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El Haber M, Gérard V, Kleinheins J, Ferronato C, Nozière B. Measuring the Surface Tension of Atmospheric Particles and Relevant Mixtures to Better Understand Key Atmospheric Processes. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39177157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol and aqueous particles are ubiquitous in Earth's atmosphere and play key roles in geochemical processes such as natural chemical cycles, cloud and fog formation, air pollution, visibility, climate forcing, etc. The surface tension of atmospheric particles can affect their size distribution, condensational growth, evaporation, and exchange of chemicals with the atmosphere, which, in turn, are important in the above-mentioned geochemical processes. However, because measuring this quantity is challenging, its role in atmospheric processes was dismissed for decades. Over the last 15 years, this field of research has seen some tremendous developments and is rapidly evolving. This review presents the state-of-the-art of this subject focusing on the experimental approaches. It also presents a unique inventory of experimental adsorption isotherms for over 130 mixtures of organic compounds in water of relevance for model development and validation. Potential future areas of research seeking to better determine the surface tension of atmospheric particles, better constrain laboratory investigations, or better understand the role of surface tension in various atmospheric processes, are discussed. We hope that this review appeals not only to atmospheric scientists but also to researchers from other fields, who could help identify new approaches and solutions to the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella El Haber
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Judith Kleinheins
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Barbara Nozière
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 114 28, Sweden
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2
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Vidović K, Hočevar S, Grgić I, Metarapi D, Dominović I, Mifka B, Gregorič A, Alfoldy B, Ciglenečki I. Do bromine and surface-active substances influence the coastal atmospheric particle growth? Heliyon 2024; 10:e31632. [PMID: 38828296 PMCID: PMC11140702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is considered a major source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN); however, our understanding of NPF and the subsequent particle growth mechanisms in coastal areas remains limited. This study provides evidence of frequent NPF events followed by particle growth in the middle Adriatic Sea during the summer months at the coastal station of Rogoznica in Croatia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such events in this region. Our research aims to improve the understanding of NPF by investigating particle growth through detailed physicochemical characterization and event classification. We used a combination of online measurements and offline particle collection, followed by a thorough chemical analysis. Our results suggest the role of bromine in the particle growth process and provide evidence for its involvement in combination with organic compounds. In addition, we demonstrated the significant influence of surface-active substances (SAS) on particle growth. NPF and particle growth events have been observed in air masses originating from the Adriatic Sea, which can serve as an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Our study shows an intricate interplay between bromine, organic carbon (OC), and SAS in atmospheric particle growth, contributing to a better understanding of coastal NPF processes. In this context, we also introduced a new approach using the semi-empirical 1st derivative method to determine the growth rate for each time point that is not sensitive to the nonlinear behavior of the particle growth over time. We observed that during NPF and particle growth event days, the OC concentration measured in the ultrafine mode particle fraction was higher compared to non-event days. Moreover, in contrast to non-event days, bromine compounds were detected in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on nearly all NPF and particle growth event days. Regarding sulfuric acid, the measured sulfate concentration in the ultrafine mode atmospheric particle fraction on both NPF event and non-event days showed no significant differences. This suggests that sulfuric acid may not be the primary factor influencing the appearance of NPF and the particle growth process in the coastal region of Rogoznica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Samo Hočevar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dino Metarapi
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Dominović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Mifka
- Faculty of Physics University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška 39A, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Center for Atmospheric Research, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | | | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Physical Oceanography Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Prisle NL. Surfaces of Atmospheric Droplet Models Probed with Synchrotron XPS on a Liquid Microjet. