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Wang Q, Sheng D, Wu C, Ou X, Yao S, Zhao J, Li F, Li W, Chen J. Investigation of spatiotemporal distribution and formation mechanisms of ozone pollution in eastern Chinese cities applying convolutional neural network. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:126-138. [PMID: 39095151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe ground-level ozone (O3) pollution over major Chinese cities has become one of the most challenging problems, which have deleterious effects on human health and the sustainability of society. This study explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ground-level O3 and its precursors based on conventional pollutant and meteorological monitoring data in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Then, a high-performance convolutional neural network (CNN) model was established by expanding the moment and the concentration variations to general factors. Finally, the response mechanism of O3 to the variation with crucial influencing factors is explored by controlling variables and interpolating target variables. The results indicated that the annual average MDA8-90th concentrations in Zhejiang Province are higher in the northern and lower in the southern. When the wind direction (WD) ranges from east to southwest and the wind speed (WS) ranges between 2 and 3 m/sec, higher O3 concentration prone to occur. At different temperatures (T), the O3 concentration showed a trend of first increasing and subsequently decreasing with increasing NO2 concentration, peaks at the NO2 concentration around 0.02 mg/m3. The sensitivity of NO2 to O3 formation is not easily affected by temperature, barometric pressure and dew point temperature. Additionally, there is a minimum [Formula: see text] at each temperature when the NO2 concentration is 0.03 mg/m3, and this minimum [Formula: see text] decreases with increasing temperature. The study explores the response mechanism of O3 with the change of driving variables, which can provide a scientific foundation and methodological support for the targeted management of O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Dongping Sheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chengzhi Wu
- Trinity Consultants, Inc. (China office), Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaojie Ou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shengdong Yao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jingkai Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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Chen T, Wang T, Xue L, Brasseur G. Heatwave exacerbates air pollution in China through intertwined climate-energy-environment interactions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2765-2775. [PMID: 38945745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, raising concerns about their detrimental effects on air quality. However, a role for heatwave-human-environment interactions in air pollution exacerbation has not been established. In the summer of 2022, record-breaking heatwaves struck China and Europe. In this study, we use integrated observational data and machine learning to elucidate the formation mechanism underlying one of the most severe ozone pollution seasons on record in central eastern China, an area that encompasses approximately half of China's total population and sown land. Our findings reveal that the worsened ozone and nitrogen dioxide pollution resulted from a mismatch between energy demand and supply, which was driven by both heatwaves and energy policy-related factors. The observed adverse heatwave-energy-environment feedback loop highlights the need for the diversification of clean energy sources, more resilient energy structures and power policies, and further emission control to confront the escalating climate challenge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Guy Brasseur
- Environmental Modelling Group, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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3
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Xia H, Wang D, Abad GG, Yang X, Zhu L, Pu D, Feng X, Zhang A, Song Z, Mo Y, Wang J. Multi-scale correlation reveals the evolution of socio-natural contributions to tropospheric HCHO over China from 2005 to 2022. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176197. [PMID: 39277005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring the spatiotemporal distribution of formaldehyde (HCHO) is crucial for reducing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions, and the long-term evolution of socio-natural sources contributions to tropospheric HCHO over China is still unclear. We propose an oversampling algorithm for quantitatively tracking the evolution of uncertainty, which lowers the uncertainty of the original Level 2 OMI HCHO data (50 % -105 %) to 0-50 %, and then we examine the evolution of contributions from various emissions sources applying multi-scale correlation. We found that the high formaldehyde vertical column densities (VCD) caused by human activities in eastern China are crossing the Hu Huanyong Line, which was formerly used to demarcate the population distribution. National-scale analysis indicate that HCHO VCD are significantly correlated with per capita Gross Domestic Product (per capita GDP) (r = 0.948) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (r = 0.864), while no substantial correlation with land surface temperature (LST) (r = 0.233). A valuable finding at city-scale is that the vast majority of cities exhibits clear latitude zoning characteristics in the correlation between HCHO VCD and per capita GDP. Diagnosis at pixel scale reveals that anthropogenic emissions continue to weaken the contributions of emissions caused by the increase in vegetation proportion. NDVI = 0.8 is the critical characteristic point where the contribution of natural source exceeds that of anthropogenic sources, while the point presents a decreasing trend in recent years due to the enhancement of human activities levels. Rise in LST over vegetation areas show positive driving effect on formaldehyde emissions, but continuous urbanization is diminishing this contribution. NDVI = 0.8 is a characteristic point to determine whether the contribution proportion of regional surface temperature to formaldehyde emissions from vegetation begun to rise. Our research identifies the evolutionary process and characteristics of the spatiotemporal distribution and socio-nature sources contributions of tropospheric formaldehyde of China from 2005 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Aerospace Remote Sensing Innovations, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dakang Wang
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Aerospace Remote Sensing Innovations, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | | | - Xiankun Yang
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Aerospace Remote Sensing Innovations, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongchuan Pu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Feng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Aoxing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaolong Song
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Aerospace Remote Sensing Innovations, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongru Mo
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Aerospace Remote Sensing Innovations, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinnian Wang
- School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Aerospace Remote Sensing Innovations, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Chen L, Li K, Xue T, Yang Y, Gong Z, Dong F. Efficient and Durable Oxidation Removal of Formaldehyde over Layered Double Hydroxide Catalysts at Room Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10378-10387. [PMID: 38805367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Room temperature catalytic oxidation (RTCO) using non-noble metals has emerged as a highly promising technique for removal of formaldehyde (HCHO) under ambient conditions; however, non-noble catalysts still face the challenges related to poor water resistance and low stability under harsh conditions. In this study, we synthesized a series of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) incorporating various dual metals (MgAl, ZnAl, NiAl, NiFe, and NiTi) for formaldehyde oxidation at ambient temperature. Among the synthesized catalysts, the NiTi-LDH catalyst showed an HCHO removal efficiency and CO2 yield close to 100.0%, and exceptional water resistance and chemical stability on running 1300 min. The abundant hydroxyl groups in LDHs directly bonded with HCHO, leading to the production of CO2 and H2O, thus inhibiting the formation of CO, even in the absence of O2 and H2O. The coexistence of O2 effectively reduced the reaction barrier for H2O molecule dissociation, facilitating the formation of hydroxyl groups and their subsequent backfill on the catalyst surface. The mechanisms underlying the involvement and regeneration of hydroxyl groups in room temperature oxidation of formaldehyde were elucidated with the combined in situ DRIFTS, HCHO-TPD-MS, and DFT calculations. This work not only demonstrates the potential of LDH catalysts in environmental applications but also advances the understanding of the fundamental processes involved in room temperature oxidation of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvcun Chen
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Kanglu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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Mishra M, Chen PH, Lin GY, Nguyen TTN, Le TC, Dejchanchaiwong R, Tekasakul P, Shih SH, Jhang CW, Tsai CJ. Photochemical oxidation of VOCs and their source impact assessment on ozone under de-weather conditions in Western Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123662. [PMID: 38417604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The application of statistical models has excellent potential to provide crucial information for mitigating the challenging issue of ozone (O3) pollution by capturing its associations with explanatory variables, including reactive precursors (VOCs and NOX) and meteorology. Considering the large contribution of O3 in degrading the air quality of western Taiwan, three-year (2019-2021) hourly concentration data of VOC, NOX and O3 from 4 monitoring stations of western Taiwan: Tucheng (TC), Zhongming (ZM), Taixi (TX) and Xiaogang (XG), was evaluated to identify the effect of anthropogenic emissions on O3 formation. Owing to the high-ambient reactivity of VOCs on the underestimation of sources, photochemical oxidation was assessed to calculate the consumed VOC (VOCcons) which was followed by the source identification of their initial concentrations. VOCcons was observed to be highest in the summer season (16.7 and 22.7 ppbC) at north (TC and ZM) and in the autumn season (17.8 and 11.4 ppbC) in southward-located stations (TX and XG, respectively). Results showed that VOCs from solvents (25-27%) were the major source at northward stations whereas VOCs-industrial emissions (30%) dominated in south. Furthermore, machine learning (ML): eXtreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) model based de-weather analysis identified that meteorological factors favor to reduce ambient O3 levels at TC, ZM and XG stations (-67%, -47% and -21%, respectively) but they have a major role in accumulating the O3 (+38%) at the TX station which is primarily transported from the upwind region of south-central Taiwan. Crucial insights using ML outputs showed that the finding of the study can be utilized for region-specific data-driven control of emission from VOCs-sources and prioritized to limit the O3-pollution at the study location-ns as well as their accumulation in distant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Mishra
