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Fryer E, Guha S, Rogel-Hernandez LE, Logan-Garbisch T, Farah H, Rezaei E, Mollhoff IN, Nekimken AL, Xu A, Seyahi LS, Fechner S, Druckmann S, Clandinin TR, Rhee SY, Goodman MB. A high-throughput behavioral screening platform for measuring chemotaxis by C. elegans. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002672. [PMID: 38935621 PMCID: PMC11210793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multiwell plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fryer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sujay Guha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lucero E. Rogel-Hernandez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Theresa Logan-Garbisch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hodan Farah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ehsan Rezaei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Iris N. Mollhoff
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Nekimken
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lara Selin Seyahi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Fechner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shaul Druckmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Seung Y. Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Miriam B. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Fryer E, Guha S, Rogel-Hernandez LE, Logan-Garbisch T, Farah H, Rezaei E, Mollhoff IN, Nekimken AL, Xu A, Selin Seyahi L, Fechner S, Druckmann S, Clandinin TR, Rhee SY, Goodman MB. An efficient behavioral screening platform classifies natural products and other chemical cues according to their chemosensory valence in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.02.542933. [PMID: 37333363 PMCID: PMC10274637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.542933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction, and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multi-well plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals, but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fryer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
| | - Sujay Guha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
| | | | - Theresa Logan-Garbisch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University
| | - Hodan Farah
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
| | - Ehsan Rezaei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
| | - Iris N. Mollhoff
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
- Department of Biology, Stanford University
| | - Adam L. Nekimken
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
| | - Angela Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science
| | - Lara Selin Seyahi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
| | - Sylvia Fechner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
| | | | | | - Seung Y. Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science
| | - Miriam B. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University
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Afridi MS, Kumar A, Javed MA, Dubey A, de Medeiros FHV, Santoyo G. Harnessing root exudates for plant microbiome engineering and stress resistance in plants. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127564. [PMID: 38071833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect plant's growth and production. Under stress, one of the main responses of plants is the modulation of exudates excreted in the rhizosphere, which consequently leads to alterations in the resident microbiota. Thus, the exudates discharged into the rhizospheric environment play a preponderant role in the association and formation of plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we aimed to provide a synthesis of the latest and most pertinent literature on the diverse biochemical and structural compositions of plant root exudates. Also, this work investigates into their multifaceted role in microbial nutrition and intricate signaling processes within the rhizosphere, which includes quorum-sensing molecules. Specifically, it explores the contributions of low molecular weight compounds, such as carbohydrates, phenolics, organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites, as well as the significance of high molecular weight compounds, including proteins and polysaccharides. It also discusses the state-of-the-art omics strategies that unveil the vital role of root exudates in plant-microbiome interactions, including defense against pathogens like nematodes and fungi. We propose multiple challenges and perspectives, including exploiting plant root exudates for host-mediated microbiome engineering. In this discourse, root exudates and their derived interactions with the rhizospheric microbiota should receive greater attention due to their positive influence on plant health and stress mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, CP3037, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Muhammad Ammar Javed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | | | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030 Morelia, Mexico.
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Zhang X, Song M, Gao L, Tian Y. Metabolic variations in root tissues and rhizosphere soils of weak host plants potently lead to distinct host status and chemotaxis regulation of Meloidogyne incognita in intercropping. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13396. [PMID: 37823341 PMCID: PMC10782644 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) inflict extensive damage to global agricultural production. Intercropping has been identified as a viable agricultural tool for combating RKNs, but the mechanisms by which intercropped plants modulate RKN parasitism are still not well understood. Here, we focus on the cucumber-amaranth intercropping system. We used a range of approaches, including the attraction assay, in vitro RNA interference (RNAi), untargeted metabolomics, and hairy root transformation, to unveil the mechanisms by which weak host plants regulate Meloidogyne incognita chemotaxis towards host plants and control infection. Amaranth roots showed a direct repellence to M. incognita through disrupting its chemotaxis. The in vitro RNAi assay demonstrated that the Mi-flp-1 and Mi-flp-18 genes (encoding FMRFamide-like peptides) regulated M. incognita chemotaxis towards cucumber and controlled infection. Moreover, M. incognita infection stimulated cucumber and amaranth to accumulate distinct metabolites in both root tissues and rhizosphere soils. In particular, naringenin and salicin, enriched specifically in amaranth rhizosphere soils, inhibited the expression of Mi-flp-1 and Mi-flp-18. In addition, overexpression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and phloretin, both of which were enriched specifically in amaranth root tissues, delayed M. incognita development in cucumber hairy roots. Together, our results reveal that both the distinct host status and disruption of chemotaxis contribute to M. incognita inhibition in intercropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mengyuan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Zhao Y, Zhong C, Li Y, Zhou W, Huang X. Novel Genes and Key Signaling Molecules Involved in the Repulsive Response of Meloidogyne incognita against Biocontrol Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19445-19456. [PMID: 38033160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, to distinguish and escape from pathogenic bacteria has been extensively studied; however, studies on the repulsive response of Meloidogyne incognita are still in their infancy. We have recently demonstrated that biocontrol bacteria induce a repulsive response in M. incognita via two classical signaling pathways. The present study aimed to identify the novel genes and signaling molecules of M. incognita that potentially contribute to its defense reaction. Analysis of the transcriptome data of M. incognita with and without a repulsive response against Bacillus nematocida B16 obtained 15 candidate genes, of which the novel genes Minc3s01748g26034 and Minc3s02548g30585 were found to regulate the aversive behavior of M. incognita, and their functions were further validated. To further confirm the neuronal localization of the two novel genes in M. incognita, in situ hybridization was conducted using the digoxin-labeled probes of ten tag genes, and preferentially profiled the localization of amphid sensory neurons of M. incognita. Analysis of the overviewed neuronal map suggested that Minc3s01748g26034 and Minc3s02548g30585 functioned in ASK/ASI and CEPD/V neurons, respectively. During their interactions, the volatile compounds 3-methyl-butyric acid and 2-methyl-butyric acid produced by the biocontrol bacteria were predicted as the primary signaling molecules that promoted the repulsive behavior of M. incognita against biocontrol bacteria. The findings provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the repulsive response of M. incognita that are different from the canonical molecular pathways previously found in C. elegans and can aid in developing novel strategies for controlling root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Chidi Zhong
- School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yixin Li
- School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Wang X, Wang C, Chen R, Wang W, Wang D, Tian X. Plant Genotype Shapes the Soil Nematode Community in the Rhizosphere of Tomatoes with Different Resistance to Meloidognye incognita. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1528. [PMID: 37050154 PMCID: PMC10097389 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil nematodes are considered indicators of soil quality due to their immediate responses to changes in the soil environment and plants. However, little is known about the effects of plant genotypes on the soil nematode community. To elucidate this, high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to analyze the soil nematode community and the structure of root exudates in the rhizosphere of tomatoes with different resistance to Meloidognye incognita. The dominant soil nematode group in the soil of resistant tomatoes was Acrobeloides, while the soil nematode group in the rhizosphere of the susceptible and tolerant tomatoes was Meloidognye. Hierarchical clustering analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that the three soil nematode communities were clustered into three groups according to the resistance level of the tomato cultivars. The soil nematode community of the resistant tomatoes had a higher maturity index and a low plant-parasite index, Wasilewska index and disease index compared to the values of the susceptible and tolerant tomatoes. Redundancy analysis revealed that the disease index and root exudates were strongly related to the soil nematode community of three tomato cultivars. Taken together, the resistance of the tomato cultivars and root exudates jointly shapes the soil nematode community. This study provided a valuable contribution to understanding the mechanism of plant genotypes shaping the soil nematode community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443005, China
| | - Chaoyan Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408102, China (D.W.)
