1
|
Khan S, Hussain R, Khan Y, Iqbal T, Ullah F, Felemban S, Khowdiary MM. Facile benzothiazole-triazole based thiazole derivatives as novel thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: Experimental and computational approaches. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110470. [PMID: 38917733 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study reports the new thiazole (A-L) derivatives based on benzothiazole fused triazole which were synthesized and assessed against thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Several compounds with the same basic structure but different substituents were found to have high activity against the targeted enzymes, while others with the same basic skeleton but different substituents were found to have medium to low activity among the members of tested series. These analogs showed a varied range of inhibition in both case thymidine phosphorylase and alpha glucosidase, A (IC50 = 7.20 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.70 µM), B (IC50 = 8.80 ± 0.10 µM and IC50 = 2.10 ± 0.30 µM), C (IC50 = 8.90 ± 0.40 µM and IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.20 µM) and thiazole containing analogs such as G (IC50 = 11.10 ± 0.20 µM and IC50 = 7.80 ± 0.20 µM) and H (IC50 = 12.30 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 6.30 ± 0.20 µM). When compared with standard drugs 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 10.60 ± 0.50 µM) and acarbose (IC50 = 4.30 ± 0.30 µM) respectively. These analogs were also subjected to molecular docking studies which indicated the binding interaction of molecules with active sites of the enzyme and strengthen the drug profile of these compounds. ADMET studies also predict the drug-like properties of these compounds, with no violations of drug likeness rules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan.
| | - Rafaqat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan.
| | - Yousaf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad campus, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Tayyiaba Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Felemban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University College-Al Leith, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Khowdiary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University College-Al Leith, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ji R, Hao Z, Wang H, Su Y, Yang W, Li X, Duan L, Guan F, Ma S. Fisetin Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglia/Macrophage M1 Polarization and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17964-17976. [PMID: 39096281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious health problems, with no effective therapy. Recent studies indicate that Fisetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, exhibits multiple functions, such as life-prolonging, antioxidant, antitumor, and neuroprotection. However, the restorative effects of Fisetin on SCI and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. In the present study, we found that Fisetin reduced LPS-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in PC12 cells and reversed LPS-induced M1 polarization in BV2 cells. Additionally, Fisetin safely and effectively promoted the motor function recovery of SCI mice by attenuating neurological damage and promoting neurogenesis at the lesion. Moreover, Fisetin administration inhibited glial scar formation, modulated microglia/macrophage polarization, and reduced neuroinflammation. Network pharmacology, RNA-seq, and molecular biology revealed that Fisetin inhibited the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Notably, Colivelin TFA, an activator of JAK2/STAT3 signaling, attenuated Fis-mediated neuroinflammation inhibition and therapeutic effects on SCI mice. Collectively, Fisetin promotes functional recovery after SCI by inhibiting microglia/macrophage M1 polarization and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, Fisetin may be a promising therapeutic drug for the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhizhong Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yujing Su
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xingfan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Linyan Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Le TKD, Hioki Y, Duong TH, Kita M, Chavasiri W. Globunoids A-D, undescribed bichalconoid and biflavanoids with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities from Knema globularia stems. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 221:114066. [PMID: 38494085 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
A bichalconoid, globunoid A (1) and three biflavanones, globunoids B-D (2-4), previously undescribed, were isolated from the stems of Knema globularia, along with fourteen known analogues 5-18. The chemical structures of 1-4 were elucidated by the comprehensive spectroscopic analysis including UV, IR, HRESIMS, and NMR; the absolute configurations were determined based on their NOESY data, DP4+ statistical analysis, and ECD calculation. Up to now, compounds 2 and 3 represent the first 3,3″-linked biflavanone structures. Among the isolated compounds, 2, 3, and 2,3-dihydrocalodenin B (6) potently inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, with IC50 values in the range 1.1-7.5 μM. Furthermore, the most active compound 6 was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor against these two enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Kim-Dung Le
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yusuke Hioki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Thuc-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 an Duong Vuong Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 748342, Viet Nam
| | - Masaki Kita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abudurexiti A, Abdurahman A, Zhang R, Zhong Y, Lei Y, Qi S, Hou W, Ma X. Screening of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors in Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet Extracts and Study of Interaction Mechanisms. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19401-19417. [PMID: 38708260 PMCID: PMC11064185 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet (CGB) extract has an α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (IC50 = 59.34 ± 0.07 μg/mL, positive control drug acarbose IC50 = 126.1 ± 0.02 μg/mL), but the precise enzyme inhibitors implicated in this process are not known. The screening of α-glucosidase inhibitors in CGB extracts was conducted by bioaffinity ultrafiltration, and six potential inhibitors (quercetin, lactucin, 3-O-methylquercetin, hyperoside, lactucopicrin, and isochlorogenic acid B) were screened as the precise inhibitors. The binding rate calculations and evaluation of enzyme inhibitory effects showed that lactucin and lactucopicrin exhibited the greatest inhibitory activities. Next, the inhibiting effects of the active components of CGB, lactucin and lactucopicrin, on α-glucosidase and their mechanisms were investigated through α-glucosidase activity assay, enzyme kinetics, multispectral analysis, and molecular docking simulation. The findings demonstrated that lactucin (IC50 = 52.76 ± 0.21 μM) and lactucopicrin (IC50 = 17.71 ± 0.64 μM) exhibited more inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase in comparison to acarbose (positive drug, IC50 = 195.2 ± 0.30 μM). Enzyme kinetic research revealed that lactucin inhibits α-glucosidase through a noncompetitive inhibition mechanism, while lactucopicrin inhibits it through a competitive inhibition mechanism. The fluorescence results suggested that lactucin and lactucopicrin effectively reduce the fluorescence of α-glucosidase by creating lactucin-α-glucosidase and lactucopicrin-α-glucosidase complexes through static quenching. Furthermore, the circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses revealed that the interaction between lactucin or lactucopicrin and α-glucosidase resulted in a modification of the α-glucosidase's conformation. The findings from molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations offer further confirmation that lactucopicrin has a robust binding affinity for certain residues located within the active cavity of α-glucosidase. Furthermore, it has a greater affinity for α-glucosidase compared to lactucin. The results validate the suppressive impact of lactucin and lactucopicrin on α-glucosidase and elucidate their underlying processes. Additionally, they serve as a foundation for the structural alteration of sesquiterpene derived from CGB, with the intention of using it for the management of diabetic mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yewei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yi Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Shuwen Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wenhui Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun N, Xie J, Zheng B, Xie J, Chen Y, Hu X, Yu Q. The inhibition mechanism of bound polyphenols extracted from mung bean coat dietary fiber on porcine pancreatic α-amylase: kinetic, spectroscopic, differential scanning calorimetric and molecular docking. Food Chem 2024; 436:137749. [PMID: 37864970 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory mechanisms of purified bound polyphenols extracted from mung bean coat dietary fiber (pMBDF-BP) on porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) were investigated through inhibition kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry and molecular docking. It was shown that pMBDF-BP exerted significant reversible inhibition on PPA in a mixed-type inhibition manner (IC50 = 18.57 ± 0.30 μg/mL), and the combination of the three major components exhibited a synergistic inhibitory effect on PPA. Further, pMBDF-BP bound to the active site or form a polyphenol-enzyme complex at the inactive site through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces, via enhancing the hydrophobicity of the microenvironment surrounding tryptophan and tyrosine residues and promoting the secondary structure of PPA towards a more stable conformation, eventually reducing the enzyme activity. This study provided theoretical evidences for the utilization of bound polyphenols extracted from mung bean coat dietary fiber as a functional component in natural inhibitors of α-amylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiayan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Meng F, Guo S, Yuan M, Wang H, Chang X. Inhibition of α-amylase digestion by a Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenol starch complex revealed via multi-spectroscopic and molecular dynamics analyses. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129573. [PMID: 38266829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenol-starch complexes exhibit synergistic and beneficial effects on both polyphenols and resistant starches. This study evaluates the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of α-amylase on a Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenol-wheat starch (LPWS) complex following high hydrostatic pressure treatments of 400 MPa for 30 min and 600 MPa for 30 min. The IC50 values for α-amylase inhibition by the complex were 3.61 ± 0.10 mg/mL and 3.42 ± 0.08 mg/mL at a 10 % (w/w) polyphenol content. This interaction was further supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism, which confirmed that the alpha helix component of the secondary structure of α-amylase was reduced due to the complex. Multifluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the complex induces changes in the microenvironment of fluorophores surrounding the α-amylase active site. Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking revealed that the active site of amylose within the complex becomes enveloped in polyphenol clusters. This wrapping effect reduced the hydrogen bonds between amylose and α-amylase, decreasing from 16 groups to just one group. In summary, the LPWS complex represents a low-digestible carbohydrate food source, thus laying the groundwork for the research and development of functional foods aimed at postprandial hypoglycemic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China; Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.
