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Amiel N, Dror I, Berkowitz B. Mobility of Rare Earth Elements in Coastal Aquifer Materials under Fresh and Brackish Water Conditions. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:186-195. [PMID: 39035866 PMCID: PMC11258752 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The indispensable role of rare earth elements (REEs) in manufacturing high-tech products and developing various technologies has resulted in a surge in REE extraction and processing. The latter, in turn, intensifies the release of anthropogenic REEs into the environment, particularly in the groundwater system. REE contamination in coastal aquifer systems, which serve as drinking and domestic water sources for large populations, demands a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that govern REE transport and retention in these environments. In this study, we conducted batch and column experiments using five representative coastal aquifer materials and an acid-wash sand sample as a benchmark. These experiments were conducted by adding humic acid (HA) to the REE solution under fresh and brackish water conditions using NaCl, representing different groundwater compositions in coastal aquifers. The REEs were shown to be most mobile in the acid-wash sand and natural sand samples, followed by two types of low-carbonate calcareous sandstone and one type of high-calcareous sandstone and the least mobile in red loamy sand. The mobility of REEs, found in solution primarily as REE-HA complexes, was controlled mainly by the retention of HA, which increases with increasing ionic strength and surface area of the aquifer material. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of carbonate and clay minerals reduces the REE mobility due to enhanced surface interactions. The higher recoveries of middle-REE (MREE) in the column experiment effluents observed for the acid-wash sand and natural sand samples were due to the higher stabilization of MREE-HA complexes compared to light-REE (LREE) and heavy-REE (HREE) HA complexes. Higher HREE recoveries were observed for the calcareous sandstones due to the preferred complexation of HREE with carbonate ions and for the red loamy sand due to the preferred retention of LREE and MREE by clay, iron, and manganese minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Amiel
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ishai Dror
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Brian Berkowitz
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Bringas A, Bringas E, Ibañez R, San Román MF. Tracing Gadolinium levels throughout wastewater treatment: Insights from a yearly assessment in northern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174819. [PMID: 39019274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) is a rare earth element (REE) used in the formulation of contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) due to its paramagnetic properties. The growth in population and the improved quality of the healthcare systems over the last years, has promoted the use of MRI as an effective diagnostic tool thus increasing the consumption of gadolinium and its release into the wastewater treatment network. Therefore, the tracking and quantification of this metal in sewage treatment plants and water bodies, is of paramount importance since there are currently no specific rare earth treatment technologies installed in WWTPs, and consequently gadolinium is finally discharged into the environment. In this work, the presence of gadolinium and all other rare earth elements was monitored during a year in three WWTPs in northern Spain (Vuelta Ostrera and San Román in Cantabria and Galindo in País Vasco). These WWTPs are located close to urban centres with hospitals where MRI tests are performed. By tracing Gd throughout the wastewater treatment facilities, its presence was confirmed in water streams, in the order of ng per litter, and in sludge and ashes, in the order of mg per kilogram. A significant human influence was observed, with Gd anomaly values between 3.14 and 79.2 and anthropogenic Gd percentages above 90 %. The presence of Gd in water streams is affected by the sampling period due to the variations of the activity periods of the hospitals nearby the treatment plants. On the contrary, its content in sludge and ashes remains almost constant along the year. The concentration of this metal found in the ashes opens the door to its possible recovery together with other critical raw materials in the context of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bringas
- Dpto. de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 46, Santander 39005, Cantabria, Spain
| | - E Bringas
- Dpto. de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 46, Santander 39005, Cantabria, Spain
| | - R Ibañez
- Dpto. de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 46, Santander 39005, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ma-F San Román
- Dpto. de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 46, Santander 39005, Cantabria, Spain.
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Devos P, Filali A, Grau P, Gillot S. Sidestream characteristics in water resource recovery facilities: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119620. [PMID: 36780748 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles information on sidestream characteristics that result from anaerobic digestion dewatering (conventional and preceded by a thermal hydrolysis process), biological and primary sludge thickening. The objective is to define a range of concentrations for the different characteristics found in literature and to confront them with the optimal operating conditions of sidestream processes for nutrient treatment or recovery. Each characteristic of sidestream (TSS, VSS, COD, N, P, Al3+, Ca2+, Cl-, Fe2+/3+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, SO42-, heavy metals, micro-pollutants and pathogens) is discussed according to the water resource recovery facility configuration, wastewater characteristics and implications for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus based on current published knowledge on the processes implemented at full-scale. The thorough analysis of sidestream characteristics shows that anaerobic digestion sidestreams have the highest ammonium content compared to biological and primary sludge sidestreams. Phosphate content in anaerobic digestion sidestreams depends on the type of applied phosphorus treatment but is also highly dependent on precipitation reactions within the digester. Thermal Hydrolysis Process (THP) mainly impacts COD, N and alkalinity content in anaerobic digestion sidestreams. Surprisingly, the concentration of phosphate is not higher compared to conventional anaerobic digestion, thus offering more attractive recovery possibilities upstream of the digester rather than in sidestreams. All sidestream processes investigated in the present study (struvite, partial nitrification/anammox, ammonia stripping, membranes, bioelectrochemical system, electrodialysis, ion exchange system and algae production) suffer from residual TSS in sidestreams. Above a certain threshold, residual COD and ions can also deteriorate the performance of the process or the purity of the final nutrient-based product. This article also provides a list of characteristics to measure to help in the choice of a specific process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahlem Filali
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR PROSE, F-92761, Antony, France
| | - Paloma Grau
- Ceit and Tecnun, Manuel de Lardizabal 15, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
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Investigation of potential anthropogenic pollution of rare metals in Tama River followed by establishment of a comprehensive multielement analysis of major-to-ultratrace elements in river water and sewage treatment effluent. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:867-882. [PMID: 36811758 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, comprehensive multi-element analysis of at least 53 elements, including 40 rare metals, in river water at all points from upstream to the estuary in urban rivers and sewage treatment effluent was established using three analytical methods of ICP-MS, chelating solid-phase extraction (SPE)/ICP-MS, and reflux-type heating acid decomposition/chelating SPE/ICP-MS. Recoveries of some elements for sewage treatment effluent in chelating SPE were improved by being combined with reflux-type heating acid decomposition, because organic substances, such as EDTA, in sewage treatment effluent could be effectively decomposed. In particular, the reflux-type heating acid decomposition/chelating SPE/ICP-MS method enabled the determination of Co, In, Eu, Pr, Sm, Tb, and Tm, which had been difficult to determine in chelating SPE/ICP-MS without this decomposition procedure. A potential anthropogenic pollution (PAP) of rare metals in Tama River was investigated by the established analytical methods. As a result, 25 elements in river water samples from the inflow area of sewage treatment effluent were several to several dozen times higher than those in the clean area. In particular, the concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Ge, Rb, Mo, Cs, Gd, and Pt increased by more than one order of magnitude compared to the river water from clean area. These elements were suggested to be PAP. The concentrations of Gd in the effluents from five sewage treatment plants ranged from 60 to 120 ng L-1, 40 to 80 times higher than those in clean river water, and all sewage treatment plants effluents showed the definite elevation of Gd concentrations. This indicates that MRI contrast agent leakage is occurring in all sewage treatment effluents. In addition, concentrations of 16 rare metal elements (Li, B, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ga, Ge, Se, Rb, Mo, In, Cs, Ba, W, and Pt) in all sewage treatment effluents were higher than those in clean river water, suggesting that many rare metal elements may be PAP. In the river water after the merging of sewage treatment effluent, the concentrations of Gd and In were higher than the reported values about 20 years ago.