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407302, Taiwan
| | - Thi-Thuy-Nghiem Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Thi-Cuc Le
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Racha Dejchanchaiwong
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, and Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90100, Thailand
| | - Shih-Heng Shih
- Wisdom Environmental Technical Service and Consultant Company, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chuen-Jinn Tsai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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Wang Y, Cui J, Qiao X, Sun M, Zhang J. Real-world emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds from on-road vehicles in Beijing and Zhengzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170135. [PMID: 38237788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds have a profound role in atmospheric chemistry, which can cause the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. On-road vehicle emissions are an important source of carbonyl compounds, but systematic knowledge of real-world emission characteristics is still scarce. In this study, a total of 181 on-road vehicles of 16 types in Beijing and Zhengzhou, China, were tested using portable emission measurement system under real-world driving conditions. The total carbonyl compound emission factors of gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, motorcycles, and agricultural transport vehicles were 24.9 ± 11.4 mg/km, 42.5 ± 21.5 mg/km, 20.4 ± 6.8 mg/km, and 78.3 ± 34.3 mg/km, respectively. Vehicles fueled with E10 ethanol gasoline had significantly higher carbonyl compound emission factors compared to E0 gasoline vehicles. It was observed that the continuous tightening of emission standards has effectively reduced the emissions of carbonyl compounds from on-road vehicles. The carbonyl compound emission factors on highways were 1.3-1.9 times lower than those on general roads. The total carbonyl compound emissions from on-road vehicles in Beijing and Zhengzhou in 2019 were estimated to be 3.5 kt and 3.1 kt, with corresponding ozone formation potentials of 24.4 kt and 21.4 kt, respectively. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acetone were the most significant contributors to total carbonyl compound emissions, and among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were the main contributors to total ozone formation potential. Our results provide updated and supplementary information on on-road vehicle emission factors for carbonyl compounds and can facilitate the improvement of emission inventories and help in the development of control strategies to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia'nan Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Li Y, Zhao Y, Kleeman MJ. Formaldehyde Exposure Racial Disparities in Southeast Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4680-4690. [PMID: 38412365 PMCID: PMC10938643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) exposures during a full year were calculated for different race/ethnicity groups living in Southeast Texas using a chemical transport model tagged to track nine emission categories. Petroleum and industrial emissions were the largest anthropogenic sources of HCHO exposure in Southeast Texas, accounting for 44% of the total HCHO population exposure. Approximately 50% of the HCHO exposures associated with petroleum and industrial sources were directly emitted (primary), while the other 50% formed in the atmosphere (secondary) from precursor emissions of reactive compounds such as ethylene and propylene. Biogenic emissions also formed secondary HCHO that accounted for 11% of the total population-weighted exposure across the study domain. Off-road equipment contributed 3.7% to total population-weighted exposure in Houston, while natural gas combustion contributed 5% in Beaumont. Mobile sources accounted for 3.7% of the total HCHO population exposure, with less than 10% secondary contribution. Exposure disparity patterns changed with the location. Hispanic and Latino residents were exposed to HCHO concentrations +1.75% above average in Houston due to petroleum and industrial sources and natural gas sources. Black and African American residents in Beaumont were exposed to HCHO concentrations +7% above average due to petroleum and industrial sources, off-road equipment, and food cooking. Asian residents in Beaumont were exposed to HCHO concentrations that were +2.5% above average due to HCHO associated with petroleum and industrial sources, off-road vehicles, and food cooking. White residents were exposed to below average HCHO concentrations in all domains because their homes were located further from primary HCHO emission sources. Given the unique features of the exposure disparities in each region, tailored solutions should be developed by local stakeholders. Potential options to consider in the development of those solutions include modifying processes to reduce emissions, installing control equipment to capture emissions, or increasing the distance between industrial sources and residential neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Department
of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael J. Kleeman
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Kim E, Huh H, Mo Y, Park JY, Jung J, Lee H, Kim S, Kim DK, Kim YS, Lim CS, Lee JP, Kim YC, Kim H. Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a large cohort study. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:74. [PMID: 38418953 PMCID: PMC10900590 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies on the effects of long-term exposure to ozone (O3) have shown inconclusive results. It is unclear whether to O3 has an effect on chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the effects of O3 on mortality and renal outcome in CKD. METHODS We included 61,073 participants and applied Cox proportional hazards models to examine the effects of ozone on the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality in a two-pollutants model adjusted for socioeconomic status. We calculated the concentration of ozone exposure one year before enrollment and used inverse distance weighting (IDW) for interpolation, where the exposure was evenly distributed. RESULTS In the single pollutant model, O3 was significantly associated with an increased risk of ESRD and all-cause mortality. Based on the O3 concentration from IDW interpolation, this moving O3 average was significantly associated with an increased risk of ESRD and all-cause mortality. In a two-pollutants model, even after we adjusted for other measured pollutants, nitrogen dioxide did not attenuate the result for O3. The hazard ratio (HR) value for the district-level assessment is 1.025 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.014-1.035, while for the point-level assessment, the HR value is 1.04 with a 95% CI of 1.035-1.045. The impact of ozone on ESRD, hazard ratio (HR) values are, 1.049(95%CI: 1.044-1.054) at the district unit and 1.04 (95%CI: 1.031-1.05) at the individual address of the exposure assessment. The ozone hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 1.012 (95% confidence interval: 1.008-1.017) for administrative districts and 1.04 (95% confidence interval: 1.031-1.05) for individual addresses. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that long-term ambient O3 increases the risk of ESRD and mortality in CKD. The strategy to decrease O3 emissions will substantially benefit health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejin Kim
- Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Room 708, Building 220, Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Mo
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Jung
- Data Management and Statistics Institute, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, 101, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, 101, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, 101, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, 101, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Kim
- Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Room 708, Building 220, Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wang H, Zhang S, Wu X, Wen Y, Li Z, Wu Y. Emission Measurements on a Large Sample of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks in China by Using Mobile Plume Chasing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15153-15161. [PMID: 37750423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Real-world heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDTs) were found to emit far more excess nitrogen oxides (NOX) and black carbon (BC) pollutants than regulation limits. It is essential to systematically evaluate on-road NOX and BC emission levels for mitigating HDT emissions. This study launched 2109 plume chasing campaigns for NOX and BC emissions of HDTs across several regions in China from 2017 to 2020. It was found that NOX emissions had limited reductions from China III to China V, while BC emissions of HDTs exhibited high reductions with stricter emission standard implementation. This paper showed that previous studies underestimated 18% of NOX emissions in China in 2019 and nearly half of the real-world NOX emissions from HDTs (determined by updating the emission trends of HDTs) exceeded the regulation limits. Furthermore, the ambient temperature was identified as a primary driver of NOX emissions for HDTs, and the low-temperature penalty has caused a 9-29% increase in NOX emissions in winter in major regions of China. These results would provide important data support for the precise control of the NOX and BC emissions from HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Ambient Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yifan Wen
