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Wang Y, Wang F, Li L, Zhang L, Song M, Jiang G. Comprehensive Toxicological Assessment of Halobenzoquinones in Drinking Water at Environmentally Relevant Concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9125-9134. [PMID: 38743861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs), an emerging unregulated category of disinfection byproduct (DBP) in drinking water, have aroused an increasing concern over their potential health risks. However, the chronic toxicity of HBQs at environmentally relevant concentrations remains largely unknown. Here, the occurrence and concentrations of 13 HBQs in drinking water from a northern megacity in China were examined using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Four HBQs, including 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TriCBQ), and 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ), were detected beyond 50% occurrence frequency and at median concentrations from 4 to 50 ng/L. The chronic toxicity of these four HBQs to normal human colon and liver cells (FHC and THLE-2) was investigated at these concentrations. After 90 days of exposure, 2,5-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced the highest levels of oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in colon and liver cells, respectively. Moreover, 2,5-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ were also found to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal human liver cells via the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Importantly, heating to 100 °C (boiling) was found to efficiently reduce the levels of these four HBQs in drinking water. These results suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of HBQs could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in normal human cells, and boiling is a highly efficient way of detoxification for HBQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lulu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Xiang Y, Xu H. Occurrence, formation, and proteins perturbation of disinfection byproducts in indoor air resulting from chlorine disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140182. [PMID: 37716567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased amounts of chlorine disinfectant have been sprayed to inactivate viruses in the environment since the COVID-19 pandemic, and the health risk from chemicals, especially disinfection byproducts (DBPs), has unintentionally increased. In this study, we characterized the occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) in indoor air and evaluated their formation potential from typical indoor ingredients. Subsequently, the adverse effect of chloroacetic acid on A549 cells was depicted at the proteomic, transcriptional and silico levels. The results revealed that the total concentrations of HAAs and THMs ranged from 1.46 to 4.20 μg/m3 in ten indoor environments. Both classes of DBPs could be generated during the chlorination of prevalent terpenes by competing reactions, which are associated with the volatile state of indoor ingredients after disinfection. The C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway and cellular senescence were significantly perturbed pathways, which interfered with the development of lung fibrosis. The negative effect was further investigated by molecular docking and transcription, which showed that HAAs can interact with four C-type lectin receptor proteins by hydrogen bonds and inhibit the mRNA expression of related proteins. This study highlights the potential secondary biological risk caused by intensive DBPs generated from chlorination and draws our attention to the potential environmental factors leading to chronic respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwei Xiang
- Department of Lung Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huan Xu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
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Lei X, Xie Z, Sun Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Recent progress in identification of water disinfection byproducts and opportunities for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122601. [PMID: 37742858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed from reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter during water disinfection. More than seven hundred DBPs that have been identified in disinfected water, only a fraction of which are regulated by drinking water guidelines, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. Toxicity assessments have demonstrated that the identified DBPs cannot fully explain the overall toxicity of disinfected water; therefore, the identification of unknown DBPs is an important prerequisite to obtain insights for understanding the adverse effects of drinking water disinfection. Herein, we review the progress in identification of unknown DBPs in the recent five years with classifications of halogenated or nonhalogenated, aliphatic or aromatic, followed by specific halogen groups. The concentration and toxicity data of newly identified DBPs are also included. According to the current advances and existing shortcomings, we envisioned future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li M, Chang M, Li M, An Z, Zhang C, Liu J, He M. Ozone mechanism, kinetics, and toxicity studies of halophenols: Theoretical calculation combined with toxicity experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160101. [PMID: 36370799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are generally more toxic than aliphatic DBPs, have attracted increasing attention. The toxicity of 13 typical halophenols on Scenedesmus obliquus was experimentally investigated, and the ozonation mechanism and kinetics of representative halophenols were further studied by quantum chemical calculations. The results showed that the EC50 values of halophenols ranged from 2.74 to 60.23 mg/L, and their toxicity ranked as follows: di-halogenated phenols > mono-halogenated phenols, mixed halogen-substituted phenols > single halogen-substituted phenols, and iodophenols > bromophenols > chlorophenols. The toxicity of halophenols was