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5
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The review of nanoplastics in plants: Detection, analysis, uptake, migration and risk. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bezzina JP, Robshaw TJ, Canner AJ, Dawson R, Ogden MD. Adsorption studies of a multi-metal system within acetate media, with a view to sustainable phosphate recovery from sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116279. [PMID: 36170782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate shortages and the ensuing pressures on food security have led to an interest in processed sewage sludge as a substitute for commercial fertilisers. The presence of heavy metals in this nutrient source causes concerns around environmental release and pollution. This work builds towards a resin-in-pulp sludge detoxification process. It showcases the kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption capabilities of the ion-exchange resins C107E (carboxylic acid functionality), MTS9301 (iminodiacetic acid) and TP214 (thiourea), with respect to Cu(II), Fe(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II), within a simulated sewage sludge weak acid (acetate) leachate. The isotherms produced in this complex system were quite different to those generated when single metals were investigated in isolation, with desorption of lower affinity species clearly observed at higher equilibrium concentration values. Mixed-metal isotherm data were fitted to common two-parameter isotherm models and also a novel modified Langmuir model, which better accounted for the effects of desorption and competition. Kinetic data were also fit to common two-parameter models; results suggesting the system was likely film diffusion-controlled and followed pseudo-2nd-order kinetics. C107E displayed rapid adsorption of lead (t1/2 = 26 ± 3min), and significant uptake of all metals. MTS9301 showed high affinity for copper ions, with concurrent desorption of all the other metals, and also displayed the fastest kinetics (t1/2 = 14.1 ± 0.9, 130 ± 20, 25 ± 5 and 49 ± 6 min for copper, iron(II), lead and zinc, respectively). C107E and MTS9301 showed far slower adsorption for iron(II) than the other three metals, which invited the possibility of kinetic separations. TP214 had reasonable effectiveness in removal of copper, but poor affinity for all other metals. The greatest difficulty in modelling the multi-metal system was the two-stage trends observed in equilibrium experiments, as metal-proton exchanges become metal-metal exchanges. While not having the highest capacity, MTS9301 was recommended as the most appropriate resin for rapid and efficient removal of Cu, Pb and Zn from the acetate medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bezzina
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J Robshaw
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam J Canner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Ogden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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Winkel LHE, Sunderland EM. Introduction to the biogeochemistry of the trace elements themed issue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1277-1278. [PMID: 36124930 DOI: 10.1039/d2em90031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Guest editors Elsie Sunderland and Lenny Winkel introduce the Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts themed issue on biogeochemistry of the trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny H E Winkel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sichler TC, Montag D, Barjenbruch M, Mauch T, Sommerfeld T, Ehm JH, Adam C. Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2022; 34:84. [PMID: 36091922 PMCID: PMC9442560 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fluctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge. In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fluctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber filter presses rather showed dilution effects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the 20 g/kg DM limit. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Montag
- ISA Institute for Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tatjana Mauch
- BAM Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- BAM Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Ehm
- ISA Institute for Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- BAM Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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Cheng X, Wei C, Ke X, Pan J, Wei G, Chen Y, Wei C, Li F, Preis S. Nationwide review of heavy metals in municipal sludge wastewater treatment plants in China: Sources, composition, accumulation and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129267. [PMID: 35716572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Systematically analyzing the problem of heavy metals in the municipal sludge, a meta-analysis of nine metals was undertaken to distinguish the sources and sinks of those with the impact of their accumulation on the environment. Municipal sludge was rich in N, P and K nutrients, was found to contain heavy metals comprising the descending order Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > As > Cd > Hg. The forms, in which heavy metals accumulated in geographical regions, were characterized. The geographical distribution of heavy metals in the sludge showed a significant difference, with higher accumulation in Eastern and Southern regions, however, the risk evaluations showed the higher risk of heavy metals accumulation in Eastern and Western regions. Agricultural, industrial and traffic activities, and storm water pipeline sediments were identified as the main sources of heavy metals in the sludge. The correlation analysis elucidated the role of the total organic carbon in the accumulation of heavy metals in sludge. Municipal sludge is endowed with resource properties due to the detection of heavy metal contents thresholds in household products and its own resource-attributable enrichment behavior, which requires deduction of environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Cheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cong Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiong Ke
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Gengrui Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Fusheng Li
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sergei Preis
- Department of Materials and Environment Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 19086, Estonia.
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10
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Ecotoxicity of Concrete Containing Fine-Recycled Aggregate: Effect on Photosynthetic Pigments, Soil Enzymatic Activity and Carbonation Process. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of materials such as masonry or concrete is one of the suitable ways to reduce amount of disposed construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, the environmental safety of products containing recycled materials must be guaranteed. To verify overall environmental benefits of recycled concrete, this work considers ecotoxicity of recycled concrete, as well as potential environmental impacts of their life cycle. Moreover, impacts related with carbonation of concrete is considered in terms of durability and influence of potential CO2 uptake. Concrete containing fine recycled aggregate from two different sources (masonry and concrete) were examined experimentally at the biochemical level and compared with reference samples. Leaching experiments are performed in order to assess physicochemical properties and aquatic ecotoxicity using water flea, freshwater algae and duckweed. The consequences, such as effects of material on soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase activity), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), and the carbonation process, are verified in the laboratory and included in the comparison with the theoretical life cycle assessment. As a conclusion, environmental safety of recycled concrete was verified, and its overall potential environmental impact was lower in comparison with reference concrete.
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Cybulski J, Witczak A, Pokorska-Niewiada K. Influence of Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment on the Changes in Residues of Important Elements in Drinking Water. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030972. [PMID: 35164237 PMCID: PMC8838789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water is the essential medium for food production, and is also needed for direct consumption; while it must be free of harmful substances, it also must have a composition that is beneficial to health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of water and wastewater treatment on reducing the concentrations of zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the Western Pomerania Voivodeship in Poland. The research was carried out in 2017–2019. The analysis was performed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). The concentrations of trace elements in drinking water were below maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs). Reductions in the most dangerous elements during water treatment fluctuated from 48.5% (As) to 97% (Pb). Wastewater treatment reduced the concentrations of analyzed elements by a range of 28.6 to 60.8%, and the most toxic elements (Pb and As) by over 50%. Trace element concentrations in treated wastewater were below MAC values, and ranged from 1.15% (Pb) to 6.23% (As) of MACs for toxic elements. The concentrations of both essential elements (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu) and toxic elements (Pb, As) in drinking water were below the MACs. Water treatment had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on decreasing trace element concentrations.