| | - Ru Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453600, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453600, China
| | - Diandong Wang
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408102, China (D.W.)
| | - Xueliang Tian
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Biological Pesticide & Fertilizer Development and Synergistic Application, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453600, China
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Oota M, Toyoda S, Kotake T, Wada N, Hashiguchi M, Akashi R, Ishikawa H, Favery B, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. Rhamnogalacturonan-I as a nematode chemoattractant from Lotus corniculatus L. super-growing root culture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1008725. [PMID: 36777533 PMCID: PMC9908596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The soil houses a tremendous amount of micro-organisms, many of which are plant parasites and pathogens by feeding off plant roots for sustenance. Such root pathogens and parasites often rely on plant-secreted signaling molecules in the rhizosphere as host guidance cues. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a chemoattractant of plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita, RKN). METHODS The Super-growing Root (SR) culture, consisting of excised roots from the legume species Lotus corniculatus L., was found to strongly attract infective RKN juveniles and actively secrete chemoattractants into the liquid culture media. The chemo-attractant in the culture media supernatant was purified using hydrophobicity and anion exchange chromatography, and found to be enriched in carbohydrates. RESULTS Monosaccharide analyses suggest the chemo-attractant contains a wide array of sugars, but is enriched in arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. This purified chemoattractant was shown to contain pectin, specifically anti-rhamnogalacturonan-I and anti-arabinogalactan protein epitopes but not anti-homogalacturonan epitopes. More importantly, the arabinose and galactose sidechain groups were found to be essential for RKN-attracting activities. This chemo-attractant appears to be specific to M. incognita, as it wasn't effective in attracting other Meloidogyne species nor Caenorhabditis elegans. DISCUSSION This is the first report to identify the nematode attractant purified from root exudate of L corniculatus L. Our findings re-enforce pectic carbohydrates as important chemicals mediating micro-organism chemotaxis in the soil, and also highlight the unexpected utilities of the SR culture system in root pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Oota
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Syuuto Toyoda
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bruno Favery
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Chiocchio I, Andrés NP, Anaia RA, van Dam NM, Vergara F. Steroidal glycoside profile differences among primary roots system and adventitious roots in Solanum dulcamara. PLANTA 2023; 257:37. [PMID: 36645517 PMCID: PMC9842586 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solanum dulcamara primary and adventitious roots showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their steroidal glycosides profile. This opened new venues to evaluate the bioactivity of these molecules in belowground ecosystems. The Solanum genus is characterized by the presence of steroidal glycosides (SGs) that confer herbivore resistance and serve as drug precursors in the pharmaceutical industry. Solanum dulcamara is a self-compatible, sexually reproducing species that produces seeds after buzz-pollination. In addition, primordia on the stem facilitate clonal propagation via adventitious root (AR) formation. ARs contain aerenchyma being developmentally and morphologically different from primary roots (PRs). Therefore, we hypothesized that ARs and PRs have different SG profiles. Aiming to assess differences in SGs profiles in S. dulcamara roots in relation to their origins and morphologies, we used liquid chromatography coupled to electron spray ionization quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qToF-MS) to profile SGs from PRs and ARs of seven S. dulcamara individuals. Mass fragmentation pattern analysis indicated the presence of 31 SG-type structures, including those with spirostans and furostans moieties. We assigned the 31 structures to 9 classes of steroidal aglycons (SAgls) that differ in hydroxylation and degree of unsaturation. We found that SAgls were conjugated with di-, tri- and tetra saccharides whereby one compound contained a malonylated sugar. Principle component analysis showed that SG profiles of PRs and ARs separated on the first principal component, supporting our hypothesis. Specifically, PRs contain higher number of SGs than ARs with some compounds exclusively present in PRs. Our results reveal a high level of novel chemodiversity in PRs and ARs of Solanum dulcamara. The knowledge gained will deepen our understanding of SGs biosynthesis and their functional role in plant-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Chiocchio
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nerea Pérez Andrés
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Redouan Adam Anaia
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Nakayasu M, Takamatsu K, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Plant specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere of tomatoes: secretion and effects on microorganisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 87:13-20. [PMID: 36373409 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with microorganisms in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere. Here the roots exude plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) that have diverse biological and ecological functions. Recent reports have shown that these PSMs influence the rhizosphere microbiome, which is essential for the plant's growth and health. This review summarizes several specialized metabolites secreted into the rhizosphere of the tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum), which is an important model species for plant research and a commercial crop. In this review, we focused on the effects of such plant metabolites on plant-microbe interactions. We also reviewed recent studies on improving the growth of tomatoes by analyzing and reconstructing the rhizosphere microbiome and discussed the challenges to be addressed in establishing sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takamatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Ku Y, Li W, Mei X, Yang X, Cao C, Zhang H, Cao L, Li M. Biological Control of Melon Continuous Cropping Obstacles: Weakening the Negative Effects of the Vicious Cycle in Continuous Cropping Soil. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0177622. [PMID: 36301101 PMCID: PMC9769590 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous cropping obstacles of melons have become increasingly serious in recent years. To investigate this, we explored the effects and mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis C3 in control of the continuous cropping obstacles of melon. We provide a novel interaction model of the occurrence factors of continuous cropping obstacles. The dominant pathogen isolated from melon soil was Fusarium. Their hyphae were used as food to cultivate root-knot nematodes. The main phenolic acids in melon soil promoted the growth of Fusarium and indirectly increased the number of root-knot nematodes, but they also had direct toxic effects on melon root-knot nematodes. The simultaneous inoculation of the three had the strongest inhibitory effect on melon seedlings, while the inhibitory effect of paired inoculation was weaker than that of single inoculation. Therefore, the three balance each other, forming a vicious cycle. Bacillus subtilis C3 weakened the negative effects of this cycle on melon by eliminating phenolic acids and inhibiting the growth of Fusarium and root-knot nematodes. Simultaneously, they also alleviated the continuous cropping obstacles of melon by improving the composition and structure of the rhizosphere microbial community. Our results might be useful for the effective control of the continuous cropping obstacles of melon. IMPORTANCE The soil environment, crop growth and fruit quality of melons are negatively affected by long-term continuous cropping. It is important to study the mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles and their biological control. In this study, we propose a novel interaction model of the occurrence factors of continuous cropping obstacles. The dominant phenolic acids, pathogenic fungi, and root-knot nematodes from melon soil balance each other, forming a vicious cycle. Bacillus subtilis C3 weakened the negative effects of this cycle on melon by eliminating phenolic acids and inhibiting the growth of Fusarium and root-knot nematodes. In addition, C3 also improved the composition and structure of the melon rhizosphere microbial community. These results advance the study of the occurrence mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles and demonstrate an efficient and environmentally friendly biological control scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Ku
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xueli Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiangna Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cuiling Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huimei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Le Cao
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Weinan Normal University, Weinan, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Minglei Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
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11
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Duc NH, Vo HTN, van Doan C, Hamow KÁ, Le KH, Posta K. Volatile organic compounds shape belowground plant-fungi interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046685. [PMID: 36561453 PMCID: PMC9763900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a bouquet of chemical compounds released by all life forms, play essential roles in trophic interactions. VOCs can facilitate a large number of interactions with different organisms belowground. VOCs-regulated plant-plant or plant-insect interaction both below and aboveground has been reported extensively. Nevertheless, there is little information about the role of VOCs derived from soilborne pathogenic fungi and beneficial fungi, particularly mycorrhizae, in influencing plant performance. In this review, we show how plant VOCs regulate plant-soilborne pathogenic fungi and beneficial fungi (mycorrhizae) interactions. How fungal VOCs mediate plant-soilborne pathogenic and beneficial fungi interactions are presented and the most common methods to collect and analyze belowground volatiles are evaluated. Furthermore, we suggest a promising method for future research on belowground VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hong Duc
