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Schilling M, Levasseur M, Barbier M, Oliveira-Correia L, Henry C, Touboul D, Farine S, Bertsch C, Gelhaye E. Wood Degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Exploring Fungal Adaptation Using Metabolomic Networking. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050536. [PMID: 37233247 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer (Fmed) is a white-rot wood-decaying fungus associated with one of the most important and challenging diseases in vineyards: Esca. To relieve microbial degradation, woody plants, including Vitis vinifera, use structural and chemical weapons. Lignin is the most recalcitrant of the wood cell wall structural compounds and contributes to wood durability. Extractives are constitutive or de novo synthesized specialized metabolites that are not covalently bound to wood cell walls and are often associated with antimicrobial properties. Fmed is able to mineralize lignin and detoxify toxic wood extractives, thanks to enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. Grapevine wood's chemical composition could be involved in Fmed's adaptation to its substrate. This study aimed at deciphering if Fmed uses specific mechanisms to degrade grapevine wood structure and extractives. Three different wood species, grapevine, beech, and oak. were exposed to fungal degradation by two Fmed strains. The well-studied white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (Tver) was used as a comparison model. A simultaneous degradation pattern was shown for Fmed in the three degraded wood species. Wood mass loss after 7 months for the two fungal species was the highest with low-density oak wood. For the latter wood species, radical differences in initial wood density were observed. No differences between grapevine or beech wood degradation rates were observed after degradation by Fmed or by Tver. Contrary to the Tver secretome, one manganese peroxidase isoform (MnP2l, jgi protein ID 145801) was the most abundant in the Fmed secretome on grapevine wood only. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on wood and mycelium samples, using metabolomic networking and public databases (GNPS, MS-DIAL) for metabolite annotations. Chemical differences between non-degraded and degraded woods, and between mycelia grown on different wood species, are discussed. This study highlights Fmed physiological, proteomic and metabolomic traits during wood degradation and thus contributes to a better understanding of its wood degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marceau Levasseur
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Lydie Oliveira-Correia
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Touboul
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), UMR 9168, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sibylle Farine
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 Rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologies et Environnement UPR-3991, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33 Rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Eric Gelhaye
- INRAE, IAM, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
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Jiao J, Yao L, Fu JX, Lu Y, Gai QY, Feng X, He XJ, Cao RZ, Fu YJ. Cocultivation of pigeon pea hairy root cultures and Aspergillus for the enhanced production of cajaninstilbene acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1931-1946. [PMID: 36800029 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Pigeon pea hairy root cultures (PPHRCs) have been proven to be a promising alternative for the production of health-beneficial phenolic compounds, such as the most important health-promoting compound, i.e., cajaninstilbene acid (CSA). In this study, PPHRCs were cocultured with live Aspergillus fungi for further improving phenolic productivity via biological elicitation. Aspergillus oryzae CGMCC 3.951 (AO 3.951) was found to be the optimal fungus that could achieve the maximum increment of CSA (10.73-fold increase) in 42-day-old PPHRCs under the inoculum size of mycelia 0.50% and cocultivation time 36 h. More precisely, the contents of CSA in hairy roots and culture media after fungal elicitation increased by 9.87- and 62.18-fold over control, respectively. Meanwhile, the contents of flavonoid glycosides decreased, while aglycone yields increased upon AO 3.951 elicitation. Moreover, AO 3.951 could trigger the oxidative stress and pathogen defense response thus activating the expression of biosynthesis- and ABC transporter-related genes, which contributed to the intracellular accumulation and extracellular secretion of phenolic compounds (especially CSA) in PPHRCs. And PAL2, 4CL2, STS1, and I3'H were likely to be the potential key enzyme genes regulating the biosynthesis of CSA, and ABCB11X1-1, ABCB11, and ABCG24X2 were closely related to the transmembrane transport of CSA. Overall, the cocultivation approach could make PPHRCs more commercially attractive for the production of high-value phenolic compounds such as CSA and flavonoid aglycones in nutraceutical/medicinal fields. And the elucidation of crucial biosynthesis and transport genes was important for systematic metabolic engineering aimed at increasing CSA productivity. KEY POINTS: • Cocultivation of PPHRCs and live fungi was to enhance CSA production and secretion. • PPHRCs augmented CSA productivity 10.73-fold when cocultured with AO 3.951 mycelia. • Several biosynthesis and transport genes related to CSA production were clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xian Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yan Gai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jia He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Ze Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-Based Active Substances, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
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Induction of the Prenylated Stilbenoids Arachidin-1 and Arachidin-3 and Their Semi-Preparative Separation and Purification from Hairy Root Cultures of Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186118. [PMID: 36144847 PMCID: PMC9504991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated stilbenoids such as arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 are stilbene derivatives that exhibit multiple pharmacological activities. We report an elicitation strategy using different combinations of cyclodextrin, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate and magnesium chloride to increase arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 production in peanut hairy root cultures. The treatment of hairy root cultures with cyclodextrin with hydrogen peroxide selectively enhanced arachidin-1 yield (132.6 ± 20.4 mg/L), which was 1.8-fold higher than arachidin-3. Similarly, cyclodextrin combined with methyl jasmonate selectively enhanced arachidin-3 yield (178.2 ± 6.8 mg/L), which was 5.5-fold higher than arachidin-1. Re-elicitation of the hairy root cultures further increased the levels of arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 by 24% and 42%, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of the culture medium was consecutively fractionated by normal- and reversed-phase column chromatography, followed by semi-preparative HPLC purification on a C18 column to yield arachidin-1 with a recovery rate of 32% and arachidin-3 with a recovery rate of 39%, both at higher than 95% purity. This study provided a sustainable strategy to produce high-purity arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 using hairy root cultures of peanuts combined with column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC.