| | - Fanna Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Shuo Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuedong Chang
- Hebei Yanshan Special Industrial Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lam TP, Tran NVN, Pham LHD, Lai NVT, Dang BTN, Truong NLN, Nguyen-Vo SK, Hoang TL, Mai TT, Tran TD. Flavonoids as dual-target inhibitors against α-glucosidase and α-amylase: a systematic review of in vitro studies. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:4. [PMID: 38185713 PMCID: PMC10772047 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health issue, and great attention is directed at natural therapeutics. This systematic review aimed to assess the potential of flavonoids as antidiabetic agents by investigating their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase, two key enzymes involved in starch digestion. Six scientific databases (PubMed, Virtual Health Library, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and WHO Global Index Medicus) were searched until August 21, 2022, for in vitro studies reporting IC50 values of purified flavonoids on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, along with corresponding data for acarbose as a positive control. A total of 339 eligible articles were analyzed, resulting in the retrieval of 1643 flavonoid structures. These structures were rigorously standardized and curated, yielding 974 unique compounds, among which 177 flavonoids exhibited inhibition of both α-glucosidase and α-amylase are presented. Quality assessment utilizing a modified CONSORT checklist and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis were performed, revealing crucial features for the simultaneous inhibition of flavonoids against both enzymes. Moreover, the review also addressed several limitations in the current research landscape and proposed potential solutions. The curated datasets are available online at https://github.com/MedChemUMP/FDIGA .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thua-Phong Lam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75105, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ngoc-Vi Nguyen Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75105, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Long-Hung Dinh Pham
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nghia Vo-Trong Lai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bao-Tran Ngoc Dang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Lam Nguyen Truong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Song-Ky Nguyen-Vo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy-Linh Hoang
- California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, California, 95757, USA
| | - Tan Thanh Mai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thanh-Dao Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Çelik Onar H, Özden EM, Taslak HD, Gülçin İ, Ece A, Erçağ E. Novel coumarin-chalcone derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant, cyclic voltammetry, molecular modelling and biological evaluation studies as acetylcholinesterase, α-glycosidase, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 383:110655. [PMID: 37573926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a total of 12 coumarin-chalcone derivatives, 6 of which are original were synthesized. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis methods (7g-7l). The antioxidant potencies measured by using CUPRAC method (Trolox equivalent total antioxidant capacity) were as follows: 7j > 7i > 7c > 7d > 7k > 7l > 7f > 7h > 7e > 7g > 7a > 7b. Furthermore, the compounds were evaluated against human carbonic anhydrases I, II, acetylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase enzymes. Compounds 7c, 7e, 7g, 7i, 7j and 7l showed promising human carbonic anhydrase I inhibition compared to the standard Acetazolamide (Ki: 16.64 ± 4.72-49.82 ± 5.82 nM vs Ki: 57.64 ± 5.41 nM). In addition, all compounds exhibited strong inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase. Ki values were between 2.39 ± 0.97-9.35 ± 3.95 nM (Tacrine Ki: 13.78 ± 4.36 nM) for acetylcholinesterase, and 14.49 ± 8.51-75.67 ± 26.38 nM (Acarbose Ki: 12600 ± 78.00 nM) for α-glycosidase. Binding of 7g was predicted using molecular docking and stability of the complex was confirmed with molecular dynamics simulations which shed a light on the observed activity against acetylcholinesterase. Finally, cyclic voltammetry was also used for the electrochemical characterization of the synthesized compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Çelik Onar
- İstanbul University- Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eda Mehtap Özden
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hava Dudu Taslak
- İstanbul University- Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulilah Ece
- Biruni University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Erçağ
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo F, An J, Wang M, Zhang W, Chen C, Mao X, Liu S, Wang P, Ren F. Inhibitory Mechanism of Quercimeritrin as a Novel α-Glucosidase Selective Inhibitor. Foods 2023; 12:3415. [PMID: 37761124 PMCID: PMC10528180 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 12 flavonoid glycosides were selected based on virtual screening and the literature, and Quercimeritrin was selected as the best selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase through in vitro enzyme activity inhibition experiments. Its IC50 value for α-glucosidase was 79.88 µM, and its IC50 value for α-amylase >250 µM. As such, it could be used as a new selective inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The selective inhibition mechanism of Quercimeritrin on the two starch-digesting enzymes was further explored, and it was confirmed that Quercimeritrin had a strong binding affinity for α-glucosidase and occupied the binding pocket of α-glucosidase through non-covalent binding. Subsequently, animal experiments demonstrated that Quercimeritrin can effectively control postprandial blood glucose in vivo, with the same inhibitory effect as acarbose but without side effects. Our results, therefore, provide insights into how flavone aglycones can be used to effectively control the rate of digestion to improve postprandial blood glucose levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (F.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.A.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Minlong Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.A.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Weibo Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.A.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.A.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Xueying Mao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (F.G.); (X.M.)
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.A.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.A.); (M.W.); (W.Z.); (C.C.); (S.L.)