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Godollo, Hungary
| | - Ha T. N. Vo
- Plant Disease Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Cong van Doan
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDIV), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Khac Hoang Le
- Plant Disease Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Katalin Posta
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Godollo, Hungary
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12
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Suzuki R, Kanno Y, Abril-Urias P, Seo M, Escobar C, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. Local auxin synthesis mediated by YUCCA4 induced during root-knot nematode infection positively regulates gall growth and nematode development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019427. [PMID: 36466293 PMCID: PMC9709418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasites and pathogens are known to manipulate the host's endogenous signaling pathways to facilitate the infection process. In particular, plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) are known to elicit auxin response at the infection sites, to aid the development of root galls as feeding sites for the parasites. Here we describe the role of local auxin synthesis induced during RKN infection. Exogenous application of auxin synthesis inhibitors decreased RKN gall formation rates, gall size and auxin response in galls, while auxin and auxin analogues produced the opposite effects, re-enforcing the notion that auxin positively regulates RKN gall formation. Among the auxin biosynthesis enzymes, YUCCA4 (YUC4) was found to be dramatically up-regulated during RKN infection, suggesting it may be a major contributor to the auxin accumulation during gall formation. However, yuc4-1 showed only very transient decrease in gall auxin levels and did not show significant changes in RKN infection rates, implying the loss of YUC4 is likely compensated by other auxin sources. Nevertheless, yuc4-1 plants produced significantly smaller galls with fewer mature females and egg masses, confirming that auxin synthesized by YUC4 is required for proper gall formation and RKN development within. Interestingly, YUC4 promoter was also activated during cyst nematode infection. These lines of evidence imply auxin biosynthesis from multiple sources, one of them being YUC4, is induced upon plant endoparasitic nematode invasion and likely contribute to their infections. The coordination of these different auxins adds another layer of complexity of hormonal regulations during plant parasitic nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reira Suzuki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Patricia Abril-Urias
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Carolina Escobar
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Li Y, Ren Q, Bo T, Mo M, Liu Y. AWA and ASH Homologous Sensing Genes of Meloidogyne incognita Contribute to the Tomato Infection Process. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111322. [PMID: 36365073 PMCID: PMC9693415 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The AWA neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans mainly perceive volatile attractive odors, while the ASH neurons perceive pH, penetration, nociception, odor tropism, etc. The perceptual neurons of Meloidogyne incognita have been little studied. The number of infestations around and within tomato roots was significantly reduced after RNA interference for high-homology genes in AWA and ASH neurons compared between M. incognita and C. elegans. Through in situ hybridization, we further determined the expression and localization of the homologous genes Mi-odr-10 and Mi-gpa-6 in M. incognita. In this study, we found that M. incognita has neuronal sensing pathways similar to AWA and ASH perception of C. elegans for sensing chemical signals from tomato roots. Silencing the homologous genes in these pathways could affect the nematode perception and infestation of tomato root systems. The results contribute to elucidating the process of the plant host perception of M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yajun Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-871-65031093
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14
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de Souza Gouveia A, Monteiro TSA, Balbino HM, de Magalhães FC, Ramos MES, Silva de Moura VA, Luiz PHD, de Almeida Oliveira MG, de Freitas LG, de Oliveira Ramos HJ. Inoculation of Pochonia chlamydosporia triggers a defense response in tomato roots, affecting parasitism by Meloidogyne javanica. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Zhao Y, Zhou Q, Zou C, Zhang K, Huang X. Repulsive response of Meloidogyne incognita induced by biocontrol bacteria and its effect on interspecific interactions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994941. [PMID: 36187996 PMCID: PMC9520663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aversive behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans is an important strategy that increases their survival under pathogen infection, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this behavior have been described. However, whether this defensive response occurs in plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), which have quite different life cycles and genomic sequences from the model nematode, against biocontrol microbes and affects interspecific interactions in ecological environments remains unclear. Here, we showed that Meloidogyne incognita, one of the most common PPNs, engaged in lawn-leaving behavior in response to biocontrol bacteria such as Bacillus nematocida B16 and B. thuringiensis Bt79. Genomic analysis revealed that the key genes responsible for the aversive behavior of C. elegans, such as serotonin-and TGF-β-related genes in canonical signaling pathways, were homologous to those of M. incognita, and the similarity between these sequences ranged from 30% to 67%. Knockdown of the homologous genes impaired avoidance of M. incognita to varying degrees. Calcium ion imaging showed that the repulsive response requires the involvement of the multiple amphid neurons of M. incognita. In situ hybridization specifically localized Mi-tph-1 of the serotonin pathway to ADF/NSM neurons and Mi-dbl-1 of the TGF-β pathway to AVA neurons. Our data suggested that the repulsive response induced by different biocontrol bacteria strongly suppresses the invasion of tomato host plants by M. incognita. Overall, our study is the first to clarify the pathogen-induced repulsive response of M. incognita and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights into interspecific interactions among biocontrol bacteria, PPNs, and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qinying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and College of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Huang,
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16
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Sikder MM, Vestergård M, Kyndt T, Topalović O, Kudjordjie EN, Nicolaisen M. Genetic disruption of Arabidopsis secondary metabolite synthesis leads to microbiome-mediated modulation of nematode invasion. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2230-2241. [PMID: 35760884 PMCID: PMC9381567 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In-depth understanding of metabolite-mediated plant-nematode interactions can guide us towards novel nematode management strategies. To improve our understanding of the effects of secondary metabolites on soil nematode communities, we grew Arabidopsis thaliana genetically altered in glucosinolate, camalexin, or flavonoid synthesis pathways, and analyzed their root-associated nematode communities using metabarcoding. To test for any modulating effects of the associated microbiota on the nematode responses, we characterized the bacterial and fungal communities. Finally, as a proxy of microbiome-modulating effects on nematode invasion, we isolated the root-associated microbiomes from the mutants and tested their effect on the ability of the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita to penetrate tomato roots. Most mutants had altered relative abundances of several nematode taxa with stronger effects on the plant parasitic Meloidogyne hapla than on other root feeding taxa. This probably reflects that M. hapla invades and remains embedded within root tissues and is thus intimately associated with the host. When transferred to tomato, microbiomes from the flavonoid over-producing pap1-D enhanced M. incognita root-invasion, whereas microbiomes from flavonoid-deficient mutants reduced invasion. This suggests microbiome-mediated effect of flavonoids on Meloidogyne infectivity plausibly mediated by the alteration of the abundances of specific microbial taxa in the transferred microbiomes, although we could not conclusively pinpoint such causative microbial taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, 1342 Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivera Topalović
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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17
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Siddique S, Coomer A, Baum T, Williamson VM. Recognition and Response in Plant-Nematode Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:143-162. [PMID: 35436424 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes spend much of their lives inside or in contact with host tissue, and molecular interactions constantly occur and shape the outcome of parasitism. Eggs of these parasites generally hatch in the soil, and the juveniles must locate and infect an appropriate host before their stored energy is exhausted. Components of host exudate are evaluated by the nematode and direct its migration to its infection site. Host plants recognize approaching nematodes before physical contact through molecules released by the nematodes and launch a defense response. In turn, nematodes deploy numerous mechanisms to counteract plant defenses. This review focuses on these early stages of the interaction between plants and nematodes. We discuss how nematodes perceive and find suitable hosts, how plants perceive and mount a defense response against the approaching parasites, and how nematodes fight back against host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Alison Coomer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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18