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Ambient Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, PR China
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Liu T, Lin Y, Chen J, Chen G, Yang C, Xu L, Li M, Fan X, Zhang F, Hong Y. Pollution mechanisms and photochemical effects of atmospheric HCHO in a coastal city of southeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160210. [PMID: 36395845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a vital reactive carbonyl compound, which plays an important role in the photochemical process and atmospheric oxidation capacity. However, the current studies on the quantification of HCHO impacts on atmospheric photochemistry in southeast coastal areas of China with an obvious upward trend of ozone remain scarce and unclear, thus limiting the full understanding of formation mechanism and control strategy of photochemical pollution. Here, systematic field campaigns were conducted at a typical coastal urban site with good air quality to reveal HCHO mechanism and effects on O3 pollution mechanism during spring and autumn, when photochemical pollution events still frequently appeared. Positive Matrix Factorization model results showed that secondary photochemical formation made the largest contributions to HCHO (69 %) in this study. Based on the photochemical model, the HCHO loss rates in autumn were significantly higher than those in spring (P < 0.05), indicating that strong photochemical conditions constrain high HCHO levels in certain situations. HCHO mechanism increased the ROx concentrations by 36 %, and increased net O3 production rates by 31 %, manifesting that the reduction of HCHO and its precursors' emissions would effectively mitigate O3 pollution. Therefore, the pollution characteristics and photochemical effects of HCHO provided significant guidance for future photochemical pollution control in relatively clean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiling Lin
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
| | - Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuwang Zhang
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
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11
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Chen Y, Liu C, Su W, Hu Q, Zhang C, Liu H, Yin H. Identification of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources based on satellite observation of formaldehyde and glyoxal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159997. [PMID: 36368395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are serious pollutants in the atmosphere because of their toxicity and as precursors of secondary organic aerosols and ozone pollution. Although in-situ measurements provide accurate information on VOCs, their spatial coverage is limited and insufficient. In this study, we provide a global perspective for identifying anthropogenic VOC emission sources through the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde (RGF) based on satellite observations. We assessed typical cities and polluted areas in the mid latitudes and found that some Asian cities had higher anthropogenic VOC emissions than cities in Europe and America. For heavily polluted areas, such as the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the areas dominated by anthropogenic VOCs accounted for 23 % of the total study areas. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant decline in RGF values was observed in the YRD and western United States, corresponding to a reduction in anthropogenic VOC emissions. Furthermore, developing countries appeared to have higher anthropogenic VOC emissions than developed countries. These observations could contribute to optimising industrial structures and setting stricter pollution standards to reduce anthropogenic VOCs in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wenjing Su
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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12
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Singh BP, Sohrab SS, Athar M, Alandijany TA, Kumari S, Nair A, Kumari S, Mehra K, Chowdhary K, Rahman S, Azhar EI. Substantial Changes in Selected Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Associations with Health Risk Assessments in Industrial Areas during the COVID-19 Pandemic. TOXICS 2023; 11:165. [PMID: 36851040 PMCID: PMC9963041 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in many countries worldwide, including India, imposed several restriction measures, including lockdowns, to prevent the spread of the infection. COVID-19 lockdowns led to a reduction in gaseous and particulate pollutants in ambient air. In the present study, we investigated the substantial changes in selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic and associations with health risk assessments in industrial areas. VOC data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021 were collected from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) website, to identify percentage changes in VOC levels before, during, and after COVID-19. The mean TVOC levels at all monitoring stations were 47.22 ± 30.15, 37.19 ± 37.19, and 32.81 ± 32.81 µg/m3 for 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. As a result, the TVOC levels gradually declined in consecutive years due to the pandemic in India. The mean TVOC levels at all monitoring stations declined from 9 to 61% during the pandemic period as compared with the pre-pandemic period. In the current study, the T/B ratio values ranged from 2.16 (PG) to 26.38 (NL), which indicated that the major pollutant contributors were traffic and non-traffic sources during the pre-pandemic period. The present findings indicated that TVOC levels had positive but low correlations with SR, BP, RF, and WD, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.034, 0.118, 0.012, and 0.007, respectively, whereas negative correlations were observed with AT and WS, with correlation coefficients (r) of -0.168 and -0.150, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) value for benzene was reported to be higher in children, followed by females and males, for the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. A nationwide scale-up of this study's findings might be useful in formulating future air pollution reduction policies associated with a reduction in health risk factors. Furthermore, the present study provides baseline data for future studies on the impacts of anthropogenic activities on the air quality of a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence), University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saumya Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sweety Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Kriti Mehra
- Department of Life Science, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Khyati Chowdhary
- Department of Life Science, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Yu W, Shen X, Wu B, Kong L, Xuan K, Zhao C, Cao X, Hao X, Li X, Zhang H, Yao Z. Real-world emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds from agricultural machines based on a portable emission measurement system. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:846-859. [PMID: 36182188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of carbonyl compounds from agricultural machines cannot be ignored. Carbonyl compounds can cause the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols, which can cause photochemical smog to form. In this study, 20 agricultural machines were tested using portable emission measurement system (PEMS) under real-world tillage processes. The exhaust gases were sampled using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridges, and 15 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Carbonyl compound emission factors for agricultural machines were 51.14-3315.62 mg/(kg-fuel), and were 2.58 ± 2.05, 0.86 ± 1.07 and 0.29 ± 0.20 g/(kg-fuel) for China 0, China II and China III emission standards, respectively. Carbonyl compound emission factor for sowing seeds of China 0 agricultural machines was 3.32 ± 1.73 g/(kg-fuel). Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein were the dominant carbonyl compounds emitted. Differences in emission standards and tillage processes impact ozone formation potential (OFP). The mean OFP was 20.15 ± 16.15 g O3/(kg-fuel) for the China 0 emission standard. The OFP values decreased by 66.9% from China 0 to China II, and 67.4% from China II to China III. The mean OFP for sowing seeds of China 0 agricultural machines was 25.92 ± 13.84 g O3/(kg-fuel). Between 1.75 and 24.22 times more ozone was found to be formed during sowing seeds than during other processes for China 0 and China II agricultural machines. Total carbonyl compound emissions from agricultural machines in China was 19.23 Gg in 2019. The results improve our understanding of carbonyl compound emissions from agricultural machines in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Yu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kaijie Xuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuewei Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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14
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Cheng Y, Huang XF, Peng Y, Tang MX, Zhu B, Xia SY, He LY. A novel machine learning method for evaluating the impact of emission sources on ozone formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120685. [PMID: 36400136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ozone air pollution is one of the most important environmental challenges in China today, and it is particularly significant to identify pollution sources and formulate control strategies. In present study, we proposed a novel method of positive matrix factorization-SHapley Additive explanation (PMF-SHAP) for evaluating the impact of emission sources on ozone formation, which can quantify the main emission sources of ozone pollution. In this method, we first used the PMF model to identify the source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and then quantified various emission sources using a combination of machine learning (ML) models and the SHAP algorithm. The R2 of the optimal ML model in this method was as high as 0.96, indicating that the prediction performance was excellent. Furthermore, we explored the impact of different emission sources on ozone formation, and found that ozone formation in Shenzhen was more affected by VOCs, of which vehicle emission sources may have the greatest impact. Our results suggest that the appropriate combination of traditional models with ML models can well address environmental pollution problems. Moreover, the conclusions obtained based on the PMF-SHAP method were different from the traditional ozone formation potential (OFP) results, providing valuable clues for related mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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15