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:177-187. [PMID: 38156821 PMCID: PMC10795169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe atmosphere is a key part of the earth system comprising myriad chemical species in all basic forms of matter. Ubiquitous nano- and microscopic aerosol particles and cloud droplets suspended in the air play crucial roles in earth's climate and the formation of air pollution. Surfaces are a prominent part of aerosols and droplets, due to the high surface area to bulk volume ratios, but very little is known about their specific properties. Many atmospheric compounds are surface-active, leading to enhanced surface concentrations in aqueous solutions. Their distribution between the surface and bulk may determine heterogeneous chemistry and many other properties of aerosol and cloud droplets, but has not been directly observed.We used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to obtain direct molecular-level information on the surface composition and structure of aqueous solutions of surface-active organics as model systems for atmospheric aerosol and cloud droplets. XPS is a vacuum-based technique enabled for volatile aqueous organic samples by the application of a high-speed liquid microjet. In combination with brilliant synchrotron X-rays, the chemical specificity of XPS allows distinction between elements in different chemical states and positions within molecular structures. We used core-level C 1s and N 1s signals to identify the alkyl and hydrophilic groups of atmospheric carboxylic acids, alkyl-amines, and their conjugate acids and bases. From this, we infer changes in the orientation of surface-adsorbed species and quantify their relative abundances in the surface. XPS-derived surface enrichments of the organics follow trends expected from their surface activities and we observed a preferential orientation at the surface with the hydrophobic alkyl chains pointing increasingly outward from the solution at higher concentrations. This provides a first direct experimental observation of well-established concepts of surface adsorption and confirms the soundness of the method.We mapped relative abundances of conjugate acid-base pairs in the aqueous solution surfaces from the respective intensities of distinctive XPS signals. For each pair, the protonation equilibrium was significantly shifted toward the neutral form in the surface, compared to the bulk solution, across the full pH range. This represents an apparent shift of the pKa in the surface, which may be toward either higher or lower pH, depending on whether the acid or base form of the pair is the neutral species. The surface shifts are broadly consistent with the relative differences in surface enrichment of the individual acid and base conjugates in binary aqueous solutions, with additional contributions from nonideal interactions in the surface. In aqueous mixtures of surface-active carboxylate anions with ammonium salts at near-neutral pH, we found that the conjugate carboxylic acids were further strongly enhanced. This occurs as the coadsorption of weakly basic carboxylate anions and weakly acidic ammonium cations forms ion-pair surface layers with strongly enhanced local abundances, increasing the probability of net proton transfer according to Le Chatelier's principle. The effect is stronger when the evaporation of ammonia from the surface further contributes to irreversibly perturb the protonation equilibrium, leaving a surplus of carboxylic acid. These surface-specific effects may profoundly influence atmospheric chemistry mediated by aqueous aerosols and cloud droplets but are currently not taken into account in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nønne L. Prisle
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu 90014, Finland
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4
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El Haber M, Ferronato C, Giroir-Fendler A, Fine L, Nozière B. Salting out, non-ideality and synergism enhance surfactant efficiency in atmospheric aerosols. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20672. [PMID: 38001267 PMCID: PMC10673862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In Earth's atmosphere, the surface tension of sub-micron aerosol particles is suspected to affect their efficiency in becoming cloud droplets. But this quantity cannot be measured directly and is inferred from the chemical compounds present in aerosols. Amphiphilic surfactants have been evidenced in aerosols but experimental information on the surface properties of their mixtures with other aerosol components is lacking. This work explores experimentally the surface properties of aqueous mixtures of amphiphilic surfactants (SDS, Brij35, TritonX100, TritonX114, and CTAC) with inorganic salts (NaCl, (NH4)2SO4) and soluble organic acids (oxalic and glutaric acid) using pendant droplet tensiometry. Contrary to what could be expected, inorganic salts and organic acids systematically enhanced the efficiency of the surfactants rather than reduced it, by further lowering the surface tension and, in some cases, the CMC. Furthermore, all the mixtures studied were strongly non-ideal, some even displaying some synergism, thus demonstrating that the common assumption of ideality for aerosol mixtures is not valid. The molecular interactions between the mixture components were either in the bulk (salting out), in the mixed surface monolayer (synergy on the surface tension) or in the micelles (synergy on the CMC) and need to be included when describing such aerosol mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella El Haber
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Giroir-Fendler
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ludovic Fine
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON UMR 5256 CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Nozière