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Drummond CP, Renner T. Genomic insights into the evolution of plant chemical defense. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102254. [PMID: 35777286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant trait evolution can be impacted by common mechanisms of genome evolution, including whole-genome and small-scale duplication, rearrangement, and selective pressures. With the increasing accessibility of genome sequencing for non-model species, comparative studies of trait evolution among closely related or divergent lineages have supported investigations into plant chemical defense. Plant defensive compounds include major chemical classes, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics, and are used in primary and secondary plant functions. These include the promotion of plant health, facilitation of pollination, defense against pathogens, and responses to a rapidly changing climate. We discuss mechanisms of genome evolution and use examples from recent studies to impress a stronger understanding of the link between genotype and phenotype as it relates to the evolution of plant chemical defense. We conclude with considerations for how to leverage genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and functional assays for studying the emergence and evolution of chemical defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe P Drummond
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Tanya Renner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building University Park, PA 16802, USA
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19
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Kihika-Opanda R, Tchouassi DP, Ng'ang'a MM, Beck JJ, Torto B. Chemo-Ecological Insights into the Use of the Non-Host Plant Vegetable Black-Jack to Protect Two Susceptible Solanaceous Crops from Root-Knot Nematode Parasitism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6658-6669. [PMID: 35613461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) develop through three major stages in their life cycle: hatching, infection, and reproduction. Interruption of any of these stages can affect their growth and survival. We used screenhouse pot experiments, laboratory in vitro hatching and mortality assays, and chemical analysis to test the hypothesis that the non-host Asteraceae plant vegetable black-jack (Bidens pilosa) suppresses infection of the PPN Meloidogyne incognita in two susceptible Solanaceae host plants, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and black nightshade (S. nigrum). In intercrop and drip pot experiments, B. pilosa significantly reduced the number of galls and egg masses in root-knot nematode (RKN)-susceptible host plants by 3-9-fold compared to controls. Chemical analysis of the most bioactive fraction from the root exudates of B. pilosa identified several classes of compounds, including vitamins, a dicarboxylic acid, amino acids, aromatic acids, and a flavonoid. In in vitro assays, the vitamins and aromatic acids elicited the highest inhibition in egg hatching, whereas ascorbic acid (vitamin) and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (aromatic acid) elicited strong nematicidal activity against M. incognita, with LC50/48 h values of 12 and 300 ng/μL, respectively. Our results provide insights into how certain non-host plants can be used as companion crops to disrupt PPN infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kihika-Opanda
- Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David P Tchouassi
- Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margaret M Ng'ang'a
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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20
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Čepulytė R, Bu da V. Toward Chemical Ecology of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Kairomones, Pheromones, and Other Behaviorally Active Chemical Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1367-1390. [PMID: 35099951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An overview of natural chemical compounds involved in plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) behavior is presented and classified following a system accepted by chemoecologists. Kairomonal and other egg-hatching stimulants, as well as attractants for juveniles, are presented. Sex, aggregation, egg-hatching, and putative diapause PPN pheromones are analyzed and grouped into clusters of primers and releasers. The role of over 500 chemical compounds, both organic and inorganic, involved in PPN behavior is reviewed, with the most widely analyzed and least studied fields of PPN chemical ecology indicated. Knowledge on PPN chemical ecology facilitates environmentally friendly integrated pest management. This could be achieved by disrupting biointeractions between nematodes and their host plants and/or between nematodes. Data on biologically active chemicals reveals targets for resistant plant selection, including through application of gene silencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Čepulytė
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania
| | - Vincas Bu da
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania
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21
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Xie X, Ling J, Mao Z, Li Y, Zhao J, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu M, Gu X, Xie B. Negative regulation of root-knot nematode parasitic behavior by root-derived volatiles of wild relatives of Cucumis metuliferus CM3. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac051. [PMID: 35531315 PMCID: PMC9071375 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause a significant decrease in the yield of cucumber crops every year. Cucumis metuliferus is an important wild germplasm that has resistance to RKN in which plant root volatiles are thought to play a role. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. To investigate it, we used the resistant C. metuliferus line CM3 and the susceptible cucumber line Xintaimici (XTMC). CM3 roots repelled Meloidogyne incognita second-stage larvae (J2s), while the roots of XTMC plants attracted the larvae. CM3 and XTMC were found to contain similar amounts of root volatiles, but many volatiles, including nine hydrocarbons, three alcohols, two aldehydes, two ketones, one ester, and one phenol, were only detected in CM3 roots. It was found that one of these, (methoxymethyl)-benzene, could repel M. incognita, while creosol and (Z)-2-penten-1-ol could attract M. incognita. Interestingly, creosol and (Z)-2-penten-1-ol effectively killed M. incognita at high concentrations. Furthermore, we found that a mixture of CM3 root volatiles increased cucumber resistance to M. incognita. The results provide insights into the interaction between the host and plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil, with some compounds possibly acting as nematode biofumigation, which can be used to manage nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xie
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
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22
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Mwamba S, Kihika-Opanda R, Murungi LK, Losenge T, Beck JJ, Torto B. Identification of Repellents from Four Non-Host Asteraceae Plants for the Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15145-15156. [PMID: 34882384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory cues guide plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) to their host plants. We tested the hypothesis that non-host plant root volatiles repel PPNs. To achieve this, we compared the olfactory responses of infective juveniles (J2s) of the PPN Meloidogyne incognita to four non-host Asteraceae plants, namely, black-jack (Bidens pilosa), pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium), marigold (Tagetes minuta), and sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), traditionally used in sub-Saharan Africa for the management of PPNs. Chemical analysis by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) combined with random forest analysis, followed by behavioral assays, identified the repellents in the root volatiles of B. pilosa, T. minuta, and A. annua as (E)-β-farnesene and 1,8-cineole, whereas camphor was attractive. In contrast, random forest analysis predicted repellents for C. cinerariifolium and A. annua as β-patchoulene and isopropyl hexadecanoate. Our results suggested that terpenoids generally account for the repellency of non-host Asteraceae plants used in PPN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Mwamba
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
- Ministry of Agriculture, Seed Control and Certification Institute, P.O. Box 350199, Chilanga 00100, Zambia
| | - Ruth Kihika-Opanda
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Turoop Losenge
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Nakayasu M, Yamazaki S, Aoki Y, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Triterpenoid and Steroidal Saponins Differentially Influence Soil Bacterial Genera. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2189. [PMID: 34685998 PMCID: PMC8538258 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) are secreted into the rhizosphere, i.e., the soil zone surrounding the roots of plants. They are often involved in root-associated microbiome assembly, but the association between PSMs and microbiota is not well characterized. Saponins are a group of PSMs widely distributed in angiosperms. In this study, we compared the bacterial communities in field soils treated with the pure compounds of four different saponins. All saponin treatments decreased bacterial α-diversity and caused significant differences in β-diversity when compared with the control. The bacterial taxa depleted by saponin treatments were higher than the ones enriched; two families, Burkholderiaceae and Methylophilaceae, were enriched, while eighteen families were depleted with all saponin treatments. Sphingomonadaceae, which is abundant in the rhizosphere of saponin-producing plants (tomato and soybean), was enriched in soil treated with α-solanine, dioscin, and soyasaponins. α-Solanine and dioscin had a steroid-type aglycone that was found to specifically enrich Geobacteraceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Moraxellaceae, while soyasaponins and glycyrrhizin with an oleanane-type aglycone did not specifically enrich any of the bacterial families. At the bacterial genus level, the steroidal-type and oleanane-type saponins differentially influenced the soil bacterial taxa. Together, these results indicate that there is a relationship between the identities of saponins and their effects on soil bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan; (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Shinichi Yamazaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (S.Y.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (S.Y.); (Y.A.)