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Liang X, Chen L, Liu M, Lu Q, Lu H, Gao B, Zhao W, Sun X, Xu J, Ye D. Carbonyls from commercial, canteen and residential cooking activities as crucial components of VOC emissions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157317. [PMID: 35842166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cooking in China supply the large population with nutrition and, as a commercial activity, it also promotes the economic growth of Chinese society. The specific cooking styles in China can produce complex volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The resulting adverse effects on the environment and human health of carbonyls from cooking should not be ignored. We quantitatively evaluated the contribution of carbonyls to common VOCs (carbonyl/VOC ratio) from cooking activities in China through the establishment and comparison of the source profiles, emission factors (EFs), emission amount and ozone formation potential (OFP). It was found that carbonyls are crucial components of VOCs from commercial, canteen and residential cooking activities (COC, CAC and REC, respectively). The carbonyl/VOC ratio from cooking activities in China had EFs, emissions, and a total OFP of 22-65 %, 23-34 %, and 49-104 %, respectively. The high OFP was due to the high OFP emissions intensity (OFPEI) and maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) values of carbonyls. This indicates that to alleviate O3 pollution, OFP-based control measures that target carbonyls might be more efficient than measures that target common VOCs. Priority should be given to emission controlling COC emissions, specifically those from medium- and large-scale catering. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and hexanal were the key carbonyl species that form O3 in the environment. Our findings imply that cooking-emitted carbonyls should not be overlooked in investigations of O3 formation and that these compounds should be subject to strict regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Haitao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xibo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Jiantie Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daiqi Ye
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Zhang C, Li J, Zhao W, Yao Q, Wang H, Wang B. Open biomass burning emissions and their contribution to ambient formaldehyde in Guangdong province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155904. [PMID: 35569659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays a vital role in atmospheric chemistry and O3 formation. Open biomass burning (OBB) is considered to be an important source of HCHO; however, its quantitative contribution to ambient HCHO remains poorly understood due to the lack of reliable high-resolution emission inventories. In this study, a satellite-based method coupled with local emission factors was developed to estimate the hourly primary emissions of HCHO and volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors from OBB in Guangdong (GD) Province of southern China. Furthermore, the contribution of OBB to ambient HCHO was quantified using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model. The results suggested that in average OBB emissions contributed 5293 tons of primary HCHO per year, accounting for ~14% of the total anthropogenic HCHO emissions in GD. The ambient HCHO concentration ranged from 0.3 ppbv to 8.7 ppbv during normal days, and from 8 ppbv to 45 ppbv in downwind area during OBB impacted days. The monthly contribution of OBB to local HCHO levels reached up to 50% at locations with frequent fires and over 70% during a forest fire event. Ambient HCHO was heavily affected by primary OBB emissions near the source region and by the oxidation of OBB-emitted VOCs in the downwind area. Secondary HCHO formation from OBB emissions was enhanced during photochemical pollution episodes, especially under conditions of high O3 and low NOx. OBB-emitted ethene was identified as the most important VOC precursor of HCHO and contributed to the formation of ~50% of the secondary HCHO. The HCHO formation potential of cropland fires was 26% higher than that of forest fires. Our results suggest that OBB can elevate ambient HCHO levels significantly. Thus, strict control policies on OBB should be implemented, especially for open burning agricultural residues in upwind areas on serious photochemical pollution days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wenlong Zhao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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17
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Zhang X, Wu Z, He Z, Zhong X, Bi F, Li Y, Gao R, Li H, Wang W. Spatiotemporal patterns and ozone sensitivity of gaseous carbonyls at eleven urban sites in southeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153719. [PMID: 35149078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous carbonyls are essential trace gases for tropospheric chemistry and contribute significantly to the formation of ambient air ozone (O3) in densely populated regions, especially in China. Pollution characterization and the analysis of O3, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (O3-NOX-VOCs) sensitivities of carbonyls were investigated from October 22 to 28, 2018 at eleven urban sites in nine cities in Fujian Province, southeastern China. The total mixing ratios of 15 kinds of gaseous carbonyls (Σ15OVOCs) was 12.15 ± 2.53 ppbv in Fujian Province. The concentrations in the eastern coastal regions were higher than those in the western mountainous regions. Formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top three species of Σ15OVOCs concentration. Photochemical formation during the daytime and vehicle emission during the rush hours significantly contributed to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The shoe-making industry is well developed in Putian, where the acetone mixing ratio was significantly higher than in other cities. The O3-NOX-VOCs sensitivities at all urban sites were in VOC-limited or transitional regimes based on the ratios of formaldehyde to NO2; from morning to afternoon, the VOC-limited sensitivity decreased, and the NOX-limited sensitivity increased gradually. Formaldehyde contributed the most significant O3 formation potential (OFP) proportion of the Σ15OVOCs. The OFP of carbonyl species accounted for half of the total VOCs in Fuzhou and Putian, suggesting that more attention needs to be given to gaseous carbonyls control. Overall, the links inferred by this study provide evidence and clues to mitigate the increasing ambient O3 concentration on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuefen Zhong
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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18
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Luo S, Song W, Wang X. Ozone episodes during and after the 2018 Chinese National Day holidays in Guangzhou: Implications for the control of precursor VOCs. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:322-333. [PMID: 35459495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of reducing industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on ozone (O3) pollution is of wide concern particularly in highly industrialized megacities. In this study, O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOCs were measured at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta region during the 2018 Chinese National Day Holidays and two after-holiday periods (one with ozone pollution and another without). O3 pollution occurred throughout the 7-day holidays even industrial emissions of VOCs were passively reduced due to temporary factory shutdowns, and the toluene to benzene ratios dropped from ∼10 during non-holidays to ∼5 during the holidays. Box model (AtChem2-MCM) simulations with the input of observation data revealed that O3 formation was all VOC-limited, and alkenes had the highest relative incremental reactivity (RIR) during the holiday and non-holiday O3 episodes while aromatics had the highest RIR during the non-pollution period. Box model also demonstrated that even aromatics decreased proportionally to levels with near-zero contributions of industrial aromatic solvents, O3 concentrations would only decrease by less than 20% during the holiday and non-holiday O3 episodes and ozone pollution in the periods could not be eliminated. The results imply that controlling emissions of industrial aromatic solvents might be not enough to eliminate O3 pollution in the region, and more attention should be paid to anthropogenic reactive alkenes. Isoprene and formaldehyde were among the top 3 species by RIRs in all the three pollution and non-pollution periods, suggesting substantial contribution to O3 formation from biogenic VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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19
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Interpolation-Based Fusion of Sentinel-5P, SRTM, and Regulatory-Grade Ground Stations Data for Producing Spatially Continuous Maps of PM2.5 Concentrations Nationwide over Thailand. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has recently drawn significant attention due to its proven adverse effects on public health and the environment. This concern has been aggravated specifically in Southeast Asia due to increasing vehicular use, industrial activity, and agricultural burning practices. Consequently, elevated PM2.5 concentrations have become a matter of intervention for national authorities who have addressed the needs of monitoring air pollution by operating ground stations. However, their spatial coverage is limited and the installation and maintenance are costly. Therefore, alternative approaches are necessary at national and regional scales. In the current paper, we investigated interpolation models to fuse PM2.5 measurements from ground stations and satellite data in an attempt to produce spatially continuous maps of PM2.5 nationwide over Thailand. Four approaches are compared, namely the inverse distance weighted (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), random forest (RF), and random forest combined with OK (RFK) leveraging on the NO2, SO2, CO, HCHO, AI, and O3 products from the Sentinel-5P satellite, regulatory-grade ground PM2.5 measurements, and topographic parameters. The results suggest that RFK is the most robust, especially when the pollution levels are moderate or extreme, achieving an RMSE value of 7.11 μg/m3 and an R2 value of 0.77 during a 10-day long period in February, and an RMSE of 10.77 μg/m3 and R2 and 0.91 during the entire month of March. The proposed approach can be adopted operationally and expanded by leveraging regulatory-grade stations, low-cost sensors, as well as upcoming satellite missions such as the GEMS and the Sentinel-5.
