1
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Basu S, Hendler-Neumark A, Bisker G. Ratiometric Normalization of Near-Infrared Fluorescence in Defect-Engineered Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Cholesterol Detection. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:10425-10434. [PMID: 39388300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Ratiometric probing of analytes presents a substantial advancement in molecular recognition, offering self-calibrating signals that enhance the measurement accuracy and reliability. We present a dual-emitting probe based on (6,5) chirality-enriched single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with oxygen defects for cholesterol (Chol) detection using ratiometric fluorescence readouts. The interaction with Chol induced significant intensity variations in the E11 and E11* emission peaks of oxygen defect-induced SWCNTs, giving rise to ratiometric fluorescence changes. The sensitivity of these probes toward Chol in water and serum was 0.28 ± 0.01 and 0.72 ± 0.05 μM, respectively, which is comparable to that of common gold standards for cholesterol detection used in clinical samples. By utilizing ratiometric readouts, our approach enhanced selectivity over numerous competing analytes, including amino acids, sugars, cations, anions, proteins, steroid hormones, surfactants, and phospholipids. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Chol detection by defect-integrated SWCNTs was facilitated by Chol incorporation within micelles formed by sodium cholate, the surfactant dispersant used for the SWCNT suspension. Oxygen defects played a crucial role by directly interacting with Chol. This strategy employing defect-integrated dual-peak NIR-emitting SWCNTs as sensors for Chol in aqueous and serum environments not only enables background-free detection of biologically relevant analytes but also advances biosensing using SWCNTs through tailored surface functionalization and advanced read-out concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Basu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler-Neumark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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2
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Sebastian FL, Settele S, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. How to recognize clustering of luminescent defects in single-wall carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39380328 PMCID: PMC11462117 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a promising material platform for near-infrared in vivo imaging, optical sensing, and single-photon emission at telecommunication wavelengths. The functionalization of SWCNTs with luminescent defects can lead to significantly enhanced photoluminescence (PL) properties due to efficient trapping of highly mobile excitons and red-shifted emission from these trap states. Among the most studied luminescent defect types are oxygen and aryl defects that have largely similar optical properties. So far, no direct comparison between SWCNTs functionalized with oxygen and aryl defects under identical conditions has been performed. Here, we employ a combination of spectroscopic techniques to quantify the number of defects, their distribution along the nanotubes and thus their exciton trapping efficiencies. The different slopes of Raman D/G+ ratios versus calculated defect densities from PL quantum yield measurements indicate substantial dissimilarities between oxygen and aryl defects. Supported by statistical analysis of single-nanotube PL spectra at cryogenic temperatures they reveal clustering of oxygen defects. The clustering of 2-3 oxygen defects, which act as a single exciton trap, occurs irrespective of the functionalization method and thus enables the use of simple equations to determine the density of oxygen defects and defect clusters in SWCNTs based on standard Raman spectroscopy. The presented analytical approach is a versatile and sensitive tool to study defect distribution and clustering in SWCNTs and can be applied to any new functionalization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L Sebastian
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Han Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Yadav A, Hiremath N, Saini B, Matsagar BM, Han PC, Ujihara M, Modi MH, Wu KCW, Sharma RK, Vankayala R, Dutta S. Coordinately unsaturated single Fe-atoms with N vacancies and enhanced sp 3 carbon defects in Fe-N(sp 2)-C structural units for suppression of cancer cell metabolism and electrochemical oxygen evolution. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39354807 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02553a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Installing coordinately unsaturated Fe-N-C structural units on polymer-composite-derived N-doped carbon offers highly active Fe-Nx sites for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in tumor cells. An NH4Cl-driven high-temperature etching method was employed for the formation of FeSA950NC with coordinately unsaturated single Fe-atoms in an Fe-N(sp2)-C structural unit together with N vacancies (VN) and sp3 defects. The carbonization of Fe-phen@ZIF-8 at 800 °C for 30 min under argon, followed by grinding Fe-ZIF-8@RF-urea with NH4Cl at 950 °C for 2 hours, resulted in sp3 carbon defects and VN sites with coordination unsaturation in Fe-Nx due to NH4Cl decomposition to NH3 and HCl, which produced substantial internal stress for etching the carbon matrix. FeSA950NC was used to treat both A549 lung cancer cells and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells to determine its potential as an efficient tumor therapeutic strategy using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ROS assays. Additionally, FeSA950NC provided high stability and excellent OER activity through the Fe-N(sp2)-C structural unit on pyridinic nitrogen by delivering at a minimum overpotential of 300 mV, which is much lower than that of structurally similar Fe-atom sites. The significantly stronger ROS and OER activities of FeSA950NC suggested the role of VN and sp3-carbon defects with coordinately unsaturated Fe-N2 sites in improving its catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Yadav
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida, India.
| | - Netra Hiremath
- Interdisciplinary Research Platform Smart Healthcare, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhagirath Saini
- Sustainable Materials & Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India.
| | - Babasaheb M Matsagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Masaki Ujihara
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mohammed Hussein Modi
- Soft X-ray Applications Lab, Synchrotron Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rakesh K Sharma
- Sustainable Materials & Catalysis Research Laboratory (SMCRL), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India.
