limited effects within the colons of healthy mice but has toxic effects within colons of mice with pre-existing inflammatory bowel disease. In the current investigation, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which MC-LR exacerbates colitis and to identify effective therapeutic targets. Through our current investigation, we report that there is a significantly greater recruitment of macrophages into colonic tissue with pre-existing colitis in the presence of MC-LR than in the absence of MC-LR. This is seen quantitatively through IHC staining and the enumeration of F4/80-positive macrophages and through gene expression analysis for Cd68, Cd11b, and Cd163. Exposure of isolated macrophages to MC-LR was found to directly upregulate macrophage activation markers Tnf and Il1b. Through a high-throughput, unbiased kinase activity profiling strategy, MC-LR-induced phosphorylation events were compared with potential inhibitors, and doramapimod was found to effectively prevent MC-LR-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C. Su
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Joshua D. Breidenbach
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Fatimah K. Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Benjamin W. French
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Prabhatchandra Dube
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Robert McCullumsmith
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (R.M.)
- Neurosciences Center, Promedica, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - John B. Presloid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.B.P.); (R.M.W.)
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (J.B.P.); (R.M.W.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.C.S.); (J.D.B.); (F.K.K.); (B.W.F.); (P.D.); (D.M.)
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Palikova M, Kopp R, Kohoutek J, Blaha L, Mares J, Ondrackova P, Papezikova I, Minarova H, Pojezdal L, Adamovsky O. Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa Contributes to the Severity of Fish Diseases: A Study on Spring Viraemia of Carp. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090601. [PMID: 34564605 PMCID: PMC8473110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are exposed to numerous stressors in the environment including pollution, bacterial and viral agents, and toxic substances. Our study with common carps leveraged an integrated approach (i.e., histology, biochemical and hematological measurements, and analytical chemistry) to understand how cyanobacteria interfere with the impact of a model viral agent, Carp sprivivirus (SVCV), on fish. In addition to the specific effects of a single stressor (SVCV or cyanobacteria), the combination of both stressors worsens markers related to the immune system and liver health. Solely combined exposure resulted in the rise in the production of immunoglobulins, changes in glucose and cholesterol levels, and an elevated marker of impaired liver, alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Analytical determination of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and its structurally similar congener MC-RR and their conjugates showed that SVCV affects neither the levels of MC in the liver nor the detoxification capacity of the liver. MC-LR and MC-RR were depurated from liver mostly in the form of cysteine conjugates (MC-LR-Cys, MC-RR-Cys) in comparison to glutathione conjugates (LR-GSH, RR-GSH). Our study brought new evidence that cyanobacteria worsen the effect of viral agents. Such inclusion of multiple stressor concept helps us to understand how and to what extent the relevant environmental stressors co-influence the health of the fish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (I.P.); (H.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Radovan Kopp
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiri Kohoutek
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Petra Ondrackova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.O.); (L.P.)
| | - Ivana Papezikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (I.P.); (H.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (I.P.); (H.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.O.); (L.P.)
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.O.); (L.P.)
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- RECETOX (Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Hansen JD, Loftin KA, Laughrey Z, Adamovsky O. Neither microcystin, nor nodularin, nor cylindrospermopsin directly interact with human toll-like receptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129623. [PMID: 33515847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Various stressors including temperature, environmental chemicals, and toxins can have profound impacts on immunity to pathogens. Increased eutrophication near rivers and lakes coupled with climate change are predicted to lead to increased algal blooms. Currently, the effects of cyanobacterial toxins on disease resistance in mammals is a largely unexplored area of research. Recent studies have suggested that freshwater cyanotoxins can elicit immunomodulation through interaction with specific components of innate immunity, thus potentially altering disease susceptibility parameters for fish, wildlife, and human health owing to the conserved nature of the vertebrate immune system. In this study, we investigated the effects of three microcystin congeners (LR, LA, and RR), nodularin-R, and cylindrospermopsin for their ability to directly interact with nine different human Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-key pathogen recognition receptors for innate immunity. Toxin concentrations were verified by LC/MS/MS prior to use. Using an established HEK293-hTLR NF-κB reporter assay, we concluded that none of the tested toxins (29-90 nM final concentration) directly interacted with human TLRs in either an agonistic or antagonistic manner. These results suggest that earlier reports of cyanotoxin-induced NF-κB responses likely occur through different surface receptors to mediate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
| | - Keith A Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, 1217 Biltmore Dr, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA.
| | - Zachary Laughrey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, 1217 Biltmore Dr, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA.
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice, 753/5, Czech Republic.