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (F.G.); (X.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang R, Li M, Brennan MA, Dhital S, Kulasiri D, Brennan CS, Guo B. Complexation of starch and phenolic compounds during food processing and impacts on the release of phenolic compounds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3185-3211. [PMID: 37254305 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds can form complexes with starch during food processing, which can modulate the release of phenolic compounds in the gastrointestinal tract and regulate the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds. The starch-phenolic complexation is determined by the structure of starch, phenolic compounds, and the food processing conditions. In this review, the complexation between starch and phenolic compounds during (hydro)thermal and nonthermal processing is reviewed. A hypothesis on the complexation kinetics is developed to elucidate the mechanism of complexation between starch and phenolic compounds considering the reaction time and the processing conditions. The subsequent effects of complexation on the physicochemical properties of starch, including gelatinization, retrogradation, and digestion, are critically articulated. Further, the release of phenolic substances and the bioaccessibility of different types of starch-phenolics complexes are discussed. The review emphasizes that the processing-induced structural changes of starch are the major determinant modulating the extent and manner of complexation with phenolic compounds. The controlled release of complexes formed between phenolic compounds and starch in the digestive tracts can modify the functionality of starch-based foods and, thus, can be used for both the modulation of glycemic response and the targeted delivery of phenolic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/ Comprehensive Utilization Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/ Comprehensive Utilization Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Margaret Anne Brennan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Don Kulasiri
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Charles Stephen Brennan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boli Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/ Comprehensive Utilization Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nainu F, Frediansyah A, Mamada SS, Permana AD, Salampe M, Chandran D, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Natural products targeting inflammation-related metabolic disorders: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16919. [PMID: 37346355 PMCID: PMC10279840 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the incidence of metabolic disorders is increasing, setting a challenge to global health. With major advancement in the diagnostic tools and clinical procedures, much has been known in the etiology of metabolic disorders and their corresponding pathophysiologies. In addition, the use of in vitro and in vivo experimental models prior to clinical studies has promoted numerous biomedical breakthroughs, including in the discovery and development of drug candidates to treat metabolic disorders. Indeed, chemicals isolated from natural products have been extensively studied as prospective drug candidates to manage diabetes, obesity, heart-related diseases, and cancer, partly due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Continuous efforts have been made in parallel to improve their bioactivity and bioavailability using selected drug delivery approaches. Here, we provide insights on recent progress in the role of inflammatory-mediated responses on the initiation of metabolic disorders, with particular reference to diabetes mellitus, obesity, heart-related diseases, and cancer. In addition, we discussed the prospective role of natural products in the management of diabetes, obesity, heart-related diseases, and cancers and provide lists of potential biological targets for high throughput screening in drug discovery and development. Lastly, we discussed findings observed in the preclinical and clinical studies prior to identifying suitable approaches on the phytochemical drug delivery systems that are potential to be used in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S. Mamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang X, Li D, Wang K, Xie J, Liu Y, Wang T, Liu S, Huang Q, Guo Q, Wang H. Hyperoside inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in vitro and reduces fat accumulation in vivo. Food Funct 2023; 14:4763-4776. [PMID: 37128768 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperoside, the main component of many anti-obesity plants, might exhibit a lipase inhibition effect to reduce fat accumulation. The anti-obesity effect of hyperoside was investigated by studying its inhibitory effect and mechanism on pancreatic lipase in vitro and evaluating its ability to reduce lipid accumulation in vivo. Hyperoside is a mixed-type inhibitor of lipase with an IC50 of 0.67 ± 0.02 mmol L-in vitro. Hyperoside changed the secondary conformation of lipase, increased the α-helix content, and changed the microenvironment of lipase through static quenching. The interaction between hyperoside and lipase results from a strong binding spontaneous exothermic reaction, mainly through hydrogen bonding, van der Waals force and electrostatic force. Hyperoside protected hepatic lipid accumulation and adipose tissue hypertrophy and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in high-fat diet-induced rats. Moreover, hyperoside had a good inhibitory effect on lipase activity in serum and increased fecal fat excretion, thereby reducing lipid absorption in vivo. This study provides theoretical support for the research and development of hyperoside in fat-reducing functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Kexin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
| | - Yaojie Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Tianxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Suwen Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China.
| | - Qun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tran TD, Tu VL, Hoang TM, Dat TV, Tam DNH, Phat NT, Hung DT, Huynh HH, Do TC, Le HH, Minh LHN. A Review of the In Vitro Inhibition of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase by Chalcone Derivatives. Cureus 2023; 15:e37267. [PMID: 37162770 PMCID: PMC10164439 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease relating to steady hyperglycemia resulting from the impairment of the endocrine and non-endocrine systems. Many new drugs having varied targets were discovered to treat this disease, especially type 2 diabetes. Among those, α-glucosidase inhibitors showed their effects by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates through their inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Recently, chalcones have attracted considerable attention as they have a simple structure, are easily synthesized as well as have a variety of derivatives. Some reports suggested that chalcone and its derivates could inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase. This narrative review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the inhibition of chalcone and its derivatives against α-amylase and α-glucosidase that were reviewed and reported in published scientific articles. Twenty-eight articles were reviewed after screening 207 articles found in four databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, VHL (Virtual Health Library), and GHL (Global Health Library). This review presented the inhibitory effects of varied chalcones, including chalcones with a basic structural framework, azachalcones, bis-chalcones, chalcone oximes, coumarin-chalcones, cyclohexane chalcones, dihydrochalcones, and flavanone-coupled chalcones. Many of these chalcones had significant inhibition against α-amylase as well as α-glucosidase that were comparable to or even stronger than standard inhibitors. This suggested that such compounds could be potential candidates for the discovery of new anti-diabetic remedies in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Dao Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Vo Linh Tu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Thai Minh Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Truong Van Dat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Dao Ngoc Hien Tam
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Asia Shine Trading & Service Company Limited, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Nguyen Tuan Phat
- Faculty of Medicine, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, VNM
| | - Dang The Hung
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Hong-Han Huynh
- School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, VNM
| | - Thanh C Do
- Faculty of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Huu-Hoai Le