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Heterologous biosynthesis of prenylated resveratrol and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2022; 378:132118. [PMID: 35038627 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated stilbenoids are good candidates of nutraceuticals presented in food resources. The levels of natural prenylated stilbenoids are usually low. Biotransformation is a promising synthesis strategy to produce novel bioactive compounds. However, information regarding biosynthesis of prenylated stilbenoids is rare. In this work, prenyltransferase and geranyl diphosphate biosynthesispathway were overexpressed in E. coli. Multiple prenyltransferase genes were tested and Ambp1 was found to be effective on resveratrol geranylation. The products were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as 4-C-geranyl resveratrol (1) and 3-O-geranyl resveratrol (2, novel chemical). By optimization of culture conditions, a yield of 36.9% was achieved for the conversion to geranylated resveratrol from resveratrol. These two compounds demonstrated good antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 28.09 μM for 4-C-geranyl resveratrol and 403.88 μM for 3-O-geranyl resveratrol. The results were helpful for developing novel technique to produce prenylated phenolics.
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Bo S, Chang SK, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Yang B. Naturally occurring prenylated stilbenoids: food sources, biosynthesis, applications and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8083-8106. [PMID: 35373665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated stilbenoids are a unique class of natural phenolic compounds consisting of C6-C2-C6 skeleton with prenyl substitution. They are potential nutraceuticals and dietary supplements presented in some edible plants. Prenylated stilbenoids demonstrate promising health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. This review reports the structure, bioactivity and potential application of prenylated stilbeniods in food industry. Edible sources of these compounds are compiled and summarized. Structure-activity relationship of prenylated stilbenoids are also highlighted. The biosynthesis strategies of prenylated stilbenoids are reviewed. The findings of these compounds as food preservative, nutraceuticals and food additive are discussed. This paper combines the up-to-date information and gives a full image of prenylated stilbenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Valletta A, Iozia LM, Leonelli F. Impact of Environmental Factors on Stilbene Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:E90. [PMID: 33406721 PMCID: PMC7823792 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes are a small family of polyphenolic secondary metabolites that can be found in several distantly related plant species. These compounds act as phytoalexins, playing a crucial role in plant defense against phytopathogens, as well as being involved in the adaptation of plants to abiotic environmental factors. Among stilbenes, trans-resveratrol is certainly the most popular and extensively studied for its health properties. In recent years, an increasing number of stilbene compounds were subjected to investigations concerning their bioactivity. This review presents the most updated knowledge of the stilbene biosynthetic pathway, also focusing on the role of several environmental factors in eliciting stilbenes biosynthesis. The effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, ultrasonication, mechanical stress, salt stress, drought, temperature, ozone, and biotic stress are reviewed in the context of enhancing stilbene biosynthesis, both in planta and in plant cell and organ cultures. This knowledge may shed some light on stilbene biological roles and represents a useful tool to increase the accumulation of these valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valletta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Maria Iozia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Andini S, Araya-Cloutier C, Waardenburg L, den Besten HM, Vincken JP. The interplay between antimicrobial activity and reactivity of isothiocyanates. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kalli S, Araya-Cloutier C, de Bruijn WJC, Chapman J, Vincken JP. Induction of promising antibacterial prenylated isoflavonoids from different subclasses by sequential elicitation of soybean. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112496. [PMID: 33070076 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elicited soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Leguminosae) seedlings can produce prenylated isoflavonoids from different subclasses, namely pterocarpans (glyceollins), isoflavones and coumestans. These prenylated isoflavonoids serve as defence compounds and can possess antimicrobial activity. Recently, we showed that priming with reactive oxygen species (ROS) specifically stimulated the production of glyceollins in Rhizopus spp.