well described by the electronegativity index (ω) as lg(EC50)-1 = 6.228ω - 3.869, indicating halophenols capturing electrons as their potential toxicity mechanism. The reactions of O3 with halophenolate anions were dominated by three mechanisms: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, oxygen addition, and single electron transfer. The kinetic calculation indicated that O3 oxidized aqueous halophenols by reacting with halophenolate anions with the reaction rate constants as high as (0.91-3.47) × 1010 M-1 s-1. The number of halogen substituents affected the kO3, cal values of halophenolate anions, which are in the order of 2,4-dihalophenolate anions >4-halophenolate anions > 2,4,6-trihalophenolate anions. During the ozonation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246TBP), the toxic products (dimers and brominated benzoquinones) could be synergistically degraded by O3 and HO•. Thus, ozonation is feasible as a strategy to degrade aromatic DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Mengjie Chang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Exploiting Polyphenol-Mediated Redox Reorientation in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121540. [PMID: 36558995 PMCID: PMC9787032 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol, one of the major components that exert the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), comprises several categories, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans and stilbenes, and has long been studied in oncology due to its significant efficacy against cancers in vitro and in vivo. Recent evidence has linked this antitumor activity to the role of polyphenols in the modulation of redox homeostasis (e.g., pro/antioxidative effect) in cancer cells. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis could lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress, which is essential for many aspects of tumors, such as tumorigenesis, progression, and drug resistance. Thus, investigating the ROS-mediated anticancer properties of polyphenols is beneficial for the discovery and development of novel pharmacologic agents. In this review, we summarized these extensively studied polyphenols and discussed the regulatory mechanisms related to the modulation of redox homeostasis that are involved in their antitumor property. In addition, we discussed novel technologies and strategies that could promote the development of CHM-derived polyphenols to improve their versatile anticancer properties, including the development of novel delivery systems, chemical modification, and combination with other agents.
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Wan X, Zeng W, Zhang D, Wang L, Lei M, Chen T. Changes in the concentration, distribution, and speciation of arsenic in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata at different growth stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156708. [PMID: 35718183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator has become a model plant for the study of the interaction between plants and trace elements. However, the change in As concentration, distribution and speciation of hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata at different growth stages, especially with the aging process remains unknown. We collected P. vittata at different growth ages and analyzed As concentration, distribution, and speciation. Furthermore, metabolic profiling was conducted for P. vittata at different growth stages. With aging, the reduced glutathione/ oxidized glutathione ratio decreased while the malondialdehyde content increased, accompanied by the change in the main As speciation in P. vittata from arsenite to arsenate. Metabolic profiling also indicated significant difference in the compositions of metabolites during different growth stages. Specifically, flavonoid compounds were found to be positively correlated with As concentration. Results indicated that with the aging of P. vittata, the redox potential increased in the pinnae, leading to the oxidation of As, which may have impacted the distribution of As in this fern. Furthermore, the correlation between As concentration and flavonoid compounds implied the essential role of flavonoid metabolism in the accumulation and transport of As in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weibin Zeng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Degang Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Honghe University, Mengzi 661199, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Lei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Qiao R, Liang S, Chen C, Xiong L, Guan Q, Wang L, Fu Z, Pan Y, Liu H, Zhu J, Hu Y, Li L, Huang G. 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone formation from chlorination of substituted aromatic antioxidants and its control by pre-ozonation in drinking water treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134498. [PMID: 35390416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones are frequently detected as disinfection by-products in drinking water. Among identified halobenzoquinones, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is particularly toxic and is frequently detected in drinking water. Synthetic aromatic antioxidants discharged to source water may increase the risk of 2,6-DCBQ formation, as many studies suggest that aromatic compounds are the most likely precursors to 2,6-DCBQ. Herein, we investigated the formation of 2,6-DCBQ from chlorination of three model aromatic antioxidants, including 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (BBPA). Only BBPA produced 2,6-DCBQ under chlorination, while chlorination of BHA and BHT formed α, β-unsaturated C4-dicarbonyl ring-opening products and phenolic compounds. Based on mass balance and intermediate transformation analysis, mechanisms for the formation of 2,6-DCBQ from BBPA chlorination involved hydrolysis, tert-butyl group cleavage, chlorine substitution, desamination and oxidation. Mitigating aromatic compounds will be an efficient method for 2,6-DCBQ control, such as pre-ozonation, because the intermediates involved in 2,6-DCBQ formation were aromatic compounds. Real water samples from