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11
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Chen L, Giesy JP, Adamovsky O, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J, Codd GA, Mijovic B, Shi T, Tuo X, Li SC, Pan BZ, Chen J, Xie P. Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142319. [PMID: 33069479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis spp., are Gram-negative, oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes which use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and minerals into organic compounds and biomass. Eutrophication, rising CO2 concentrations and global warming are increasing Microcystis blooms globally. Due to its high availability and protein content, Microcystis biomass has been suggested as a protein source for animal feeds. This would reduce dependency on soybean and other agricultural crops and could make use of "waste" biomass when Microcystis scums and blooms are harvested. Besides proteins, Microcystis contain further nutrients including lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, Microcystis produce cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins (MCs) and other bioactive metabolites, which present health hazards. In this review, challenges of using Microcystis blooms in feeds are identified. First, nutritional and toxicological (nutri-toxicogical) data, including toxicity of Microcystis to mollusks, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, mammals and birds, is reviewed. Inclusion of Microcystis in diets caused greater mortality, lesser growth, cachexia, histopathological changes and oxidative stress in liver, kidney, gill, intestine and spleen of several fish species. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of MCs in muscle of fish fed Microcystis might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for humans, 0.04 μg/kg body mass (bm)/day, as established by the World Health Organization (WHO), and is thus not safe. Muscle of fish fed M. aeruginosa is of low nutritional value and exhibits poor palatability/taste. Microcystis also causes hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity to mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, mammals and birds. Microbial pathogens can also occur in blooms of Microcystis. Thus, cyanotoxins/xenobiotics/pathogens in Microcystis biomass should be removed/degraded/inactivated sufficiently to assure safety for use of the biomass as a primary/main/supplemental ingredient in animal feed. As an ameliorative measure, antidotes/detoxicants can be used to avoid/reduce the toxic effects. Before using Microcystis in feed ingredients/supplements, further screening for health protection and cost control is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Biljana Mijovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shang-Chun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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12
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Sehnal L, Brammer-Robbins E, Wormington AM, Blaha L, Bisesi J, Larkin I, Martyniuk CJ, Simonin M, Adamovsky O. Microbiome Composition and Function in Aquatic Vertebrates: Small Organisms Making Big Impacts on Aquatic Animal Health. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:567408. [PMID: 33776947 PMCID: PMC7995652 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.567408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are under increasing stress from global anthropogenic and natural changes, including climate change, eutrophication, ocean acidification, and pollution. In this critical review, we synthesize research on the microbiota of aquatic vertebrates and discuss the impact of emerging stressors on aquatic microbial communities using two case studies, that of toxic cyanobacteria and microplastics. Most studies to date are focused on host-associated microbiomes of individual organisms, however, few studies take an integrative approach to examine aquatic vertebrate microbiomes by considering both host-associated and free-living microbiota within an ecosystem. We highlight what is known about microbiota in aquatic ecosystems, with a focus on the interface between water, fish, and marine mammals. Though microbiomes in water vary with geography, temperature, depth, and other factors, core microbial functions such as primary production, nitrogen cycling, and nutrient metabolism are often conserved across aquatic environments. We outline knowledge on the composition and function of tissue-specific microbiomes in fish and marine mammals and discuss the environmental factors influencing their structure. The microbiota of aquatic mammals and fish are highly unique to species and a delicate balance between respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal microbiota exists within the host. In aquatic vertebrates, water conditions and ecological niche are driving factors behind microbial composition and function. We also generate a comprehensive catalog of marine mammal and fish microbial genera, revealing commonalities in composition and function among aquatic species, and discuss the potential use of microbiomes as indicators of health and ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. We also discuss the importance of a focus on the functional relevance of microbial communities in relation to organism physiology and their ability to overcome stressors related to global change. Understanding the dynamic relationship between aquatic microbiota and the animals they colonize is critical for monitoring water quality and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludek Sehnal
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Elizabeth Brammer-Robbins
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis M Wormington
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Joe Bisesi
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Iske Larkin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marie Simonin
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
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13
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Wang Y, Xiao X, Wang F, Yang Z, Yue J, Shi J, Ke F, Xie Z, Fan Y. An identified PfHMGB1 promotes microcystin-LR-induced liver injury of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111266. [PMID: 32919194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin that can cause liver inflammation and injury. However, the mode of action of related inflammatory factors is not fully understood. PfHMGB1 is an inflammatory factor induced at the mRNA level in the liver of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) that were intraperitoneally injected with 50 μg/kg MC-LR. The PfHMGB1 mRNA level was highest in the liver and muscle among 11 tissues examined. The full-length cDNA sequence of PfHMGB1 was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli, and the purified protein rPfHMGB1 demonstrated DNA binding affinity. Endotoxin-free rPfHMGB1 (6-150 μg/mL) also showed dose-dependent hepatotoxicity and induced inflammatory gene expression of primary hepatocytes. PfHMGB1 antibody (anti-PfHMGB1) in vitro reduced MC-LR (30 and 50 μmol/L)-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting PfHMGB1 is important in the toxic effects of MC-LR. In vivo study showed that MC-LR upregulated PfHMGB1 protein in the liver. The anti-PfHMGB1 blocked its counterpart and reduced ALT/AST activities after MC-LR exposure. Anti-PfHMGB1 partly neutralized MC-LR-induced hepatocyte disorganization, nucleus shrinkage, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticula destruction. These findings suggest that PfHMGB1 promotes MC-LR-induced liver damage in the yellow catfish. HMGB1 may help protect catfish against widespread microcystin pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430056, China; Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Xiao
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Feijie Wang
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Zupeng Yang
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Jingkai Yue
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhaohui Xie
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
| | - Yanru Fan
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China
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14
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Kust A, Řeháková K, Vrba J, Maicher V, Mareš J, Hrouzek P, Chiriac MC, Benedová Z, Tesařová B, Saurav K. Insight into Unprecedented Diversity of Cyanopeptides in Eutrophic Ponds Using an MS/MS Networking Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E561. [PMID: 32878042 PMCID: PMC7551678 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Man-made shallow fishponds in the Czech Republic have been facing high eutrophication since the 1950s. Anthropogenic eutrophication and feeding of fish have strongly affected the physicochemical properties of water and its aquatic community composition, leading to harmful algal bloom formation. In our current study, we characterized the phytoplankton community across three eutrophic ponds to assess the phytoplankton dynamics during the vegetation season. We microscopically identified and quantified 29 cyanobacterial taxa comprising non-toxigenic and toxigenic species. Further, a detailed cyanopeptides (CNPs) profiling was performed using molecular networking analysis of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data coupled with a dereplication strategy. This MS networking approach, coupled with dereplication, on the online global natural product social networking (GNPS) web platform led us to putatively identify forty CNPs: fourteen anabaenopeptins, ten microcystins, five cyanopeptolins, six microginins, two cyanobactins, a dipeptide radiosumin, a cyclooctapeptide planktocyclin, and epidolastatin 12. We applied the binary logistic regression to estimate the CNPs producers by correlating the GNPS data with the species abundance. The usage of the GNPS web platform proved a valuable approach for the rapid and simultaneous detection of a large number of peptides and rapid risk assessments for harmful blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kust
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (K.Ř.); (J.V.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Klára Řeháková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (K.Ř.); (J.V.); (M.-C.C.)