-elicited soybean seedlings (ROS + R). In this study, we achieved diversification of the inducible subclasses of prenylated isoflavonoids in soybean, by additional stimulation of two prenylated isoflavones and one prenylated coumestan. This was achieved by using a combination of the relatively long-lived ROS representative, H2O2, with AgNO3 prior to microbial elicitation. Microbial elicitation was performed with a live preparation of either a phytopathogenic fungus, Rhizopus spp. or a symbiotic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis induced 30% more prenylated isoflavones than Rhizopus spp. in (H2O2 + AgNO3)-treated seedlings, without significantly compromising the total levels of glyceollins, compared to (ROS + R)-treated seedlings. The most abundant prenylated isoflavone induced was 6-prenyl daidzein, which constituted 60% of the total isoflavones. The prenylated coumestan, phaseol, was also induced in the (H2O2 + AgNO3)-treated and microbially elicited seedlings. Based on previously developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, 6-prenyl daidzein and phaseol were predicted to be promising antibacterials. Overall, we show that treatment with H2O2 and AgNO3 prior to microbial elicitation leads to the production of promising antibacterial isoflavonoids from different subclasses. Extracts rich in prenylated isoflavonoids may potentially be applied as natural antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kalli
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Chapman
- Unilever R&D, Bronland 14, 6708 WH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Andini S, Dekker P, Gruppen H, Araya-Cloutier C, Vincken JP. Modulation of Glucosinolate Composition in Brassicaceae Seeds by Germination and Fungal Elicitation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12770-12779. [PMID: 31652052 PMCID: PMC6873265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are of interest for potential antimicrobial activity of their degradation products and exclusive presence in Brassicaceae. Compositional changes of aliphatic, benzenic, and indolic GSLs of Sinapis alba, Brassica napus, and B. juncea seeds by germination and fungal elicitation were studied. Rhizopus oryzae (nonpathogenic), Fusarium graminearum (nonpathogenic), and F. oxysporum (pathogenic) were employed. Thirty-one GSLs were detected by reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array with in-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn). Aromatic-acylated derivatives of 3-butenyl GSL, p-hydroxybenzyl GSL, and indol-3-ylmethyl GSL were for the first time tentatively annotated and confirmed to be not artifacts. For S. alba, germination, Rhizopus elicitation, and F. graminearum elicitation increased total GSL content, mainly consisting of p-hydroxybenzyl GSL, by 2-3 fold. For B. napus and B. juncea, total GSL content was unaffected by germination or elicitation. In all treatments, aliphatic GSL content was decreased (≥50%) in B. napus and remained unchanged in B. juncea. Indolic GSLs were induced in all species by germination and nonpathogenic elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Andini
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Satya Wacana Christian University, Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia
| | - Pieter Dekker
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31
317 482234. E-mail:
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Sobolev V, Walk T, Arias R, Massa A, Lamb M. Inhibition of Aflatoxin Formation in Aspergillus Species by Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) Seed Stilbenoids in the Course of Peanut-Fungus Interaction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6212-6221. [PMID: 31099566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Common soil fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are opportunistic pathogens that invade preharvest peanut seeds. These fungi often produce carcinogenic aflatoxins that pose a threat to human and animal health through food chains and cause significant economic losses worldwide. Detection of aflatoxins and further processing of crops are mandated to ensure that contaminated agricultural products do not enter food channels. Under favorable conditions, the fungus-challenged peanut seeds produce phytoalexins, structurally related stilbenoids, capable of retarding fungal development. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential influence of peanut phytoalexins on fungal development and aflatoxin formation in the course of peanut-fungus interaction. The present research revealed that during such interaction, aflatoxin formation was completely suppressed in A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains tested, when low concentrations of spores were introduced to wounded preincubated peanuts. In most of the experiments, when fungal spore concentrations were 2 orders of magnitude higher, the spores germinated and produced aflatoxins. Of all experimental seeds that showed fungal growth, 57.7% were aflatoxin-free after 72 h of incubation. The research provided new knowledge on the aflatoxin/phytoalexin formation in the course of peanut-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Travis Walk
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Renee Arias
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Alicia Massa
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Marshall Lamb
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