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Pinter J, Jones BS, Vriens B. Loads and elimination of trace elements in wastewater in the Great Lakes basin. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117949. [PMID: 34915334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of trace elements in industrialized societies is driving an increase in the occurrence of trace elements in anthropogenic waste streams globally. Yet, the large-scale sources of many trace elements to wastewater and their elimination during treatment remain poorly understood and potential environmental impacts on freshwater systems therefore unclear. We screened 42 wastewater treatment facilities in the North American Great Lakes basin and deployed a black-box approach to calculate representative estimates for average per-capita trace element loads and basin-scale effluent discharge rates, as well as trace element removal efficiencies across different treatment technologies. Our results show different removal of specific groups of trace elements during wastewater treatment: average removal efficiencies were 25% for alkali metals, 50% for alkaline earth metals, 74% for transition metals, and 85% for rare earth elements. Higher elimination of the majority of trace elements was generally achieved by more advanced, tertiary treatment types. Elemental loads generally followed natural abundance patterns, but anomalous loading rates were observed for various trace elements across the sampled facilities. By examining geospatial attributes of the sampled sewersheds, trends in select trace element loads were qualitatively tied to possible point sources and diffuse sources. Overall, these results illustrate the potential of wastewater surveillance to inform environmental management of emerging trace element contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pinter
- Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bailey S Jones
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Bas Vriens
- Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Barber LB, Faunce KE, Bertolatus DW, Hladik ML, Jasmann JR, Keefe SH, Kolpin DW, Meyer MT, Rapp JL, Roth DA, Vajda AM. Watershed-Scale Risk to Aquatic Organisms from Complex Chemical Mixtures in the Shenandoah River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:845-861. [PMID: 34978800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
River waters contain complex chemical mixtures derived from natural and anthropogenic sources. Aquatic organisms are exposed to the entire chemical composition of the water, resulting in potential effects at the organismal through ecosystem level. This study applied a holistic approach to assess landscape, hydrological, chemical, and biological variables. On-site mobile laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate biological effects of exposure to chemical mixtures in the Shenandoah River Watershed. A suite of 534 inorganic and organic constituents were analyzed, of which 273 were detected. A watershed-scale accumulated wastewater model was developed to predict environmental concentrations of chemicals derived from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to assess potential aquatic organism exposure for all stream reaches in the watershed. Measured and modeled concentrations generally were within a factor of 2. Ecotoxicological effects from exposure to individual components of the chemical mixture were evaluated using risk quotients (RQs) based on measured or predicted environmental concentrations and no effect concentrations or chronic toxicity threshold values. Seventy-two percent of the compounds had RQ values <0.1, indicating limited risk from individual chemicals. However, when individual RQs were aggregated into a risk index, most stream reaches receiving WWTP effluent posed potential risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to complex chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry B Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kaycee E Faunce
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1730 East Parham Road, Richmond, Virginia 23228, United States
| | - David W Bertolatus
- University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe Street, SI 2071, Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Jeramy R Jasmann
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Steffanie H Keefe
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Jennifer L Rapp
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1730 East Parham Road, Richmond, Virginia 23228, United States
| | - David A Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alan M Vajda
- University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe Street, SI 2071, Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
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Kunhikrishnan A, Rahman MA, Lamb D, Bolan NS, Saggar S, Surapaneni A, Chen C. Rare earth elements (REE) for the removal and recovery of phosphorus: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131661. [PMID: 34426135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt that 'rock phosphate' reserves are decreasing, with phosphorus (P) peak to be reached in the coming decades. Hence, removal and recovery of phosphorus (P) from alternative nutrient-rich waste streams is critical and of great importance owing to its essential role in agricultural productivity. Adsorption technique is efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable for P recovery from waste streams which otherwise can cause eutrophication in receiving waters. As selective P sorption using rare earth elements (REE) are gaining considerable attention, this review extensively focuses on P recovery by utilising a range of REE-incorporated adsorbents. The review briefly provides existing knowledge of P in various waste streams, and examines the chemistry and behaviour of REE in soil and water in detail. The impact of interfering ions on P removal using REE, adsorbent regeneration for reuse, and life cycle assessment of REE are further explored. While it is clear that REE-sorbents have excellent potential to recover P from wastewaters and to be used as fertilisers, there are gaps to be addressed. Future studies should target recovery and reuse of REE as P fertilisers using real wastewaters. More field trials of synthesized REE-sorbents are highly recommended before practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Kunhikrishnan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Md Aminur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Zonal Laboratory, Khulna, 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Dane Lamb
- Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Global Innovation Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Surinder Saggar
- Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Aravind Surapaneni
- Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; South East Water, 101 Wells Street, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia; ARC Training Centre for the Transformation of Australia's Biosolids Resource, RMIT University, Bundoora West, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Chengrong Chen
- Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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15
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Wielinski J, Gogos A, Voegelin A, Müller CR, Morgenroth E, Kaegi R. Release of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and cerium dioxide (CeO 2) nanoparticles from sewage sludge incineration ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2021; 8:3220-3232. [PMID: 34912565 PMCID: PMC8588442 DOI: 10.1039/d1en00497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) that are released into wastewater are retained by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and accumulate in sewage sludge. Increasing shares of sludge are incinerated and landfilled, especially in industrialized countries. It is debated whether certain types of NPs can outlive the incineration process and subsequently be released from sewage sludge ash (SSA) landfills. To investigate the release of different types of NPs from SSA, we spiked gold (Au), silver (Ag) and cerium dioxide (CeO2) NPs to a pilot WWTP increasing the Au, Ag and Ce concentrations to 30, 43 and 389 mg kg-1 (dry matter basis) in the digested sludge. The spiked sludge was incinerated in a pilot fluidized bed reactor resulting in SSA with Au, Ag and Ce concentrations of 61, 103 and 854 mg kg-1. In addition, two sludge samples from a full-scale WWTP with Au concentrations of 5 and 16 mg kg-1 were incinerated, resulting in SSA with 9 mg kg-1 and 30 mg kg-1 Au. The spiked Au-NPs remain largely unaltered during the wastewater treatment and incineration process, whereas Ag-NPs and CeO2-NPs undergo transformation. During simulated landfill leaching in columns flushed with 400 to 500 pore volumes of artificial rainwater, Ag and Ce were retained in the ash, whereas about 17% of the spiked Au was released, mainly in particulate form. Lower fractions of mostly particulate Au were released from the ashes (3 and 9%) of unspiked SSA. In conclusion, unaltered Au-NPs significantly leach from landfilled SSA, whereas the incorporation of Ag-NPs and CeO2-NPs as transformed species into the SSA matrix limits the leaching of (nano)particulate and dissolved Ag and Ce compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wielinski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland +41587655802 +41587655273
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland +41587655802 +41587655273
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland +41587655802 +41587655273
| | | | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland +41587655802 +41587655273
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland +41587655802 +41587655273
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16
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Springthorpe SK, Keitz BK. Extraction of Au(III) by Microbially Reduced Metal-Organic Frameworks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9078-9088. [PMID: 34292745 PMCID: PMC9307060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gold is a critical resource in the jewelry and electronics industries and is facing increased consumer demand. Accordingly, methods for its extraction from waste effluents and environmental water sources have been sought to supplement existing mining infrastructure. Redox-mediated treatments, such as Fe(II)-based platforms, offer promise for precipitating soluble Au(III). We hypothesized that microbial generation of Fe(II) in the presence of sorbent metal-organic frameworks could capitalize on the advantages of both biological- and chemical-driven extraction approaches. Toward this aim, we tested Au(III) removal by Shewanella oneidensis cultured with Fe(III)-based materials (ferrihydrite, Fe-BTC, MIL-100, or MIL-127). Across all tested materials, S. oneidensis generated the highest levels of redox-active Fe(II) (1.99 ± 0.27 mM) when cultured with MIL-127 as a respiratory substrate in a bicarbonate-buffered medium. This translated into superior Au(III) removal performance in terms of both removal rate and capacity (k = 2.55 ± 0.60 h-1; Q = 183 mg g-1). Unlike other materials tested, MIL-127 also maintained cell viability following repeated Au(III) challenges, enabling the regeneration of Fe(II) in the framework. Together, these effects facilitated the treatment of multiple cycles of Au(III) by S. oneidensis-reduced MIL-127. Overall, this work demonstrates that microbial generation of Fe(II) can facilitate the removal of Au(III), augmenting purely adsorptive platforms. Given the biological and chemical modularity of our system, our results suggest that future optimizations to microbial Fe(II) generation may offer promise for improving Au(III) extraction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Springthorpe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benjamin K Keitz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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Kaegi R, Gogos A, Voegelin A, Hug SJ, Winkel LH, Buser AM, Berg M. Quantification of individual Rare Earth Elements from industrial sources in sewage sludge. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 11:100092. [PMID: 33733081 PMCID: PMC7937830 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are used in increasing amounts in technical applications and consumer products. However, to date, the contribution of industrial sources to the loads of individual REEs in wastewater streams have not been quantified. Here, we determine the REE contents in sludge collected from 63 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Switzerland. To quantify the industrial fraction of individual REEs in the sewage sludge, we develop two complementary approaches, based on REE ratios and REE pattern fitting. Unspecific (background) inputs, with REE patterns similar to the averaged REE pattern of soils collected across Switzerland, dominate the REE budget of most WWTPs. A few WWTPs receive significant REE inputs from specific industrial sources. Based on population equivalents of Switzerland, we estimate a total annual load of 4200 kg Cerium (Ce, 0.5 g Ce year-1 capita-1), with an industrial contribution of 2000 kg year-1. The latter agrees with estimates of probabilistic mass flow models for engineered nanoscale CeO2 particles discharged to the sewer network. About 7 kg year-1 of Samarium (Sm,total for Switzerland: 184 kg year-1 or 0.02 g Sm year-1 capita-1) and 3 kg year-1 of Europium (Eu,total for Switzerland: 44 kg year-1 or 0.005 g Eu year-1 capita-1) are assigned to industrial inputs from single WWTPs. Gadolinium (Gd) is used in the form of a stable complex as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. Assuming 10% removal of Gd during wastewater treatment, we calculate an annual discharge of 90 kg of Gd from one individual WWTP to surface waters. WWTPs with exceptionally high industrial inputs of specific REEs warrant detailed investigations to identify the respective sources and to assess whether REE concentrations in effluents are elevated to the same degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alexander Gogos
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan J. Hug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H.E. Winkel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas M. Buser
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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18
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Muccifora S, Castillo-Michel H, Barbieri F, Bellani L, Ruffini Castiglione M, Spanò C, Pradas del Real AE, Giorgetti L, Tassi EL. Synchrotron Radiation Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy Techniques to Evaluate TiO 2 NPs Incorporation, Speciation, and Impact on Root Cells Ultrastructure of Pisum sativum L. Plants. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040921. [PMID: 33916614 PMCID: PMC8066591 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosolids (Bs) for use in agriculture are an important way for introducing and transferring TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to plants and food chain. Roots of Pisum sativum L. plants grown in Bs-amended soils spiked with TiO2 800 mg/kg as rutile NPs, anatase NPs, mixture of both NPs and submicron particles (SMPs) were investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), synchrotron radiation based micro X-ray Fluorescence and micro X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (µXRF/µXANES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). TEM analysis showed damages in cells ultrastructure of all treated samples, although a more evident effect was observed with single anatase or rutile NPs treatments. Micro-XRF and TEM evidenced the presence of nano and SMPs mainly in the cortex cells near the rhizodermis. Micro-XRF/micro-XANES analysis revealed anatase, rutile, and ilmenite as the main TiO2 polymorphs in the original soil and Bs, and the preferential anatase uptake by the roots. For all treatments Ti concentration in the roots increased by 38–56%, however plants translocation factor (TF) increased mostly with NPs treatment (261–315%) and less with SMPs (about 85%), with respect to control. In addition, all samples showed a limited transfer of TiO2 to the shoots (very low TF value). These findings evidenced a potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs present in Bs and accumulating in soil, suggesting the necessity of appropriate regulations for the occurrence of NPs in Bs used in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Muccifora
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Hiram Castillo-Michel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Beamline ID21, 71 Av. Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.C.-M.); (A.E.P.d.R.)
