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von Gunten U. Oxidation processes and me. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121148. [PMID: 38387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; ENAC, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lam TK, Law JCF, Leung KSY. Hybrid radical coupling during MnO 2-mediated transformation of a mixture of organic UV filters: Chemistry and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170121. [PMID: 38232841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Manganese oxide (MnO2) is one of the most abundant metal oxides, and it is renowned for its ability to degrade various phenolic micropollutants. However, under MnO2-mediated transformation, BP-3 transforms into 12 different radical-coupled transformation products (TPs) out of 15 identified TPs. These radical-coupled TPs are reported with adverse environmental impacts. This study explored the effects of MnO2 on organic UV filter mixtures and different water constituents (i.e., bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), humic acid (HA) and halide ions) in terms of degradation efficiency and transformation chemistry. When a mixture of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and avobenzone (AVO) underwent transformation by MnO2, hybrid radical-coupled TPs derived from both organic UV filters were generated. These hybrid radical-coupled TPs were evaluated by an in silico prediction tool and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay (VFBIA). Results showed that these TPs were potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, even more so than their parent compounds. The higher the concentration of HCO3-, HA, chloride ion (Cl-) and bromide ion (Br-), the greater the reduction in the efficiencies of degrading BP-3 and AVO. Contrastingly, in the presence of iodide ion (I-), degradation efficiencies of BP-3 and AVO were enhanced; however, iodinated TPs and iodinated radical-coupled TPs were formed, with questionable toxicity. This study has revealed the environmental risks of hybrid radical-coupled TPs, iodinated TPs and iodinated radical-coupled TPs when the organic UV filters BP-3 and AVO are transformed by MnO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Ki Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Li Y, Ye W, Yu H, He Y. In Situ Multicolor Imaging of Photocatalytic Degradation Process of Permanganate on Single Bismuth-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3221-3228. [PMID: 38315105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOFs) have emerged as important photocatalysts for pollutant degradation applications. Understanding the photocatalytic degradation mechanism is key to achieving technological advantage. Herein, we apply dark-field optical microscopy (DFM) to realize in situ multicolor imaging of the photocatalytic degradation process of permanganate (MnO4-) on single CAU-17 Bi-MOFs. Three reaction kinetic processes such as surface adsorption, photocatalytic reduction, and disproportionation are revealed by combining the time-lapsed DFM images with optical absorption spectra, indicating that the photocatalytic reduction of purple MnO4- first produces beige red MnO42- through a one-electron pathway, and then MnO42- disproportionates into yellow MnO2 on CAU-17. Meanwhile, we observe that the deposition of MnO2 cocatalysts enhances the surface adsorption reaction and the photocatalytic reduction of MnO4- to MnO42-. Unexpectedly, it is found that isopropanol as a typical hole scavenger can stabilize MnO42-, avoiding disproportionation and causing the alteration of the photocatalytic reaction pathway from a one-electron avenue to a three-electron (1 + 2) process for producing MnO2 on CAU-17. This research opens up the possibility of comprehensively tracking and understanding the photocatalytic degradation reaction at the single MOF particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Li
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of Nuclear Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Wenyou Ye
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of Nuclear Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Haili Yu
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of Nuclear Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste and Environmental Safety, School of Nuclear Science & Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
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Lin Y, Dong H, Zhu Y, Zhou G, Qiao J, Guan X. Degradation of iopamidol in the permanganate/sulfite process: Evolution of iodine species and effect on the subsequent formation of disinfection by-products. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:345-352. [PMID: 37778809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Permanganate/sulfite (Mn(VII)/S(IV)) process is a promising pre-oxidation technology for sequestering the emerging organic contaminants in drinking water treatment plant. Iopamidol (IPM), a representative of iodinated X-ray contrast media, has been widely detected in water sources and has the risk of forming iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in water treatment system. In this study, we investigated the evolution of iodine species during the IPM degradation by the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process and its effect on the subsequent formation of I-DBPs during chlorination at pH 7.0 and 8.0. IPM could be effectively degraded in the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process at environmentally relevant pH (pH 7.0 and 8.0). The results of quenching and competitive oxidation kinetic experiments revealed that SO4·- was the major reactive oxidizing species contributing to the degradation of IPM whereas the contributions of HO· and reactive manganese species were negligible in the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process. I- and IO3- were generated while no HOI was detected during the degradation of IPM in the Mn(VII)/S(IV) process. The effects of IPM oxidation by Mn(VII)/S(IV) on the subsequent formation of chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) during chlorination were related to the category of Cl-DBPs. The pre-oxidation of IPM by Mn(VII)/S(IV) resulted in the generation of I-DBPs during the disinfection process although no I-DBPs were detected if no pre-oxidation was applied. The finding of this study suggested that attention should be paid to the toxicity of DBPs when water containing iodinated organic contaminants is treated by Mn(VII)/S(IV) process or other pre-oxidation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Gongming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junlian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Wang J, Xu J, Kim J, Huang CH. Mechanistic Insight for Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential of Peracetic Acid and Performic Acid in Halide-Containing Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18898-18908. [PMID: 37489812 PMCID: PMC10690735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) and performic acid (PFA) are two major peroxyacid (POA) oxidants of growing usage. This study reports the first systematic evaluation of PAA, PFA, and chlorine for their disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential in wastewater with or without high halide (i.e., bromide or iodide) concentrations. Compared with chlorine, DBP formation by PAA and PFA was minimal in regular wastewater. However, during 24 h disinfection of saline wastewater, PAA surprisingly produced more brominated and iodinated DBPs than chlorine, while PFA effectively kept all tested DBPs at bay. To understand these phenomena, a kinetic model was developed based on the literature and an additional kinetic investigation of POA decay and DBP (e.g., bromate, iodate, and iodophenol) generation in the POA/halide systems. The results show that PFA not only oxidizes halides 4-5 times faster than PAA to the corresponding HOBr or HOI but also efficiently oxidizes HOI/IO- to IO3-, thereby mitigating iodinated DBP formation. Additionally, PFA's rapid self-decay and slow release of H2O2 limit the HOBr level over the long-term oxidation in bromide-containing water. For saline water, this paper reveals the DBP formation potential of PAA and identifies PFA as an alternative to minimize DBPs. The new kinetic model is useful to optimize oxidant selection and elucidate involved DBP chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Juhee Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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6