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Bain A, Ghosh K, Prisle NL, Bzdek BR. Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio Determines Surface Tensions in Microscopic, Surfactant-Containing Droplets. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2076-2083. [PMID: 38033804 PMCID: PMC10683496 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The surface composition of aerosol droplets is central to predicting cloud droplet number concentrations, understanding atmospheric pollutant transformation, and interpreting observations of accelerated droplet chemistry. Due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratios of aerosol droplets, adsorption of surfactant at the air-liquid interface can deplete the droplet's bulk concentration, leading to droplet surface compositions that do not match those of the solutions that produced them. Through direct measurements of individual surfactant-containing, micrometer-sized droplet surface tensions, and fully independent predictive thermodynamic modeling of droplet surface tension, we demonstrate that, for strong surfactants, the droplet's surface-area-to-volume ratio becomes the key factor in determining droplet surface tension rather than differences in surfactant properties. For the same total surfactant concentration, the surface tension of a droplet can be >40 mN/m higher than that of the macroscopic solution that produced it. These observations indicate that an explicit consideration of surface-area-to-volume ratios is required when investigating heterogeneous chemical reactivity at the surface of aerosol droplets or estimating aerosol activation to cloud droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Kunal Ghosh
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Bryan R. Bzdek
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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6
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Chen C, Zhang H, Zhang X. Synergism of Surfactant Mixture in Lowering Vapor-Liquid Interfacial Tension. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11828-11838. [PMID: 37556484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Through employing molecular dynamics, in this work, we study how a two-component surfactant mixture cooperatively reduces the interfacial tension of a flat vapor-liquid interface. Our simulation results show that in the presence of a given insoluble surfactant, adding a secondary surfactant would either further reduce interfacial tension, indicating a positive synergistic effect, or increase the interfacial tension instead, indicating a negative synergistic effect. The synergism of the surfactant mixture in lowering surface tension is found to depend strongly on the structure complementary effect between different surfactant components. The synergistic mechanisms are then interpreted with minimization of the bending free energy of the composite surfactant monolayer via cooperatively changing the monolayer spontaneous curvature. By roughly describing the monolayer spontaneous curvature with the balanced distribution of surfactant heads and tails, we confirm that the positive synergistic effect in lowering surface tension is featured with the increasingly symmetric head-tail distributions, while the negative synergistic effect is featured with the increasingly asymmetric head-tail distributions. Furthermore, our simulation results indicate that minimal interfacial tension can only be observed when the spontaneous curvature is nearly zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Penezić A, Wang X, Perrier S, George C, Frka S. Interfacial photochemistry of marine diatom lipids: Abiotic production of volatile organic compounds and new particle formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137510. [PMID: 36495976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global importance of abiotic oceanic production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) still presents a source of high uncertainties related to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. A better understanding of the photochemistry occurring at the ocean-atmosphere interface is particularly important in that regard, as it covers >70% of the Earth's surface. In this work, we focused on the photochemical VOCs production at the air-water interface containing organic material from authentic culture of marine diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus. Abiotic VOCs production upon irradiation of material originating from total phytoplankton culture as well as the fraction containing only dissolved material was monitored by means of PTR-ToF-MS. Furthermore, isolated dissolved lipid fraction was investigated after its deposition at the air-water interface. All samples acted as a source of VOCs, producing saturated oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, as well as unsaturated and functionalized compounds. Additionally, a significant increase in surfactant activity following irradiation experiments observed for all samples implied biogenic material photo-transformation at the air-water interface. The highest VOCs flux normalized per gram of carbon originated from lipid material, and the produced VOCs were introduced into an atmospheric simulation chamber, where particle formation was observed after its gas-phase ozonolysis. This work clearly demonstrates abiotic production of VOCs from phytoplankton derived organic material upon irradiation, facilitated by its presence at the air/water interface, with significant potential for affecting the global climate as a precursor of particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abra Penezić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Xinke Wang
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, France; Now at Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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8
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Burdette TC, Frossard AA. Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 108:164-174. [PMID: 34465430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%-47%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tret C Burdette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA, 30606, USA
| | - Amanda A Frossard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA, 30606, USA.