| | - Francesco Barbieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (L.B.)
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Carmelina Spanò
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.R.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana E. Pradas del Real
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Beamline ID21, 71 Av. Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France; (H.C.-M.); (A.E.P.d.R.)
| | - Lucia Giorgetti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Eliana L. Tassi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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19
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Mehrabi K, Kaegi R, Günther D, Gundlach-Graham A. Emerging investigator series: automated single-nanoparticle quantification and classification: a holistic study of particles into and out of wastewater treatment plants in Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2021; 8:1211-1225. [PMID: 34046179 PMCID: PMC8136323 DOI: 10.1039/d0en01066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-TOFMS), in combination with online microdroplet calibration, allows for the determination of particle number concentrations (PNCs) and the amount (i.e. mass) of ICP-MS-accessible elements in individual particles. Because sp-ICP-TOFMS analyses of environmental samples produce rich datasets composed of both single-metal nanoparticles (smNPs) and many types of multi-metal NPs (mmNPs), interpretation of these data is well suited to automated analysis schemes. Here, we present a new data analysis approach that includes: 1. automatic particle detection and elemental mass determinations based on online microdroplet calibration, 2. correction of false (randomly occurring) multi-metal associations caused by measurement of coincident but distinct NPs, and 3. unsupervised clustering analysis of mmNPs to identify unique classes of NPs based on their element compositions. To demonstrate the potential of our approach, we analyzed water samples collected from the influent and effluent of five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Switzerland. We determined elemental masses in individual NPs, as well as PNCs, to estimate the NP removal efficiencies of the individual WWTPs. From WWTP samples collected at two points in time, we found an average of 90% and 94% removal efficiencies of single-metal and multi-metal NPs, respectively. Between 5% to 27% of detected NPs were multi-metal; the most abundant particle types were those rich in Ce-La, Fe-Al, Ti-Zr, and Zn-Cu. Through hierarchical clustering, we identified NP classes conserved across all WWTPs, as well as particle types that are unique to one or a few WWTPs. These uniquely occurring particle types may represent point sources of anthropogenic NPs. We describe the utility of clustering analysis of mmNPs for identifying natural, geogenic NPs, and also for the discovery of new, potentially anthropogenic, NP targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Mehrabi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Department of Process Engineering, Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Detlef Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Switzerland
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20
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Wanner P. Plastic in agricultural soils - A global risk for groundwater systems and drinking water supplies? - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128453. [PMID: 33038754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The global plastic contamination is one of the major challenges facing mankind as plastic is ubiquitously present in all environmental compartments. In contrast to freshwater and marine environments, plastic contamination of agricultural soils was only recently subject to investigations although it represents a significant amount (14%) of the global plastic pollution. Of concern is the vertical migration of plastic particles in agricultural soils and plastic-induced enhancement of pesticide transport towards underlying groundwater systems. To assess the risk of the large plastic inventory in agricultural soils for groundwater systems and drinking water supplies, this review critically synthesizes the current knowledge of the plastic mobility and plastic-pesticide interactions in agricultural soils, identifies future research directions and evaluates associated analytical challenges. The reviewed studies provide consistent evidence for vertical migration of plastic in agricultural soils towards aquifer systems, especially for sub-micrometer sized plastic particles, analogously to the well-known migration of natural particles in the sub-micrometer range (colloids). The reviewed investigations also showed that plastic changes the sorption behavior of pesticides in agricultural soils and enhances their transport towards underlying groundwater systems. Hence, the deposited plastic in agricultural soils likely poses a major risk for underlying aquifers and drinking water supplies that rely on groundwater resources below farmlands to be contaminated by plastic and pesticides. This demonstrates that improved regulatory measures are necessary regarding the general usage of plastic in the farming process to protect aquifers and drinking water supplies from plastic and pesticide contamination and to avoid a potential human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wanner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 5A, 413 20, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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21
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Chen M, Oshita K, Mahzoun Y, Takaoka M, Fukutani S, Shiota K. Survey of elemental composition in dewatered sludge in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141857. [PMID: 32896790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elemental composition of 120 dewatered sludge samples from 32 wastewater treatment plants in Japan was analyzed, and the influential factors determining sludge elemental composition were clarified. Through Hayashi's quantification method I, the relationship and influence of each element to the dominant categories were confirmed, and the correlation between the elements was also analyzed. The Van Krevelen diagram was used to determine the similarity in organic contents between sludge and biomass/fossil fuels. Principal component and cluster analyses were used to verify the identification of influential factors. Finally, a standard composition of dewatered sludge in Japan was defined based on different sewage collection systems and digestion processes, shown to have the greatest influence on sludge composition. The potential of sludge for agricultural and cement industrial recycling was also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhsuan Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-cluster, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oshita
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-cluster, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Yahya Mahzoun
- Research and Development Center, Swing Engineering Corporation, 4-2-1, Honfujisawa, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8502, Japan
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-cluster, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukutani
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kenji Shiota
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-cluster, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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22
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Itoh A, Yaida A, Zhu Y. Potential Anthropogenic Pollution of High-technology Metals with a Focus on Rare Earth Elements in Environmental Water. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:131-143. [PMID: 33162416 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the utilization of high-technology metals such as rare earth elements (REEs), which exist in extremely low quantities in the Earth, has rapidly increased with the development of new types of industrial materials and pharmaceutical products. This review provides an overview of a new type of potential anthropogenic pollution caused by high-technology metals, with a focus on REEs released into environmental waters from waste treatment plants. In this paper, potential anthropogenic pollution was defined as pollution caused by metals gradually enriched in the environment by human activity, although standard and guideline concentrations of these elements are not regulated by environmental quality standards for water pollution. We review the analytical methods of REEs and the potential anthropogenic pollution of REEs with a focus on Gd, from the viewpoints of a comparison of the degree of Gd anomaly, chemical speciation, ecotoxicology, and bioaccessibility. Moreover, we also highlight the comprehensive analysis based on multielement analysis of high-technology metals as well as REEs for the further screening for potential anthropogenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Itoh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Akane Yaida
- Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yanbei Zhu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan
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23
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Gogos A, Wielinski J, Voegelin A, Kammer FVD, Kaegi R. Quantification of anthropogenic and geogenic Ce in sewage sludge based on Ce oxidation state and rare earth element patterns. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 9:100059. [PMID: 32760905 PMCID: PMC7390820 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of Ce from anthropogenic activities (anthropogenic Ce) into urban wastewater systems and the environment result from its widespread industrial use (abrasives, catalysts, nanotechnology). Because Ce in sewage sludge can also be of geogenic origin, the quantification of anthropogenic Ce in sewage sludge remains elusive. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of Ce oxidation state and rare earth element (REE) patterns for the quantification of anthropogenic Ce fractions in sewage sludge. A diverse set of soil samples served to gain baseline information on geogenic Ce. Geogenic Ce in the soils was characterized by high Ce(III) fractions (≥70%) and their REE patterns were comparable to the REE patterns of the upper continental crust. The sewage sludges contained on average ∼80% Ce(IV) (range 18-108%), pointing to the importance of anthropogenic inputs of Ce(IV). The quantification of the anthropogenic Ce fraction based on Ce oxidation state, however, was associated with considerable uncertainty because geogenic and anthropogenic Ce cannot exclusively be assigned to Ce(III) and Ce(IV), respectively. The REE patterns of most sewage sludges indicated a clear enrichment of Ce compared to heavier REE. Based on the assumption that the industrially used Ce is free of (most) other REE, we estimated the fraction of anthropogenic Ce in the sludges based on individual Ce/REE ratios. For the individual sludges the anthropogenic contributions were very variable (10-100%) but consistent fractions were obtained for individual sludges when calculated based on Ce/Dy (dysprosium), Ce/Er (erbium) and Ce/Eu (europium) ratios. Electron microscopy analysis of sludges dominated by anthropogenic Ce revealed that the Ce was mostly contained in nanoscale particles devoid of elements characteristic of Ce-bearing minerals. Thus, anthropogenic Ce contents derived from REE patterns may be used to validate current mass flow models for engineered CeO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gogos
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Wielinski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- University of Vienna, Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, Althanstr. 14, UZA II, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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24