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Sharma N, Zeng C, Eaton A, Karanfil T, Ghosh A, Westerhoff P. Co-Occurrence of Bromine and Iodine Species in US Drinking Water Sources That Can Impact Disinfection Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18563-18574. [PMID: 36648192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bromine and iodine species are precursors for forming disinfection byproducts in finished drinking waters. Our study incorporates spatial and temporal data to quantify concentrations of inorganic (bromide (Br-), iodide (I-), and iodate (IO3-)), organic, and total bromine (BrT) and iodine (IT) species from 286 drinking water sources and 7 wastewater effluents across the United States. Br- ranged from <5-7800 μg/L (median of 62 μg/L in surface water (SW) and 95 μg/L in groundwater (GW)). I- was detected in 41% of SW (1-72 μg/L, median = <1 μg/L) and 62% of GW (<1-250 μg/L, median = 3 μg/L) samples. The median Br-/I- ratio in SW and GW was 22 μg/μg and 16 μg/μg, respectively, in paired samples with detect Br- and I-. BrT existed primarily as Br-, while IT was present as I-, IO3-, and/or total organic iodine (TOI). Inorganic iodine species (I- and IO3-) were predominant in GW samples, accounting for 60-100% of IT; however, they contributed to only 20-50% of IT in SW samples. The unknown fraction of IT was attributed to TOI. In lakes, seasonal cycling of I-species was observed and was presumably due to algal productivity. Finally, Spearman Rank Correlation tests revealed a strong correlation between Br- and IT in SW (RBr-,IT = 0.83) following the log10 (Br-, μg/L) = 0.65 × log10 (IT, μg/L) - 0.17 relationship. Br- and I- in treated wastewater effluents (median Br- = 234 μg/L, median I- = 5 μg/L) were higher than drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushita Sharma
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chao Zeng
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andrew Eaton
- Eaton Environmental Water Quality Consulting, LLC, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Corona Environmental Consulting, Lewisville, Texas 75067, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Wang XS, Ma CN, Liu YL, Wang GJ, Tang B, Song H, Gao Z, Ma J, Wang L. High efficiency removal of organic and inorganic iodine with ferrate[Fe(VI)] through oxidation and adsorption. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120671. [PMID: 37804804 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
I- is a halogen species existing in natural waters, and the transformation of organic and inorganic iodine in natural and artificial processes would impact the quality of drinking water. Herein, it was found that Fe(VI) could oxidize organic and inorganic iodine to IO3-and simultaneously remove the resulted IO3- through Fe(III) particles. For the river water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and shale gas wastewater treated by 5 mg/L of Fe(VI) (as Fe), around 63 %, 55 % and 71 % of total iodine (total-I) had been removed within 10 min, respectively. Fe(VI) was superior to coagulants in removing organic and inorganic iodine from the source water. Adsorption kinetic analysis suggested that the equilibrium adsorption amount of I- and IO3- were 11 and 10.1 μg/mg, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacity of IO3- by Fe(VI) resulted Fe(III) particles was as high as 514.7 μg/mg. The heterogeneous transformation of Fe(VI) into Fe(III) effectively improved the interaction probability of IO3- with iron species. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggested that the IO3- was mainly adsorbed in the cavity (between the γ-FeOOH shell and γ-Fe2O3 core) of Fe(III) particles through electrostatic adsorption, van der Waals force and hydrogen bond. Fe(VI) treatment is effective for inhibiting the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products in chlor(am)inated source water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Cai-Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Gui-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Yang S, He Y, Hua Z, Xie Z, He CS, Xiong Z, Du Y, Liu Y, Xing G, Fang J, Mu Y, Lai B. pH-dependent bisphenol A transformation and iodine disinfection byproduct generation by peracetic acid: Kinetic and mechanistic explorations. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120695. [PMID: 37812978 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is regarded as an environmentally friendly oxidant because of its low formation of toxic byproducts. However, this study revealed the potential risk of generating disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when treating iodine-containing wastewater with PAA. The transformation efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly detected phenolic contaminant and a surrogate for phenolic moieties in dissolved organic matter, by PAA increased rapidly in the presence of I-, which was primarily attributed to the formation of active iodine (HOI/I2) in the system. Kinetic model simulations demonstrated that the second-order rate constant between PAA and HOI was 54.0 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.0, which was lower than the generation rate of HOI via the reaction between PAA and I-. Therefore, HOI can combine with BPA to produce iodine disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs). The transformation of BPA and the generation of I-DBPs in the I-/PAA system were highly pH-dependent. Specifically, acidic conditions were more favorable for BPA degradation because of the higher reaction rates of BPA and HOI. More iodinated aromatic products were detected after 5 min of the reaction under acidic and neutral conditions, resulting in higher toxicity towards E. coli. After 12 h of the reaction, more adsorbable organic iodine (AOI) was generated at alkaline conditions because HOI was not able to efficiency transform to IO3-. The presence of H2O2 in the PAA solution played a role in the reaction with HOI, particularly under alkaline conditions. This study significantly advances the understanding of the role of I- in BPA oxidation by PAA and provides a warning to further evaluate the potential environmental risk during the treatment of iodine-bearing wastewater with PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongli He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chuan-Shu He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhaokun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ye Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guowei Xing