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9
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Ciglenečki I, Orlović-Leko P, Vidović K, Tasić V. The possible role of the surface active substances (SAS) in the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111215. [PMID: 33939977 PMCID: PMC9750166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface active substances (SAS) have the potential to form films at different interfaces, consequently influencing the interfacial properties of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). They can be derived from both human activities and natural processes and can be found in an indoor and outdoor environment. This paper's fundamental question is the possible role of the SAS in stabilizing respiratory aerosols in the closed space. In that context, we discuss results of preliminary measurements of the SAS and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the water-soluble fractions of PM2.5 and PM10 that were sampled simultaneously in primary school inside and outside of the building. The concentrations of SAS were determined using highly sensitive electrochemical measurements. It was observed that SAS and DOC concentrations have been enhanced indoor in both PM fractions. Consistent with these results, a discussion arises on the possibility that SAS could play a crucial role in respiratory droplet dispersion as stabilizers, especially in a closed space. At the same time, we assume that they could prolong the lifetime of respiratory aerosols and as well viability of some (possible SARS-CoV-2) virus inside of the droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Ciglenečki
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory fot Physical Oceanography and Chemistry od Aquatic Systems, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Palma Orlović-Leko
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory fot Physical Oceanography and Chemistry od Aquatic Systems, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristijan Vidović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory fot Physical Oceanography and Chemistry od Aquatic Systems, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia; National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Viša Tasić
- Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Bor, Serbia
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10
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Abstract
Aerosol droplets play a critical role in the development of weather patterns, yet are notoriously difficult to analyze because of their small size, transient nature and potentially complex composition. As a result, there has been a surge in recent years in the development of analysis techniques aimed at the study of aerosol droplets, namely of their surface tension properties, which are thought to play a great role in aerosol/cloud growth and subsequently having an impact on the resulting weather patterns. To capture the state of the field at this key time, we have collected and described some of the most relevant and influential studies, with a focus on those that have had the most impact. This review will present and describe the most used analytical techniques for studying the surface tension of micrometer-sized aqueous droplets, with a focus on historical trends and how the current techniques are posed to revolutionize the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Mott
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mao Fukuyama
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akihide Hibara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Material (IMRAM), Tohoku University, IMRAM West Building 1, Room S211, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles cool Earth’s climate by serving as cloud droplet seeds. This cooling effect represents both the single most uncertain and the largest negative radiative forcing. Cloud droplet activation is strongly influenced by aerosol particle surface tension, which in climate models is assumed equivalent to that of pure water. We directly measure the surface tensions of surfactant-coated, high surface-to-volume ratio droplets, demonstrating that their surface tensions are significantly lower than pure water but do not match the surface tension of the solution from which they were produced and depend on finite droplet size. These results suggest surfactants could potentially significantly modify radiative forcing and highlight the need for a better understanding of atmospheric surfactant concentrations and properties. Surface tension influences the fraction of atmospheric particles that become cloud droplets. Although surfactants are an important component of aerosol mass, the surface tension of activating aerosol particles is still unresolved, with most climate models assuming activating particles have a surface tension equal to that of water. By studying picoliter droplet coalescence, we demonstrate that surfactants can significantly reduce the surface tension of finite-sized droplets below the value for water, consistent with recent field measurements. Significantly, this surface tension reduction is droplet size-dependent and does not correspond exactly to the macroscopic solution value. A fully independent monolayer partitioning model confirms the observed finite-size-dependent surface tension arises from the high surface-to-volume ratio in finite-sized droplets and enables predictions of aerosol hygroscopic growth. This model, constrained by the laboratory measurements, is consistent with a reduction in critical supersaturation for activation, potentially substantially increasing cloud droplet number concentration and modifying radiative cooling relative to current estimates assuming a water surface tension. The results highlight the need for improved constraints on the identities, properties, and concentrations of atmospheric aerosol surfactants in multiple environments and are broadly applicable to any discipline where finite volume effects are operative, such as studies of the competition between reaction rates within the bulk and at the surface of confined volumes and explorations of the influence of surfactants on dried particle morphology from spray driers.