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20
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Pennington EA, Seltzer KM, Murphy BN, Qin M, Seinfeld JH, Pye HO. Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation from volatile chemical products. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:18247-18261. [PMID: 35087576 PMCID: PMC8788583 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-18247-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are commonly-used consumer and industrial items that are an important source of anthropogenic emissions. Organic compounds from VCPs evaporate on atmospherically relevant time scales and include many species that are secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. However, the chemistry leading to SOA, particularly that of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), has not been fully represented in regional-scale models such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which tend to underpredict SOA concentrations in urban areas. Here we develop a model to represent SOA formation from VCP emissions. The model incorporates a new VCP emissions inventory and employs three new classes of emissions: siloxanes, oxygenated IVOCs, and nonoxygenated IVOCs. VCPs are estimated to produce 1.67 μg m-3 of noontime SOA, doubling the current model predictions and reducing the SOA mass concentration bias from -75% to -58% when compared to observations in Los Angeles in 2010. While oxygenated and nonoxygenated intermediate volatility VCP species are emitted in similar quantities, SOA formation is dominated by the nonoxygenated IVOCs. Formaldehyde and SOA show similar relationships to temperature and bias signatures indicating common sources and/or chemistry. This work suggests that VCPs contribute up to half of anthropogenic SOA in Los Angeles and models must better represent SOA precursors from VCPs to predict the urban enhancement of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse A. Pennington
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Karl M. Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Momei Qin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Havala O.T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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21
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Liu C, Shi K. A review on methodology in O 3-NOx-VOC sensitivity study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118249. [PMID: 34600066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into the response of surface ozone (O3) formation to its precursors plays an important role in the policy-making of O3 pollution control. However, the real atmosphere is an open and dissipative system, and its complexity poses a great challenge to the study of nonlinear relations between O3 and its precursors. At present, model-based methods based on reductionism try to restore the real atmospheric photochemical system, by coupling meteorological model and chemical transport model in temporal and spatial resolution completely. Nevertheless, large inconsistencies between predictions and true values still exist, due to the great uncertainty originated from emission inventory, photochemical reaction mechanism and meteorological factors. Recently, based on field observations, some nonlinear methods have successfully revealed the complex emergent properties (long-term persistence, multi-fractal, etc) in coupling correlation between O3 and its precursors at different time scales. The emergent properties are closely associated with the intrinsic dynamics of atmospheric photochemical system. Taking them into account when building O3 prediction model, is helpful to reduce the uncertainty in the results. Nonlinear methods (fractal, chaos, etc) based on holism can give new insights into the nonlinear relations between O3 and its precursors. Changes of thinking models in methodology are expected to improve the precision of forecasting O3 concentration. This paper has reviewed the advances of different methods for studying the sensitivity of O3 formation to its precursors during the past few decades. This review highlights that it is necessary to incorporate the emergent properties obtained by nonlinear methods into the modern models, for assessing O3 formation under combined air pollution environment more accurately. Moreover, the scaling property of coupling correlation detected in the real observations of O3 and its precursors could be used to test and improve the simulation performance of modern models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China; College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China; College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China.