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vrba
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (K.Ř.); (J.V.); (M.-C.C.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Maicher
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Jan Mareš
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (K.Ř.); (J.V.); (M.-C.C.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maria-Cecilia Chiriac
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (K.Ř.); (J.V.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Zdeňka Benedová
- ENKI, o.p.s. Třeboň, Dukelská 145, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (Z.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Blanka Tesařová
- ENKI, o.p.s. Třeboň, Dukelská 145, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (Z.B.); (B.T.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Applied Ecology Laboratory, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (J.M.); (P.H.)
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15
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Brózman O, Kubickova B, Babica P, Laboha P. Microcystin-LR Does Not Alter Cell Survival and Intracellular Signaling in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E165. [PMID: 32156079 PMCID: PMC7150819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in ecological and environmental factors lead to an increased occurrence of cyanobacterial water blooms, while secondary metabolites-producing cyanobacteria pose a threat to both environmental and human health. Apart from oral and dermal exposure, humans may be exposed via inhalation and/or swallowing of contaminated water and aerosols. Although many studies deal with liver toxicity, less information about the effects in the respiratory system is available. We investigated the effects of a prevalent cyanotoxin, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), using respiratory system-relevant human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. The expression of specific organic-anion-transporting polypeptides was evaluated, and the western blot analysis revealed the formation and accumulation of MC-LR protein adducts in exposed cells. However, MC-LR up to 20 μM neither caused significant cytotoxic effects according to multiple viability endpoints after 48-h exposure, nor reduced impedance (cell layer integrity) over 96 h. Time-dependent increase of putative MC-LR adducts with protein phosphatases was not associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38 during 48-h exposure in HBE cells. Future studies addressing human health risks associated with inhalation of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins should focus on complex environmental samples of cyanobacterial blooms and alterations of additional non-cytotoxic endpoints while adopting more advanced in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Brózman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Barbara Kubickova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Laboha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; (O.B.); (B.K.); (P.B.)
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16
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Lin W, Guo H, Wang L, Zhang D, Wu X, Li L, Qiu Y, Yang L, Li D, Tang R. Waterborne microcystin-LR exposure induced chronic inflammatory response via MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway in male zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134969. [PMID: 31710851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne microcystin-LR (MC-LR) released by cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water bodies have caused serious risk to aquatic animal and human health. In the present study, we for the first time conducted a comprehensive in vivo investigation on chronic inflammatory responses and its molecular pathways of different environmental relevant levels of MC-LR (0, 0.4, 2 and 10 μg/L) in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed that chronic MC-LR exposure caused splenic inflammatory changes including the formation of melano-macrophage centers, remarkable elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) levels as well as significant upregulated expression of MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor (TLR/MyD88) signaling pathway genes (tlr4a, myd88, erk2, p38a, il1β and tnfα). The immunohistochemical and western blot results further validated that higher MC-LR concentrations tended to enhance the MyD88 signal. Moreover, significant decreases of serum C3 levels along with splenic c3b expression in the 10 μg/L exposure group proved that chronic MC-LR exposure could ultimately decrease the innate immunity of fish. Our findings revealed that chronic exposure of MC-LR could cause chronic inflammation through TLR/MyD88 signaling pathway and subsequently induce immune disorders in male zebrafish, which also urge us to pay more attention on the potential immunotoxicity of long-term exposure to low concentration of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Honghui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lingkai Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xueyang Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Yuming Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rong Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China
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17
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Maeng M, Shahi NK, Shin G, Son H, Kwak D, Dockko S. Formation characteristics of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products depending on residual organic compounds by CGS and DAF. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34008-34017. [PMID: 30209770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Allogenic organic matter (AOM) composed of extracellular and intracellular organic matter (EOM and IOM) is a major precursor of halogenated carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs and N-DBPs) upon chlorination. The EOM and IOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa were analyzed based on bulk parameters and organic fractions with different molecular weight by liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). It investigated the efficiency of a conventional gravity system (CGS) and dissolved air flotation (DAF) in the removal of organic precursors, together with measurement of the formation of four major trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) in treated water upon chlorination. The results showed that EOM accounted for 59% of building blocks and humic substances, whereas for IOM, 54% were low molecular weight (LMW) neutrals. Both CGS and DAF showed 57-59% removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from EOM and IOM. Regarding DON removal, DAF was found to be more effective, i.e., 8% higher than CGS for EOM. Moreover, the removal of LMW acids and neutrals (not easy to remove and are major precursors of DBPs) from EOM and IOM by DAF was higher than from CGS. The amounts of DBPs measured in all the samples treated for interchlorination were much lower than in the samples for prechlorination. Although the precursors of EOM had a higher concentration than in IOM, THMs and HANs were detected for IOM at a higher concentration, which might be attributed to higher amounts of aromatic, aliphatic moisture and protein compounds in the IOM. Comparatively, DAF showed lower THM and HAN values than CGS water, particularly for IOM. Also, DAF showed a sharp decrease in THMs and an insignificant increase in HANs according to time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 448-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nirmal Kumar Shahi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 448-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwyam Shin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Ajou University, 206 world-cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Water Quality Institute, Water Authority, Busan, 614-854, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongheui Kwak
- Jeongeup Industry-Academic Cooperation Support Center, Chonbuk National University, 9 Cheomdan Rd, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Dockko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 448-701, Republic of Korea.