two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), one with pre-ozonation (DWTP 2) and the other without pre-ozonation (DWTP1), were analyzed. The two DWTPs were built along the Yangtse river in Nanjing city. Raw water parameters from the two DWTPs, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and NH3-N, indicated the water quality between these sources was similar. Pre-ozonation in DWTP 2 vanished 2,6-DCBQ in raw water. Concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ in finished water from DWTP 1 (5.69 ng/L) was higher than concentrations generated from DWTP 2 (1.31 ng/L). These results demonstrate that pre-ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) and quartz sand treatments at DWTP 2 remove more 2,6-DCBQ precursors than the conventional quartz sand and GAC treatments in DWTP 1. These results suggest the pre-ozonation, GAC and quartz sand treatments can help minimize concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ generated in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Qiangdong Guan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Lab of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haozhe Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yechen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Guang Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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Yang X, Wang C, Yang L, Zheng Q, Liu Q, Wawryk NJP, Li XF. Neurotoxicity and transcriptome changes in embryonic zebrafish induced by halobenzoquinone exposure. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:129-140. [PMID: 35725065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with a widespread presence in drinking water that exhibit much higher cytotoxicity than regulated DBPs. However, the developmental neurotoxicity of HBQs has not been studied in vivo. In this work, we studied the neurotoxicity of HBQs on zebrafish embryos, after exposure to varying concentrations (0-8 µmol/L) of three HBQs, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DCBQ), 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), and 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ) for 4 to 120 hr post fertilization (hpf). HBQ exposure significantly decreased the locomotor activity of larvae, accompanied by significant reduction of neurotransmitters (dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid) and acetylcholinesterase activity. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in neuronal morphogenesis (gfap, α1-tubulin, mbp, and syn-2α) were downregulated by 4.4-, 5.2-, 3.0-, and 4.5-fold in the 5 µmol/L 2,5-DCBQ group and 2.0-, 1.6-, 2.1-, and 2.3-fold in the 5 µmol/L 2,5-DBBQ group, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HBQ exposure affected the signaling pathways of neural development. This study demonstrates the significant neurotoxicity of HBQs in embryonic zebrafish and provides molecular evidence for understanding the potential mechanisms of HBQ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
| | - Lihua Yang
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qiongyu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Nicholas J P Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Lou J, Lu H, Wang W, He S, Zhu L. Quantitative identification of halo-methyl-benzoquinones as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118466. [PMID: 35483207 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is prioritized for research due to their prevalent occurrence and high toxicity. However, only fifteen HBQs can be identified among a high diversity using targeted LC-MS/MS analysis in previous studies due to the lack of chemical standards. In this study, we developed a pseudo-targeted LC-MS/MS method for detecting and quantifying diverse HBQs. Distinct fragment characteristics of HBQs was observed according to the halogen substituent effects, and extended to the development of a multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) method for the quantification of the 46 HBQs that were observed in simulated drinking water using non-targeted analysis. The fragmentation mechanism was supported by the changes of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and a linear relationship between the ΔG and the ionization efficiency of analytes was developed accordingly for quantification of these 46 HBQs, 30 of which were lack of chemical standards. It is noted that 29 of the 30 newly-identified HBQs were halo-methyl-benzoquinones (HMBQs), which were predicted to be carcinogens related with drinking-water bladder cancer risk and be more toxic than non-methyl HBQs. Using the new method, twelve HMBQs were detected in actual drinking water samples with concentrations up to 100.4 ng/L, 3 times higher than that reported previously. The cytotoxicity in CHO cells of HMBQs was over 1-fold higher than that of non-methyl-HBQs. Therefore, HMBQs are an essential, highly toxic group of HBQs in drinking water, which deserve particular monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shichong He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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10
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Zhao J, Hu S, Zhu L, Wang W. Formation of chlorinated halobenzoquinones during chlorination of free aromatic amino acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153904. [PMID: 35189221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated halobenzoquinones (HBQs) widely exist in drinking water as emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have attracted significant attention due to their wide occurrence and high toxicity. In this study, the formation of chlorinated HBQs from the three free aromatic amino acids, tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe), during chlorination was investigated, the formation pathways of chlorinated HBQs were explained based on the detected intermediates and influence factors. The results revealed that four chlorinated HBQs, including 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,3,5-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzonquinone, were formed in chlorination of the three free aromatic amino acids, and 