- College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bo Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Sino-German Centre for Water and Health Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Song Y, Peng J, Li K, Feng S, Qin W, Jiang J, Ma J. Control of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131374. [PMID: 37030232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is formed during ozonation of model compounds with dimethylhydrazine groups, such as daminozide (DMZ) and 2-furaldehyde 2,2-dimethylhydrazone (2-F-DMH) at pH 7 with yields of 100 % and 87 %, respectively. In this study, ozone/hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) and ozone/peroxymonosulfate (O3/PMS) were investigated to control NDMA formation, and O3/PMS (50-65 %) was more effective than O3/H2O2 (10-25 %) with a ratio of H2O2 or PMS to O3 of 8:1. The reaction of PMS or H2O2 to decompose ozone could not compete with the ozonation of model compound because of the high second-order rate constants of the ozonation of DMZ (5 ×105 M-1 s-1) or 2-F-DMH (1.6 ×107 M-1 s-1). The Rct value of the sulfate radical (SO4•-) showed a linear relationship with NDMA formation, indicating that SO4•- significantly contributed to its control. NDMA formation could be further controlled by injecting small quantities of ozone numerous times to minimize the dissolved ozone concentration. The effects of tannic acid, bromide and bicarbonate on NDMA formation were also investigated during ozonation, O3/H2O2, and O3/PMS processes. Bromate formation was more pronounced in the O3/PMS process than in the O3/H2O2 process. Therefore, in practical applications of O3/H2O2 or O3/PMS processes, the generation of NDMA and bromate should be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianshan Peng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Feng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Qin
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jin Jiang
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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10
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Du J, Kim K, Son S, Pan D, Kim S, Choi W. MnO 2-Induced Oxidation of Iodide in Frozen Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5317-5326. [PMID: 36952586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxides play a critical role in the abiotic transformation of iodine species in natural environments. In this study, we investigated iodide oxidation by manganese dioxides (β-MnO2, γ-MnO2, and δ-MnO2) in frozen and aqueous solutions. The heterogeneous reaction produced reactive iodine (RI) in the frozen phase, and the subsequent thawing of the frozen sample induced the gradual transformation of in situ-formed RI to iodate or iodide, depending on the types of manganese dioxides. The freezing-enhanced production of RI was observed over the pH range of 5.0-9.0, but it decreased with increasing pH. Fulvic acid (FA) can be iodinated by I-/MnO2 in aqueous and frozen solutions. About 0.8-8.4% of iodide was transformed to organoiodine compounds (OICs) at pH 6.0-7.8 in aqueous solution, while higher yields (10.4-17.8%) of OICs were obtained in frozen solution. Most OICs generated in the frozen phase contained one iodine atom and were lignin-like compounds according to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry analysis. This study uncovers a previously unrecognized production pathway of OICs under neutral conditions in frozen environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanshan Du
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental & Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Seungwoo Son
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Donglai Pan
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Wonyong Choi
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental & Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Korea
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Wang XS, Liu YL, Xue LX, Song H, Pan XR, Huang Z, Xu SY, Ma J, Wang L. Anthracite Releases Aromatic Carbons and Reacts with Chlorine to Form Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1103-1113. [PMID: 36574338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthracite is globally used as a filter material for water purification. Herein, it was found that up to 15 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were formed in the chlorination of anthracite-filtered pure water, while the levels of DBPs were below the detection limit in the chlorination of zeolite-, quartz sand-, and porcelain sandstone-filtered pure water. In new-anthracite-filtered water, the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) ranged from 266.3 to 305.4 μg/L, 37 to 61 μg/L, and 8.6 to 17.1 μg/L, respectively. In aged anthracite (collected from a filter at a DWTP after one year of operation) filtered water, the levels of the above substances ranged from 475.1 to 597.5 μg/L, 62.1 to 125.6 μg/L, and 14 to 28.9 μg/L, respectively. Anthracite would release dissolved substances into filtered water, and aged anthracite releases more substances than new anthracite. The released organics were partly (around 5%) composed by the μg/L level of toxic and carcinogenic aromatic carbons including pyridine, paraxylene, benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene, while over 95% of the released organics could not be identified. Organic carbon may be torn off from the carbon skeleton structure of anthracite due to hydrodynamic force in the water filtration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Xu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiang-Rui Pan
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shu-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Wang N, Zhang G, Xiong R, Liu R, Liu H, Qu J. Synchronous Moderate Oxidation and Adsorption on the Surface of γ-MnO 2 for Efficient Iodide Removal from Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9417-9427. [PMID: 35737437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to excessive iodine via drinking water presents health risks. Moderate oxidation of iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) has a better iodine removal effect than excessive oxidation to iodate (IO3-). This study combines computational and experimental methods to construct a heterogeneous interface with synchronous I- moderate oxidation and I2 adsorption to increase the total iodine removal. Compared to other forms of crystal manganese dioxide (MnO2), theoretical calculations predict that MnO2 with a γ-crystal structure has the lowest adsorption energy, that is, -1.20 eV, and a slight overlap between the conduction and valence bands, which favors electron transfer between I- and Mn(IV) and I2 adsorption. Thus, γ-type MnO2 was designed by adjusting the precursor Mn sources and hydrothermal reaction conditions. The liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the total iodine concentration in water decreased from 173.7 to 36.3 μg/L after 2 h, with 200 mg/L γ-MnO2 dosage lower than the national standard of 0.1 mg/L. A minute proportion of I- in water was converted to IO3- (approximately 1.1 μg/L). The current I- adsorbent performed better than previously reported ones. During iodine removal, most of the I- migrated from water to the surface of γ-MnO2, and the ratio of I- to I2 was determined to be 1:0.6 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study evaluates iodine species transformation and an optimum strategy for heterogeneous interface design; it is promising for treating high-iodine groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruoxi Xiong