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan; (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan; (M.N.); (K.Y.)
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Sugiyama A. Flavonoids and saponins in plant rhizospheres: roles, dynamics, and the potential for agriculture. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1919-1931. [PMID: 34113972 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are in constant interaction with a myriad of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere, an area of soil in close contact with plant roots. Recent research has highlighted the importance of plant-specialized metabolites (PSMs) in shaping and modulating the rhizosphere microbiota; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of the microbiota mostly remain unaddressed. Flavonoids and saponins are a group of PSMs whose biosynthetic pathways have largely been revealed. Although these PSMs are abundantly secreted into the rhizosphere and exert various functions, the secretion mechanisms have not been clarified. This review summarizes the roles of flavonoids and saponins in the rhizosphere with a special focus on interactions between plants and the rhizosphere microbiota. Furthermore, this review introduces recent advancements in the dynamics of these metabolites in the rhizosphere and indicates potential applications of PSMs for crop production and discusses perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
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25
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Cheng W, Chen Z, Zeng L, Yang X, Huang D, Zhai Y, Cai M, Zheng L, Thomashow LS, Weller DM, Yu Z, Zhang J. Control of Meloidogyne incognita in Three-Dimensional Model Systems and Pot Experiments by the Attract-and-Kill Effect of Furfural Acetone. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2169-2176. [PMID: 33258435 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1501-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita causes large-scale losses of agricultural crops worldwide. The natural metabolite furfural acetone has been reported to attract and kill M. incognita, but whether the attractant and nematicidal activities of furfural acetone on M. incognita function simultaneously in the same system, especially in three-dimensional spaces or in soil, is still unknown. Here, we used 23% Pluronic F-127 gel and a soil simulation device to demonstrate that furfural acetone has a significant attract-and-kill effect on M. incognita in both three-dimensional model systems. At 24 h, the chemotaxis index and the corrected mortality of nematodes exposed to 60 mg/ml of furfural acetone in 23% Pluronic F-127 gel were as high as 0.82 and 74.44%, respectively. Soil simulation experiments in moist sand showed that at 48 h, the chemotaxis index and the corrected mortality of the nematode toward furfural acetone reached 0.63 and 82.12%, respectively, and the effect persisted in the presence of tomato plants. In choice experiments, nematodes selected furfural acetone over plant roots and were subsequently killed. In pot studies, furfural acetone had a control rate of 82.80% against M. incognita. Collectively, these results provide compelling evidence for further investigation of furfural acetone as a novel nematode control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yile Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Minmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Linda S Thomashow
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - David M Weller
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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26
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Rahaman MM, Zwart RS, Rupasinghe TWT, Hayden HL, Thompson JP. Metabolomic profiling of wheat genotypes resistant and susceptible to root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:381-406. [PMID: 33973100 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Motiur Rahaman
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Crop Health, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Zwart
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Crop Health, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
| | | | - Helen L Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - John P Thompson
- University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Crop Health, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
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27
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Nakayasu M, Ohno K, Takamatsu K, Aoki Y, Yamazaki S, Takase H, Shoji T, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Tomato roots secrete tomatine to modulate the bacterial assemblage of the rhizosphere. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:270-284. [PMID: 33619554 PMCID: PMC8154044 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are the group of plant specialized metabolites which are widely distributed in angiosperm plants and have various biological activities. The present study focused on α-tomatine, a major saponin present in tissues of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. α-Tomatine is responsible for defense against plant pathogens and herbivores, but its biological function in the rhizosphere remains unknown. Secretion of tomatine was higher at the early growth than the green-fruit stage in hydroponically grown plants, and the concentration of tomatine in the rhizosphere of field-grown plants was higher than that of the bulk soil at all growth stages. The effects of tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine on the bacterial communities in the soil were evaluated in vitro, revealing that both compounds influenced the microbiome in a concentration-dependent manner. Numerous bacterial families were influenced in tomatine/tomatidine-treated soil as well as in the tomato rhizosphere. Sphingomonadaceae species, which are commonly observed and enriched in tomato rhizospheres in the fields, were also enriched in tomatine- and tomatidine-treated soils. Moreover, a jasmonate-responsive ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 mutant associated with low tomatine production caused the root-associated bacterial communities to change with a reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae. Taken together, our results highlight the role of tomatine in shaping the bacterial communities of the rhizosphere and suggest additional functions of tomatine in belowground biological communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakayasu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohno
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takamatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamazaki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Hisabumi Takase
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shoji
- Department of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Author for communication:
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28
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Ochola J, Coyne D, Cortada L, Haukeland S, Ng'ang'a M, Hassanali A, Opperman C, Torto B. Cyst nematode bio-communication with plants: implications for novel management approaches. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1150-1159. [PMID: 32985781 PMCID: PMC7894489 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bio-communication occurs when living organisms interact with each other, facilitated by the exchange of signals including visual, auditory, tactile and chemical. The most common form of bio-communication between organisms is mediated by chemical signals, commonly referred to as 'semiochemicals', and it involves an emitter releasing the chemical signal that is detected by a receiver leading to a phenotypic response in the latter organism. The quality and quantity of the chemical signal released may be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Bio-communication has been reported to occur in both above- and below-ground interactions and it can be exploited for the management of pests, such as cyst nematodes, which are pervasive soil-borne pests that cause significant crop production losses worldwide. Cyst nematode hatching and successful infection of hosts are biological processes that are largely influenced by semiochemicals including hatching stimulators, hatching inhibitors, attractants and repellents. These semiochemicals can be used to disrupt interactions between host plants and cyst nematodes. Advances in RNAi techniques such as host-induced gene silencing to interfere with cyst nematode hatching and host location can also be exploited for development of synthetic resistant host cultivars. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Ochola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Chemistry DepartmentKenyatta UniversityNairobiKenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- East Africa, International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
- Department of Biology, Section NematologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Laura Cortada
- East Africa, International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
- Department of Biology, Section NematologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Solveig Haukeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | | | | | - Charles Opperman
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
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29