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Brünjes R, Hofmann T. Anthropogenic gadolinium in freshwater and drinking water systems. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115966. [PMID: 32599421 PMCID: PMC7256513 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) for magnetic resonance imaging is leading to widespread contamination of freshwater and drinking water systems. Contrary to previous assumptions that GBCAs are stable throughout the water cycle, they can degrade. The stability of GBCAs depends largely on their organic ligands, but also on the physicochemical conditions. There is specific concern regarding UV end-of-pipe water treatments, which may degrade GBCAs. Degradation products in drinking water supplies can increase the risk of adverse health effects. This is of particular relevance where the raw water for drinking water production has a higher proportion of recycled wastewater. GBCAs concentrations in aquatic systems, often referred to as anthropogenic gadolinium, are determined using a variety of calculation methods. Where anthropogenic gadolinium concentrations are low, the inconsistent use of these methods results in high discrepancies and high levels of uncertainty. The current COVID-19 crisis will, in the short-term, drastically decrease the input of GBCAs to freshwater systems. Temporal variations in anthropogenic gadolinium concentrations in river water can be used to better understand river-aquifer interactions and groundwater flow velocities. Collecting urine from all patients following MRI examinations could be a way forward to halt the generally increasing concentrations of Gd in drinking water systems and recover this technologically critical element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brünjes
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental Geosciences, Althanstraße 14, UZA2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental Geosciences, Althanstraße 14, UZA2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Biosorption of Rare Earth Elements by Different Microorganisms in Acidic Solutions. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acidic solutions from metal bioleaching processes usually contain mixtures of metals in different concentrations which need to be separated and concentrated in downstream processing. Aim of this study was to explore and compare biosorption of rare earth elements (REE) by different microorganisms in acidic solutions. Biosorption of REE by bacteria and fungi showed element selective biosorption. The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis showed a higher selectivity to ytterbium (Yb) and lutetium (Lu) than the gram-negative bacteria Leisingera methylohalidivorans and Phaeobacter inhibens. In contrast, the tested fungi (Catenulostroma chromoblastomyces, Pichia sp.) showed a preference for the middle rare earth elements. Algae exhibited a low biosorption performance. Additionally, for B. subtilis and one yeast (Pichia sp.), better results were achieved with living than dead biomass. This study compares for the first time biosorption of different microorganisms at standardized conditions at low pH und application related conditions.
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McGenity TJ, Gessesse A, Hallsworth JE, Garcia Cela E, Verheecke‐Vaessen C, Wang F, Chavarría M, Haggblom MM, Molin S, Danchin A, Smid EJ, Lood C, Cockell CS, Whitby C, Liu S, Keller NP, Stein LY, Bordenstein SR, Lal R, Nunes OC, Gram L, Singh BK, Webster NS, Morris C, Sivinski S, Bindschedler S, Junier P, Antunes A, Baxter BK, Scavone P, Timmis K. Visualizing the invisible: class excursions to ignite children's enthusiasm for microbes. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:844-887. [PMID: 32406115 PMCID: PMC7264897 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently argued that, because microbes have pervasive - often vital - influences on our lives, and that therefore their roles must be taken into account in many of the decisions we face, society must become microbiology-literate, through the introduction of relevant microbiology topics in school curricula (Timmis et al. 2019. Environ Microbiol 21: 1513-1528). The current coronavirus pandemic is a stark example of why microbiology literacy is such a crucial enabler of informed policy decisions, particularly those involving preparedness of public-health systems for disease outbreaks and pandemics. However, a significant barrier to attaining widespread appreciation of microbial contributions to our well-being and that of the planet is the fact that microbes are seldom visible: most people are only peripherally aware of them, except when they fall ill with an infection. And it is disease, rather than all of the positive activities mediated by microbes, that colours public perception of 'germs' and endows them with their poor image. It is imperative to render microbes visible, to give them life and form for children (and adults), and to counter prevalent misconceptions, through exposure to imagination-capturing images of microbes and examples of their beneficial outputs, accompanied by a balanced narrative. This will engender automatic mental associations between everyday information inputs, as well as visual, olfactory and tactile experiences, on the one hand, and the responsible microbes/microbial communities, on the other hand. Such associations, in turn, will promote awareness of microbes and of the many positive and vital consequences of their actions, and facilitate and encourage incorporation of such consequences into relevant decision-making processes. While teaching microbiology topics in primary and secondary school is key to this objective, a strategic programme to expose children directly and personally to natural and managed microbial processes, and the results of their actions, through carefully planned class excursions to local venues, can be instrumental in bringing microbes to life for children and, collaterally, their families. In order to encourage the embedding of microbiology-centric class excursions in current curricula, we suggest and illustrate here some possibilities relating to the topics of food (a favourite pre-occupation of most children), agriculture (together with horticulture and aquaculture), health and medicine, the environment and biotechnology. And, although not all of the microbially relevant infrastructure will be within reach of schools, there is usually access to a market, local food store, wastewater treatment plant, farm, surface water body, etc., all of which can provide opportunities to explore microbiology in action. If children sometimes consider the present to be mundane, even boring, they are usually excited with both the past and the future so, where possible, visits to local museums (the past) and research institutions advancing knowledge frontiers (the future) are strongly recommended, as is a tapping into the natural enthusiasm of local researchers to leverage the educational value of excursions and virtual excursions. Children are also fascinated by the unknown, so, paradoxically, the invisibility of microbes makes them especially fascinating objects for visualization and exploration. In outlining some of the options for microbiology excursions, providing suggestions for discussion topics and considering their educational value, we strive to extend the vistas of current class excursions and to: (i) inspire teachers and school managers to incorporate more microbiology excursions into curricula; (ii) encourage microbiologists to support school excursions and generally get involved in bringing microbes to life for children; (iii) urge leaders of organizations (biopharma, food industries, universities, etc.) to give school outreach activities a more prominent place in their mission portfolios, and (iv) convey to policymakers the benefits of providing schools with funds, materials and flexibility for educational endeavours beyond the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amare Gessesse
- Department of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyBotswana International University of Science and TechnologyPalapyeBotswana
| | - John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen’s University BelfastBelfastUK
| | | | | | - Fengping Wang
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Max Chavarría
- Escuela de QuímicaCentro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA)Universidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot)CeNAT-CONARESan JoséCosta Rica
| | - Max M. Haggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Søren Molin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institut Cochin24 rue du Faubourg Saint‐Jacques75014ParisFrance
| | - Eddy J. Smid
- Food MicrobiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Cédric Lood
- Department of Microbial and Molecular SystemsCentre of Microbial and Plant GeneticsLaboratory of Computational Systems BiologyKU Leuven3001LeuvenBelgium
- Department of BiosystemsLaboratory of Gene TechnologyKU Leuven3001LeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Lisa Y. Stein
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Seth R. Bordenstein
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt Microbiome InitiativeVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Rup Lal
- The Energy and Resources InstituteLodhi RoadNew Delhi110003India
| | - Olga C. Nunes
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Porto4200‐465PortoPortugal
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentUniversity of Western SydneyPenrithAustralia
| | - Nicole S. Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQLDAustralia
- Australian Centre for EcogenomicsUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Pilar Junier
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - André Antunes
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary SciencesMacau University of Science and Technology (MUST)Taipa, Macau SARChina
| | - Bonnie K. Baxter
- Great Salt Lake InstituteWestminster CollegeSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Paola Scavone
- Department of MicrobiologyInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente EstableMontevideoUruguay
| | - Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of MicrobiologyTechnical University of BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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Villarín MC, Merel S. Paradigm shifts and current challenges in wastewater management. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:122139. [PMID: 32007860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is a significant environmental and public health concern which management is a constant challenge since antiquity. Wastewater research has increased exponentially over the last decades. This paper provides a global overview of the exponentially increasing wastewater research in order to identify current challenges and paradigm shifts. Besides households, hospitals and typical industries, other sources of wastewater appear due to emerging activities like hydraulic fracturing. While the composition of wastewater needs constant reassessment to identify contaminants of interest, the comprehensive chemical and toxicological analysis remains one of the main challenges in wastewater research. Moreover, recent changes in the public perception of wastewater has led to several paradigm shifts: i) water reuse considering wastewater as a water resource rather than a hazardous waste, ii) wastewater-based epidemiology considering wastewater as a source of information regarding the overall health of a population through the analysis of specific biomarkers, iii) circular economy through the implementation of treatment processes aiming at harvesting valuable components such as precious metals or producing valuable goods such as biofuel. However, wastewater research should also address social challenges such as the public acceptance of water reuse or the access to basic sanitation that is not available for nearly a third of the world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Villarín
- Department of Human Geography, University of Seville, c/ Doña María de Padilla s/n, 41004, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sylvain Merel
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway; INRAE, UR RiverLy, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France.