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Zhang S, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Liu Z, Dong ZY, Xu MY, Xu B. Insight into the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chlorination, monochloramination, and dichloramination of iodide-containing water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:285-294. [PMID: 35725081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) was systematically evaluated and compared for three treatment processes - (i) chlorination, (ii) monochloramine, and (iii) dichloramination - under different pH conditions. The results demonstrated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of monochloramination > dichloramination > chlorination in acidic and neutral pH. However, the generation of I-THMs increased in the dichloramination < chlorination < monochloramination order in alkaline condition. Specifically, the formation of I-THMs increased as pH increased from 5 to 9 during chlorination and monochloramination processes, while the maximum I-THM formation occurred at pH 7 during dichloramination. The discrepancy could be mainly related to the stability of the three chlor (am) ine disinfectants at different pH conditions. Moreover, in order to gain a thorough insight into the mechanisms of I-THM formation during dichloramination, further investigation was conducted on the influencing factors of DOC concentration and Br-/I- molar ratio. I-THM formation exhibited an increasing and then decreasing trend as the concentration of DOC increased from 1 to 7 mg-C/L, while the yield of I-THMs increased with increasing Br-/I- molar ratio from 5:0 to 5:10. During the three processes mentioned above, similar I-THM formation results were also obtained in real water, which indicates that the excessive generation of I-THMs should be paid special attention during the disinfection of iodide-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, "National" Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Chinese Taipei
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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15
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Hu CY, Zhu YY, Xu B, Zhang TY, Lin YL, Xiong C, Wang QB, Huang DD, Xu L. Fe3O4 catalytic ozonation of iohexol degradation in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole: Performance, transformation mechanism, and pathways. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Du J, Kim K, Min DW, Choi W. Freeze-Thaw Cycle-Enhanced Transformation of Iodide to Organoiodine Compounds in the Presence of Natural Organic Matter and Fe(III). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1007-1016. [PMID: 34967617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of organoiodine compounds (OICs) is of great interest in the natural iodine cycle as well as water treatment processes. Herein, we report a pathway of OIC formation that reactive iodine (RI) and OICs are produced from iodide oxidation in the presence of Fe(III) and natural organic matter (NOM) in frozen solution, whereas their production is insignificant in aqueous solution. Moreover, thawing the frozen solution induces the further production of OICs. A total of 352 OICs are detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in the freeze-thaw cycled reactions of Fe(III)/I-/humic acid solution, which are five times as many as OICs in aqueous reactions. Using model organic compounds instead of NOM, aromatic compounds (e.g., phenol, aniline, o-cresol, and guaiacol) induce higher OIC formation yields (10.4-18.6%) in the freeze-thaw Fe(III)/I- system than those in aqueous (1.1-2.1%) or frozen (2.7-7.6%) solutions. In the frozen solution, the formation of RI is enhanced, but its further reaction with NOM is hindered. Therefore, the freeze-thaw cycle in which RI is formed in the frozen media and the resulting RI is consumed by reaction with NOM in the subsequently thawed solution is more efficient in producing OICs than the continuous reaction in frozen solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanshan Du
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Dae Wi Min
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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17
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Shao B, Zhu Y, Chen J, Lin Y, Guan X. Fate and transformation of iodine species during Mn(VII)/sulfite treatment in iodide-containing water. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10788. [PMID: 36149084 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During oxidative treatment of iodide (I- )-containing waters, I- is easy to be oxidized into hypoiodous acid (HOI) by various oxidants and the further reaction of HOI with organic compounds can lead to the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs). Oxidation of HOI to iodate (IO3 - ) or reduction of HOI to I- has been proposed to reduce the formation of I-DBPs. Because the reaction of HOI with sulfite proceeds rapidly, this study examined the fate of iodine and the formation of I-DBPs in Mn(VII)/sulfite process. Results showed that I- was oxidized to HOI but the further formation of IO3 - was suppressed due to the fast reduction of HOI to I- by sulfite. The reactions of HOI with SO3 2- and IO- with SO3 2- are the major pathways with species-specific second-order rate constants determined to be 1.12 × 105 M-1 s-1 and 9.43 × 107 M-1 s-1 , respectively. The rapid reaction of HOI with sulfite plays an essential role in minimizing the formation of iodinated products in HOI- and phenol-containing solutions. The toxic risk analysis showed that the toxicity of the generated DBPs from Mn(VII)/sulfite pre-oxidation followed by chlorination only changed slightly. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The decay of I- was negligible in Mn(VII)/sulfite process. The rapid reaction of HOI with SO3 2- resulted in the negligible generation of IO3 - . Mn(VII)/sulfite process exerted slight influence on the formation of I-DBPs. Mn(VII)/sulfite process is promising for the pretreatment of I- -containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yating Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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18
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Mao Y, Zhang W, Qi S, Yang H, Xie YF. Kinetics and mechanism of haloacetaldehyde formation from the reaction of acetaldehyde and chlorine. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131253. [PMID: 34157622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are the third prevalent group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) by weight in drinking water, and their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are higher than regulated DBPs. In order to understand their formation mechanism during chlorination and ozonation-chlorination, this study examined the reaction kinetics of chloral hydrate (CH), dichloroacetaldehyde (DCA), chloroacetaldehyde (CA) and acetaldehyde by chlorine at different pH values and chlorine doses. The results showed that the reaction rate constants increased with pH and chlorine dose, except that the degradation of CH would not be affected by the presence of free chlorine. At the same pH and chlorine dose, the half-lives of CH, DCA, CA and acetaldehyde were in the order of CH > acetaldehyde ≫ DCA > CA. A kinetic model used to predict the formation of HALs and chloroform during chlorination of acetaldehyde was developed, and the predicted data fitted well with the measured data. As pre-ozonation could oxidize natural organic matter to acetaldehydes, the concentration of acetaldehyde formed after pre-ozonation was used to calculate the HAL yields during ozonation-chlorination by the kinetic model, which fitted the experimental results well. The kinetic model elucidated that the formation mechanism of HALs was a stepwise substitution process on the α-hydrogen of acetaldehyde during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Mao
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Shengqi Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Yuefeng F Xie
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Environmental Engineering Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA17057, USA
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19