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Desmedt W, Mangelinckx S, Kyndt T, Vanholme B. A Phytochemical Perspective on Plant Defense Against Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602079. [PMID: 33281858 PMCID: PMC7691236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Given the large yield losses attributed to plant-parasitic nematodes and the limited availability of sustainable control strategies, new plant-parasitic nematode control strategies are urgently needed. To defend themselves against nematode attack, plants possess sophisticated multi-layered immune systems. One element of plant immunity against nematodes is the production of small molecules with anti-nematode activity, either constitutively or after nematode infection. This review provides an overview of such metabolites that have been identified to date and groups them by chemical class (e.g., terpenoids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, etc.). Furthermore, this review discusses strategies that have been used to identify such metabolites and highlights the ways in which studying anti-nematode metabolites might be of use to agriculture and crop protection. Particular attention is given to emerging, high-throughput approaches for the identification of anti-nematode metabolites, in particular the use of untargeted metabolomics techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Research Group Epigenetics and Defense, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Research Group Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry (SynBioC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Research Group Epigenetics and Defense, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Pons S, Fournier S, Chervin C, Bécard G, Rochange S, Frei Dit Frey N, Puech Pagès V. Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240886. [PMID: 33064769 PMCID: PMC7567356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between most land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina subphylum. The initiation, development and regulation of this symbiosis involve numerous signalling events between and within the symbiotic partners. Among other signals, phytohormones are known to play important roles at various stages of the interaction. During presymbiotic steps, plant roots exude strigolactones which stimulate fungal spore germination and hyphal branching, and promote the initiation of symbiosis. At later stages, different plant hormone classes can act as positive or negative regulators of the interaction. Although the fungus is known to reciprocally emit regulatory signals, its potential contribution to the phytohormonal pool has received little attention, and has so far only been addressed by indirect assays. In this study, using mass spectrometry, we analyzed phytohormones released into the medium by germinated spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. We detected the presence of a cytokinin (isopentenyl adenosine) and an auxin (indole-acetic acid). In addition, we identified a gibberellin (gibberellin A4) in spore extracts. We also used gas chromatography to show that R. irregularis produces ethylene from methionine and the α-keto γ-methylthio butyric acid pathway. These results highlight the possibility for AM fungi to use phytohormones to interact with their host plants, or to regulate their own development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pons
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- MetaboHub-Metatoul AgromiX, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- MetaboHub-Metatoul AgromiX, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christian Chervin
- Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Soizic Rochange
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Frei Dit Frey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail: (VPP); (NFDF)
| | - Virginie Puech Pagès
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- MetaboHub-Metatoul AgromiX, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail: (VPP); (NFDF)
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31
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Zhang Y, Li S, Li H, Wang R, Zhang KQ, Xu J. Fungi-Nematode Interactions: Diversity, Ecology, and Biocontrol Prospects in Agriculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E206. [PMID: 33020457 PMCID: PMC7711821 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and nematodes are among the most abundant organisms in soil habitats. They provide essential ecosystem services and play crucial roles for maintaining the stability of food-webs and for facilitating nutrient cycling. As two of the very abundant groups of organisms, fungi and nematodes interact with each other in multiple ways. Here in this review, we provide a broad framework of interactions between fungi and nematodes with an emphasis on those that impact crops and agriculture ecosystems. We describe the diversity and evolution of fungi that closely interact with nematodes, including food fungi for nematodes as well as fungi that feed on nematodes. Among the nematophagous fungi, those that produce specialized nematode-trapping devices are especially interesting, and a great deal is known about their diversity, evolution, and molecular mechanisms of interactions with nematodes. Some of the fungi and nematodes are significant pathogens and pests to crops. We summarize the ecological and molecular mechanisms identified so far that impact, either directly or indirectly, the interactions among phytopathogenic fungi, phytopathogenic nematodes, and crop plants. The potential applications of our understanding to controlling phytophagous nematodes and soilborne fungal pathogens in agricultural fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Shuoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Haixia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China; (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (R.W.)
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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32
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Kihika R, Tchouassi DP, Ng'ang'a MM, Hall DR, Beck JJ, Torto B. Compounds Associated with Infection by the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, Influence the Ability of Infective Juveniles to Recognize Host Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9100-9109. [PMID: 32786872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant root chemistry is altered by the parasitism of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). Here, we investigated the influence of the infective stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne javanica in inducing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) root volatiles and chemotactic effect on conspecifics. In olfactometer assays, J2 avoided the roots of 2-day infected plants but preferred 7-day-infected tomato compared to healthy plants. Chemical analysis showed a 2-7-fold increase in the amounts of monoterpenes emitted from tomato roots infected with M. javanica relative to healthy roots. In further bioassays, the monoterpenes β-pinene, (+)-(2)-carene, α-phellandrene, and β-phellandrene differentially attracted (51-87%) J2 relative to control. Concurrent reduction and increase in the levels of methyl salicylate and (Z)-methyl dihydrojasmonate, respectively, in the root volatiles reduced J2 responses. These results demonstrate that the host plant can alter its root volatile composition to inhibit PPN attack. The observed plant-produced inhibition of J2 warrants further investigation as a potential management tool for growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kihika
- Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David P Tchouassi
- Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margaret M Ng'ang'a
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich-Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioral and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kuang MS, Liu TT, Wu HB, Lan HP, Wen YX, Wu HB, Li XM. Constituents Leached by Tomato Seeds Regulate the Behavior of Root-Knot Nematodes and Their Antifungal Effects against Seed-Borne Fungi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9061-9069. [PMID: 32786848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Germinating seeds can release diverse phytochemicals that repel, inhibit, or kill pathogens such as root-knot nematodes and seed-borne fungi. However, little is known about the composition of these phytochemicals and their effects on pathogens. In this study, we demonstrated that tomato seed exudates can attract the nematode Meloidogyne incognita using a dual-choice assay. Eighteen compounds were then isolated and identified from the exudates. Of these, esters (1-3), fatty acids (4-6), and phenolic acids (10-12) were proven to be the signaling molecules that facilitated the host-seeking process of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of nematodes, while alkaloids (17 and 18) disrupted J2s in locating their host. Furthermore, some phenolic acids and alkaloids showed antifungal effects against seed-borne fungi. In particular, ferulic acid (12) showed obvious activity against Aspergillus flavus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 32 μg/mL), while dihydrocapsaicin (17) showed noticeable activity against Fusarium oxysporum (MIC, 16 μg/mL). Overall, this study presents the first evidence that M. incognita can be attracted to or deterred by various compounds in seed exudates through identification of the structures of the compounds in the exudates and analysis of their effects on nematodes. Furthermore, some antifungal compounds were also found. The findings of this work suggest that seed exudates are new source for finding insights into the development of plant protective substances with nematocidal and antifungal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shan Kuang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bin Wu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Peng Lan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xin Wen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Meng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Dihydroxyacetone of wheat root exudates serves as an attractant for Heterodera avenae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236317. [PMID: 32702002 PMCID: PMC7377440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodera avenae, as an obligate endoparasite, causes severe yield loss in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Investigation on the mechanisms how H. avenae perceives wheat roots is limited. Here, the attractiveness of root exudates from eight plant genotypes to H. avenae were evaluated on agar plates. Results showed that the attraction of H. avenae to the root exudates from the non-host Brachypodium distachyon variety Bd21-3 was the highest, approximately 50 infective second-stage juveniles (J2s) per plate, followed by that from three H. avenae-susceptible wheat varieties, Zhengmai9023, Yanmai84 and Xiangmai25, as well as the resistant one of Xinyuan958, whereas the lowest attractive activity was observed in the two H. avenae-resistant wheat varieties, Xianmai20 (approximately 12 J2s/plate) and Liangxing66 (approximately 11 J2s/plate). Then Bd21-3, Zhengmai9023 and Heng4399 were selected for further assays as their different attractiveness and resistance to H. avenae, and attractants for H. avenae in their root exudates were characterized to be heat-labile and low-molecular compounds (LM) by behavioral bioassay. Based on these properties of the attractants, a principle of identifying attractants for H. avenae was set up. Then LM of six root exudates from the three plants with and without heating were separated and analyzed by HPLC-MS. Finally, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), methylprednisolone succinate, embelin and diethylpropionin in the root exudates were identified to be putative attractants for H. avenae according to the principle, and the attraction of DHA to H. avenae was validated by behavioral bioassay on agar. Our study enhances the recognition to the orientation mechanism of H. avenae towards wheat roots.