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Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mohseni M. Microcystin-LR removal by ion exchange: Investigating multicomponent interactions in natural waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:790-799. [PMID: 31344540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is the most commonly encountered toxic microcystin variant. MCLR is usually present along with common surface water constituents such as inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM) which compete with MCLR for active sites during ion exchange (IX) process. Consequently, development of a multicomponent competitive model is essential for practical IX applications. This is critically important given that the NOM characteristics (charge density and molecular weight distribution) and inorganic ions concentrations are spatially variable and can change seasonally. In the present study, a systematic study was carried out into the multicomponent interactions of IX resin with inorganic ions and NOM during the MCLR removal process. This involved evaluation of MCLR removal in a single component system (i.e., MCLR only), a dual component system (MCLR and one other contaminant such as NOM), and a multiple component system (MCLR with NOM and different inorganic ions present in natural waters). A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic adsorption behavior showed that the experimental data for single component systems agree well with a Freundlich isotherm. For multicomponent interactions, the Equivalent Background Concentration (EBC) model which is derived from the Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) provided the best correlation with the experimental data in natural waters. The concentrations of competing NOM and inorganic ions estimated by the EBC model were <10% of their initial concentrations. Sulphates are the most competitive inorganic ions followed by nitrates and bicarbonates and the multicomponent interactions could be well predicted by using the IAST-EBC model. However, the EBC model failed in the presence of higher molecular weight Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) molecules due to neglecting of the pore blocking phenomenon. In the presence of higher molecular weight SRHA molecules, the Redlich-Peterson Isotherm (RP) model exhibited a better performance than the Sheindorf-Rebuhn-Sheintuch (SRS) and the EBC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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19
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Moosova Z, Pekarova M, Sindlerova LS, Vasicek O, Kubala L, Blaha L, Adamovsky O. Immunomodulatory effects of cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin on innate immune cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:439-446. [PMID: 30951938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a cyanobacterial toxin, is an important water pollutant with broad biological activity. It has been known mainly from tropical areas, but the area of occurrence of its producers is spreading to temperate climates. It can be found in high concentrations in the environment as well as in purified drinking waters. The aim of the study is to bring a basic information on the ability of CYN to interfere with mammalian innate immunity cells and thus increase the understanding of the immunomodulatory potency of CYN. This study investigated whether immune cells can be a target of CYN either alone or in combination with a model immunomodulatory agent, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined the effects on cellular viability and inflammation signaling of CYN on murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Macrophages were treated either with pure toxin (1 μM) or together with a known stimulator of immunologically active cells, bacterial or cyanobacterial LPS. CYN has had a significant effect on production on pro-inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) which correlates with its effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We found that CYN potentiated the effect of bacterial and cyanobacterial LPS that was documented by activation of inflammatory signaling pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 as well as consequent expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6). Our study brings one of the first information that contributes to the elucidation of immunomodulatory role of CYN in macrophages under normal and pro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Moosova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Pekarova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Svihalkova Sindlerova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Vasicek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Kubala
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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20
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Moosová Z, Šindlerová L, Ambrůzová B, Ambrožová G, Vašíček O, Velki M, Babica P, Kubala L. Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis Cyanobacteria-Dominated Water Bloom and from Laboratory Cultures Trigger Human Immune Innate Response. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040218. [PMID: 30978967 PMCID: PMC6520794 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive toxic blooms of cyanobacteria represent a major threat to water supplies worldwide. Here, the biological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, the most prominent cyanobacteria in water bloom, were studied. LPS was isolated from complex environmental water bloom samples dominated by M. aeruginosa, and from laboratory cultures of non-axenic as well as axenic M. aeruginosa strains PCC7806 and HAMBI/UHCC130. Employing human blood-based in vitro tests, the LPS isolated from complex water bloom revealed the priming of both major blood phagocyte population monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes documented by the increased surface expression of CD11b and CD66b. This was accompanied by a water bloom LPS-mediated dose-dependent induction of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 production. In accordance with its priming effects, water bloom LPS induced significant activation of p38 and ERK1/2 kinases, as well as NF-κB phosphorylation, in isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory potential of LPS from the axenic strain of M. aeruginosa was not lower compared to that of LPS isolated from non-axenic strains. In contrast to the biological activity, water bloom LPS revealed almost twice higher pyrogenicity levels compared to Escherichia coli LPS, as analyzed by the PyroGene test. Moreover, LPS from the non-axenic culture exhibited higher endotoxin activity in comparison to LPS from axenic strains. Taking the above findings together, M. aeruginosa LPS can contribute to the health risks associated with contamination by complex water bloom mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Moosová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Ambrůzová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Ambrožová
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Biophysics of Immune System, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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21
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Adegoke EO, Adeniran SO, Zeng Y, Wang X, Wang H, Wang C, Zhang H, Zheng P, Zhang G. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB with TLR4-IN-C34 attenuated microcystin-leucine arginine toxicity in bovine Sertoli cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:832-843. [PMID: 30671980 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the pharmacological inhibition of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes as a measure to attenuate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) reproductive toxicity. Bovine Sertoli cells were pretreated with TLR4-IN-C34 (C34) for 1 hour. Thereafter the pretreated and non-pretreated Sertoli cells were cultured in medium containing 10% heat-activated fetal bovine serum + 80 μg/L MC-LR for 24 hours to assess the ability of TLR4-IN-C34 to attenuate the toxic effects of MC-LR. The results showed that TLR4-IN-C34 inhibited MC-LR-induced mitochondria membrane damage, mitophagy and downregulation of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins via TLR4/nuclear factor-kappaB and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway blockage. The downregulation of the mitochondria electron transport chain, energy production and DNA replication related genes (mt-ND2, COX-1, COX-2, ACAT, mtTFA) and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and transforming growth factor β1) were modulated by TLR4-IN-C34. Taken together, we conclude that TLR4-IN-C34 inhibits MC-LR-related disruption of mitochondria membrane, mitophagy and downregulation of blood-testis barrier proteins of the bovine Sertoli cell via cytochrome c release and TLR4 signaling blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Samson Olugbenga Adeniran
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixue Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang J, Chen Y, Chen Z, Xiang Z, Ding J, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis in mice hypothalamus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:391-399. [PMID: 30064084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) causes serum testosterone declines and male reproductive disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological changes are still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of MC-LR on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus. Our results demonstrated that MC-LR could enter GnRH neurons and inhibit GnRH synthesis, resulting in the decrease of serum GnRH and testosterone levels. The inhibitory effects of MC-LR on GnRH synthesis were identified to be associated with activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/c-Fos signaling pathway. With miRNA microarray analyses, we found that miR-329-3p was down-regulated most dramatically in MC-LR-treated GT1-7 cells. We then further identified that miR-329-3p regulated PRKAR1A and PRKACB expression and thus influenced GnRH synthesis. This is the first study to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of MC-LR on GnRH synthesis in the hypothalamus. Our data have provided a new perspective in the development of diagnosis and treatment strategies for male infertility as a result of dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhangpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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23