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12
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Lin JJ, Kristensen TB, Calderón SM, Malila J, Prisle NL. Effects of surface tension time-evolution for CCN activation of a complex organic surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:271-284. [PMID: 31912080 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physical processes and time scales underlying the evolution of surface tension in atmospheric solution droplets are largely unaccounted for in present models describing cloud droplet formation. Adsorption of surface-active molecules at the surface of a solution droplet depresses the droplet surface tension but also depletes solute from the droplet bulk, which have opposing and sometimes canceling effects in cloud droplet formation. In this work, we study the effect of time-evolving surface tension for cloud droplet activation of particles composed of Nordic Aquatic Fulvic Acid (NAFA) mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl). We model the formation of cloud droplets using Köhler theory with surface tension depression and bulk/surface partitioning evaluated from two different thermodynamic surface models. Continuous ternary parameterizations were constructed from surface tension measurements of macroscopic droplets at different time steps after the formation of a droplet surface. The predicted results are compared to previous measurements of mixed NAFA-NaCl cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and a bulk solution model that does not take the NAFA bulk/surface partitioning equilibrium into account. Whereas the bulk model shows a trend in cloud droplet formation following that of macroscopic surface tension depression with time, the variation with time essentially disappears when bulk/surface partitioning is taken explicitly into account during droplet activation. For all equilibrium time steps considered, the effect of surface tension depression in the NAFA-NaCl system is counteracted by the depletion of solute from the finite-sized droplet bulk phase. Our study highlights that a comprehensive data set is necessary to obtain continuous parameterizations of surface tension and other solution properties required to fully account for the bulk/surface partitioning in growing droplets. To our knowledge, no similar data set currently exists for other aqueous organic systems of atmospheric interest. Additional work is necessary to deconvolve the effects of bulk/surface partitioning in the context of time-evolution on cloud droplet activation and to determine whether the results presented here can be further generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Lin
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | | | - Silvia M Calderón
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Jussi Malila
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Nønne L Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
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13
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Gérard V, Noziere B, Fine L, Ferronato C, Singh DK, Frossard AA, Cohen RC, Asmi E, Lihavainen H, Kivekäs N, Aurela M, Brus D, Frka S, Cvitešić Kušan A. Concentrations and Adsorption Isotherms for Amphiphilic Surfactants in PM 1 Aerosols from Different Regions of Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12379-12388. [PMID: 31553874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the activation of submicrometer particles into cloud droplets in the atmosphere remains a challenge. The importance of surface tension, σ (mN m-1), in these processes has been evidenced by several works, but information on the "surfactants" lowering σ in actual atmospheric particles remains scarce. In this work, PM1 aerosols from urban, coastal, and remote regions of Europe (Lyon, France, Rogoznica, Croatia, and Pallas, Finland, respectively) were investigated and found to contain amphiphilic surfactants in concentrations up to 2.8 μg m-3 in the air and 1.3 M in the particle dry volume. In Pallas, correlations with the PM1 chemical composition showed that amphiphilic surfactants were present in the entire range of particle sizes, supporting recent works. This implied that they were present in hundreds to thousands of particles cm-3 and not only in a few large particles, as it has been hypothesized. Their adsorption isotherms and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were also determined. The low CMC obtained (3 × 10-5-9 × 10-3 M) implies that surface tension depression should be significant for all the particles containing these compounds, even at activation (growth factor ∼ 10). Amphiphilic surfactants are thus likely to enhance the CCN ability of submicrometer atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Barbara Noziere
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Ludovic Fine
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS , Université Lyon 1 , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Amanda A Frossard
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Heikki Lihavainen
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
- Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System , 9171 Longyearbyen , Norway
| | - Niku Kivekäs
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - David Brus
- Atmospheric Composition Research , Finnish Meteorological Institute , 00101 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb 10000 , Croatia
| | - Ana Cvitešić Kušan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb 10000 , Croatia
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14
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Electrochemical Evidence of non-Volatile Reduced Sulfur Species in Water-Soluble Fraction of Fine Marine Aerosols. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The traditional voltammetric method at the mercury electrode, and an acidification step developed for the determination of reduced sulfur species (RSS) in natural waters, was for the first time used for the quantification of RSS in the water-soluble fraction of fine marine aerosols collected at the Middle Adriatic location (Rogoznica Lake). The evidence of two types of non-volatile RSS that have different interaction with the Hg electrode was confirmed: mercapto-type which complexes Hg as RS–Hg and sulfide/S0-like compounds which deposits HgS. The analytical protocol that was used for RSS determination in aerosol samples is based on separate voltammetric studies of a methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MPA) as a representative of mercapto-type compounds and sulfide as a representative of inorganic RSS. Our preliminary study indicates the presence of mainly RS–Hg compounds in spring samples, ranging from 2.60–15.40 ng m−3, while both, the mercapto-type (0.48–2.23 ng m−3) and sulfide and/or S0-like compounds (0.02–0.26 ng m−3) were detected in early autumn samples. More expressed and defined RS–Hg peaks recorded in the spring potentially indicate their association with biological activity in the area. Those samples were also characterized by a higher water-soluble organic carbon content and a more abundant surface-active fraction, pointing to enhanced solubility and stabilization of RSS in the aqueous atmospheric phase.