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Wang P, Sun Y, Yang L, Hu Y, Li J, Wang J, Zhang F, Liu Y. Chemotactic responses of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita to Streptomyces plicatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5670793. [PMID: 31816058 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in the interactions of many species in the rhizosphere, including soil nematodes. One hundred strains of rhizosphere actinomycetes were screened in vitro for their effects on the chemotactic behavior of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Volatile compounds produced by the strain Streptomyces plicatus G demonstrated both strong attractant and repellent activities towards M. incognita. The compound dibenzofuran attracted M. incognita nematodes strongly, while compound benzothiazole repelled them. The chemotaxis of M. incognita was also tested under controlled conditions in pot experiments. Cultures of S. plicatus G and volatile dibenzofuran attracted M. incognita while volatile benzothiazole repelled them. The results showed that volatile compounds produced by rhizosphere actinomycetes could influence the chemotaxis of nematodes to a host. This study provides new information about the interrelationship between rhizosphere actinomycetes and nematodes that may be useful in preventing nematode parasitism of agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyi Wang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiefang Li
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jinxing Wang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Cheseto X, Baleba SB, Tanga CM, Kelemu S, Torto B. Chemistry and Sensory Characterization of a Bakery Product Prepared with Oils from African Edible Insects. Foods 2020; 9:E800. [PMID: 32570724 PMCID: PMC7353482 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there is growing interest to integrate insect-derived ingredients into food products. Knowledge of consumer perception to these food products is growing rapidly in the literature, but similar knowledge on the use of oils from African edible insects remains to be established. In this study, we (1) compared the chemistry of the oils from two commonly consumed grasshoppers, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria and the African bush-cricket Ruspolia differens with those of olive and sesame oils; (2) compared the proximate composition of a baked product (cookie) prepared from the oils; (3) identified the potential volatiles and fatty acids contributing to the aroma and taste; and (4) examined acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for the baked product among consumers with no previous experience of entomophagy. Our results showed that the insect oils were compositionally richer in omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, and vitamin E than the plant oils. Proximate analysis and volatile chemistry revealed that differences in aroma and taste of the cookies were associated with their sources of oils. Consumers' acceptance was high for cookies prepared with R. differens (95%) and sesame (89%) oils compared to those with olive and S. gregaria oils. Notably, cookies prepared with insect oils had more than 50% dislike in aroma and taste. Consumers' willingness to pay for cookies prepared with insect oils was 6-8 times higher than for cookies containing olive oil, but 3-4 times lower than cookies containing sesame oil. Our findings show that integrating edible insect oils into cookies, entices people to ''take the first step" in entomophagy by decreasing insect-based food products neophobia, thereby, contributing to consumers' acceptance of the baked products. However, future research should explore the use of refined or flavored insect oils for bakery products to reduce off-flavors that might have been perceived in the formulated food products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (X.C.); (S.B.S.B.); (C.M.T.); (S.K.)
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Hamada N, Yimer HZ, Williamson VM, Siddique S. Chemical Hide and Seek: Nematode's Journey to Its Plant Host. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:541-543. [PMID: 32201283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hamada
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Henok Zemene Yimer
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Valerie M Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Pons S, Fournier S, Chervin C, Bécard G, Rochange S, Frei Dit Frey N, Puech Pagès V. Phytohormone production by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. PLoS One 2020. [PMID: 33064769 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.11.146126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between most land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina subphylum. The initiation, development and regulation of this symbiosis involve numerous signalling events between and within the symbiotic partners. Among other signals, phytohormones are known to play important roles at various stages of the interaction. During presymbiotic steps, plant roots exude strigolactones which stimulate fungal spore germination and hyphal branching, and promote the initiation of symbiosis. At later stages, different plant hormone classes can act as positive or negative regulators of the interaction. Although the fungus is known to reciprocally emit regulatory signals, its potential contribution to the phytohormonal pool has received little attention, and has so far only been addressed by indirect assays. In this study, using mass spectrometry, we analyzed phytohormones released into the medium by germinated spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. We detected the presence of a cytokinin (isopentenyl adenosine) and an auxin (indole-acetic acid). In addition, we identified a gibberellin (gibberellin A4) in spore extracts. We also used gas chromatography to show that R. irregularis produces ethylene from methionine and the α-keto γ-methylthio butyric acid pathway. These results highlight the possibility for AM fungi to use phytohormones to interact with their host plants, or to regulate their own development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pons
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- MetaboHub-Metatoul AgromiX, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- MetaboHub-Metatoul AgromiX, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christian Chervin
- Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Soizic Rochange
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Frei Dit Frey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Virginie Puech Pagès
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- MetaboHub-Metatoul AgromiX, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Ochola J, Cortada L, Ng’ang’a M, Hassanali A, Coyne D, Torto B. Mediation of Potato-Potato Cyst Nematode, G. rostochiensis Interaction by Specific Root Exudate Compounds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:649. [PMID: 32587595 PMCID: PMC7298108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a widely consumed staple food crop worldwide whose production is threatened by potato cyst nematodes (PCN). To infect a host, PCN eggs first need to be stimulated to hatch by chemical components in the host root exudates, yet it remains unknown how most root exudate components influence PCN behavior. Here, we evaluated the influence of eight compounds identified by LC-QqQ-MS in the root exudate of potato on the hatching response of the PCN, Globodera rostochiensis at varying doses. The eight compounds included the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine; phytohormones zeatin and methyl dihydrojasmonate; steroidal glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine and the steroidal alkaloid solanidine. We additionally tested two other Solanaceae steroidal alkaloids, solasodine and tomatidine, previously identified in the root exudates of tomato, an alternative host for PCN. In dose-response assays with the individual compounds, the known PCN hatching factors α-chaconine and α-solanine stimulated the highest number of eggs to hatch, ∼47 and ∼42%, respectively, whereas the steroidal alkaloids (aglycones), solanidine and solasodine and potato root exudate (PRE) were intermediate, 28% each and 21%, respectively, with tomatidine eliciting the lowest hatching response 13%. However, ∼60% of the hatched juveniles failed to emerge from the cyst, which was compound- and concentration-dependent. The amino acids, phytohormones and the negative control (1% DMSO in water), however, were generally non-stimulatory. The use of steroidal glycoalkaloids and their aglycones in the suicidal hatching of PCN offers promise as an environmentally sustainable approach to manage this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Ochola
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura Cortada
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Baldwyn Torto,