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Formation of toxic iodinated by-products during the oxidation process of iohexol by catalytic ozonation in water. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Qin W, Tan P, Song Y, Wang Z, Nie J, Ma J. Enhanced transformation of phenolic compounds by manganese(IV) oxide, manganese(II) and permanganate in the presence of ligands: The determination and role of Mn(III). Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Li C, Gu X, Wu Z, Qin T, Guo L, Wang T, Zhang L, Jiang G. Assessing the effects of elevated ozone on physiology, growth, yield and quality of soybean in the past 40 years: A meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 191:110234. [PMID: 33396164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) production is seriously threatened by ground-level ozone (O3) pollution. The goal of our study is to summarize the impacts of O3 on physiology, growth, yield, and quality of soybean, as well as root parameters. We performed meta-analysis on the collated 48 peer-reviewed papers published between 1980 and 2019 to quantitatively summarize the response of soybean to elevated O3 concentrations ([O3]). Relative to charcoal-filtered air (CF), elevated [O3] significantly accelerated chlorophyll degradation, enhanced foliar injury, and inhibited growth of soybean, evidenced by great reductions in leaf area (-20.8%), biomass of leaves (-13.8%), shoot (-22.8%), and root (-16.9%). Shoot of soybean was more sensitive to O3 than root in case of biomass. Chronic ozone exposure of about 75.5 ppb posed pronounced decrease in seed yield of soybean (-28.3%). In addition, root environment in pot contributes to higher reduction in shoot biomass and yield of soybean. Negative linear relationships were observed between yield loss and intensity of O3 treatment, AOT40. The larger loss in seed yield was significantly associated with higher reduction in shoot biomass and other yield component. This meta-analysis demonstrates the effects of elevated O3 on soybean were pronounced, suggesting that O3 pollution is still a soaring threat to the productivity of soybean in regions with high ozone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Gaoming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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22
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Shin J, Lee Y, von Gunten U. Kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and aqueous iodine: Implications for technical and natural aquatic systems. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 179:115852. [PMID: 32417560 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of iodide-containing waters can lead to a formation of potentially toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs). Iodide (I-) is easily oxidized to HOI by various oxidation processes and its reaction with dissolved organic matter (DOM) can produce I-DBPs. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a key role in minimizing the formation of I-DBPs by reduction of HOI during H2O2-based advanced oxidation processes or water treatment based on peracetic acid or ferrate(VI). To assess the importance of these reactions, second order rate constants for the reaction of HOI with H2O2 were determined in the pH range of 4.0-12.0. H2O2 showed considerable reactivity with HOI near neutral pH (kapp = 9.8 × 103 and 6.3 × 104 M-1s-1 at pH 7.1 and 8.0, respectively). The species-specific second order rate constants for the reactions of H2O2 with HOI, HO2- with HOI, and HO2- with OI- were determined as kH2O2+HOI = 29 ± 5.2 M-1s-1, kHO2-+HOI = (3.1 ± 0.3) × 108 M-1s-1, and kHO2-+OI- = (6.4 ± 1.4) × 107 M-1s-1, respectively. The activation energy for the reaction between HOI and H2O2 was determined to be Ea = 34 kJ mol-1. The effect of buffer types (phosphate, acetate, and borate) and their concentrations was also investigated. Phosphate and acetate buffers significantly increased the rate of the H2O2-HOI reaction at pH 7.3 and 4.7, respectively, whereas the effect of borate was moderate. It could be demonstrated, that the formation of iodophenols from phenol as a model for I-DBPs formation was significantly reduced by the addition of H2O2 to HOI- and phenol-containing solutions. During water treatment with the O3/H2O2 process or peracetic acid in the presence of I-, O3 and peracetic acid will be consumed by a catalytic oxidation of I- due to the fast reduction of HOI by H2O2. The O3 deposition on the ocean surface may also be influenced by the presence of H2O2, which leads to a catalytic consumption of O3 by I-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedon Shin
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Wang XS, Liu YL, Xu SY, Zhang J, Li J, Song H, Zhang ZX, Wang L, Ma J. Ferrate Oxidation of Phenolic Compounds in Iodine-Containing Water: Control of Iodinated Aromatic Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1827-1836. [PMID: 31763828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly toxic iodinated products would form in oxidation and disinfection of iodine-containing water. Variation of iodinated aromatic products in ferrate [Fe(VI)] oxidation of phenolic compounds (phenol, bisphenol A (BPA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA)) in iodine-containing water was investigated. At pH 5.0, oxidation of phenolic compounds was inhibited by competitive reaction of ferrate with I-, and no formation of iodinated aromatic products was detected. Almost all I- was converted into nontoxic IO3-. At pH 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0, HOI formed in ferrate oxidation of I- and further reacted with phenols, with the formation of iodinated aromatic products. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that both kinds and contents of iodinated aromatic products were raised with the increase in solution pH and the content of I-, and these iodinated aromatic products were further oxidized by ferrate. Ferrate deprived iodine from iodinated aromatic products and transferred highly toxic organic iodine into nontoxic IO3-. An electron-donating substituent (alkyl) increased the reactivity of phenol with ferrate and HOI and facilitated ferrate oxidation of iodinated phenols. An electron-drawing substituent (carboxyl) decreased the reactivity of phenol with ferrate and HOI and hindered the further oxidation of iodinated aromatic products. A kinetic model about the variation of phenol, BPA, and p-HBA in reaction with ferrate in iodine-containing water was developed, and the oxidation profile of phenolic compounds could be satisfactorily predicted at various iodide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- Technology R & D Center for Environmental Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , China
| | - Shu-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Heng Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , China
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
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24
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Ding S, Deng Y, Li H, Fang C, Gao N, Chu W. Coagulation of Iodide-Containing Resorcinol Solution or Natural Waters with Ferric Chloride Can Produce Iodinated Coagulation Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12407-12415. [PMID: 31553594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) are of particular concern in drinking water due to the more cytotoxic and genotoxic properties than their chlorinated and brominated analogs. Formation of I-DBP primarily results from the oxidation of iodide-containing waters with various oxidants and the chlor(am)ination of iodinated organic compounds in drinking water. This study first reports that ferric chloride (FeCl3) can lead to the formation of iodinated coagulation byproducts (I-CBPs) from iodide-containing resorcinol solution or natural waters. The unwanted I-CBP formation involved the oxidation of iodide by ferric ions to generate various reactive iodine species, which further oxidize organic compounds. Although the oxidation rate of iodide by FeCl3 was several orders of magnitude slower than that by chlorine or chloramine, most of the converted iodide under the ferric/iodide system was transformed into iodine and iodinated organic compounds rather than iodate. Formation of four aliphatic I-CBPs was observed, and four aromatic I-CBPs were identified by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry and theoretical calculation. Coagulation of iodide-containing waters with FeCl3 also produced I-CBPs ranging from 12.5 ± 0.8 to 32.5 ± 0.2 μg/L as I. These findings call for careful consideration of the formation of I-CBPs from coagulation of iodide-containing waters with ferric salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey 07043 , United States