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Le Huu Nhat Minh
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TWN
- Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, TWN
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Insights into the inhibitory activity and mechanism of action of flavonoids from the stems and branches of Acer mono Maxim. against α-glucosidase via kinetic analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
|
15
|
Khan S, Rahim F, Rehman W, Nawaz M, Taha M, Fazil S, Hussain R, Adnan Ali Shah S, Abdellatif MH. New benzoxazole-based sulphonamide hybrids analogs as potent inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation along with in silico study. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
16
|
Chu J, Yang R, Cheng W, Cui L, Pan H, Liu J, Guo Y. Semisynthesis, biological activities, and mechanism studies of Mannich base analogues of magnolol/honokiol as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 75:117070. [PMID: 36327695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnolol and honokiol, derived from a Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils, are a class of natural biphenolic lignans. Currently, the discovery of new α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural analogues is of interest. Here, four series of thirty new Mannich base analogues of magnolol/honokiol were prepared and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Among these Mannich base analogues of magnolol/honokiol, 3k and 3l exhibited more potent inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase than the reference drug acarbose, and their IC50 values were 14.94 ± 0.17 µM and 13.78 ± 1.42 µM, respectively. Some interesting structure-activity relationships (SARs) were also analyzed. The enzyme inhibition kinetics indicated that 3k and 3l were noncompetitive inhibitors. This result was in agreement with molecular docking studies, where the binding sites of 3k and 3l to α-glucosidase were different from that of the competitive inhibitor acarbose to α-glucosidase. Moverover, compounds 3k and 3l exhibited low toxicity to normal cells (LO2). Thus, analogues 3k and 3l could be deeply developed for the discovery of natural products based antidiabetic candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruige Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Wanqing Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Liping Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Hanchen Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Yong Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ojo OA, Grant S, Amanze JC, Oni AI, Ojo AB, Elebiyo TC, Obafemi TO, Ayokunle DI, Ogunlakin AD. Annona muricata L. peel extract inhibits carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and reduces pancreatic β-cells, inflammation, and apoptosis via upregulation of PI3K/AKT genes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276984. [PMID: 36301972 PMCID: PMC9612462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Annona muricata L. peel has been recognized for many ethnobotanical uses, including diabetes management. However, limited detailed scientific information about its mechanism of antidiabetic activity exists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of an aqueous extract of A. muricata peel (AEAMP) and its mechanism of action on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. METHODS In vitro antidiabetic assays, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase were analyzed on AEAMP. Alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg b.w) was used to induce diabetes in the rats. 150 mg/kg b.w positive control group doses of 6.67, 13.53, and 27.06 mg/kg were administered to 3 groups for twenty-one days. The positive control group was administered 30 mg/kg of metformin. The negative and normal control groups were administered distilled water. The fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant markers, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, and liver glycogen were analyzed as well as PI3K/AKT and apoptotic markers PCNA and Bcl2 by RT-PCR. RESULTS AEAMP inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes more effectively than acarbose. AEAMP reduced FBG levels, HOMA-IR, G6P, F-1,6-BP, MDA, TG, TC, AI, CRI, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB in diabetic rats. Furthermore, in diabetic rats, AEAMP improved serum insulin levels, HOMA-β, hexokinase, CAT, GST, and HDL-c. Liver PI3K, liver PCNA and pancreas PCNA were not significantly different in untreated diabetic rats when compared to normal rats suggesting alloxan induction of diabetes did not downregulate the mRNA expression of these genes. AEAMP significantly up-regulated expression of AKT and Bcl2 in the liver and pancreatic tissue. It is interesting that luteolin and resorcinol were among the constituents of AEAMP. CONCLUSIONS AEAMP can improve β-cell dysfunction by upregulating liver AKT and pancreatic PI3K and AKT genes, inhibiting carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and preventing apoptosis by upregulating liver and pancreatic Bcl2. However, the potential limitation of this study is the unavailability of equipment and techniques for collecting more data for the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Grant
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qiu C, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zhao L, Pei J. Functional Characterization and Screening of Promiscuous Kinases and Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinases for the Synthesis of DMAPP via a One-Pot Enzymatic Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12904. [PMID: 36361694 PMCID: PMC9654404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) is a key intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of isoprenoids and is also the prenyl donor for biosynthesizing prenylated flavonoids. However, it is difficult to prepare DMAPP via chemical and enzymatic methods. In this study, three promiscuous kinases from Shigella flexneri (SfPK), Escherichia coli (EcPK), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScPK) and three isopentenyl phosphate kinases from Methanolobus tindarius (MtIPK), Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus str. Delta H (MthIPK), and Arabidopsis thaliana (AtIPK) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzymatic properties of recombinant enzymes were determined. The Kcat/Km value of SfPK for DMA was 6875 s-1 M-1, which was significantly higher than those of EcPK and ScPK. The Kcat/Km value of MtIPK for DMAP was 402.9 s-1 M-1, which was ~400% of that of MthIPK. SfPK was stable at pH 7.0-9.5 and had a 1 h half-life at 65 °C. MtIPK was stable at pH 6.0-8.5 and had a 1 h half-life at 50 °C. The stability of SfPK and MtIPK was better than that of the other enzymes. Thus, SfPK and MtIPK were chosen to develop a one-pot enzymatic cascade for producing DMAPP from DMA because of their catalytic efficiency and stability. The optimal ratio between SfPK and MtIPK was 1:8. The optimal pH and temperature for the one-pot enzymatic cascade were 7.0 and 35 °C, respectively. The optimal concentrations of ATP and DMA were 10 and 80 mM, respectively. Finally, maximum DMAPP production reached 1.23 mM at 1 h under optimal conditions. Therefore, the enzymatic method described herein for the biosynthesis of DMAPP from DMA can be widely used for the synthesis of isoprenoids and prenylated flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yangbao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synthesis, In Vitro Anti-Microbial Analysis and Molecular Docking Study of Aliphatic Hydrazide-Based Benzene Sulphonamide Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of α-Glucosidase and Urease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207129. [PMID: 36296720 PMCID: PMC9609496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A unique series of sulphonamide derivatives was attempted to be synthesized in this study using a new and effective method. All of the synthesized compounds were verified using several spectroscopic methods, including FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HREI-MS, and their binding interactions were studied using molecular docking. The enzymes urease and α-glucosidase were evaluated against each derivative (1–15). When compared to their respective standard drug such as acarbose and thiourea, almost all compounds were shown to have excellent activity. Among the screened series, analogs 5 (IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.40 and 2.10 ± 0.10 µM) and 6 (IC50 = 2.50 ± 0.40 and 5.30 ± 0.20 µM), emerged as potent molecules when compared to the standard drugs acarbose (IC50 = 8.24 ± 0.08 µM) and urease (IC50 = 7.80 ± 0.30). Moreover, an anti-microbial study also demonstrated that analogs 5 and 6 were found with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the presence of standard drugs streptomycin and terinafine.