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28
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Suess E, Berg M, Bouchet S, Cayo L, Hug SJ, Kaegi R, Voegelin A, Winkel LHE, Tessier E, Amouroux D, Buser AM. Mercury loads and fluxes from wastewater: A nationwide survey in Switzerland. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 175:115708. [PMID: 32220669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) pollution threatens ecosystems and human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a key role in limiting Hg discharges from wastewaters to rivers and lakes, but large-scale studies to estimate Hg loads and discharge at national levels are scarce. We assessed the concentration, flux, speciation, and removal of Hg in municipal wastewater throughout Switzerland by investigating 64 WWTPs in a pre-study and a subset of 28 WWTPs in the main study. We also studied the behavior and pathways of Hg along the various treatment steps in a state-of-the-art WWTP. The resulting dataset, representative of industrialized countries, provides an overview of (i) current Hg concentration ranges, (ii) average per capita loads, and (iii) wastewater Hg inputs into surface waters. The results allowed estimation of a total Hg (THg) load in Swiss wastewater of 130 ± 30 kg THg/year (15.7 mg/capita/y), of which 96 ± 4% is retained in sewage sludge. About 4.7 ± 0.5 kg THg/year (0.57 mg/capita/y) is discharged with the treated wastewater into surface waters. This corresponds to only 1.5-3% of the THg load carried by the major Swiss rivers, indicating that >95% of riverine Hg originates from other sources. Extrapolation to the population of Europe would yield a total amount of 11,700 kg THg/year in raw wastewater, with some 480 kg THg/year discharged to surface waters. Monomethyl mercury on average accounted for 0.23% of THg, and its fraction remained constant along the different treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Suess
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lara Cayo
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan J Hug
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Tessier
- CNRS / Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, E2S/UPPA, MIRA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Pau, France
| | - David Amouroux
- CNRS / Univ. Pau & Pays Adour, E2S/UPPA, MIRA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), Pau, France
| | - Andreas M Buser
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland
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Filella M, Hennebert P, Okkenhaug G, Turner A. Occurrence and fate of antimony in plastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121764. [PMID: 32061422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is a technology critical element whose presence is ubiquitous in manufactured products, and in particular in plastics where it is used extensively as a flame retardant synergist for brominated compounds, as a catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate production, and as a pigment for colour. This study reviews the usage, regulations and fate of Sb in plastics by examining primary data on its production, applications, contents in and migration from manufactured objects, and presence in and release from waste, including the disposal and recycling routes for this material (i.e., non-controlled disposal, incineration, landfilling and recycling). Consumption of Sb and the relative apportioning of the metalloid between different uses in plastics change continuously and are largely driven by dynamic economic factors; accordingly, reference to secondary data or sources can be misleading. Since Sb is not recovered from plastics, its fate is entirely linked to the fate of plastics themselves which, as far as disposal and recycling are concerned, might be dictated by the presence of co-associated regulated substances such as brominated flame retardants. Significantly, because of the high leachability of Sb from bottom incineration ashes, the EU considers the metalloid as the most problematic substance regarding the potential reuse of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Hennebert
- INERIS (National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks), BP 2, F-60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Gudny Okkenhaug
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Science (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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30
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Nkinahamira F, Suanon F, Chi Q, Li Y, Feng M, Huang X, Yu CP, Sun Q. Occurrence, geochemical fractionation, and environmental risk assessment of major and trace elements in sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109427. [PMID: 31450198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and accelerated population growth have created a huge amount of sewage sludge. Many studies have reported the sewage sludge as a sink of major and trace elements, but less is known about their geochemical fractionations. In order to assess the mobility, the distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity of those elements in sludge, we collected the sewage sludge samples from all the seven wastewater treatment plants in Xiamen City, China. Results revealed a strong spatial variation and the occurrence of 48 elements with concentrations ranging from 1.00×10-2 mg kg-1 (Re) to 9.03×101 g kg-1 (Fe) on the basis of dry sludge weight. Sequential extraction procedure showed that residual and oxidizable fractions were the main geochemical fractions of most studied elements. However, Ca, Mn, Sr, and Ni were mainly bound to acid-exchangeable fractions, while Fe, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, and V were mainly distributed in the reducible fractions. The contamination factor and risk assessment code indicated that Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Sr, Ca, Mn, Mo, Re, and W were highly mobile with less retention time and exerted high environmental risks through sludge land application. The sludge disposal strategy should consider not only the total concentrations of a broad range of elements but also their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Nkinahamira
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fidèle Suanon
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yeyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Meiling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Wielinski J, Gogos A, Voegelin A, Müller C, Morgenroth E, Kaegi R. Transformation of Nanoscale and Ionic Cu and Zn during the Incineration of Digested Sewage Sludge (Biosolids). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11704-11713. [PMID: 31425648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NP) discharged to sewers are efficiently retained by wastewater treatment plants and accumulate in the sewage sludge, which is commonly digested. The resulting biosolids are either used as fertilizer or incinerated. In this study, we address the transformation of Cu and Zn during sewage sludge incineration and evaluate whether the form of Cu or Zn (nanoparticulate versus dissolved) added to the digested sewage sludge affects the fate of the metals during incineration. We spiked CuO-NP, dissolved CuSO4, ZnO-NP, or dissolved ZnSO4 into anaerobically digested sewage sludge to reach Cu and Zn concentrations of ≈2500 and ≈3700 mg/kg and maintained the sludge under mesophilic, anaerobic conditions for 24 h. Subsequently, the sludge was incinerated in a pilot fluidized bed reactor. The speciation of Cu and Zn in the sludge, derived from X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, was dominated by sulfidic species, with >90% of Cu and >60% of Zn coordinated to reduced sulfur groups. In the ash, both Cu (>60%) and Zn (≈100%) were coordinated to oxygen. The chemical speciation of Cu and Zn in the ashes was independent of whether they were spiked in the dissolved or nanoparticulate form and closely matched the speciation of Cu and Zn observed in ashes from full-scale incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wielinski
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Energy Technology , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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32
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Bezzina JP, Ruder LR, Dawson R, Ogden MD. Ion exchange removal of Cu(II), Fe(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from acid extracted sewage sludge - Resin screening in weak acid media. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:257-267. [PMID: 31048195 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A shortage of phosphate rock resources has led to a focus on the use of sewage sludge as a fertiliser. One factor preventing the unlimited application of sewage sludge in agriculture is the heavy metal content. This work looks at a process where weak acid leaching of sewage sludge would be coupled to ion exchange (IX) for heavy metal ion removal. IX offers an effective method for the recovery of these metals from a leachate. This study presents the pH performance of six selected IX resins in extracting Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ from acetic, lactic and citric acid media simulated weak acid leachate. Acetic acid media displayed limited suppression of metal extraction, whilst lactic and citric acid media rendered MTS9100 ineffective. Lactic acid media when combined with C107E resin allows for the targeted extraction of lead. Both MTS9570 and MTS9501 display high ferrous extraction in all media at all pH values, although citric acid hinders extraction by both resins at higher pH values. TP214 is selective for copper over all other metal ions in all weak acid media. MTS9301 is the most effective at extracting all metals from all media solutions, with separation of copper becoming more apparent when transitioning to citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bezzina
- Separation and Nuclear Chemical Engineering Research (SNUCER), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura R Ruder
- Separation and Nuclear Chemical Engineering Research (SNUCER), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Ogden