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
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25
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Dong Z, Jiang C, Yang J, Zhang X, Dai W, Cai P. Transformation of iodide by Fe(II) activated peroxydisulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:519-526. [PMID: 30951996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the transformation of iodide (I-) by Fe(II)-activated peroxydisulfate (PDS). The transformation of I- into iodate (IO3-) is a two-step process, involving reactive iodine species, such as hypoiodous acid (HOI), as a key intermediate, and IO3- as the final product. In the first step, SO4•- produced by Fe(II)-activated PDS is mainly responsible for the transformation of I- into HOI. In the second step, Fe(IV) formed by the reaction of Fe(III) with PDS is required, to facilitate the further oxidation of HOI to IO3-. The disproportionation of HOI and the oxidation by PDS alone contribute negligibly to IO3- formation. The IO3- yield increases to a maximum, before decreasing gradually, with increased PDS and Fe(II) dosages. The transformation of I- into IO3- is favored by lower pH and higher temperature, due to the greater SO4•- production by the reaction of Fe(II) with PDS under these conditions. Humic acid, as a representative natural organic matter, scavenges the formed HOI to form iodinated disinfection byproducts, which largely inhibit the transformation of I- into IO3-. In addition, the transformation of I- into IO3- and iodinated disinfection byproducts by Fe(II) activated PDS was confirmed in the natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Dong
- Department of Building and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengchun Jiang
- Department of Building and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Building and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory for Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Weili Dai
- Key Laboratory for Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Pengwei Cai
- Department of Building and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Dong H, Qiang Z, Richardson SD. Formation of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts (I-DBPs) in Drinking Water: Emerging Concerns and Current Issues. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:896-905. [PMID: 30919613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in drinking water has become an emerging concern. Compared to chlorine- and bromine-containing DBPs, I-DBPs are more toxic, have different precursors and formation mechanisms, and are unregulated. In this Account, we focus on recent research in the formation of known and unknown I-DBPs in drinking water. We present the state-of-the-art understanding of known I-DBPs for the six groups reported to date, including iodinated methanes, acids, acetamides, acetonitriles, acetaldehyde, and phenols. I-DBP concentrations in drinking water generally range from ng L-1 to low-μg L-1. The toxicological effects of I-DBPs are summarized and compared with those of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. I-DBPs are almost always more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated and brominated analogues. Iodoacetic acid is the most genotoxic of all DBPs studied to date, and diiodoacetamide and iodoacetamide are the most cytotoxic. We discuss I-DBP formation mechanisms during oxidation, disinfection, and distribution of drinking water, focusing on inorganic and organic iodine sources, oxidation kinetics of iodide, and formation pathways. Naturally occurring iodide, iodate, and iodinated organic compounds are regarded as important sources of I-DBPs. The apparent second-order rate constant and half-lives for oxidation of iodide or hypoiodous acid by various oxidants are highly variable, which is a key factor governing the iodine fate during drinking water treatment. In distribution systems, residual iodide and disinfectants can participate in reactions involving heterogeneous chemical oxidation, reduction, adsorption, and catalysis, which may eventually affect I-DBP levels in finished drinking water. The identification of unknown I-DBPs and total organic iodine analysis is also summarized in this Account, which provides a more complete picture of I-DBP formation in drinking water. As organic DBP precursors are difficult to completely remove during the drinking water treatment process, the removal of iodide provides a cost-effective solution for the control of I-DBP formation. This Account not only serves as a reference for future epidemiological studies to better assess human health risks due to exposure to I-DBPs in drinking water but also helps drinking water utilities, researchers, regulators, and the general public understand the formed species, levels, and formation mechanisms of I-DBPs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Li J, Jiang J, Pang SY, Gao Y, Sun S, Wang Z, Wang P, Wang L, Zhou Y. Transformation of bisphenol AF and bisphenol S by permanganate in the absence/presence of iodide: Kinetics and products. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:402-410. [PMID: 30439654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that permanganate (Mn(VII)) shows a good performance in treatment of phenolic compounds, and the presence of iodide (I-) may display a great impact on Mn(VII) oxidation with the formation of toxic iodinated aromatic products. In this work, transformation of bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS) by Mn(VII) in the absence or presence of I- was studied. Mn(VII) showed considerable reactivity towards BPAF with apparent second-order rate constants (0.09-1.65 M-1s-1) higher than those of Mn(VII) with BPS (0.02-0.12 M-1s-1) reported in literature over the pH range of 5-9. The presence of I- apparently accelerated the transformation rates of BPAF and BPS by Mn(VII), and these results could be explained by the contribution of hypoiodous acid (HOI) in situ formed from Mn(VII) oxidation of I-. A kinetic model involving the competitive reactions (i.e., Mn(VII) with I- and bisphenols, HOI with Mn(VII) and bisphenols) well simulated BPAF/BPS transformation by Mn(VII) in the presence of I- under various conditions. Hydroxylated, bond-cleavage, and polymeric products were identified from BPAF/BPS oxidation by Mn(VII), and iodinated aromatic products (e.g., mono- and multi-iodinated BPAF/BPS) were additionally detected in the presence of I-. Reaction pathways involving Mn(VII) one-electron oxidation as well as HOI substitution of BPAF/BPS were proposed. Eco-toxicity analysis by ECOSAR showed that the toxicity of these products generally followed the order of polymeric and iodinated aromatic products > parent BPAF/BPS > hydroxylated products > bond-cleavage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Su-Yan Pang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shaofang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Panxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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28