Collapse
|
20
|
Natural 8-C-ascorbyl-(−)-epigallocatechin as antidiabetic agent: α-glucosidase and PTP-1B signaling pathway dual regulators. Fitoterapia 2022; 162:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang J, Li C, Wang G, Cao J, Yang X, Liu X, Sun L. α-Amylase inhibition of a certain dietary polyphenol is predominantly affected by the concentration of α-1, 4-glucosidic bonds in starchy and artificial substrates. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
22
|
Bo S, Kiat Chang S, Shan Y, Chen Y, Liu H, Li B, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Yang B. The bioactivity of prenylated stilbenoids and their structure-activity relationship. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
23
|
Zhang X, Rehman RU, Wang S, Ji Y, Li J, Liu S, Wang H. Blue honeysuckle extracts retarded starch digestion by inhibiting glycosidases and changing the starch structure. Food Funct 2022; 13:6072-6088. [PMID: 35550649 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blue honeysuckle rich in anthocyanins can inhibit starch-digesting enzyme activity. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of blue honeysuckle extract (BHE) on glycosidases (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). BHE was a mixed glycosidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.36 ± 0.14 and 0.06 ± 0.01 for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, multi-fluorescence spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) confirmed that BHE caused the secondary structure change and static fluorescence quenching of glycosidases, and the interaction was an enthalpy-driven exothermic reaction. Molecular docking proved that the main anthocyanin monomers in BHE interacted with glycosidases through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Moreover, BHE changed the starch structure and prevented starch from being digested by glycosidases. In vivo, BHE and starch-BHE complexes effectively slowed postprandial hyperglycemia. This research provided a theoretical basis for BHE in antidiabetic healthy food research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Rizwan-Ur Rehman
- Human Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 546602, Pakistan
| | - Songxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yanglin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Suwen Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Egu SA, Ali I, Khan KM, Chigurupati S, Qureshi U, Salar U, Taha M, Felemban SG, Venugopal V, Ul-Haq Z. Syntheses, in vitro, and in silico studies of rhodanine-based schiff bases as potential α-amylase inhibitors and radicals (DPPH and ABTS) scavengers. Mol Divers 2022; 27:767-791. [PMID: 35604512 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A two-step reaction method was used to synthesize a series of rhodanine-based Schiff bases (2-33) that were characterized using spectroscopic techniques. All compounds were assessed for α-amylase inhibitory and radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) activities. In comparison to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 9.08 ± 0.07 µM), all compounds demonstrated good to moderate α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 10.91 ± 0.08-61.89 ± 0.102 µM). Compounds also demonstrated significantly higher DPPH (IC50 = 10.33 ± 0.02-96.65 ± 0.03 µM) and ABTS (IC50 = 12.01 ± 0.12-97.47 ± 0.13 µM) radical scavenging activities than ascorbic acid (DPPH, IC50 = 15.08 ± 0.03 µM; ABTS, IC50 = 16.09 ± 0.17 µM). The limited structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggests that the position and nature of the substituted groups on the phenyl ring have a vital role in varying inhibitory potential. Among the series, compounds with an electron-withdrawing group at the para position showed the highest potency. Kinetic studies revealed that the compounds followed a competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking results are found to agree with experimental findings, showing that compounds reside in the active pocket due to the main rhodanine moiety.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaur M, Kaushal R. Synthesis and in-silico molecular modelling, DFT studies, antiradical and antihyperglycemic activity of novel vanadyl complexes based on chalcone derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
26
|
Exploring two types of prenylated bitter compounds from hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) against α-glucosidase in vitro and in silico. Food Chem 2022; 370:130979. [PMID: 34543921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hops are abundant in natural bioactive compounds. In this work, nine prenylated bitter compounds from hop were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. As a result, four flavonoids and one phloroglucinol (lupulone, LP) outperformed acarbose in inhibiting α-glucosidase. Isoxanthohumol (IX) and LP with two types of structures were selected for inhibition mechanism studies by spectroscopic methods and molecular dynamics simulation (MD). Results showed that IX acted as noncompetitive inhibitor and bound to α-glucosidase in allosteric sites via hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, van der Waals (vdW), and electrostatic force, whereas LP was uncompetitive inhibitor and bound to catalytic sites via hydrophobic and vdW interactions. Notably, the conformation around binding site of α-glucosidase formed stable α-helix and tightened after binding IX and LP, respectively, which helped to elucidate noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibitory mechanisms. This work demonstrated that two types of prenylated bitter compounds are discrepant in their mechanisms of interaction with α-glucosidase.
Collapse
|
27
|
Qiu C, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zhao L, Pei J. Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Prenyltransferase from Streptomyces sp. NT11 and Development of a Recombinant Strain for the Production of 6-Prenylnaringenin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14231-14240. [PMID: 34793146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenyl groups increase the lipophilicity of flavonoids, endowing them with a special activity, selectivity, and pharmacological properties by prenylation. Herein, a novel prenyltransferase (ShFPT) gene from Streptomyces sp. NT11 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its biochemical characteristics were determined. ShFPT exhibited high selectivity to prenylate naringenin at C-6 to generate 6-prenylnaringenin. The optimal activity was observed at pH 6.0 and 55 °C. The Kcat and Km for naringenin were 0.0095 s-1 and 0.20 mM, respectively. Several promiscuous kinase and isopentenyl phosphate kinase genes were screened to develop the most efficient dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) synthesis pathway for 6-prenylnaringenin synthesis in E. coli. The 6-prenylnaringenin production was improved by changing the induction strategies and optimizing the bioconversion conditions. Finally, 6-prenylnaringenin production reached the highest yield of 69.9 mg/L with average productivity of 4.0 mg/L/h after 16 h incubation, which is the highest yield for any prenylated flavonoid reported to date in E. coli. Therefore, this study provides an efficient method for 6-prenylnaringenin production and reveals the DMAPP synthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yangbao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen Y, Qie X, Quan W, Zeng M, Qin F, Chen J, Adhikari B, He Z. Omnifarious fruit polyphenols: an omnipotent strategy to prevent and intervene diabetes and related complication? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-37. [PMID: 34792409 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome which cannot be cured. Recently, considerable interest has been focused on food ingredients to prevent and intervene in complications of diabetes. Polyphenolic compounds are one of the bioactive phytochemical constituents with various biological activities, which have drawn increasing interest in human health. Fruits are part of the polyphenol sources in daily food consumption. Fruit-derived polyphenols possess the anti-diabetic activity that has already been proved either from in vitro studies or in vivo studies. The mechanisms of fruit polyphenols in treating diabetes and related complications are under discussion. This is a comprehensive review on polyphenols from the edible parts of fruits, including those from citrus, berries, apples, cherries, mangoes, mangosteens, pomegranates, and other fruits regarding their potential benefits in preventing and treating diabetes mellitus. The signal pathways of characteristic polyphenols derived from fruits in reducing high blood glucose and intervening hyperglycemia-induced diabetic complications were summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiao Qie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xiao Z, Zhang X, Sun H. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic dual activities of extracts and flavonoids from Desmodium caudatum and an efficient synthesis of the most potent 8-prenylquercetin. Fitoterapia 2021; 156:105083. [PMID: 34785238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since glucolipid metabolism disorders is often the mono-target therapy fails in managing blood glucose and lipid levels and the other complications, it is urgent and necessary to seek for the new potential drugs or functional food acting on multi-targets. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic dual activities of the root, stems and leaves of Desmodium caudatum, which is used for traditional Chinese medicine, was evaluated. Twelve extracts with different extraction conditions were prepared and extract 9 was find to exhibit potential inhibitory activities of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), α-glucosidase, and pancrelipase, as well as promote cellular glucose consumption and reduce cellular content of lipid. Five flavonoids were isolated and identified from extract 9, among which 8-prenylquercetin exhibited potent α-glucosidase (IC50 = 4.38 μM) and FBPase (IC50 = 3.62 μM) dual inhibitory activity, which were 75-fold higher than acarbose (IC50 = 330.10 μM) and comparable with AMP (IC50 = 2.92 μM). In addition, 8-prenylquercetin was able to promote glucose consumption and reduce lipid content. Besides, an efficient synthesis of the most potent 8-prenylquercetin was developed from inexpensive and commercially available rutin in 21% overall yield by 6 steps, which lay the foundation of preparation sufficient amount for follow-up study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Xiao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hua Sun
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ezzat SM, Abdallah HMI, Yassen NN, Radwan RA, Mostafa ES, Salama MM, Salem MA. Phenolics from Physalis peruviana fruits ameliorate streptozotocin-induced diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in rats via induction of autophagy and apoptosis regression. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111948. [PMID: 34385108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of Physalis peruviana L. fruits in the management of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in relation to its metabolic profile. In-vitro α-amylase, β-glucosidase, and lipase inhibition activities were assessed for the ethanolic extract (EtOH) and its subfractions. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed the highest α-amylase, β-glucosidase, and lipase inhibition effect. In vivo antihyperglycemic testing of EtOAc in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats showed that it decreased the blood glucose level, prevented the reduction in body weight, improved serum indicators of kidney injury (urea, uric acid, creatinine), and function (albumin and total protein). EtOAc increased autophagic parameters (LC3B, AMPK) and depressed mTOR contents. Histopathology revealed that EtOAc ameliorated the pathological features and decreased the glycogen content induced by STZ. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that EtOAc reduced P53 expression as compared to the STZ-diabetic group. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS metabolite profiling of EtOAc allowed the identification of several phenolic compounds. Among the isolated compounds, gallic acid, its methylated dimer and the glycosides of quercetin had promising α-amylase and β-glucosidase inhibition activity. The results suggest that the phenolic-rich fraction has a protective effects against diabetic nephropathy presumably via enhancing autophagy (AMPK/mTOR pathway) and prevention of apoptosis (P53 suppression).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahira M Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt.