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Pan C, Chen Y, Xu T, Wang J, Li D, Han X. Chronic exposure to microcystin-leucine-arginine promoted proliferation of prostate epithelial cells resulting in benign prostatic hyperplasia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1535-1545. [PMID: 30145517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR), as a most common and deleterious variant among all structural analogues of Microcystins (MCs), can cause male reproductive dysfunction. However, its toxic effects on prostate in adult mice have not been invested in detail. In this study, we observed that MC-LR could enter prostate tissues and induce focal hyperplasia and prostate inflammation. Moreover, increased levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) in serum of mice following chronic exposure to MC-LR were detected. We also examined increased expression of forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) and PSA in human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1) treated with MC-LR at low levels, and FOXM1 could regulate PSA expression. Furthermore, MC-LR also induced expression of CyclinD1 via FOXM1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in RWPE-1 cells, promoting proliferation of prostate epithelial cells, resulting in prostatic hyperplasia in vivo. As a foreign substance, MC-LR also induced immune reaction in RWPE-1 cells mediated by NF-κB pathway, promoting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that MC-LR may induce prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis in mice following chronic low-dose exposure to MC-LR. This work may provide new perspectives in developing new diagnosis and treatment strategies for MC-LR-induced prostatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tianchi Xu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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24
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Jin Y, Xu H, Ma C, Sun J, Li H, Zhang S, Pei H. Using photocatalyst powder to enhance the coagulation and sedimentation of cyanobacterial cells and enable the sludge to be self-purified under visible light. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:550-560. [PMID: 30007258 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Removing harmful cyanobacteria intact by coagulation can prevent cell lysis and toxin release, which provides many benefits for drinking water production, including reduction of the burden on subsequent processes and guaranteeing the water quality. But the electronegativity and buoyancy of cyanobacterial cells make them settle slowly and their accumulation and concentration in flocs would still have severe adverse effects. In this study, we introduced a photocatalyst powder to act as a ballasting agent in the coagulation process and to degrade the cells and cyanotoxins during sludge storage. Results showed that adding N-TiO2 would decrease the coagulant dose to half of the conventional value, and also allow Microcystis aeruginosa cells to completely settle within 10 min. During sludge storage, the algal cells, cyanotoxins and other organics in sludge would be degraded to safe levels after 32 h' visible-light irradiation. Meanwhile, the N-TiO2, water and some of the coagulant in purified sludge will be directly and safely reused. Thus, this is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology which incorporates photocatalyst in algal flocs to enhance coagulation and sedimentation and to enable the sludge produced to be self-purified under visible-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiongming Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
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25
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Basu A, Dydowiczová A, Čtveráčková L, Jaša L, Trosko JE, Bláha L, Babica P. Assessment of Hepatotoxic Potential of Cyanobacterial Toxins Using 3D In Vitro Model of Adult Human Liver Stem Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10078-10088. [PMID: 30059226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) represent hazardous waterborne contaminants and potent human hepatotoxins. However, in vitro monolayer cultures of hepatic cell lines were found to recapitulate, poorly, major hepatocyte-specific functions and inadequately predict hepatotoxic effects of MC-LR and CYN. We utilized 3-dimensional (3D), scaffold-free spheroid cultures of human telomerase-immortalized adult liver stem cells HL1-hT1 to evaluate hepatotoxic potential of MC-LR and CYN. In monolayer cultures of HL1-hT1 cells, MC-LR did not induce cytotoxic effects (EC50 > 10 micromol/L), while CYN inhibited cell growth and viability (48h-96h EC50 ≈ 5.5-0.6 micromol/L). Growth and viability of small growing spheroids were inhibited by both cyanotoxins (≥0.1 micromol/L) and were associated with blebbing and disintegration at the spheroid surface. Hepatospheroid damage and viability reduction were observed also in large mature spheroids, with viability 96h-EC50 values being 0.04 micromol/L for MC-LR and 0.1 micromol/L for CYN, and No Observed Effect Concentrations <0.01 micromol/L. Spheroid cultures of adult human liver stem cells HL1-hT1 exhibit sensitivity comparable to cultures of primary hepatocytes and provide a simple, practical, and cost-effective tool, which can be effectively used in environmental and toxicological research, including assessment of hepatotoxic potential and effect-based monitoring of various samples contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Čtveráčková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Jaša
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development & Institute for Integrative Toxicology , Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane , East Lansing , 48824 Michigan , United States
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
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26
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Jin Y, Hao D, Chen S, Xu H, Hu W, Ma C, Sun J, Li H, Pei H. Primary investigation of the antialgal activity of shrimp shell on Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20662-20669. [PMID: 29752672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the application potential of an eco-friendly waste-shrimp shell in Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) control-for the first time. Four treatments with different doses (0.75, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g/L) were built to investigate the effects of shrimp shell on the growth, cell viability, physiological changes, and microcystins (MCs) release of M. aeruginosa cells. The water quality after shrimp shell treatment was also detected. Results showed that the growth of M. aeruginosa was effectively inhibited by shrimp shell, and the inhibition rates were dose-dependent within 7 days. Though shrimp shells at high doses could inhibit the cell growth greatly, the MC release was accelerated as they led to the cells lysis. While with the low shrimp shell dose (0.75 g/L), both satisfied inhibition effect and low MC release could be achieved simultaneously. For the water quality, we found that the turbidity and TN was not affected obviously with low dosage of shrimp shell, but it resulted in the increasing of CODMn and TP contents. In summary, the shrimp shell can be used as an effective algicide to control algal blooms but its adverse effect on CODMn and TP of water should be further solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Daping Hao
- Huaian Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Survey Office in Jiangsu Province, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Jinan Water Group Co, Ltd, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrong Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiongming Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
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Tang Y, Chai Y, Liu X, Li L, Yang L, Liu P, Zhou Y, Ju H, Cheng Y. A photoelectrochemical aptasensor constructed with core-shell CuS-TiO 2 heterostructure for detection of microcystin-LR. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:224-231. [PMID: 29906770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a CuS-TiO2 heterojunction composite was prepared by dispersedly depositing CuS nanoparticles on TiO2 nanospheres surface with a hydrothermal method, and was then used to construct a photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for sensitive detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in aquatic environment. The energy bands of CuS nanoparticles and spherical anatase TiO2 were well matched, which enhanced the photo-to-current conversion efficiency. The composite exhibited the enhanced visible light absorption, the improved separation of photo-generated charges, and the reduced self-aggregation of CuS nanoparticles, leading to the enhanced photocurrent response. The PEC aptasensor was constructed by immobilizing CuS-TiO2 composite on ITO electrode with chitosan film that further covalently bound aminated aptamer. After the target, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as an analyte model, was captured by the aptamer on the aptasensor, it could be oxidized by the photo-generated hole to impede the electron-hole recombination and further amplify the photocurrent. The PEC aptasensor showed superior analytical performance for MC-LR with a linear range of 5.0 × 10-5 nM to 250 nM and a detection limit of 2.0 × 10-5 nM. The detection results with the aptasensor for practical water samples indicated its promising application in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Tang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
| | - Yun Chai
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China.