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Interdisciplinary Research Platform Smart Healthcare, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India
- The Nanomed Laboratory, Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Electrochemical Energy & Sensor Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies, Amity University, Noida, India.
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4
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Hawkey A, Dash A, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Zhao Z, Champ A, Lindenthal S, Zharnikov M, Kemerink M, Zaumseil J. Ion-Exchange Doping of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404554. [PMID: 39104286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a promising thermoelectric material with high power factors after chemical p- or n-doping. Understanding the impact of dopant counterions on charge transport and thermoelectric properties of nanotube networks is essential to further optimize doping methods and to develop better dopants. This work utilizes ion-exchange doping to systematically vary the size of counterions in thin films of small and large diameter, polymer-sorted semiconducting SWCNTs with AuCl3 as the initial p-dopant and investigates the impact of ion size on conductivity, Seebeck coefficients, and power factors. Larger anions are found to correlate with higher electrical conductivities and improved doping stability, while no significant effect on the power factors is found. Importantly, the effect of counterion size on the thermoelectric properties of dense SWCNT networks is not obscured by morphological changes upon doping. The observed trends of carrier mobilities and Seebeck coefficients can be explained by a random resistor model for the nanotube network that accounts for overlapping Coulomb potentials leading to the formation of an impurity band whose depth depends on the carrier density and counterion size. These insights can be applied more broadly to understand the thermoelectric properties of doped percolating disordered systems, including semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Hawkey
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aditya Dash
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Champ
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Georgiou K, Wang Y, Ma X. Orientation Sensitive SEIRA Sensors Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Near Fields. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10540-10546. [PMID: 39141843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Molecular vibrations that bear information about intrinsic properties of chemical compounds are challenging to detect at submonolayer densities. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy has been proven to be a viable approach to enhance and detect weak vibration signals. Here, we report a SEIRA sensor based on mid-infrared surface plasmon resonances supported by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Due to the 1D nature of SWCNTs, their plasmon modes are highly polarized with the electromagnetic fields spatially confined to nanometer scales. Leveraging these characteristics of SWCNTs, we observe a polarization selective coupling between their surface plasmons and vibrational modes of chemical bonds introduced onto their surfaces. A maximum modulation of ∼15% to the plasmon resonance peak is obtained for a submonolayer chemical group coverage. These findings suggest that SWCNTs may potentially serve as a highly sensitive SEIRA platform for revealing intricate information about molecular compositions and bond orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos Georgiou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yulei Wang
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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6
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Settele S, Stammer F, Sebastian FL, Lindenthal S, Wald SR, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. Easy Access to Bright Oxygen Defects in Biocompatible Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via a Fenton-like Reaction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:20667-20678. [PMID: 39051444 PMCID: PMC11308917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with luminescent oxygen defects increases their brightness and enables their application as optical biosensors or fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging in the second-biological window (NIR-II). However, obtaining luminescent defects with high brightness is challenging with the current functionalization methods due to a restricted window of reaction conditions or the necessity for controlled irradiation with ultraviolet light. Here, we report a method for introducing luminescent oxygen defects via a Fenton-like reaction that uses benign and inexpensive chemicals without light irradiation. (6,5) SWNTs in aqueous dispersion functionalized with this method show bright E11* emission (1105 nm) with 3.2 times higher peak intensities than the pristine E11 emission and a reproducible photoluminescence quantum yield of 3%. The functionalization can be performed within a wide range of reaction parameters and even with unsorted nanotube raw material at high concentrations (100 mg L-1), giving access to large amounts of brightly luminescent SWNTs. We further find that the introduced oxygen defects rearrange under light irradiation, which gives additional insights into the structure and dynamics of oxygen defects. Finally, the functionalization of ultrashort SWNTs with oxygen defects also enables high photoluminescence quantum yields. Their excellent emission properties are retained after surfactant exchange with biocompatible pegylated phospholipids or single-stranded DNA to make them suitable for in vivo NIR-II imaging and dopamine sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Stammer
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon R. Wald
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Kaiserstraße
12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Kaiserstraße