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de Bruijn WJC, van Dinteren S, Gruppen H, Vincken JP. Mass spectrometric characterisation of avenanthramides and enhancing their production by germination of oat (Avena sativa). Food Chem 2018; 277:682-690. [PMID: 30502203 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Avenanthramides are amides, with a phenylalkenoic acid (PA) and an anthranilic acid (AA) subunit, which are secondary metabolites of oat. Oat seeds were germinated, extracted, and the avenanthramides analysed by a combination of UHPLC with ion trap and high resolution ESI-MS. Typical fragmentation pathways with corresponding diagnostic fragments belonging to the PA and AA subunits were identified and summarised in a decision guideline. Based on these findings 28 unique avenanthramides were annotated in the oat seed(ling) extracts, including the new avenanthramide 6f (with a 4/5-methoxy AA subunit). Avenanthramide content increased by 25 times from seed to seedling. Avenanthramides 2p, 2c, and 2f, which are commonly described as the major avenanthramides, represented less than 20% of the total content in the seedlings. Future quantitative analyses should, therefore, include a wider range of avenanthramides to avoid underestimation of the total avenanthramide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah van Dinteren
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Rapid membrane permeabilization of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli induced by antibacterial prenylated phenolic compounds from legumes. Food Chem 2018; 240:147-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Jiao J, Gai QY, Wang W, Zang YP, Niu LL, Fu YJ, Wang X. Remarkable enhancement of flavonoid production in a co-cultivation system of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures and immobilized Aspergillus niger. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2018; 112:252-261. [PMID: 32288265 PMCID: PMC7125528 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dried roots of Isatis tinctoria L. are highly traded in the pharmaceutical industry due to their notable anti-influenza efficacy. For the first time, I. tinctoria hairy root cultures (ITHRCs) were co-cultured with two immobilized live GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) fungi, i.e. Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus niger, for the elevated production of pharmacologically active flavonoids. Immobilized A. niger (IAN) was exhibited as the superior elicitor in the plant-fungus co-cultivation system. The highest flavonoid production (3018.31 ± 48.66 μg/g DW) were achieved in IAN-treated ITHRCs under the optimal conditions of IAN spore concentration ca.104 spores/mL, temperature 30 °C, initial pH value of media 7.0 and time 72 h, which remarkably increased 6.83-fold relative to non-treated control (441.91 ± 7.35 μg/g DW). Also, this study revealed that IAN elicitation could trigger the sequentially transient accumulation of signal molecules and intensify the oxidative stress in ITHRCs, which both contributed to the up-regulated expression of associated genes involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, IAN could be reused at least five cycles with satisfactory performance. Overall, the coupled culture of IAN and ITHRCs is a promising and effective approach for the enhanced production of flavonoids, which allows for the improved applicability of these valuable compounds in pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Qing-Yan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Li-Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
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14
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Sobolev V, Arias R, Goodman K, Walk T, Orner V, Faustinelli P, Massa A. Suppression of Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus Species by Selected Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Stilbenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:118-126. [PMID: 29207242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a soil fungus that commonly invades peanut seeds and often produces carcinogenic aflatoxins. Under favorable conditions, the fungus-challenged peanut plant produces and accumulates resveratrol and its prenylated derivatives in response to such an invasion. These prenylated stilbenoids are considered peanut antifungal phytoalexins. However, the mechanism of peanut-fungus interaction has not been sufficiently studied. We used pure peanut stilbenoids arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and chiricanine A to study their effects on the viability of and metabolite production by several important toxigenic Aspergillus species. Significant reduction or virtually complete suppression of aflatoxin production was revealed in feeding experiments in A. flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius. Changes in morphology, spore germination, and growth rate were observed in A. flavus exposed to the selected peanut stilbenoids. Elucidation of the mechanism of aflatoxin suppression by peanut stilbenoids could provide strategies for preventing plant invasion by the fungi that produce aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Renee Arias
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Kerestin Goodman
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Travis Walk
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Valerie Orner
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Paola Faustinelli
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Alicia Massa
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
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15