| | - Lele Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
| | - Yanmei Zhou
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of environmental pollution control materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yunzhi Cheng
- Journal of Henan University (Medical Science), Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, PR China
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28
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Chen Y, Wang J, Chen X, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine mediates apoptosis and engulfment of Leydig cell by testicular macrophages resulting in reduced serum testosterone levels. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:116-126. [PMID: 29621671 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) causes decline of serum testosterone levels resulting in impaired spermatogenesis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of MC-LR exposure on the number of Leydig cells (LCs) in testis. Following chronic low dose exposure to MC-LR, the number of LCs was markedly decreased while macrophages were significantly increased. Then, we established a co-culture system to study the interaction between macrophages and LCs in the presence of MC-LR. No significant apoptosis of LCs cultured alone was observed after MC-LR (< 5 000 nM) treatment; however, apoptosis was robustly increased when LCs were co-cultured with macrophages in the presence of MC-LR. Further studies identified that MC-LR could stimulate macrophage to produce TNF-α, and secreted TNF-α induced LC apoptosis by binding to the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) on the LCs and thus activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-p38MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also examined increased expression of Axl receptor and growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) in macrophages after MC-LR treatment. GAS6 mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic LCs by binding to the Axl receptor on macrophages and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on apoptotic LCs. Together, these results suggested that reduced serum testosterone levels may be associated with decrease of LCs as a result of LC apoptosis and phagocytosis by immune cells in MC-LR-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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29
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Moosova Z, Hrouzek P, Kapuscik A, Blaha L, Adamovsky O. Immunomodulatory effects of selected cyanobacterial peptides in vitro. Toxicon 2018; 149:20-25. [PMID: 29715468 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce many biologically active metabolites synthesized via nonribosomal synthetic pathways such as cyclic microcystins (MCs) and linear aeruginosins (Aers). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different MC variants and the newly isolated aerugenosin Aer-865 on macrophages, which represent one of the key effector cells within the innate immune responses. Specifically, our study included RAW 264.7 macrophage activation associated with production of cytotoxic and cytostatic nitric oxide (NO) as well as pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). From the compounds investigated, commonly occurring MC variants (-RR, -YR) and Aer-865 had no significant effects within the non-cytotoxic concentrations tested, i.e. 0.001-1 μM for MCs and 0.1-50 μM for Aer-865. In contrast to known immunoactive MC-LR, the negligible immunomodulatory potential of tested MC congeners could be related to their differences in structure. The knowledge of MC structure-specific activities contributes to the understanding of complex toxicity of different MC variants and most importantly their mixtures. This study is one of the first study that evaluate the effect of larger set of cyanobacterial peptides on macrophages and compare their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Moosova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Phototrophic Microorganisms-ALGATECH, Opatovicky mlyn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandra Kapuscik
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Phototrophic Microorganisms-ALGATECH, Opatovicky mlyn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Blaha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Chen Y, Wang J, Pan C, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine-arginine causes blood-testis barrier disruption and degradation of occludin mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-8. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1117-1132. [PMID: 29071384 PMCID: PMC11105681 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) can cause male reproductive disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of MC-LR on the integrity of blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the related molecular mechanisms. Both transepithelial electrical resistance measurement in vitro and electron microscope observation ex vivo revealed that MC-LR caused disruption of the tight junction between Sertoli cells, which was paralleled by the degradation of occludin. We observed increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) upon exposure to MC-LR, and confirmed that abrogation of MMP-8 activity by specific inhibitors as well as transfection with MMP-8 shRNA could abolish the degradation of occludin. Our data demonstrated that MC-LR up-regulated nuclear levels of c-Fos and c-Jun through activating ERK and JNK, and increased NF-κB levels by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascades. Enhanced binding of c-Fos and NF-κB to the promoter of MMP-8 promoted the transcription of MMP-8 gene. Furthermore, miR-184-3p was significantly downregulated in SC following exposure to MC-LR through targeting MMP-8 expression. Together, these results confirmed that MC-LR-induced MMP-8 expression was regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which was involved in MC-LR-induced degradation of occludin and BTB destruction. This work may provide new perspectives in developing new diagnosis and treatment strategies for MC-induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Ma J, Li Y, Duan H, Sivakumar R, Li X. Chronic exposure of nanomolar MC-LR caused oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in HepG2 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:305-317. [PMID: 29117589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low dose but long-term exposure of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) could induce human hepatitis and promote liver cancer according to epidemiological investigation results, but the exact mechanism has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, a chronic toxicity test of MC-LR exposure on HepG2 cells at 0.1-30 nM for 83 d was conducted under laboratory conditions. The western blot assay result revealed that MC-LR entered HepG2 cells, even at the concentration of 0.1 nM, after 83 d of exposure, but no cytotoxicity was observed in the HepG2 cells, as determined by the CCK-8 and LDH tests. However, the results of the DCF fluorescence assay showed that the intracellular ROS level in the 30 nM MC-LR-treated cells was significantly higher than that of the control cells, and 5 and 10 nM of MC-LR exposure totally increased the activity of SOD in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that MC-LR exposure at low concentration also induced excessive ROS in HepG2 cells. Additionally, long-term exposure of MC-LR at low concentration remarkably promoted the expression of NF-κB p65, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the cells, suggesting that long-term MC-LR exposure at low concentration can induce inflammatory reaction to HepG2 cells, which might account for MC-induced human hepatitis. Thus, we hypothesized that the pathogenesis of human hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma caused by MCs might be closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hongying