12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Basu S, Hendler-Neumark A, Bisker G. Monitoring Enzyme Activity Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2237-2253. [PMID: 38669585 PMCID: PMC11129355 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes serve as pivotal biological catalysts that accelerate essential chemical reactions, thereby influencing a variety of physiological processes. Consequently, the monitoring of enzyme activity and inhibition not only yields crucial insights into health and disease conditions but also forms the basis of research in drug discovery, toxicology, and the understanding of disease mechanisms. In this context, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as effective tools for tracking enzyme activity and inhibition through diverse strategies. This perspective explores the physicochemical attributes of SWCNTs that render them well-suited for such monitoring. Additionally, we delve into the various strategies developed so far for successfully monitoring enzyme activity and inhibition, emphasizing the distinctive features of each principle. Furthermore, we contrast the benefits of SWCNT-based NIR probes with conventional gold standards in monitoring enzyme activity. Lastly, we highlight the current challenges faced in this field and suggest potential solutions to propel it forward. This perspective aims to contribute to the ongoing progress in biodiagnostics and seeks to engage the wider community in developing and applying enzymatic assays using SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Basu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler-Neumark
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel
Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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8
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Jones MP, Jiang Q, Mautner A, Naghilou A, Prado‐Roller A, Wolff M, Koch T, Archodoulaki V, Bismarck A. Fungal Carbon: A Cost-Effective Tunable Network Template for Creating Supercapacitors. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300315. [PMID: 38617029 PMCID: PMC11009424 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Carbons form critical components in biogas purification and energy storage systems and are used to modify polymer matrices. The environmental impact of producing carbons has driven research interest in biomass-derived carbons, although these have yield, processing, and resource competition limitations. Naturally formed fungal filaments are investigated, which are abundantly available as food- and biotechnology-industry by-products and wastes as cost-effective and sustainable templates for carbon networks. Pyrolyzed Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii filament networks are mesoporous and microscale with a size regime close to carbon fibers. Their BET surface areas of ≈282 m2 g-1 and ≈60 m2 g-1, respectively, greatly exceed values associated with carbon fibers and non-activated pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose and approximately on par with values for carbon black and CNTs in addition to pyrolyzed pinewood, rice husk, corn stover or olive mill waste. They also exhibit greater specific capacitance than both non-activated and activated pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose in addition to YP-50F (coconut shell based) commercial carbons. The high surface area and specific capacitance of fungal carbon coupled with the potential to tune these properties through species- and growth-environment-associated differences in network and filament morphology and inclusion of inorganic material through biomineralization makes them potentially useful in creating supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P. Jones
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringTU WienGumpendorferstrasse 7, Objekt 8Vienna1060Austria
| | - Qixiang Jiang
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) GroupInstitute of Materials Chemistry and ResearchFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 42Vienna1090Austria
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) GroupInstitute of Materials Chemistry and ResearchFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 42Vienna1090Austria
- Institute for Environmental BiotechnologyDepartment IFAUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaKonrad‐Lorenz‐Straße 20Tulln an der Donau3430Austria
| | - Aida Naghilou
- Department of PlasticReconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryMedical University of ViennaSpitalgasse 23Vienna1090Austria
- Medical Systems Biophysics and BioengineeringLeiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeiden2333The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Prado‐Roller
- Department of Functional Materials and CatalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 42Vienna1090Austria
| | - Marion Wolff
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringTU WienGumpendorferstrasse 7, Objekt 8Vienna1060Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringTU WienGumpendorferstrasse 7, Objekt 8Vienna1060Austria
| | - Vasiliki‐Maria Archodoulaki
- Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringTU WienGumpendorferstrasse 7, Objekt 8Vienna1060Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) GroupInstitute of Materials Chemistry and ResearchFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 42Vienna1090Austria
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9
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Casanova-Chafer J, Garcia-Aboal R, Llobet E, Atienzar P. Enhanced CO 2 Sensing by Oxygen Plasma-Treated Perovskite-Graphene Nanocomposites. ACS Sens 2024; 9:830-839. [PMID: 38320174 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas responsible for global warming and climate change. The development of sensitive CO2 sensors is crucial for environmental and industrial applications. This paper presents a novel CO2 sensor based on perovskite nanocrystals immobilized on graphene and functionalized with oxygen plasma treatment. The impact of this post-treatment method was thoroughly investigated using various characterization techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The detection of CO2 at parts per million (ppm) levels demonstrated that the hybrids subjected to 5 min of oxygen plasma treatment exhibited a 3-fold improvement in sensing performance compared to untreated layers. Consequently, the CO2 sensing capability of the oxygen-treated samples showed a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 6.9 and 22.9 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of ambient moisture on the CO2 sensing performance was also evaluated, revealing a significant effect of oxygen plasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casanova-Chafer