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LC-MS/MS profiles and interrelationships between the anti-inflammatory activity, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of Kalasin 2 cultivar peanut sprout crude extract. Food Chem 2018; 239:569-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Jiao J, Gai QY, Niu LL, Wang XQ, Guo N, Zang YP, Fu YJ. Enhanced Production of Two Bioactive Isoflavone Aglycones in Astragalus membranaceus Hairy Root Cultures by Combining Deglycosylation and Elicitation of Immobilized Edible Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9078-9086. [PMID: 28950698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A cocultivation system of Astragalus membranaceus hairy root cultures (AMHRCs) and immobilized food-grade fungi was established for the enhanced production of calycosin (CA) and formononetin (FO). The highest accumulations of CA (730.88 ± 63.72 μg/g DW) and FO (1119.42 ± 95.85 μg/g DW) were achieved in 34 day-old AMHRCs cocultured with immobilized A. niger (IAN) for 54 h, which were 7.72- and 18.78-fold higher than CA and FO in nontreated control, respectively. IAN deglycosylation could promote the formation of CA and FO by conversion of their glycoside precursors. IAN elicitation could intensify the generation of endogenous signal molecules involved in plant defense response, which contributed to the significantly up-regulated expression of genes in CA and FO biosynthetic pathway. Overall, the coupled culture of IAN and AMHRCs offered a promising and effective in vitro approach to enhance the production of two health-promoting isoflavone aglycones for possible nutraceutical and pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang C, Zhi S, Liu C, Xu F, Zhao A, Wang X, Ren Y, Li Z, Yu M. Characterization of Stilbene Synthase Genes in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) and Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Resveratrol in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1659-1668. [PMID: 28168876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes have been recognized for their beneficial physiological effects on human health. Stilbene synthase (STS) is the key enzyme of resveratrol biosynthesis and has been studied in numerous plants. Here, four MaSTS genes were isolated and identified in mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.). The expression levels of MaSTS genes and the accumulation of trans-resveratrol, trans-oxyresveratrol, and trans-mulberroside A were investigated in different plant organs. A novel coexpression system that harbored 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene (Ma4CL) and MaSTS was established. Stress tests suggested that MaSTS genes participate in responses to salicylic acid, abscisic acid, wounding, and NaCl stresses. Additionally, overexpressed MaSTS in transgenic tobacco elevated the trans-resveratrol level and increased tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. These results revealed the major MaSTS gene, and we evaluated its function in mulberry, laying the foundation for future research on stilbene metabolic pathways in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shuang Zhi
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Changying Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yanhong Ren
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhengang Li
- The Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China
| | - Maode Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
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18
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Araya-Cloutier C, den Besten HMW, Aisyah S, Gruppen H, Vincken JP. The position of prenylation of isoflavonoids and stilbenoids from legumes (Fabaceae) modulates the antimicrobial activity against Gram positive pathogens. Food Chem 2017; 226:193-201. [PMID: 28254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The legume plant family (Fabaceae) is a potential source of antimicrobial phytochemicals. Molecular diversity in phytochemicals of legume extracts was enhanced by germination and fungal elicitation of seven legume species, as established by RP-UHPLC-UV-MS. The relationship between phytochemical composition, including different types of skeletons and substitutions, and antibacterial properties of extracts was investigated. Extracts rich in prenylated isoflavonoids and stilbenoids showed potent antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.1% (w/v). Prenylated phenolic compounds were significantly (p<0.01) correlated with the antibacterial properties of the extracts. Furthermore, the position of the prenyl group within the phenolic skeleton also influenced the antibacterial activity. Overall, prenylated phenolics from legume seedlings can serve multiple purposes, e.g. as phytoestrogens they can provide health benefits and as natural antimicrobials they offer preservation of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Siti Aisyah
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Setiabudi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia.
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Wang L, Wu Y, Chen Y, Zou J, Li X. Biotransformation of Resveratrol: New Prenylated trans-Resveratrol Synthesized by Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070883. [PMID: 27399656 PMCID: PMC6274042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arahypin-16 (1), a new prenylated resveratrol with a unique dihydrobenzofuran ring, has been isolated as a microbial metabolite of resveratrol (2) from whole-cell fermentation of Aspergillus sp. SCSIOW2. The stereochemistry of 1 was determined by ECD calculations. 1 showed about half of the extracellular radical scavenging effect (IC50 = 161.4 μM) compared with resveratrol (IC50 = 80.5 μM), while on biomembranes it exhibited the same range of protection effects against free radicals generated from AAPH (IC50 = 78.6 μM and 87.9 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yongtao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jiaxin Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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