| | - Heba M I Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha N Yassen
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rasha A Radwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, East Kantara Branch, New City El Ismailia 41611, Egypt.
| | - Eman S Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Salama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bushra, Shamim S, Khan KM, Ullah N, Mahdavi M, Faramarzi MA, Larijani B, Salar U, Rafique R, Taha M, Perveen S. Synthesis, in vitro, and in silico evaluation of Indazole Schiff bases as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Yang J, Li H, Wang X, Zhang C, Feng G, Peng X. Inhibition Mechanism of α-Amylase/α-Glucosidase by Silibinin, Its Synergism with Acarbose, and the Effect of Milk Proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10515-10526. [PMID: 34463509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a natural flavonolignan, silibinin is reported to possess multiple biological activities, while the inhibitory potential of silibinin on carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of silibinin against α-amylase/α-glucosidase were investigated. The results indicated that silibinin showed a strong inhibitory efficiency against α-amylase/α-glucosidase in noncompetitive manners and exhibited synergistic inhibition against α-glucosidase with acarbose. However, interestingly, the inhibitory effect of silibinin was significantly hindered in various milk protein-rich environments, but this phenomenon disappeared after simulated gastrointestinal digestion of milk proteins in vitro. Furthermore, silibinin could combine with the inactive site of α-amylase/α-glucosidase and change the microenvironment and secondary structure of the enzymes, thereby influencing the catalytic efficiency of enzymes. This research suggested that silibinin could be used as a novel carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitor, and milk beverages rich in silibinin had the potential for further application in antidiabetic dietary or medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dias EDJS, Cantanhede Filho AJ, Carneiro FJC, da Rocha CQ, da Silva LCN, Santos JCB, Barros TF, Santos DM. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from the Humiria balsamifera (Aubl). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1479. [PMID: 34371681 PMCID: PMC8309364 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Humiria balsamifera (Aubl), commonly known as "mirim", is a plant of the Humiriaceae family, which consists of 39 species divided between eight genera: Duckesia, Endopleura, Humiria, Humiriastrum, Hylocara, Sacoglottis, Schistostemon, and Vantenea. This study aimed to characterize H. balsamifera extracts by LC-MS/MS and evaluate their antimicrobial potential through in vitro and in vivo assays. The leaves and stem bark of H. balsamifera were collected and dried at room temperature and then ground in a knife mill. The extracts were prepared with organic solvents in order to increase the polarity index (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The antimicrobial effects of these extracts were evaluated against the following bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The best activity was observed in the ethyl acetate (EALE = 780 µg/mL), methanol (MLE = 780 µg/mL), and hexane (HLE = 1560 µg/mL) leaf extracts against S. aureus. Considering the results for both antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, the EALE extract was chosen to proceed to the infection assays, which used Tenebrio molitor larvae. The EALE treatment was able to extend the average lifespan of the larvae (6.5 days) in comparison to S. aureus-infected larvae (1 day). Next, the samples were characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, allowing the identification of 11 substances, including seven flavonoids, substances whose antimicrobial activity is already well-reported in the literature. The number of bioactive compounds found in the chemical composition of H. balsamifera emphasizes its significance in both traditional medicine and scientific research that studies new treatments based on substances from the Brazilian flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edelson de J. S. Dias
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil; (A.J.C.F.); (F.J.C.C.)
| | - Antônio J. Cantanhede Filho
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil; (A.J.C.F.); (F.J.C.C.)
| | - Fernando J. C. Carneiro
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 04, Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil; (A.J.C.F.); (F.J.C.C.)
| | - Cláudia Q. da Rocha
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966—Vila Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil;
| | - Luís Cláudio N. da Silva
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Joice C. B. Santos
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Thayná F. Barros
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Deivid M. Santos
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, CEUMA University, Rua Josué Montello, 1—Renascença II, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.B.S.); (T.F.B.); (D.M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Welday Kahssay S, Hailu GS, Taye Desta K. Design, Synthesis, Characterization and in vivo Antidiabetic Activity Evaluation of Some Chalcone Derivatives. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:3119-3129. [PMID: 34305396 PMCID: PMC8297477 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s316185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is one of the growing health problems worldwide, and scientists have been striving to find effective treatment methods. In this regard, chalcones have frequently been targeted by many researchers owing to their diverse biological activities. Methods Here, the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction was applied to synthesize five chalcone derivatives. The chalcone derivatives were evaluated for their relative antidiabetic activities in vivo using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Besides, the compounds were assessed for their reduction in postprandial hyperglycemia at 50 and 100 mg/kg dose levels against a standard drug, glibenclamide. In addition, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) was analyzed to determine the effect of structural modification in chalcones activity. Results A dose-dependent reduction in postprandial hyperglycemia was observed. The highest reduction in blood glucose level (BGL) was achieved by compound 3 at a dose of 100 mg/kg (39%). This was found to be even higher than glibenclamide (34.5%). In the STZ-induced diabetic animal model, all test compounds showed comparable efficacy with glibenclamide. The SAR analysis revealed that the incorporation of electron-donating groups at position 5 of the benzaldehyde ring and position 2 of the acetophenone ring is promising to increase the antihyperglycemic activities of chalcones. Conclusion The chalcone derivatives considered in this study could be used as potential lead compounds in the discovery of effective drugs to treat diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semere Welday Kahssay
- Mizan-Tepi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremedhin Solomon Hailu
- Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Taye Desta
- Adama Science and Technology University, College of Applied Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, Adama, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Synthesis of Rottlerone Analogues and Evaluation of Their α-Glucosidase and DPP-4 Dual Inhibitory and Glucose Consumption-Promoting Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041024. [PMID: 33672038 PMCID: PMC7919492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that desmethylxanthohumol (1) inhibited α-glucosidase in vitro. Recently, further investigations revealed that dehydrocyclodesmethylxanthohumol (2) and its dimer analogue rottlerone (3) exhibited more potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than 1. The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of rottlerone analogues and evaluate their α-glucosidase and DPP-4 dual inhibitory activity. The results showed that compounds 4d and 5d irreversibly and potently inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.22 and 0.12 μM) and moderately inhibited DPP-4 (IC50 = 23.59 and 26.19 μM), respectively. In addition, compounds 4d and 5d significantly promoted glucose consumption, with the activity of 5d at 0.2 μM being comparable to that of metformin at a concentration of 1 mM.