2,6-DCBQ was the dominant species among the formed chlorinated HBQs. Of the three free aromatic amino acids, Trp and Tyr presented relatively high yields of chlorinated HBQs than Phe. Moreover, ten intermediates were successfully detected (e.g., N,2-dichloroaniline from Trp, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from Tyr) according to the isotope and fragment information obtained using high resolution mass spectrometry. The formation pathways of chlorinated HBQs from Trp and Tyr were proposed to include electrophilic addition, electrophilic substitution, oxidation, deacidification and dehydration reaction, and further validated using theoretical calculation. The yields of chlorinated HBQs during chlorination of the free aromatic amino acids were significantly affected by free chlorine dosage, pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Wang K, Zhu X, Liu Z, Wang J, Chen B. Occurrence and transformation of unknown organochlorines in the wastewater treatment plant using specific Fragment-Based method with LC Q-TOF MS. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118372. [PMID: 35378449 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources of organochlorines in surface waters. However, comprehensive molecular-level understanding of the occurrence and transformation of organochlorines in WWTPs remains elusive. In this study, a specific fragment-based screening method with SWATH of LC Q-TOF MS was established to better understand the molecular composition of organochlorines. This method effectively excludes the non-chlorinated signals and provides multi-dimensional information (e.g., retention time, precursor ion mass, product ions, and molecular formula) with one injection to identify the possible structures of organochlorines. Eighty-seven organochlorines were successfully screened in practical wastewater samples, where 8 chlorinated sulfonic acids, 4 chlorophenols, 4 chlorinated benzenediols, and 6 chlorinated benzoic acids were further (tentatively) identified. Relative abundance of organochlorines showed that their occurrence was associated with the treatment units. In particular, anaerobic biological and NaClO treatment units contributed to the formation of chlorinated by-products. Most chlorinated by-products were substituted with more chlorine atoms than organochlorines from the influent. Furthermore, the relative abundance indicated that the fate of organochlorines were related to their structures. Chlorinated benzene sulfonic acids would be removed by adsorption on activated sludge. Most chlorinated benzoic acids were refractory, but some were likely to be chlorinated during the anaerobic process. Chlorophenols and chlorinated benzenediols might undergo chlorination, dealkylation/C-O bond breakage, and bromination. Our study offers a new tool to gain molecular information on organochlorines in complex environmental samples and highlights the importance of molecular structures when evaluating the fate of organochlorines and managing effluent discharge to surrounding waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Lou J, Lu H, Wang W, Zhu L. Molecular composition of halobenzoquinone precursors in natural organic matter in source water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117901. [PMID: 34872027 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging disinfection byproducts generated during the reaction of chlorine disinfectant with natural organic matter (NOM) in source water. In this study, the correlations between molecular weight and HBQs generation of river NOM was evaluated. The compositional and functional characteristics of primary HBQs precursors were revealed by using Orbitrap mass spectrometry combined with molecular tagging. The NOM fraction larger than 50 kDa resulted in approximately 9 times more HBQs (50.9 ± 2.7 ng/mgC) than low molecular weight fractions. Significant correlations were found between the yields of HBQs and lignin-like and highly oxygen compounds in NOM, suggesting their critical roles in HBQs formation. Derivatizating the aldehydes, ketones, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in NOM could reduce HBQs yields by 90.7%-100%. Unraveling the molecular characteristics of HBQs precursors in NOM would greatly benefit the prediction of HBQs yields of different source water, and develop more efficient disinfection byproduct control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- College of Environmental Resource Sciences and Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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13
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Liang Y, Wu B, Zhang Y, Liu H. Oxidative stress and EROD activity in Caco-2 cells upon exposure to chlorinated hydrophobic organic compounds from drinking water reservoirs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150015. [PMID: 34509843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the sediments of drinking water reservoirs caused DNA damage in human cells (Caco-2) after chlorination. However, the main mechanisms remained unclear. This study compared oxidative damage and EROD activity in Caco-2 cells upon exposure to chlorinated HOCs, and the role of antioxidants (catalase, vitamin C and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) in reducing the toxicities was examined. The result showed that chlorinated HOCs induced a 4-fold increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with HOCs. Antioxidants supplement significantly reduced ROS yields and DNA peroxidation. HOCs with relatively higher TEQbio were greatly reduced (about 98%) after chlorination, indicating dioxin-like toxicity is not the main factor inducing oxidative damage by chlorinated HOCs. Yet, ROS and the associated oxidative damage seem to be more responsible for causing DNA damage in the cells. Antioxidants including catalase, Vitamin C and EGCG showed protective effect against chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Binbin Wu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), HKSAR, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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14