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22
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Fang T, Zhu Y, Wang S, Xing J, Zhao B, Fan S, Li M, Yang W, Chen Y, Huang R. Source impact and contribution analysis of ambient ozone using multi-modeling approaches over the Pearl River Delta region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117860. [PMID: 34332168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of source impacts and contributions is a key element for the design of effective air pollution control policies. In this study, O3 source impacts and contributions were comprehensively assessed over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China using brute-force method (BFM), response surface modeling with BFM (RSM-BFM) and differential method (RSM-DM) respectively, high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), and ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT). The multi-modeling comparison results indicated that under typical nonlinear atmospheric conditions during the O3 formation, BFM, RSM-BFM, and HDDM seemed to be appropriate for assessing the impact of single source emissions; however, the results of HDDM could deviate from those of BFM when the emission reduction ratio was higher than 50 %. Under multi-source control scenarios, the results of source contribution analyses obtained from RSM-DM and OSAT were reasonably well, but the performance of OSAT was limited by its capability in representing the nonlinearity of O3 response to emission reductions of its precursors, particularly NOx. The results of this pilot study in the PRD showed that the RSM-DM appeared to replicate the nonlinearity of O3 chemistry reasonably well (e.g., O3 disbenefits due to local NOx emission reductions in Guangzhou city). Based on the source contribution results, on-road mobile (including both NOx and VOC emissions) and industrial process (mainly VOC emissions) sources were identified as two major contribution sectors by both RSM-DM and OSAT, contributing an average of 31.5 % and 11.4 % (estimated by RSM-DM) and 29.2 % and 13.0 % (estimated by OSAT) respectively to O3 formation in 9 cities of the PRD. Therefore, the reinforced emission reductions on NOx and VOC from on-road mobile and industrial process sources in the central cities (i.e., Guangzhou, Foshan, Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Zhongshan) were suggested to effectively mitigate the ambient O3 levels in the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaojia Fan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruolin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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23
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Kovács KD, Haidu I. Effect of Anti-COVID-19 Measures on Atmospheric Pollutants Correlated with the Economies of Medium-sized Cities in 10 Urban Areas of Grand Est Region, France. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 74:103173. [PMID: 36567861 PMCID: PMC9760193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using Sentinel-5P data, this study investigated the magnitude of change in the concentration of air pollutants (NO2, HCHO, SO2, O3, CO, and aerosol index) in the air of ten cities and urban areas of the French region of Grand Est as a result of the first lockdown imposed between March 17, 2020 and May 11, 2020. The results showed that the air quality in the urban environments of Grand Est improved significantly compared to the same period in 2019 without lockdown. NO2, O3, aerosol index and CO were the pollutants that exhibited maximum reductions by an average of -33.98%, -5.94%, -26.82% and -0.66%, respectively (the observed maximum decreases were -54.7%, -7.7%, -13.1%, and -5.3%, respectively). The largest decrease occurred in the Public Establishments of Inter-municipal Cooperation (EPCI, in French: Établissement public de coopération intercommunale) areas of Eurométropole de Strasbourg, CA Colmar, and CA Mulhouse Alsace. The maximum decrease in air pollution first occurred in land cover classes close to cities, followed by built-up urban areas. In this study, a global depollution index known as the atmospheric clearance index (ACI) was developed, which involved several air pollution parameters, and quantitatively analyzed the decrease in contamination levels of the atmosphere in this region. In addition, the correlation between the novel ACI and other population and economic development indices was studied. The results indicated that there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between ACI and population density, gross domestic product, gross value added (GVA) at basic prices, number of employees, and active enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamill Dániel Kovács
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire LOTERR-EA7304, Île du Saulcy, 57045 Metz, France
| | - Ionel Haidu
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire LOTERR-EA7304, Île du Saulcy, 57045 Metz, France
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24
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Global Surface HCHO Distribution Derived from Satellite Observations with Neural Networks Technique. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13204055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the most important carcinogenic air contaminants in outdoor air. However, the lack of monitoring of the global surface concentration of HCHO is currently hindering research on outdoor HCHO pollution. Traditional methods are either restricted to small areas or, for research on a global scale, too data-demanding. To alleviate this issue, we adopted neural networks to estimate the 2019 global surface HCHO concentration with confidence intervals, utilizing HCHO vertical column density data from TROPOMI, and in-situ data from HAPs (harmful air pollutants) monitoring networks and the ATom mission. Our results show that the global surface HCHO average concentration is 2.30 μg/m3. Furthermore, in terms of regions, the concentrations in the Amazon Basin, Northern China, South-east Asia, the Bay of Bengal, and Central and Western Africa are among the highest. The results from our study provide the first dataset on global surface HCHO concentration. In addition, the derived confidence intervals of surface HCHO concentration add an extra layer of confidence to our results. As a pioneering work in adopting confidence interval estimation to AI-driven atmospheric pollutant research and the first global HCHO surface distribution dataset, our paper paves the way for rigorous study of global ambient HCHO health risk and economic loss, thus providing a basis for pollution control policies worldwide.
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25
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Zhang Y, Ju T, Shi Y, Wang Q, Li F, Zhang G. Analysis of spatiotemporal variation of formaldehyde column concentration in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55233-55251. [PMID: 34129162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Based on the formaldehyde (HCHO) inversion data of OMI satellite sensor from 2009 to 2019, this paper discusses the spatial and temporal distribution of HCHO column concentration over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the past 11 years and explores the factors affecting the dynamic distribution of atmospheric HCHO column concentration over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in combination with meteorological, aerosol, ozone, and other data. The results show that the average concentration of HCHO column in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is 8.84 × 1015 molec/cm2 in the past 11 years, which is relatively low, and the annual variation rate of HCHO column is 7.79%, showing a slight upward trend. The seasonal changes show a trend of Autumn < Winter < Spring < Summer. The monthly variation is more obvious than the seasonal variation. The spatial distribution showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. Residual analysis showed that 83.77% of the area was frequently affected by natural factors. Correlation analysis found that the natural factors including precipitation, air temperature, and atmospheric activities for a greater influence on the column experiment the distribution of the concentration of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and human factors, such as biomass, the distribution of fossil fuel combustion, and emissions to HCHO, play a promoting role. Through the backward trajectory analysis, it can be seen that the transboundary atmospheric transport activity has a prominent contribution to the distribution of HCHO in the southern region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hurst index study found that in the future, the concentration of HCHO column in 53.03% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will decrease, but in some areas, such as the eastern and northern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it will increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Tianzhen Ju
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Yao Shi
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - QingQing Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - FengShuai Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
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26
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Hamroun A, Camier A, Bigna JJ, Glowacki F. Impact of air pollution on renal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e041088. [PMID: 33455930 PMCID: PMC7813312 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease is a serious and a frequent disease associated with a high risk of morbi-mortality. Although several risk factors have already been well addressed, mostly diabetes and hypertension, many remain underappreciated, such as chronic exposure to air pollution. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and CINAHL database, from inception to 31 March 2020, for relevant records using a combination of keywords related to the type of exposure (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM2.5, PMcoarse and PM10) and to the type of outcome (chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal/kidney disease, kidney failure, proteinuria/albuminuria, renal function, renal transplant, kidney graft, kidney transplant failure, nephrotic syndrome and kidney cancer). The review will be reported according to the guidelines of the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Two independent reviewers will select studies without design or language restrictions, using original data and investigating the association between exposure to one or more of the prespecified air pollutants and subsequent risk of renal outcomes. Using random-effects meta-analyses, we will present pooled summary statistics (HR, OR or beta-coefficients with their respective 95% CI) associated with a standardised increase in each pollutant level. The results will be presented by air pollutant and outcome. Heterogeneity will be assessed using the χ2 test on Cochran's Q statistic and quantified by calculating I2. The Egger's test and visual inspection of funnel plots will be used to assess publication bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Since primary data are not collected in this study, ethical approval is not required. This review is expected to provide relevant data on the associations between various air pollutants' exposure and renal outcomes. The final report will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020187956.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghilès Hamroun
- Nephrology, Regional and University Hospital Centre Lille, Lille, France
- Clinical Epidemiology Team, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurore Camier