Collapse
|
37
|
Synthesis, in vitro, and in silico studies of newly functionalized quinazolinone analogs for the identification of potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
38
|
Salehi B, Quispe C, Chamkhi I, El Omari N, Balahbib A, Sharifi-Rad J, Bouyahya A, Akram M, Iqbal M, Docea AO, Caruntu C, Leyva-Gómez G, Dey A, Martorell M, Calina D, López V, Les F. Pharmacological Properties of Chalcones: A Review of Preclinical Including Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:592654. [PMID: 33536909 PMCID: PMC7849684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.592654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are among the leading bioactive flavonoids with a therapeutic potential implicated to an array of bioactivities investigated by a series of preclinical and clinical studies. In this article, different scientific databases were searched to retrieve studies depicting the biological activities of chalcones and their derivatives. This review comprehensively describes preclinical studies on chalcones and their derivatives describing their immense significance as antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, psychoactive, and neuroprotective agents. Besides, clinical trials revealed their use in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, skin conditions, and cancer. Bioavailability studies on chalcones and derivatives indicate possible hindrance and improvement in relation to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Multifaceted and complex underlying mechanisms of chalcone actions demonstrated their ability to modulate a number of cancer cell lines, to inhibit a number of pathological microorganisms and parasites, and to control a number of signaling molecules and cascades related to disease modification. Clinical studies on chalcones revealed general absence of adverse effects besides reducing the clinical signs and symptoms with decent bioavailability. Further studies are needed to elucidate their structure activity, toxicity concerns, cellular basis of mode of action, and interactions with other molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqbal
- Institute of Health Management, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, "Prof. N.C. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento De Farmacia, Facultad De Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Ciudad De México, Mexico
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad De Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad De Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón-IA2 CITA-Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Les
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón-IA2 CITA-Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Proença C, Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Fernandes E. Flavonoids as potential agents in the management of type 2 diabetes through the modulation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3137-3207. [PMID: 33427491 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases worldwide and is characterized by increased postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors have been shown to slow the release of glucose from starch and oligosaccharides, resulting in a delay of glucose absorption and a reduction in postprandial blood glucose levels. Since current α-glucosidase inhibitors used in the management of T2D, such as acarbose, have been associated to strong gastrointestinal side effects, the search for novel and safer drugs is considered a hot topic of research. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds widely distributed in the Plant Kingdom and important components of the human diet. These compounds have shown promising antidiabetic activities, including the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the scientific literature concerning the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids in inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase, including their type of inhibition and experimental procedures applied. For this purpose, a total of 500 compounds is covered in this review. Available data may be considered of high value for the design and development of novel flavonoid derivatives with effective and potent inhibitory activity against those carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, to be possibly used as safer alternatives for the regulation of PPHG in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Proença
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tanuja, Waris M, Shahzad N, Al-Ghamdi S, Mir S. Evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of an isolated hydroalcoholic fraction from the fruit of withania coagulans. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:367-372. [PMID: 35399799 PMCID: PMC8985838 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_423_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydro-alcoholic extract of Withania coagulans fruits was investigated for preliminary phytochemical screening and characterized by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Column chromatography of the hydro-alcoholic extract of W. coagulans eluted with four different combinations of ethyl acetate and methanol yielded four fractions (WCF01, WCF02, WCF03, and WCF04). One of these fractions, WCF02, significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 104.71 μg/mL and 70.79 μg/mL, respectively. WCF02 further reduced blood glucose levels in comparison to control in the starch tolerance test. The extract showed a relative dose-dependent effect. It was observed that none of the extracts could delay the peak blood glucose that was achieved after 60 min of carbohydrate challenge, but these blunted the glycemic peak.
Collapse
|
41
|
Adelusi TI, Du L, Chowdhury A, Xiaoke G, Lu Q, Yin X. Signaling pathways and proteins targeted by antidiabetic chalcones. Life Sci 2020; 284:118982. [PMID: 33387581 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chalcones have shown a broad spectrum of biological activities with clinical potential against various diseases. The biological activities are mainly attributed to the presence of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system, perceived as potential Michael acceptors. In this review, we discussed the antioxidant potential of chalcones and elucidated the mechanisms of pathways and proteins such as carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), aldose reductase, SGLT-2, and Nrf2 that are targeted by antidiabetic chalcones. In addition to their insulin mimetic potential, we explore the major molecular targets of chalcones and discuss the biochemical and therapeutic implication of modulating these targets. Finally, we dwell on the opulence of the literature and envisage how RNA interference-mediated gene silencing technique and in silico molecular docking could be exploited in the search for novel and more efficacious antidiabetic chalcones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Isaac Adelusi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Lei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Apu Chowdhury
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Gu Xiaoke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ofosu FK, Daliri EBM, Elahi F, Chelliah R, Lee BH, Oh DH. New Insights on the Use of Polyphenols as Natural Preservatives and Their Emerging Safety Concerns. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.525810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
Bosso A, Cassino C, Motta S, Panero L, Tsolakis C, Guaita M. Polyphenolic Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Red Grape Seeds as Byproducts of Short and Medium-Long Fermentative Macerations. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101451. [PMID: 33066058 PMCID: PMC7600336 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of grape seeds, as byproducts of red winemaking, depend on various factors, such as grape cultivar, vintage effect, grape maturity and winemaking methods. In the present work, the influence of the maceration length on the polyphenolic and antioxidant characteristics of the seeds of four Italian red grape cultivars (‘Barbera’, ‘Grignolino’, ‘Nebbiolo’, and ‘Uvalino’), sampled from the fermentation tanks after short (two days) and medium-long (7–21 days) macerations, was studied with spectrophotometric methods, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and three different antioxidant assays (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)). The total polyphenolic content (gallic acid equivalent (GAE)) of the seeds sampled after short macerations ranged between 24.5 and 60.1 mg/g dry weight (DW), and it dropped to 20.0–37.5 mg/g DW after medium-long macerations. The polyphenolic profile of the shortly macerated seeds was related to the varietal characteristics, while, after longer macerations, the influence of the maceration length prevailed on the cultivar effect. The multiple in vitro antioxidant activity tests (ABTS, FRAP and DPPH), although based on different mechanisms capable of highlighting behavioral differences between the different polyphenolic compounds, were highly correlated with each other and with the polyphenolic parameters; the qualitative differences between the matrices in the polyphenolic profile were probably less important than the quantitative differences in the polyphenolic content. The relations with the polyphenolic content were linear, except for the Efficient Concentration (EC20) parameter, whose relation was better described by a hyperbolic equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bosso
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (S.M.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0141433813
| | - Claudio Cassino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Silvia Motta
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (S.M.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Loretta Panero