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Xu S, Hu S, Zhu L, Wang W. Haloquinone Chloroimides as Toxic Disinfection Byproducts Identified in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16347-16357. [PMID: 34881563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haloquinone chloroimides (HQCs) are suspected to be highly toxic contaminants, and their production during drinking water disinfection is predicted. However, HQC disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have not been reported in drinking water to date because of analytical limitations. In this study, we developed an analytical method to detect five HQCs, including 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (2,6-DCQC), 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide (2,6-DBQC), 2-chloroquinone-4-chloroimide (2-CQC), 3-chloroquinone-4-chloroimide (3-CQC), and 2,6-dichloroquinone-3-methyl-chloroimide (2,6-DCMQC). This method combined a derivatization reaction of HQCs with phenol in alkaline solutions to produce halogenated indophenols, a solid-phase extraction pretreatment using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridges, and a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method for quantification. The method was demonstrated to be sensitive and accurate with recoveries of 71-85% and limits of detection of 0.1-0.2 ng/L for the five tested HQCs. Using this method, five tested HQCs were identified in drinking water samples from nine water treatment plants and water distribution systems as new DBPs at concentrations of up to 23.1 ng/L. The cytotoxicity of the five tested HQCs in HepG2 cells was higher than or comparable to that of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), an emerging DBP that was hundreds to thousands of times more toxic than regulated DBPs. This study presents the first analytical method for HQC DBPs in drinking water and the first set of occurrence and cytotoxicity data of HQC DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
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16
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Li J, Aziz MT, Granger CO, Richardson SD. Are Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) Formed in My Cup of Tea? Regulated, Priority, and Unknown DBPs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12994-13004. [PMID: 34523331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, tea is the second most consumed nonalcoholic beverage next to drinking water and is an important pathway of disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure. When boiled tap water is used to brew tea, residual chlorine can produce DBPs by the reaction of chlorine with tea compounds. In this study, 60 regulated and priority DBPs were measured in Twinings green tea, Earl Grey tea, and Lipton tea that was brewed using tap water or simulated tap water (nanopure water with chlorine). In many cases, measured DBP levels in tea were lower than in the tap water itself due to volatilization and sorption onto tea leaves. DBPs formed by the reaction of residual chlorine with tea precursors contributed ∼12% of total DBPs in real tap water brewed tea, with the remaining 88% introduced by the tap water itself. Of that 12%, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and chloroform were the only contributing DBPs. Total organic halogen in tea nearly doubled relative to tap water, with 96% of the halogenated DBPs unknown. Much of this unknown total organic halogen (TOX) may be high-molecular-weight haloaromatic compounds, formed by the reaction of chlorine with polyphenols present in tea leaves. The identification of 15 haloaromatic DBPs using gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry indicates that this may be the case. Further studies on the identity and formation of these aromatic DBPs should be conducted since haloaromatic DBPs can have significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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17
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Craven CB, Blackstock LKJ, Xie J, Li J, Yuan CG, Li XF. Analytical discovery of water disinfection byproducts of toxicological relevance: highlighting halobenzoquinones. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical advancement enables discoveries in water research, and challenges in the identification and determination of a wide range of trace level toxic compounds in water drives the development of new analytical platforms and tools. The identification of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in disinfected drinking water is an excellent example. Water disinfection is necessary to protect the public from waterborne disease. However, an unintentional consequence is the formation of DBPs resulting from reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter in source water. To date, regulated DBPs do not account for the increased bladder cancer risk estimated in epidemiological studies. The majority of halogenated DBPs remain unidentified and the discovery of unknown DBPs of toxicological relevance continues to be a major focus of current water research. This review will highlight halobenzoquinones as a class of DBPs that serves as an example of analytical development and toxicological studies. We will feature recent trends and gaps in analytical technologies for identification of unknown DBPs and bioassays for evaluation of the toxicological effects of specific DBPs and their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caley B. Craven
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lindsay K. Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jiaojiao Xie
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, PR China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Chun-Gang Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, PR China
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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18