- Research Team on Early Life Origins of Health (EAROH), UMR1153 Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Jean Joel Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - François Glowacki
- Nephrology, Regional and University Hospital Centre Lille, Lille, France
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27
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Sun J, Shen Z, Wang R, Li G, Zhang Y, Zhang B, He K, Tang Z, Xu H, Qu L, Sai Hang Ho S, Liu S, Cao J. A comprehensive study on ozone pollution in a megacity in North China Plain during summertime: Observations, source attributions and ozone sensitivity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106279. [PMID: 33276317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution has been becoming prominent in North China Plain (NCP) in China since last decade. In order to clarify the source contribution and formation mechanism of O3, the critical precursors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured with both on-line and off-line methods in Luoyang City in summer of 2019. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx, sum of NO and NO2) and O3 were simultaneously monitored. Fifty-seven VOCs measured in U.S. Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) showed daily concentrations in a range of 14.5 ± 5.33 to 29.2 ± 11.2 ppbv in Luoyang, which were comparable with those in other Chinese megacities. The mass compositions of VOCs were determined, with comparatively low proportions of alkanes (<50%) but high fractions of photoreactive alkenes and alkyne. Source apportionment of VOCs was conducted by Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model (HERM). The results indicated that industrial (38.5%) and traffic (32.0%) were the two dominated pollution sources of VOCs in the urban, while the biogenic and residential sources had contributions of 15.8% and 13.8%, respectively. To further measure the O3 formation sensitivity and its source attribution, the WRF-CHEM model was adopted in this study. The variation of O3 between the observation and the stimulation using the local emission inventory showed an index of agreement (IOA) of 0.85. The simulation conducted by WRF-CHEM indicated an average of 43.5% of the O3 was associated with the regional transportation, revealing the importance of inter-regional prevention and control policy. Traffic and biogenic emissions were the two major pollution sources to an O3 episode occurred from July 21 to July 27, 2019 (when O3 concentration over 150 μg m-3) in Luoyang, with average contributions of 22.9% and 18.3%, respectively. The O3 isopleths proved that its formation in the atmosphere of Luoyang was in transitional regime and collectively controlled by both VOCs and NOx. This was different from the observations in main cities of NCP before implantations of strict emission controls. The isopleths additionally designated that the O3 formation regime would move forward or shift to NOx regime after a reduction of over 45% during the episode. Similar patterns were also reported in other Chinese megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai, due to the tightening of the NOx control policies. Our results do support that the simultaneous controls of NOx and VOCs were effective in reductions of tropospheric O3 in Luoyang. Meanwhile, joint regional control policies on the emissions of NOx and VOCs can potentially overwhelm the current O3 pollutions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhuoyue Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Divison of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno NV89512, United States
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
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Cook R, Phillips S, Strum M, Eyth A, Thurman J. Contribution of mobile sources to secondary formation of carbonyl compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:1356-1366. [PMID: 32841108 PMCID: PMC7780572 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1813839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the 2014 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), the carbonyl compounds formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were identified as key cancer risk drivers and acrolein was identified as one of the three air toxics that drive most of the noncancer risk. In this assessment, averaged across the Continental United States, about 75% of ambient formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and about 18% of acrolein, is formed secondarily. This study was conducted to estimate the potential contribution to these secondarily formed carbonyl compounds from mobile sources. To develop such estimates, we conducted several CMAQ runs, where emissions are set to zero for different mobile source sectors, to determine their potential contribution. Although zeroing out emissions from an individual sector can offer only a rough approximation of how the sector might contribute to overall secondary concentrations, our results suggest that across the U. S., mobile sources contribute about 6-18% to secondary formaldehyde, 0-10% to secondary acetaldehyde, and 0-70% to secondary acrolein, depending on location. Implications: Photochemical modeling of carbonyl compounds was conducted with emissions set to zero for various mobile source sectors to determine their contribution to secondary concentrations. Results indicated mobile sources contributed to total and secondary concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in many locations across the U.S. with acrolein the dominant contributor in some locations. However, biogenic sources dominated secondary formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and fires dominated secondary acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rich Cook
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sharon Phillips
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Madeleine Strum
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alison Eyth
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James Thurman
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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29
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Zhang ZJ, Chen ZF, Liu J. Path integral Liouville dynamics simulations of vibrational spectra of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2006099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-fei Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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30
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Fang T, Zhu Y, Jang J, Wang S, Xing J, Chiang PC, Fan S, You Z, Li J. Real-time source contribution analysis of ambient ozone using an enhanced meta-modeling approach over the Pearl River Delta Region of China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 268:110650. [PMID: 32510427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear response of O3 to nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) is not conducive to accurately identify the various source contributions and O3-NOx-VOC relationships. An enhanced meta-modeling approach, polynomial functions based response surface modeling coupled with the sectoral linear fitting technique (pf-ERSM-SL), integrating a new differential method (DM), was proposed to break through the limitation. The pf-ERSM-SL with DM was applied for analysis of O3 formation regime and real-time source contributions in July and October 2015 over the Pearl River Delta Region (PRD) of Mainland China. According to evaluations, the pf-ERSM-SL with DM was proven to be effective in source apportionment when the traditional sensitivity analysis was unsuitable for deriving the source contributions in the nonlinear system. After diagnosing the O3-NOx-VOC relationships, O3 formation in most regions of the PRD was identified as a distinctive NOx-limited regime in July; in October, the initial VOC-limited regime was found at small emission reductions (less than 22-44%), but it will transit to NOx-limited when further reductions were implemented. Investigation of the source contributions suggested that NOx emissions were the dominated contributor when turning-off the anthropogenic emissions, occupying 85.41-94.90% and 52.60-75.37% of the peak O3 responses in July and October respectively in the receptor regions of the PRD; NOx emissions from the on-road mobile source (NOx_ORM) in Guangzhou (GZ), Dongguan&Shenzhen (DG&SZ) and Zhongshan (ZS) were identified as the main contributors. Consequently, the reinforced control of NOx_ORM is highly recommended to lower the ambient O3 in the PRD effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Jicheng Jang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pen-Chi Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10673, Taiwan; Carbon Cycle Research Center, National Taiwan University, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Shaojia Fan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhiqiang You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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31
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Price PS, Jarabek AM, Burgoon LD. Organizing mechanism-related information on chemical interactions using a framework based on the aggregate exposure and adverse outcome pathways. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105673. [PMID: 32217427 PMCID: PMC8268396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a framework for organizing and accessing mechanistic data on chemical interactions. The framework is designed to support the assessment of risks from combined chemical exposures. The framework covers interactions between chemicals that occur over the entire source-to-outcome continuum including interactions that are studied in the fields of chemical transport, environmental fate, exposure assessment, dosimetry, and individual and population-based adverse outcomes. The framework proposes to organize data using a semantic triple of a chemical (subject), has impact (predicate), and a causal event on the source-to-outcome continuum of a second chemical (object). The location of the causal event on the source-to-outcome continuum and the nature of the impact are used as the basis for a taxonomy of interactions. The approach also builds on concepts from the Aggregate Exposure Pathway (AEP) and Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP). The framework proposes the linking of AEPs of multiple chemicals and the AOP networks relevant to those chemicals to form AEP-AOP networks that describe chemical interactions that cannot be characterized using AOP networks alone. Such AEP-AOP networks will aid the construction of workflows for both experimental design and the systematic review or evaluation performed in risk assessments. Finally, the framework is used to link the constructs of existing component-based approaches for mixture toxicology to specific categories in the interaction taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Price
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
| | - Annie M Jarabek
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Lyle D Burgoon
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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32