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Cox DE, Dyer S, Weir R, Cheseto X, Sturrock M, Coyne D, Torto B, Maule AG, Dalzell JJ. ABC transporter genes ABC-C6 and ABC-G33 alter plant-microbe-parasite interactions in the rhizosphere. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19899. [PMID: 31882903 PMCID: PMC6934816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are master regulators of rhizosphere ecology, secreting a complex mixture of compounds into the soil, collectively termed plant root exudate. Root exudate composition is highly dynamic and functional, mediating economically important interactions between plants and a wide range of soil organisms. Currently we know very little about the molecular basis of root exudate composition, which is a key hurdle to functional exploitation of root exudates for crop improvement. Root expressed transporters modulate exudate composition and could be manipulated to develop beneficial plant root exudate traits. Using Virus Induced Gene silencing (VIGS), we demonstrate that knockdown of two root-expressed ABC transporter genes in tomato cv. Moneymaker, ABC-C6 and ABC-G33, alters the composition of semi-volatile compounds in collected root exudates. Root exudate chemotaxis assays demonstrate that knockdown of each transporter gene triggers the repulsion of economically relevant Meloidogyne and Globodera spp. plant parasitic nematodes, which are attracted to control treatment root exudates. Knockdown of ABC-C6 inhibits egg hatching of Meloidogyne and Globodera spp., relative to controls. Knockdown of ABC-G33 has no impact on egg hatching of Meloidogyne spp. but has a substantial inhibitory impact on egg hatching of G. pallida. ABC-C6 knockdown has no impact on the attraction of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or the plant growth promoting Bacillus subtilis, relative to controls. Silencing ABC-G33 induces a statistically significant reduction in attraction of B. subtilis, with no impact on attraction of A. tumefaciens. By inoculating selected differentially exuded compounds into control root exudates, we demonstrate that hexadecaonic acid and pentadecane are biologically relevant parasite repellents. ABC-C6 represents a promising target for breeding or biotechnology intervention strategies as gene knockdown leads to the repulsion of economically important plant parasites and retains attraction of the beneficial rhizobacterium B. subtilis. This study exposes the link between ABC transporters, root exudate composition, and ex planta interactions with agriculturally and economically relevant rhizosphere organisms, paving the way for new approaches to rhizosphere engineering and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Elizabeth Cox
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Steven Dyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ryan Weir
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Xavier Cheseto
- The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matthew Sturrock
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Danny Coyne
- The International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Aaron G Maule
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Johnathan J Dalzell
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Dyer S, Weir R, Cox D, Cheseto X, Torto B, Dalzell JJ. Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) genes modulate plant root exudate composition and the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:999-1003. [PMID: 31726058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant root exudates are compositionally diverse, plastic and adaptive. Ethylene signalling influences the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes, presumably through the modulation of root exudate composition. Understanding this pathway could lead to new sources of crop parasite resistance. Here we used Virus-Induced Gene Silencing to knock down the expression of two Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) genes, ERF-E2 and ERF-E3, in tomato. Root exudates were significantly more attractive to the PPNs Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera pallida following knockdown of ERF-E2, which had no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne javanica. Knockdown of ERF-E3 had no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne or Globodera spp. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed major changes in root exudate composition relative to controls. However, these changes did not alter the attraction of rhizosphere microbes Bacillus subtilis or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This study further supports the potential of engineering plant root exudate for parasite control, through the modulation of plant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Dyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Weir
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Cox
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Cheseto
- The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnathan J Dalzell
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Goyet V, Wada S, Cui S, Wakatake T, Shirasu K, Montiel G, Simier P, Yoshida S. Haustorium Inducing Factors for Parasitic Orobanchaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1056. [PMID: 31555315 PMCID: PMC6726735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae family include devastating weed species, such as Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche, which infest important crops and cause economic losses of over a billion US dollars worldwide, yet the molecular and cellular processes responsible for such parasitic relationships remain largely unknown. Parasitic species of the Orobanchaceae family form specialized invasion organs called haustoria on their roots to enable the invasion of host root tissues. The process of forming haustoria can be divided into two steps, prehaustorium formation and haustorium maturation, the processes occurring before and after host attachment, respectively. Prehaustorium formation is provoked by host-derived signal molecules, collectively called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). Cell wall-related quinones and phenolics have been known for a long time to induce haustoria in many Orobanchaceae species. Although such phenolics are widely produced in plants, structural specificities exist among these molecules that modulate their competency to induce haustoria in different parasitic plant species. In addition, the plant hormone cytokinins, structurally distinct from phenolic compounds, also trigger prehaustorium formation in Orobanchaceae. Recent findings demonstrate their involvement as rhizopsheric HIFs for Orobanche and Phelipanche species and thus address new activities for cytokinins in haustorium formation in Orobanchaceae, as well as in rhizospheric signaling. This review highlights haustorium-inducing signals in the Orobanchaceae family in the context of their host origin, action mechanisms, and species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goyet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Syogo Wada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Songkui Cui
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gregory Montiel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoko Yoshida,
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Sikder MM, Vestergård M. Impacts of Root Metabolites on Soil Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1792. [PMID: 32082349 PMCID: PMC7005220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant crop damage globally. Currently, many nematicides have been banned or are being phased out in Europe and other parts of the world because of environmental and human health concerns. Therefore, we need to focus on sustainable and alternative methods of nematode control to protect crops. Plant roots contain and release a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which are known defense compounds. Hence, profound understanding of the root mediated interactions between plants and plant parasitic nematodes may contribute to efficient control and management of pest nematodes. In this review, we have compiled literature that documents effects of root metabolites on plant parasitic nematodes. These chemical compounds act as either nematode attractants, repellents, hatching stimulants or inhibitors. We have summarized the few studies that describe how root metabolites regulate the expression of nematode genes. As non-herbivorous nematodes contribute to decomposition, nutrient mineralization, microbial community structuring and control of herbivorous insect larvae, we also review the impact of plant metabolites on these non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Maniruzzaman Sikder
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- Mycology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mette Vestergård
- Department of Agroecology, AU-Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Mette Vestergård,
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