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Li Y, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Hydrolysis characteristics and risk assessment of a widely detected emerging drinking water disinfection-by-product-2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone-in the water environment of Tianjin (China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144394. [PMID: 33418327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are an emerging class of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that have been frequently detected in drinking water and are highly relevant to bladder cancer. Among the studied HBQs, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) had the highest detection frequency and concentrations in drinking water. However, compared to other countries, the studies on HBQs that are being conducted in China, especially those on HBQs in drinking water, are not sufficient. Therefore, the concentrations of DCBQ in the Tianjin drinking water supply system were investigated in two seasons (winter and summer), and the risk that is posed by DCBQ in drinking water was evaluated for the first time. In addition, since HBQs are prone to hydrolysis in neutral and alkaline environments, identification of the hydrolytic characteristics of DCBQ at various pH values and in the real water environment is essential for better describing the environmental behavior of DCBQ; hence, the hydrolysis characteristics of DCBQ in phosphate buffers with various pH values and in four water samples were also examined in our study. The results demonstrated that DCBQ was widely detected in the drinking water treatment process and distribution systems, and the average concentration in our study (12.0 ng/L) was at a moderately high level compared with the reported concentration of DCBQ in the drinking water distribution networks. The risk quotient (RQ) of DCBQ is equivalent to that of trihalomethanes (THMs); thus, the relatively low concentrations of DCBQ should also be considered. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the hydrolysis of DCBQ follows first-order reaction kinetics, the reaction rate accelerates as the pH of the phosphate buffer system increases, and the rate of hydrolysis of DCBQ in drinking water is affected not only by the pH but also by other environmental factors, such as the organic matter concentration. Therefore, further investigation is necessary to identify the main factor of DCBQ hydrolysis in real water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lumin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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19
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Zhang D, Wang F, Duan Y, Chen S, Zhang A, Chu W. Removal of trihalomethanes and haloacetamides from drinking water during tea brewing: Removal mechanism and kinetic analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116148. [PMID: 32698091 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are associated with various adverse health effects. Diversiform advanced treatment processes have been applied for the control of DBPs, but DBPs can still be frequently detected in tap water. Tea-leaves can be made into popular beverage and is itself a porous bio-adsorbent. By simulating tea brewing process, this study evaluated the removal of DBPs from drinking water during the tea brewing process. Removal of four trihalomethanes (THMs) and four haloacetamides (HAMs) by different fermentation degree tea-leaves was investigated. Little DBPs were removed by unfermented and semi-fermented tea-leaves (i.e., Meitan turquoise bud and Dahongpao tea) with less than 5% removal of HAMs, whereas 40% HAMs can be removed by fermented tea (i.e., Jinjunmei tea and Shuixian tea). Tea soup is neutral and slightly acidic, so little DBP hydrolysis was observed under typical tea-leaf brewing process. DBPs were mainly removed by volatilization and adsorption during tea brewing. Removal difference caused by DBP volatilization is very small. The DBP removal difference of four kinds of tea-leaves may be caused by fermentation degree. The surface of unfermented Meitan turquoise bud had a smooth and regular morphology, whereas a rough, irregular, hollow and spongy surface of fermented tea (i.e., Jinjunmei and Shuixian tea) was observed. Generally, the higher the degree of tea fermentation, the more adsorption sites, and the more removal of DBPs. Finally, the model, which takes the DBP initial concentration, tea-leaf dose and brewing time into account, was established under the experimental conditions to predict the variation of DBP concentration during tea brewing, and suggestions for DBP removal were provided to reduce DBP exposure risk. The integrated toxic risk during tea brewing was also investigated, and about 30% integrated cytotoxicity and 26% genotoxicity was reduced during Jinjunmei and Shuixian tea-leaf brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Youli Duan
- Shanghai Leeya Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201108, PR China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Shanghai Investigation, Design &Research Institute Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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20
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Natural Antioxidants: A Review of Studies on Human and Animal Coronavirus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3173281. [PMID: 32855764 PMCID: PMC7443229 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3173281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of viruses with wide spread and mortality in the world population have motivated the research for new therapeutic approaches. There are several viruses that cause a biochemical imbalance in the infected cell resulting in oxidative stress. These effects may be associated with the development of pathologies and worsening of symptoms. Therefore, this review is aimed at discussing natural compounds with both antioxidant and antiviral activities, specifically against coronavirus infection, in an attempt to contribute to global researches for discovering effective therapeutic agents in the treatment of coronavirus infection and its severe clinical complications. The contribution of the possible action of these compounds on metabolic modulation associated with antiviral properties, in addition to other mechanisms of action, is presented.
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