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Wang X, Liu Y, Huang Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Li Y, Li J, Qi J, Ma J. Rapid oxidation of iodide and hypoiodous acid with ferrate and no formation of iodoform and monoiodoacetic acid in the ferrate/I -/HA system. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:592-602. [PMID: 30092505 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxic and odorous iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) could form in the chemical oxidation of iodine-containing water. A critical step for controlling the hazardous I-DBPs is to convert the iodine species into stable and harmless iodate (IO3-) while inhibiting the accumulation of highly reactive hypoiodous acid (HOI). Herein, the oxidation of I- and HOI with ferrate was investigated, and the formation profile of HOI was determined based on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) coloring method through a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. The second-order rate constants (kapp) of ferrate with HOI decreased from 1.6 × 105 M-1s-1 to 8.3 × 102 M-1s-1 as the solution pH varied from 5.3 to 10.3, which were 7.5, 7.2 and 13.8 times higher than that of ferrate with I- at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0, respectively. Compared with other oxidants such as ozone, hypochlorous acid, chloramine and potassium permanganate, ferrate would swiftly oxidize HOI formed in the I- oxidation process. For the ferrate oxidation of I-containing water, HOI was swiftly oxidized to IO3- from pH 5.0 to 9.0. Phosphate buffer promoted the oxidation of I- while inhibited the oxidation of HOI with ferrate. When 5 mgC/L of humic acids (HA) existed in the solution, no formation of iodoform and monoiodoacetic acid (MIAA) was observed in the oxidation of iodide (20 μM) with ferrate (from 10 μM to 80 μM). These results suggested that ferrate oxidation could be an effective method for the control of I-DBPs in iodine-containing water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yulei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zhuangsong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yanting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jingyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Li J, Pang SY, Zhou Y, Sun S, Wang L, Wang Z, Gao Y, Yang Y, Jiang J. Transformation of bisphenol AF and bisphenol S by manganese dioxide and effect of iodide. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:47-55. [PMID: 29940361 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, transformation of bisphenol A (BPA) alternatives bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS) by manganese dioxide (MnO2) and the effect of iodide (I-) during these processes were investigated in comparison with BPA for the first time. These three bisphenols showed appreciable reactivity towards MnO2 with the half-lives of their loss following the order of BPA < BPAF < BPS under similar conditions, and a higher transformation efficiency was generally obtained at a lower pH. The presence of I- apparently accelerated the transformation of BPAF and BPS by MnO2 at pH ≤ 7 but negligibly affected BPA transformation over the pH range of 5-9. This discrepancy could be well explained by the relative contribution of hypoiodous acid (HOI) in situ formed from I- oxidation by MnO2. Polymers, hydroxylated derivatives, and bond-cleavage products were detected from BPAF and BPS treated by MnO2, where a series of reactions of BPAF/BPS radicals formed from one-electron oxidation of BPAF/BPS were likely involved, similar to the case of BPA reported in literature. A group of iodinated aromatic products were additionally identified from BPAF/BPS treated by MnO2 in the presence of I- (e.g., iodinated BPAF/BPS and iodinated BPAF/BPS dimers), and they could be further transformed. This study suggests that naturally occurring manganese oxides play a significant role in the attenuation of bisphenols released into the environment and the presence of I- can display a great effect on their transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Su-Yan Pang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shaofang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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30
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Shin J, von Gunten U, Reckhow DA, Allard S, Lee Y. Reactions of Ferrate(VI) with Iodide and Hypoiodous Acid: Kinetics, Pathways, and Implications for the Fate of Iodine during Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7458-7467. [PMID: 29856214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of iodide-containing waters can form toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs). To better understand the fate of iodine, kinetics, products, and stoichiometries for the reactions of ferrate(VI) with iodide (I-) and hypoiodous acid (HOI) were determined. Ferrate(VI) showed considerable reactivities to both I- and HOI with higher reactivities at lower pH. Interestingly, the reaction of ferrate(VI) with HOI ( k = 6.0 × 103 M-1 s-1 at pH 9) was much faster than with I- ( k = 5.6 × 102 M-1 s-1 at pH 9). The main reaction pathway during treatment of I--containing waters was the oxidation of I- to HOI and its further oxidation to IO3- by ferrate(VI). However, for pH > 9, the HOI disproportionation catalyzed by ferrate(VI) became an additional transformation pathway forming I- and IO3-. The reduction of HOI by hydrogen peroxide, the latter being produced from ferrate(VI) decomposition, also contributes to the I- regeneration in the pH range 9-11. A kinetic model was developed that could well simulate the fate of iodine in the ferrate(VI)-I- system. Overall, due to a rapid oxidation of I- to IO3- with short-lifetimes of HOI, ferrate(VI) oxidation appears to be a promising option for I-DBP mitigation during treatment of I--containing waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedon Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133 , CH-8600 Duebendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - David A Reckhow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Sebastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , Western Australia 6845 , Australia
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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31
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Li J, Jiang J, Pang SY, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Yang Y, Sun S, Liu G, Ma J, Jiang C, Wang L. Transformation of Methylparaben by aqueous permanganate in the presence of iodide: Kinetics, modeling, and formation of iodinated aromatic products. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:75-84. [PMID: 29454924 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated impacts of iodide (I-) on the transformation of the widely used phenolic preservative methylparaben (MeP) as well as 11 other phenolic compounds by potassium permanganate (KMnO4). It was found that KMnO4 showed a low reactivity towards MeP in the absence of I- with apparent second-order rate constants (kapp) ranging from 0.065 ± 0.0071 to 1.0 ± 0.1 M-1s-1 over the pH range of 5-9. The presence of I- remarkably enhanced the transformation rates of MeP by KMnO4 via the contribution of hypoiodous acid (HOI) in situ formed, which displayed several orders of magnitude higher reactivity towards MeP than KMnO4. This enhancing effect of I- was greatly influenced by solution conditions (e.g., I- or KMnO4 concentration or pH), which could be well simulated by a kinetic model involving competition reactions (i.e., KMnO4 with I-, KMnO4 with MeP, HOI with KMnO4, and HOI with MeP). Similar enhancing effect of I- on the transformation kinetics of 5 other selected phenols (i.e., p-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol, and bromophenols) at pH 7 was also observed, but not in the cases of bisphenol A, triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol, and cresols. This discrepancy could be well explained by the relative reactivity of KMnO4 towards phenols vs I-. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that iodinated aromatic products and/or iodinated quinone-like product were generated in the cases where I- enhancing effect was observed. Evolution of iodinated aromatic products generated from MeP (10 μM) treated by KMnO4 (50-150 μM) in the presence of I- (5-15 μM) suggested that higher I- or moderate KMnO4 concentration or neutral pH promoted their formation. A similar enhancing effect of I- (1 μM) on the transformation of MeP (1 μM) by KMnO4 (12.6 μM) and formation of iodinated aromatic products were also observed in natural water. This work demonstrates an important role of I- in the transformation kinetics and product formation of phenolic compounds by KMnO4, which has great implications for future applications of KMnO4 in treatment of I--containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Su-Yan Pang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shaofang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guanqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chengchun Jiang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Dong H, Qiang Z, Yuan X, Luo A. Effects of bromide and iodide on the chlorination of diclofenac: Accelerated chlorination and enhanced formation of disinfection by-products. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao X, Ma J, von Gunten U. Reactions of hypoiodous acid with model compounds and the formation of iodoform in absence/presence of permanganate. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 119:126-135. [PMID: 28454008 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics for the reactions of hypoiodous acid (HOI) with various phenols (phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid), 3-oxopentanedioic acid (3-OPA) and flavone were investigated in the pH range of 6.0-11.0. The apparent second order rate constants for the reactions of HOI with phenolic compounds, 3-OPA, flavone and citric acid at pH 8.0 are 10-107 M-1s-1, (4.0 ± 0.3) × 103 M-1s-1, (2.5 ± 0.2) × 103 M-1s-1 and <1 M-1s-1, respectively. The effect of buffer type and concentration was investigated with acetate, phosphate and borate. All tested buffers promote the HOI reactions with phenols. The percentage of iodine incorporation for various (hydroxyl)phenolic compounds and two NOM extracts ranges from 5% to 98%, indicating that electrophilic aromatic substitution and/or electron transfer can occur. The extent of these reactions depends on the number and relative position of the hydroxyl moieties on the phenolic compounds. Iodoform formation rates increase with increasing pH and iodoform yields increase from 9% to 67% for pH 6.0-10.0 for the HOI/3-OPA reactions. In the permanganate/HOI/3-OPA and permanganate/iodide/3-OPA system at pH < 8.0, iodoform formation is elevated compared to the HOI/3-OPA system in absence of permanganate. For pH > 8.0, in presence of permanganate, iodoform formation is significantly inhibited and iodate formation enhanced, which is due to a faster permanganate-mediated HOI disproportionation to iodate compared to the iodination process. The production of reactive iodine in real waters containing iodide in contact with permanganate may lead to the formation of iodinated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Oxidation of inorganic compounds by aqueous permanganate: Kinetics and initial electron transfer steps. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Huang L, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Potassium Iodide Potentiates Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Using Photofrin. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:320-328. [PMID: 28207234 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is known that noncationic porphyrins such as Photofrin (PF) are effective in mediating antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of Gram-positive bacteria or fungi. However, the aPDI activity of PF against Gram-negative bacteria is accepted to be extremely low. Here we report that the nontoxic inorganic salt potassium iodide (KI) at a concentration of 100 mM when added to microbial cells (108/mL) + PF (10 μM hematoporphyrin equivalent) + 415 nm light (10 J/cm2) can eradicate (>6 log killing) five different Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii), whereas no killing was obtained without KI. The mechanism of action appears to be the generation of microbicidal molecular iodine (I2/I3-) as shown by comparable bacterial killing when cells were added to the mixture after completion of illumination and light-dependent generation of iodine as detected by the formation of the starch complex. Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is much more sensitive to aPDI (200-500 nM PF), and in this case potentiation by KI may be mediated mainly by short-lived iodine reactive species. The fungal yeast Candida albicans displayed intermediate sensitivity to PF-aPDI, and killing was also potentiated by KI. The reaction mechanism occurs via singlet oxygen (1O2). KI quenched 1O2 luminescence (1270 nm) at a rate constant of 9.2 × 105 M-1 s-1. Oxygen consumption was increased when PF was illuminated in the presence of KI. Hydrogen peroxide but not superoxide was generated from illuminated PF in the presence of KI. Sodium azide completely inhibited the killing of E. coli with PF/blue light + KI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious
Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China 530021
- Wellman Center
for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry,
Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center
for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Harvard−MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Guan C, Jiang J, Luo C, Pang S, Jiang C, Ma J, Jin Y, Li J. Transformation of Iodide by Carbon Nanotube Activated Peroxydisulfate and Formation of Iodoorganic Compounds in the Presence of Natural Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:479-487. [PMID: 27982571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we interestingly found that peroxydisulfate (PDS) could be activated by a commercial multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) material via a nonradical pathway. Iodide (I-) was quickly and almost completely oxidized to hypoiodous acid (HOI) in the PDS/CNT system over the pH range of 5-9, but the further transformation to iodate (IO3-) was negligible. A kinetic model was proposed, which involved the formation of reactive PDS-CNT complexes, and then their decomposition into sulfate anion (SO42-) via inner electron transfer within the complexes or by competitively reacting with I-. Several influencing factors (e.g., PDS and CNT dosages, and solution pH) on I- oxidation kinetics by this system were evaluated. Humic acid (HA) decreased the oxidation kinetics of I-, probably resulting from its inhibitory effect on the interaction between PDS and CNT to form the reactive complexes. Moreover, adsordable organic iodine compounds (AOI) as well as specific iodoform and iodoacetic acid were appreciably produced in the PDS/CNT/I- system with HA. These results demonstrate the potential risk of producing toxic iodinated organic compounds in the novel PDS/CNT oxidation process developed very recently, which should be taken into consideration before its practical application in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoting Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Congwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Suyan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology , Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengchun Jiang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yixin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, 150090, China
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