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Yang X, Xiao H, Wu Q, Wang L, Guo Q, Cheng H, Wang R, Tang Z. Numerical study of air pollution over a typical basin topography: Source appointment of fine particulate matter during one severe haze in the megacity Xi'an. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135213. [PMID: 31812406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many cities are located in lands with typical basin topographies, which are not conducive to the spread of air pollutants. In the winter of 2016/2017, a severe haze happened in Xi'an, the main city in the Guanzhong Basin in central China. When the peak daily concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) reaches 499 μg/m3, the source of the atmospheric pollution needs to be found urgently in order to take countermeasures. The comprehensive air quality model with extensions, coupled with the tracer tagging particulate source apportionment technology (PSAT) module, and an improved emission inventory, higher grid resolution, and bigger inner domain area, have been applied to quantify the contributions of local and regional emissions to the PM2.5 pollutions. The model performed well in time period considered in this study. The correlation of the simulated daily PM2.5 concentration data reaches 0.82, and the fraction of predictions within a factor of two of observations approaches 84%. With the PSAT module, the PM2.5 contributions from local and regional sources to the urban centre and rural areas during the severe winter haze event are analysed in detail. The PM2.5 concentrations in the urban centre in Xi'an is mainly originating from local emissions (60%), and Xianyang City is the largest contributor among the surrounding source regions (11.6%), while the transportation sector outside the Shaanxi Province (5.1%) also contributes significantly. Comparatively, the rural areas have lower local contributions and higher transport contributions. In particular, in the northern rural area Yanliang, the contribution from surrounding source regions approaches 82%. The results of this study suggest that to improve the air quality in a typical basin city, a regional-scale coordinated emissions control should be used, focusing on the emissions from both local and surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Yang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Xi'an Meteorological Bureau, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710016, China; Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Han Xiao
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qizhong Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lanning Wang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Xi'an Meteorological Bureau, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710016, China
| | - Huaqiong Cheng
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Centre for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhiyi Tang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province 710049, China
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33
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Price P, Leonard J. A proposal for creating a taxonomy of chemical interactions using concepts from the aggregate exposure and adverse outcome pathways. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 16:58-66. [PMID: 33354636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no single taxonomy for organizing data on the various types of chemical interactions that may affect risks from combined exposures. A taxonomy of chemical interactions is proposed that is based on a combination of the aggregate exposure pathways (AEPs) and adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) (AEP-AOP framework). The AEP-AOP framework organizes data on the causal events that ocur over the entire source-exposure-response continuum of a chemical's release. The proposed taxonomy uses this framework in two ways. First, four top-level categories are established based on the location in the continuum where a chemical interaction occurs. Second, each top-level category has two or more subcategories that are based on concepts taken from AEPs and AOPs. The categories and subcategories are potentially useful in developing standardized definitions for interaction terms and improving our understanding of the impacts of chemical interactions on risk to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Price
- National Exposure Research Lab, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, RTP, NC, 27711 USA
| | - Jeremy Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Environmental Media Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, RTP, NC, 27711 USA
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Zhou X, Tan J, Qin J, Hu J, Duan J, Chen R. Impact of emissions controls on ambient carbonyls during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11875-11887. [PMID: 30820915 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Beijing and its surrounding areas implemented a series of stringent measures to ensure good air quality during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. These measures included restrictions on traffic, constructions, and industrial activities. The diurnal variations of carbonyls, 24-h PM2.5, and its chemical species were investigated before, during, after APEC, and the 2015 summer. The average concentrations of carbonyls, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were decreased by 65.2%, 78.6%, 41.5%, and 55.6% during APEC, respectively. The concentrations of propene equivalent, the ozone formation potential, and the contribution to OH· removal by carbonyls during APEC were approximately 27-33% of those during the preceding interval. The temporal variation of carbonyls during APEC was similar to that of other air pollutants, except for O3; however, the diurnal variation of carbonyls was consistent with that of O3, with the highest values at noon and the lowest ones at night during APEC. Large variations in C1/C2 (0.95-9.41) and C2/C3 (5.70-15.71) were observed during the sampling period. The correlations analysis, diagnostical ratios, and diurnal variations of carbonyls indicated that primary sources were not an important source and secondary formation was the dominant source of atmospheric carbonyls during the entire period. The control measures not only reduced primary carbonyl emissions but also dramatically reduced secondary carbonyl precursors, such as NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resulting in the low level of carbonyls during APEC. In addition, the potential health effects of carbonyls were evaluated and the cancer risk from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was significantly higher before APEC than during the other intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jingchun Duan
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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35
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Luecken DJ, Yarwood G, Hutzell WT. Multipollutant modeling of ozone, reactive nitrogen and HAPs across the continental US with CMAQ-CB6. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2019; 201:62-72. [PMID: 33981178 PMCID: PMC8112378 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of atmospheric chemical mechanisms used in air quality models is critical for robustly predicting the production and decay of air pollutants and thus to develop strategies to reduce concentrations that are above levels harmful to humans and ecosystems. In this study we document, evaluate and analyze the implementation of the CB6r3 chemical mechanism used in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, including changes that have been to the standard version, and demonstrate the impact of this update on predictions. In general, CB6r3 slightly improves the predictions of ozone and oxides of nitrogen, while providing more consistency with current scientific understanding. Nitric acid is generally overpredicted in both winter and summer, and ongoing work continues to address this overprediction and update other aspects of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Luecken
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - G Yarwood
- Ramboll Environ, Novato CA 94998, USA
| | - W T Hutzell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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36
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Strasert B, Teh SC, Cohan DS. Air quality and health benefits from potential coal power plant closures in Texas. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:333-350. [PMID: 30339492 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1537984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As power production from renewable energy and natural gas grows, closures of some coal-fired power plants in Texas become increasingly likely. In this study, the potential effects of such closures on air quality and human health were analyzed by linking a regional photochemical model with a health impacts assessment tool. The impacts varied significantly across 13 of the state's largest coal-fired power plants, sometimes by more than an order of magnitude, even after normalizing by generation. While some power plants had negligible impacts on concentrations at important monitors, average impacts up to 0.5 parts per billion (ppb) and 0.2 µg/m3 and maximum impacts up to 3.3 ppb and 0.9 µg/m3 were seen for ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), respectively. Individual power plants impacted average visibility by up to 0.25 deciviews in Class I Areas. Health impacts arose mostly from PM2.5 and were an order of magnitude higher for plants that lack scrubbers for SO2. Rankings of health impacts were largely consistent across the base model results and two reduced form models. Carbon dioxide emissions were relatively uniform, ranging from 1.00 to 1.26 short tons/MWh, and can be monetized based on a social cost of carbon. Despite all of these unpaid externalities, estimated direct costs of each power plant exceeded wholesale power prices in 2016. Implications: While their CO2 emission rates are fairly similar, sharply different NOx and SO2 emission rates and spatial factors cause coal-fired power plants to vary by an order of magnitude in their impacts on ozone, particulate matter, and associated health and visibility outcomes. On a monetized basis, the air pollution health impacts often exceed the value of the electricity generated and are of similar magnitude to climate impacts. This suggests that both air pollution and climate should be considered if externalities are used to inform decision making about power-plant dispatch and retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Strasert
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Su Chen Teh
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Daniel S Cohan
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
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37
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Afsar B, Elsurer Afsar R, Kanbay A, Covic A, Ortiz A, Kanbay M. Air pollution and kidney disease: review of current evidence. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:19-32. [PMID: 30746128 PMCID: PMC6366136 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with amazing technological advances, the industrial revolution of the mid-19th century introduced new sources of pollution. By the mid-20th century, the effects of these changes were beginning to be felt around the world. Among these changes, health problems due to environmental air pollution are increasingly recognized. At the beginning, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were emphasized. However, accumulated data indicate that every organ system in the body may be involved, and the kidney is no exception. Although research on air pollution and kidney damage is recent, there is now scientific evidence that air pollution harms the kidney. In this holistic review, we have summarized the epidemiology, disease states and mechanisms of air pollution and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Asiye Kanbay
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Department, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, "Dr. C.I. Parhon" University Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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