- Separation and Nuclear Chemical Engineering Research (SNUCER), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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Keefe SH, Barber LB, Hubbard LE, Bradley PM, Roth DA, Kolpin DW. Behavior of major and trace elements in a transient surface water/groundwater system following removal of a long-term wastewater treatment facility source. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:867-880. [PMID: 30870754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In many aquatic environments, municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) effluent discharges influence local hydrologic and chemical connectivity between the surface-water and adjacent alluvial shallow-groundwater systems. Fourmile Creek located in Polk County, Iowa received effluent from the Ankeny WWTF for nearly forty years before it was shut down in November 2013. The decommissioning of the municipal WWTF provided a unique opportunity to characterize the recovery from impacts of treated wastewater discharge on water quality at the surface-water/groundwater interface in a shallow, unconfined alluvial aquifer. Dissolved major element and trace element concentrations in Fourmile Creek surface water, hyporheic-zone water, and shallow, unconfined groundwater were monitored upstream and downstream from the WWTF discharge before and after the shutdown. Multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were used to differentiate source-water contributions, characterize elemental components, and describe surface-water/groundwater interaction dynamics. During the post-closure assessment, there was subsurface attenuation of wastewater constituents including Al, B, Cu, Gd, K, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Sb, and Zn. During the same time, groundwater concentrations increased for As, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, SiO2, Sr, and U and represented a profile characteristic of the shallow alluvial aquifer. Hydrologic conditions transitioned from predominantly wastewater infiltration and hyporheic exchange before the WWTF shutdown, to predominantly discharge of native groundwater. Precipitation-driven streamflow events created fluctuations in the groundwater water-table elevations, resulting in variable contact between the saturated and unsaturated zones within the unconfined, alluvial aquifer and intermittent exposure to constituents stored in the sediments. The inorganic fingerprint of municipal wastewater was flushed relatively quickly (≤19 weeks) from the hyporheic zone indicating that processes like diffusion or sorption/desorption that might extend recovery may not be important for many trace elements in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Keefe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - L B Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - D A Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Adeel M, Lee JY, Zain M, Rizwan M, Nawab A, Ahmad MA, Shafiq M, Yi H, Jilani G, Javed R, Horton R, Rui Y, Tsang DCW, Xing B. Cryptic footprints of rare earth elements on natural resources and living organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:785-800. [PMID: 31039528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare earth elements (REEs) are gaining attention due to rapid rise of modern industries and technological developments in their usage and residual fingerprinting. Cryptic entry of REEs in the natural resources and environment is significant; therefore, life on earth is prone to their nasty effects. Scientific sectors have expressed concerns over the entry of REEs into food chains, which ultimately influences their intake and metabolism in the living organisms. OBJECTIVES Extensive scientific collections and intensive look in to the latest explorations agglomerated in this document aim to depict the distribution of REEs in soil, sediments, surface waters and groundwater possibly around the globe. Furthermore, it draws attention towards potential risks of intensive industrialization and modern agriculture to the exposure of REEs, and their effects on living organisms. It also draws links of REEs usage and their footprints in natural resources with the major food chains involving plants, animals and humans. METHODS Scientific literature preferably spanning over the last five years was obtained online from the MEDLINE and other sources publishing the latest studies on REEs distribution, properties, usage, cycling and intrusion in the environment and food-chains. Distribution of REEs in agricultural soils, sediments, surface and ground water was drawn on the global map, together with transport pathways of REEs and their cycling in the natural resources. RESULTS Fourteen REEs (Ce, Dy, Er, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Lu, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Th and Yb) were plighted in this study. Wide range of their concentrations has been detected in agricultural soils (<15.9-249.1 μg g-1) and in groundwater (<3.1-146.2 μg L-1) at various sites worldwide. They have strong tendency to accumulate in the human body, and thus associated with kidney stones. The REEs could also perturb the animal physiology, especially affecting the reproductive development in both terrestrial and aquatic animals. In plants, REEs might affect the germination, root and shoot development and flowering at concentration ranging from 0.4 to 150 mg kg-1. CONCLUSIONS This review article precisely narrates the current status, sources, and potential effects of REEs on plants, animals, humans health. There are also a few examples where REEs have been used to benefit human health. However, still there is scarce information about threshold levels of REEs in the soil, aquatic, and terrestrial resources as well as living entities. Therefore, an aggressive effort is required for global action to generate more data on REEs. This implies we prescribe an urgent need for inter-disciplinary studies about REEs in order to identify their toxic effects on both ecosystems and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Jie Yinn Lee
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC), University of Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Microelement research center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Aamir Nawab
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - M A Ahmad
- Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 11044, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Faculty of biological and agricultural sciences, University of Colima, Mexico
| | - Hao Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Ghulam Jilani
- Insititute of Soil Science and SWC, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Javed
- Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - R Horton
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Mitrano DM, Beltzung A, Frehland S, Schmiedgruber M, Cingolani A, Schmidt F. Synthesis of metal-doped nanoplastics and their utility to investigate fate and behaviour in complex environmental systems. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:362-368. [PMID: 30718833 PMCID: PMC6451641 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the distribution and effects of particulate plastic has intensified in recent years and yet, due to analytical challenges, our understanding of nanoplastic occurrence and behaviour has remained comparatively elusive. However, process studies could greatly aid in defining key parameters for nanoplastic interactions within and transfers between technical and environmental compartments. Here we provide a method to synthesize nanoplastic particles doped with a chemically entrapped metal used as a tracer, which provides a robust way to detect nanoplastics more easily, accurately and quantitatively in complex media. We show the utility of this approach in batch studies that simulate the activated sludge process of a municipal waste water treatment plant and so better understand the fate of nanoplastics in urban environments. We found that the majority of particles were associated with the sludge (>98%), with an average recovery of over 93% of the spiked material achieved. We believe that this approach can be developed further to study the fate, transport, mechanistic behaviour and biological uptake of nanoplastics in a variety of systems on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Mitrano
- Process Engineering, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Beltzung
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frehland
- Process Engineering, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schmiedgruber
- Process Engineering, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Cingolani
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Process Engineering, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Process Engineering, Dubendorf, Switzerland
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Hochella MF, Mogk DW, Ranville J, Allen IC, Luther GW, Marr LC, McGrail BP, Murayama M, Qafoku NP, Rosso KM, Sahai N, Schroeder PA, Vikesland P, Westerhoff P, Yang Y. Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the Earth system. Science 2019; 363:363/6434/eaau8299. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are critical components in the Earth system’s past, present, and future characteristics and behavior. They have been present since Earth’s origin in great abundance. Life, from the earliest cells to modern humans, has evolved in intimate association with naturally occurring nanomaterials. This synergy began to shift considerably with human industrialization. Particularly since the Industrial Revolution some two-and-a-half centuries ago, incidental nanomaterials (produced unintentionally by human activity) have been continuously produced and distributed worldwide. In some areas, they now rival the amount of naturally occurring nanomaterials. In the past half-century, engineered nanomaterials have been produced in very small amounts relative to the other two types of nanomaterials, but still in large enough quantities to make them a consequential component of the planet. All nanomaterials, regardless of their origin, have distinct chemical and physical properties throughout their size range, clearly setting them apart from their macroscopic equivalents and necessitating careful study. Following major advances in experimental, computational, analytical, and field approaches, it is becoming possible to better assess and understand all types and origins of nanomaterials in the Earth system. It is also now possible to frame their immediate and long-term impact on environmental and human health at local, regional, and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Hochella
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Subsurface Science and Technology Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - David W. Mogk
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3480, USA
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - George W. Luther
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Linsey C. Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - B. Peter McGrail
- Applied Functional Materials Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mitsu Murayama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan