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (S.M.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Christos Tsolakis
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (S.M.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Massimo Guaita
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia, via P. Micca 35, 14100 Asti, Italy; (S.M.); (L.P.); (C.T.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guo Y, Hou E, Ma N, Liu Z, Fan J, Yang R. Discovery, biological evaluation and docking studies of novel N-acyl-2-aminothiazoles fused (+)-nootkatone from Citrus paradisi Macf. as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104294. [PMID: 32987307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the discovery and development of α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural products or their derivatives represents an attractive approach. Here we reported studies on a series of novel N-acyl-2-aminothiazoles fused (+)-nootkatone and evaluation for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Most of (+)-nootkatone derivatives exhibited more potent α-glucosidase inhibitory ability than the positive drug acarbose. In particular, compounds II7 and II14 showed the most promising α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with IC50 values of 13.2 and 13.8 µM. II7 and II14 also exhibited relatively low cytotoxicities towards normal LO2 cells. Kinetic study indicated that compounds II7 and II14 inhibited the α-glucosidase in a noncompetitive manner, and molecular docking results were in line with the noncompetitive characteristics that II7 and II14 did not bind to the known active sites (Asp214, Glu276 and Asp349). Based on our findings, these (+)-nootkatone derivatives could be used as antidiabetic candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Enhua Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Nannan Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiangping Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruige Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, KeXue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abdullah MA, Lee YR, Mastuki SN, Leong SW, Wan Ibrahim WN, Mohammad Latif MA, Ramli ANM, Mohd Aluwi MFF, Mohd Faudzi SM, Kim CH. Development of diarylpentadienone analogues as alpha-glucosidase inhibitor: Synthesis, in vitro biological and in vivo toxicity evaluations, and molecular docking analysis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104277. [PMID: 32971414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminated- (1-9) and sulfonamide-containing diarylpentadienones (10-18) were synthesized, structurally characterized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti-diabetic potential on α-glucosidase and DPP-4 enzymes. It was found that all the new molecules were non-associated PAINS compounds. The sulfonamide-containing series (compounds 10-18) selectively inhibited α-glucosidase over DPP-4, in which compound 18 demonstrated the highest activity with an IC50 value of 5.69 ± 0.5 µM through a competitive inhibition mechanism. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies concluded that the introduction of the trifluoromethylbenzene sulfonamide moiety was essential for the suppression of α-glucosidase. The most active compound 18, was then further tested for in vivo toxicities using the zebrafish animal model, with no toxic effects detected in the normal embryonic development, blood vessel formation, and apoptosis of zebrafish. Docking simulation studies were also carried out to better understand the binding interactions of compound 18 towards the homology modeled α -glucosidase and the human lysosomal α -glucosidase enzymes. The overall results suggest that the new sulfonamide-containing diarylpentadienones, compound 18, could be a promising candidate in the search for a new α-glucosidase inhibitor, and can serve as a basis for further studies involving hit-to-lead optimization, in vivo efficacy and safety assessment in an animal model and mechanism of action for the treatment of T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aisyah Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-Ri Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Wei Leong
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Alif Mohammad Latif
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, 26300 Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, 26300 Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Qi J, Wang D, Yin X, Zhang Q, Gao JM. New Metabolite With Inhibitory Activity Against α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase From Endophytic Chaetomium globosum. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20941338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient bioactive tracking separation strategy based on liquid-liquid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was developed and used to isolate bioactive natural products from the endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum residing in Ginkgo biloba. Using HSCCC, the novel metabolite chaetoglobol acid (1) as well as 11 known compounds (2-12), including 6 chlorinated azaphilones and 3 cytochalasans, were successfully isolated. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated through spectroscopic analyses and HRESIMS data. Compound 1 possesses a rare C11-polyketide skeleton. All isolates were evaluated for their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities in vitro. Compound 1 showed high inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 3.04 μM), 18-fold higher than that of acarbose (IC50 = 54.74 μM), and also displayed moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 22.18 μM). As the results indicated that 1 has inhibitory effects against both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, 1 may be a promising candidate for mediating type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rocha S, Ribeiro D, Fernandes E, Freitas M. A Systematic Review on Anti-diabetic Properties of Chalcones. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2257-2321. [PMID: 30277140 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181001112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of anti-diabetic drugs has been increasing worldwide and the evolution of therapeutics has been enormous. Still, the currently available anti-diabetic drugs do not present the desired efficacy and are generally associated with serious adverse effects. Thus, entirely new interventions, addressing the underlying etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, are required. Chalcones, secondary metabolites of terrestrial plants and precursors of the flavonoids biosynthesis, have been used for a long time in traditional medicine due to their wide-range of biological activities, from which the anti-diabetic activity stands out. This review systematizes the information found in literature about the anti-diabetic properties of chalcones, in vitro and in vivo. Chalcones are able to exert these properties by acting in different therapeutic targets: Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4); Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4), Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, Aldose Reductase (ALR), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). Chalcones are, undoubtedly, promising anti-diabetic agents, and some crucial structural features have already been established. From the Structure-Activity Relationships analysis, it can generally be stated that the presence of hydroxyl, prenyl and geranyl groups in their skeleton improves their activity for the evaluated anti-diabetic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu S, Yu J, Guo S, Fang H, Chang X. Inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase by Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenols in vitro and their potential as hyperglycemic agents. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
49
|
Zhang Y, Gu D, He S, Meng J, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Tian J, Yang Y. Enzyme reaction-guided identification of active components from the flowers of Sophora japonica var. violacea. Food Funct 2020; 11:4356-4362. [PMID: 32369095 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00625d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The flower of S. japonica is a favorite food and used as traditional medicine. In the present study, a facile and effective method based on the changes in the composition before and after the enzyme reaction was established to screen the active compounds from complex natural products. The separation of an active compound from the ethanolic extracts of Sophora japonica var. violacea, which exhibited the α-amylase inhibitory activity is presented as an example. The analysis of HPLC showed that one component was reduced by 25% after the enzyme reaction. The potential active compound was isolated via LH-20 gel permeation chromatography and identified as kaempferol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside by 1H and 13C NMR. The in vitro test indicated that the compound had the α-amylase inhibitory activity, and the IC50 was 88.56 ± 0.60 μg mL-1. The molecular docking study of this compound showed that the compound enfolded in the active sites of α-amylase completely and interacted with the amino acid residues through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals force and hydrophobic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunci Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, 1 Qinggongyuan, Dalian 116034, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ou-Yang C, Chai W, Xu X, Song S, Wei Q, Huang Q, Zou Z. Inhibitory potential of proanthocyanidins from the fruit pulp of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels against α-glucosidase and non-enzymatic glycation: Activity and mechanism. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|