Duan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Gan C, Wang B, Huang J, Qileng A, He Z, Lei H, Liu W, Liu Y. Multiple amplified enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor based on G-quadruplex/hemin functionalized mesoporous silica with redox-active intercalators for microcystin-LR detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Xiang Z, Li D, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine exhibits immunomodulatory roles in testicular cells resulting in orchitis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:964-975. [PMID: 28765008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) causes testicular inflammation and hinders spermatogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune responses to MC-LR in the testis have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we show that MC-LR induced immune responses in Sertoli cells (SC), germ cells (GC), and Leydig cells (LC) via activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10). The observed effects were attributed to reduced activity of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) as a result of binding of MC-LR to the catalytic subunit of PP2A in SC and GC. By contrast, innate immune responses were triggered by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in LC because MC-LR could not enter into the LC and subsequently inhibit the PP2A activity. PI3K/AKT/NF-κB were also activated in SC, GC, and LC in vivo, with the enrichment of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and CXCL10 in the testis. Following chronic exposure, MC-LR-treated mice exhibited decreased sperm counts and abnormal sperm morphology. Our data demonstrate that MC-LR can activate innate immune responses in testicular cells, which provides novel insights to explore the mechanism associated with MC-LR-induced orchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Microcystin-leucine-arginine Modulates the Expression Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and an Apoptotic Gene in Chicken Liver. J Poult Sci 2017; 55:70-77. [PMID: 32055159 PMCID: PMC6756373 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0170054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are included in drinking water and a family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins that have been implicated in the impairment of liver function in various animals. There is scarce information on the effect of MCs on cytokines and apoptotic gene expression and on whether MCs can induce inflammation and apoptosis in avian hepatic tissue. This study investigated the expression of genes related to proinflammatory interleukins, apoptosis, and antioxidant function in chicken liver tissues cultured in the presence of different doses of microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR). Livers were collected from five hens and liver slices were placed in sterile tubes containing Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL of MC-LR. After 6 h of cultivation, total RNA was extracted and quantitative PCR analysis was performed for interleukin genes (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), TNF sf15, an apoptotic gene (caspase-3), and genes involved in antioxidant function ([catalase [CAT ], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-PX ], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Liver tissues in each group were fixed for histopathology. MC-LR downregulated the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF sf15 as compared to the control (0 ng/mL) in dose-dependent patterns; however, the differences were not significant. The expression of IL-6 in liver tissues exposed to 100 ng/mL of MC-LR was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in tissues exposed to 1 ng/mL. In contrast, MC-LR upregulated the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and genes involved in antioxidant function in the liver tissues after 6 h, without the difference reaching statistical significance. Hepatocytes showed vacuolar degeneration and focal necrosis according to the dose of MC-LR. This study highlighted the risk of low doses of MC-LR in chicken liver. Moreover, MC-LR could modulate the transcriptional patterns of at least IL-6 in liver-tissue culture of chicken after 6 h of exposure.
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McLellan NL, Manderville RA. Toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammals. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:391-405. [PMID: 30090507 PMCID: PMC6060792 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins, such as microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), are some of the most toxic and prevalent cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater and saltwater algal blooms worldwide. Acute and chronic exposures to microcystins are primarily known to cause hepatotoxicity; cellular damage and genotoxicity within mammalian livers. However, in vivo studies indicate that similar damage may occur in other mammalian organs and tissues, such as the kidney, heart, reproductive systems, and lungs - particularly following chronic low-dose exposures. Mechanisms of toxicity of mycrocystins are reviewed herein; including cellular uptake, interaction with protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, cytoskeletal effects, formation of oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. In general, the mode of action of toxicity by MCs in mammalian organs are similar to those that have been observed in liver tissues. A comprehensive understanding of the toxic mechanisms of microcystins in mammalian tissues and organs will assist in the development of risk assessment approaches to public health protection strategies and the development of robust drinking water policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L McLellan
- School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-519-824-4120, x53963
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36
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Liu M, Ding X, Yang Q, Wang Y, Zhao G, Yang N. A pM leveled photoelectrochemical sensor for microcystin-LR based on surface molecularly imprinted TiO 2@CNTs nanostructure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 331:309-320. [PMID: 28273581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor towards Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a kind of typical cyanobacterial toxin in water samples, was developed on a surface molecular imprinted TiO2 coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MI-TiO2@CNTs) hybrid nanostructure. It was synthesized using a feasible two-step sol-gel method combining with in situ surface molecular imprinting technique (MIT). With a controllable core-shell tube casing structure, the resultant MI-TiO2@CNTs are enhanced greatly in visible-light driven response capacity. In comparison with the traditional TiO2 (P25) and non-imprinted (NI-)TiO2@CNTs, the MI-TiO2@CNTs based PEC sensor showed a much higher photoelectric oxidation capacity towards MC-LR. Using this sensor, the determination of MC-LR was doable in a wide linear range from 1.0pM to 3.0nM with a high photocurrent response sensitivity. An outstanding selectivity towards MC-LR was further achieved with this sensor, proven by simultaneously monitoring 100-fold potential co-existing interferences. The superiority of the obtained MC-LR sensor in sensitivity and selectivity is mainly attributed to the high specific surface area and excellent photoelectric activity of TiO2@CNTs heterojunction structure, as well as the abundant active recognition sites on its functionalized molecular imprinting surface. A promising PEC analysis platform with high sensitivity and selectivity for MC-LR has thus been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichuan Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xue Ding
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz Str. 9-11, Siegen 57076, Germany.