| | - Nikolla P. Qafoku
- Subsurface Science and Technology Group, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Geochemistry Group, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nita Sahai
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA
| | | | - Peter Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Kania M, Gautier M, Blanc D, Lupsea-Toader M, Merlot L, Quaresima MC, Gourdon R. Leaching behavior of major and trace elements from sludge deposits of a French vertical flow constructed wetland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:544-553. [PMID: 30176465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface sludge deposits were collected from a French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (French VFCW) sewage treatment plant. The objectives were to characterize the retention of major elements and trace metals within the sludge deposits particles under regular operating conditions, and the influence of extreme pH conditions on their potential release which may occur in situations when the plant malfunctions or after land application of the dredged sludge. A sequential extraction protocol was first used to assess the distribution of the elements within the sludge deposits. Results showed that most of Cu and Pb were associated to organic matter within the oxidizable fraction. Zn, Ni and Cd were distributed in several fractions, notably bound to Fe-Mn oxides and associated to organic matter. Cr was analyzed mostly in the residual fraction. Aliquot fractions of sludge deposits were also submitted to Acid and Base Neutralization Capacity tests (ANC-BNC) where the samples were suspended into acidic or alkaline aqueous solutions, and the solutions analyzed after 48 h contact time. Results showed a pH-dependent leaching profile for all monitored elements. The role of organic matter was observed for almost all metals. It was particularly dominant for Cu which was leached more extensively under alkaline than acidic conditions. Since Cu is not an amphoteric element, this leaching pattern was attributed to the leaching of organic matter which followed a similar pH-dependent profile than Cu. Spectrometric indices were used to characterize soluble organic compounds. Results showed that complex and humified dissolved organic compounds were mostly released under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Kania
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Denise Blanc
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maria Lupsea-Toader
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Merlot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maria-Chiara Quaresima
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rémy Gourdon
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Kania M, Gautier M, Imig A, Michel P, Gourdon R. Comparative characterization of surface sludge deposits from fourteen French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands sewage treatment plants using biological, chemical and thermal indices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:464-473. [PMID: 30086498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their design and mode of operation, French Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) accumulate suspended solids from the inflow wastewater in the form of a sludge layer at the surface of the first filter. In order to maintain the treatment performance over the long term, the characteristics of the sludge deposits and their evolution have to be well described. In this objective, a panel of sludge deposit samples taken from 14 French VFCW sewage treatment plants was investigated. Elemental composition and organic matter content, nature and reactivity were analyzed. Results clearly revealed two categories of sludge deposits, namely the "young-age plants" type (1 year of operation and less) and the "mature plants" type (3 years of operation and more). Sludge deposits from the "mature plants" exhibited same biological, physical and chemical properties. Their organic matter was globally less abundant, more humified and less biodegradable than in the young-age plants type. Their overall contents in trace metals were also higher, although in a limited manner. The effect of additional treatments, particularly FeCl3 injection for phosphorus precipitation, was observable in the "young-age plants" group. Finally, the sludge deposits sampled from one particular plant with specific operating conditions were found to exhibit very different characteristics from those of either groups identified. This observation underlined the influence of local conditions on the typology of the sludge deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kania
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; SCIRPE, 5 Allée Alban Vistel, 69110 Sainte-Foy-Lès-Lyon, France.
| | - M Gautier
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - A Imig
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - P Michel
- SCIRPE, 5 Allée Alban Vistel, 69110 Sainte-Foy-Lès-Lyon, France.
| | - R Gourdon
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP (Déchets Eaux Environnement Pollutions), EA 7429, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Gwenzi W, Mangori L, Danha C, Chaukura N, Dunjana N, Sanganyado E. Sources, behaviour, and environmental and human health risks of high-technology rare earth elements as emerging contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:299-313. [PMID: 29709849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that high-technology rare earth elements (REEs) of anthropogenic origin occur in the environment including in aquatic systems, suggesting REEs are contaminants of emerging concern. However, compared to organic contaminants, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the anthropogenic sources, environmental behaviour, and public and ecological health risks of REEs. The current review aims to: (1) identify anthropogenic sources, transfer mechanisms, and environmental behaviour of REEs; (2) highlight the human and ecological health risks of REEs and propose mitigation measures; and (3) identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. Out of the 17 REEs, La, Gd, Ce and Eu are the most studied. The main sources of anthropogenic REE include; medical facilities, petroleum refining, mining and technology industries, fertilizers, livestock feeds, and electronic wastes and recycling plants. REEs are mobilized and transported in the environment by hydrological and wind-driven processes. Ecotoxicological effects include reduced plant growth, function and nutritional quality, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity in animals, trophic bioaccumulation, chronic and acute toxicities in soil organisms. Human exposure to REEs occurs via ingestion of contaminated water and food, inhalation, and direct intake during medical administration. REEs have been detected in human hair, nails, and biofluids. In humans, REEs cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and severe damage to nephrological systems associated with Gd-based contrast agents, dysfunctional neurological disorder, fibrotic tissue injury, oxidative stress, pneumoconiosis, cytotoxicity, anti-testicular effects, and male sterility. Barring REEs in medical devices, epidemiological evidence directly linking REEs in the environment to human health conditions remains weak. To minimize health risks, a conceptual framework and possible mitigation measures are highlighted. Future research is needed to better understand sources, environmental behaviour, ecotoxicology, and human epidemiology. Moreover, research on REEs in developing regions, including Africa, is needed given prevailing conditions predisposing humans to health risks (e.g., untreated drinking water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Lynda Mangori
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Concilia Danha
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nothando Dunjana
- Department of Soil Science, Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, P. Bag 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China 515063
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Thalmann B, von Gunten U, Kaegi R. Ozonation of municipal wastewater effluent containing metal sulfides and metal complexes: Kinetics and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:170-180. [PMID: 29426034 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation can be applied to mitigate the discharge of organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to the aquatic environment. The toxicity of metals also present in WWTP effluents strongly depends on their speciation. Therefore, knowledge on the change of the metal speciation during ozonation of a WWTP effluent is essential to assess possible negative impacts. The kinetics and the stoichiometries of the reactions of ozone with three metal sulfides (ZnS, CuS and CdS) and metal-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)/nitriloriacetic acid (NTA) complexes of Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Mg(II) and Pb(II) were investigated. With a stoichiometric factor of 2.6-3.9 moles of ozone per mole of sulfide and apparent second-order rate constants at pH 8 > 104 M-1 s-1, a complete oxidation of the sulfides and a concomitant release of the respective metals is expected during ozonation of a WWTP effluent for enhanced micropollutant abatement. The apparent second-order rate constants at pH 8 for the reactions of metal-EDTA complexes with ozone ranged from 42 M-1s-1 to 2.0 × 104 M-1s-1 and increased in the order Cd(II) < Cu(II) < Mg(II) < Ni(II) < Zn(II). Approximately 40% of Cd(II)-EDTA spiked to a WWTP effluent was oxidized at typical specific ozone doses of 0.5-0.7 gO3/gDOC. For the other metal-EDTA complexes a significantly higher fraction was oxidized. The bioavailable fraction determined by the diffusive-gradient thin films (DGT) method in the WWTP effluent increased during ozonation, due to the oxidative release of the metal ions. Algal toxicity (chlamynomodas reinhardtii) tests with CuS/CdS spiked WWTP effluent revealed a high tolerance toward Cu and Cd in the respective media. A toxic response was only observed at Cu concentrations above 10 μM, which is above typical WWTP effluent concentrations. Biological post-treatment after ozonation generally reduced the bioavailability of the metals, which resulted in a lower toxicity. Therefore, the biological post-treatment serves as an additional barrier to protect the downstream ecology of receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilius Thalmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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