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15
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Blanco YS, Topel Ö, Bajnóczi ÉG, Werner J, Björneholm O, Persson I. Chemical equilibria of aqueous ammonium-carboxylate systems in aqueous bulk, close to and at the water-air interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12434-12445. [PMID: 31143906 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the water-air interface and a number of water molecule layers just below it, the surface region, have significantly different physico-chemical properties, such as lower relative permittivity and density, than bulk water. The properties in the surface region of water favor weakly hydrated species as neutral molecules, while ions requiring strong hydration and shielding of their charge are disfavored. In this study the equilibria NH4+(aq) + RCOO-(aq) ⇌ NH3(aq) + RCOOH(aq) are investigated for R = CnH2n+1, n = 0-8, as open systems, where ammonia and small carboxylic acids in the gas phase above the water surface are removed from the system by a gentle controlled flow of nitrogen to mimic the transport of volatile compounds from water droplets into air. It is shown that this non-equilibrium transport of chemicals can be sufficiently large to cause a change of the chemical content of the aqueous bulk. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to determine the relative concentration of alkyl carboxylic acids and their conjugated alkyl carboxylates in aqueous surfaces using a micro-jet. These studies confirm that neutral alkyl carboxylic acids are accumulated in the surface region, while charged species, as alkyl carboxylates, are depleted. The XPS studies show also that the hydrophobic alkyl chains are oriented upwards into regions with lower relative permittivity and density, thus perpendicular to the aqueous surface. These combined results show that there are several chemical equilibria between the aqueous bulk and the surface region. The analytical studies show that the release of mainly ammonia is dependent on its concentration in the surface region, as long as the solubility of the carboxylic acid in the surface region is sufficiently high to avoid a precipitation in/on the water-air interface. However, for n-octyl- and n-nonylcarboxylic acid the solubility is sufficiently low to cause precipitation. The combined analytical and surface speciation studies in this work show that the equilibria involving the surface region are fast. The results from this study increase the knowledge about the distribution of chemical species in the surface region at and close to the water-air interface, and the transport of chemicals from water to air in open systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Salamanca Blanco
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Önder Topel
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Éva G Bajnóczi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Josephina Werner
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Zhong J, Li H, Kumar M, Liu J, Liu L, Zhang X, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Mechanistic Insight into the Reaction of Organic Acids with SO
3
at the Air–Water Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104-6316 USA
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17
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Zhong J, Li H, Kumar M, Liu J, Liu L, Zhang X, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Mechanistic Insight into the Reaction of Organic Acids with SO
3
at the Air–Water Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8351-8355. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministy of Education of China School of Chemistry Beijing Inistitute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104-6316 USA
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18
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Miles REH, Glerum MWJ, Boyer HC, Walker JS, Dutcher CS, Bzdek BR. Surface Tensions of Picoliter Droplets with Sub-Millisecond Surface Age. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3021-3029. [PMID: 30864798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols are key components of the atmosphere and play important roles in many industrial processes. Because aerosol particles have high surface-to-volume ratios, their surface properties are especially important. However, direct measurement of the surface properties of aerosol particles is challenging. In this work, we describe an approach to measure the surface tension of picoliter volume droplets with surface age <1 ms by resolving their dynamic oscillations in shape immediately after ejection from a microdroplet dispenser. Droplet shape oscillations are monitored by highly time-resolved (500 ns) stroboscopic imaging, and droplet surface tension is accurately retrieved across a wide range of droplet sizes (10-25 μm radius) and surface ages (down to ∼100 μs). The approach is validated for droplets containing sodium chloride, glutaric acid, and water, which all show no variation in surface tension with surface age. Experimental results from the microdroplet dispenser approach are compared to complementary surface tension measurements of 5-10 μm radius droplets with aged surfaces using a holographic optical tweezers approach and predictions of surface tension using a statistical thermodynamic model. These approaches combined will allow investigation of droplet surface tension across a wide range of droplet sizes, compositions, and surface ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E H Miles
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Michael W J Glerum
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Hallie C Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Jim S Walker
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Bryan R Bzdek
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
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