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37
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Ma J, Li X. High-throughput sequencing provides an insight into the hepatotoxicity mechanism of MC-LR in HepG2 cells. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1318403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Jin Y, Pei H, Hu W, Zhu Y, Xu H, Ma C, Sun J, Li H. A promising application of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt to removal of Microcystis aeruginosa cells from drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:496-504. [PMID: 28126284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed toward studying the new application of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HTCC), a water-soluble chitosan derivative, on removal of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) cells during HTCC coagulation and floc storage. Results showed that all cells were removed without damage under optimum coagulation conditions: HTCC dosage 1.5mg/L, rapid mixing for 0.5min at 5.04g and slow mixing for 30min at 0.20g. The high removal efficiency was due to the large size and compact structure of flocs formed by HTCC, which readily settled. During floc storage, HTCC could induce production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which would accelerate M. aeruginosa cell lysis. But the flocs, into which the cells aggregated, could protect cells from cellular oxidative damage caused by ROS, thus keeping the cells intact for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Wenrong Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yaowen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jiongming Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Li Q, Lian L, Wang X, Wang R, Tian Y, Guo X, Lou D. Analysis of microcystins using high-performance liquid chromatography and magnetic solid-phase extraction with silica-coated magnetite with cetylpyridinium chloride. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1644-1650. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
| | - Lili Lian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
| | - Xiyue Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
| | - Runnan Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
| | - Dawei Lou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin P.R. China
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Buratti FM, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Stefanelli M, Scardala S, Testai E, Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1049-1130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Woźny M, Lewczuk B, Ziółkowska N, Gomułka P, Dobosz S, Łakomiak A, Florczyk M, Brzuzan P. Intraperitoneal exposure of whitefish to microcystin-LR induces rapid liver injury followed by regeneration and resilience to subsequent exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:68-87. [PMID: 27765657 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To date, there has been no systematic approach comprehensively describing the sequence of pathological changes in fish during prolonged exposure to microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Towards this aim, juvenile whitefish individuals received an intraperitoneal injection with pure MC-LR, and the injection was repeated every week to maintain continuous exposure for 28days. During the exposure period, growth and condition of the fish were assessed based on biometric measurements. Additionally, selected biochemical markers were analysed in the fishes' blood, and their livers were carefully examined for morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular changes. The higher dose of MC-LR (100μg·kg-1) caused severe liver injury at the beginning of the exposure period, whereas the lower dose (10μg·kg-1) caused less, probably reversible injury, and its effects began to be observed later in the exposure period. These marked changes were accompanied by substantial MC-LR uptake by the liver. However, starting on the 7th day of exposure, cell debris began to be removed by phagocytes, then by 14th day, proliferation of liver cells had markedly increased, which led to reconstruction of the liver parenchyma at the end of the treatment. Surprisingly, despite weekly-repeated intraperitoneal injections, MC-LR did not accumulate over time of exposure which suggests its limited uptake in the later phase of exposure. In support, mRNA expression of the membrane transport protein oatp1d was decreased at the same time as the regenerative processes were observed. Our study shows that closing of active membrane transport may serve as one defence mechanism against further MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Woźny
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Bogdan Lewczuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. M. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-713 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Ziółkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. M. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-713 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Gomułka
- Department of Ichthyology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. M. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Stefan Dobosz
- Department of the Salmonid Research in Rutki, Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Rutki, 83-330 Żukowo, Poland
| | - Alicja Łakomiak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Florczyk
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709 Olsztyn, Poland
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Illumina Sequencing Reveals Aberrant Expression of MicroRNAs and Their Variants in Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) Liver after Exposure to Microcystin-LR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158899. [PMID: 27391076 PMCID: PMC4938405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular analyses show that challenging fish with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) causes perturbations of microRNA (miRNA) signaling. However, the significance and scope of these alterations is currently unknown. To address this issue, we studied miRNA gene expression in the liver of juvenile whitefish, C. lavaretus, during 28 days of exposure to a subacute dose of MC-LR (100 μg·kg-1 body mass). Using genomic resources of Atlantic salmon (AGKD03), the mature miRNA library of Atlantic salmon (miRBase-21) and bioinformatics tools (sRNAbench), we discovered and annotated a total of 377 distinct mature miRNAs belonging to 93 families of evolutionary conserved miRNAs, as well as 24 novel mature miRNA candidates that were mapped to 14 distinct S. salar miRNA precursors. miRNA-Seq transcriptome profiling of liver tissues revealed differential miRNA expression in control and treated fish at 14 days (73 miRNAs were modulated) and at 28 days (83 miRNAs) of the treatment, subsequently validated by qPCR for nine selected differentially expressed miRNAs. Additional qPCR study confirmed the miRNA-Seq data and revealed consistent, aberrant miRNAs expression profile in the later phase of MC-LR hepatotoxicity (7–28 d). Functional annotation analysis revealed that the aberrantly expressed miRNAs have target genes involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, cell metabolism, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis; dysregulation of these processes in liver cells leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. To enable deeper insight into the molecular responses of liver cells in fish exposed to MC-LR, we expanded the miRNAome analysis by inclusion of miRNA variants (isomiRs) profiles, and we showed that the isomiR profiles of liver specific MiR122, and a few other miRNAs, correlated with MC-LR treatment. Given the importance of isomiRs for disease biology in mammals, we believe that further research focused on the miRNA isoforms will bring us closer to better understanding the molecular mechanisms of MC-LR hepatotoxicity.
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