- Chimie des Interactions Plasma Surface, Université de Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rocio Garcia-Aboal
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Eduard Llobet
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Research Institute in Sustainability, Climate Change and Energy Transition (IU-RESCAT), Vila-seca 43480, Spain
| | - Pedro Atienzar
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
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10
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Ma C, Mohr JM, Lauer G, Metternich JT, Neutsch K, Ziebarth T, Reiner A, Kruss S. Ratiometric Imaging of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters with Nanosensors. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2400-2407. [PMID: 38345220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are important signaling molecules in the brain and are relevant in many diseases. Measuring them with high spatial and temporal resolutions in biological systems is challenging. Here, we develop a ratiometric fluorescent sensor/probe for catecholamine neurotransmitters on the basis of near-infrared (NIR) semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Phenylboronic acid (PBA)-based quantum defects are incorporated into them to interact selectively with catechol moieties. These PBA-SWCNTs are further modified with poly(ethylene glycol) phospholipids (PEG-PL) for biocompatibility. Catecholamines, including dopamine, do not affect the intrinsic E11 fluorescence (990 nm) of these (PEG-PL-PBA-SWCNT) sensors. In contrast, the defect-related E11* emission (1130 nm) decreases by up to 35%. Furthermore, this dual functionalization allows tuning selectivity by changing the charge of the PEG polymer. These sensors are not taken up by cells, which is beneficial for extracellular imaging, and they are functional in brain slices. In summary, we use dual functionalization of SWCNTs to create a ratiometric biosensor for dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Jennifer Maria Mohr
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - German Lauer
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Justus Tom Metternich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia 47057, Germany
| | - Krisztian Neutsch
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Tim Ziebarth
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiner
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia 44801, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia 47057, Germany
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11
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Wieland S, El Yumin AA, Settele S, Zaumseil J. Photo-Activated, Solid-State Introduction of Luminescent Oxygen Defects into Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:2012-2021. [PMID: 38352856 PMCID: PMC10860128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen defects in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are localized disruptions in the carbon lattice caused by the formation of epoxy or ether groups, commonly through wet-chemical reactions. The associated modifications of the electronic structure can result in luminescent states with emission energies below those of pristine SWCNTs in the near-infrared range, which makes them promising candidates for applications in biosensing and as single-photon emitters. Here, we demonstrate the controlled introduction of luminescent oxygen defects into networks of monochiral (6,5) SWCNTs using a solid-state photocatalytic approach. UV irradiation of SWCNTs on the photoreactive surfaces of the transition metal oxides TiOx and ZnOx in the presence of trace amounts of water and oxygen results in the creation of reactive oxygen species that initiate radical reactions with the carbon lattice and the formation of oxygen defects. The created ether-d and epoxide-l defect configurations give rise to two distinct red-shifted emissive features. The chemical and dielectric properties of the photoactive oxides influence the final defect emission properties, with oxygen-functionalized SWCNTs on TiOx substrates being brighter than those on ZnOx or pristine SWCNTs on glass. The photoinduced functionalization of nanotubes is further employed to create lateral patterns of oxygen defects in (6,5) SWCNT networks with micrometer resolution and thus spatially controlled defect emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Wieland
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Settele S, Schrage CA, Jung S, Michel E, Li H, Flavel BS, Hashmi ASK, Kruss S, Zaumseil J. Ratiometric fluorescent sensing of pyrophosphate with sp³-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:706. [PMID: 38267487 PMCID: PMC10808354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate is a key molecule in many biological processes from DNA synthesis to cell metabolism. Here we introduce sp3-functionalized (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with red-shifted defect emission as near-infrared luminescent probes for the optical detection and quantification of inorganic pyrophosphate. The sensing scheme is based on the immobilization of Cu2+ ions on the SWNT surface promoted by coordination to covalently attached aryl alkyne groups and a triazole complex. The presence of Cu2+ ions on the SWNT surface causes fluorescence quenching via photoinduced electron transfer, which is reversed by copper-complexing analytes such as pyrophosphate. The differences in the fluorescence response of sp3-defect to pristine nanotube emission enables reproducible ratiometric measurements in a wide concentration window. Biocompatible, phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-coated SWNTs with such sp3 defects are employed for the detection of pyrophosphate in cell lysate and for monitoring the progress of DNA synthesis in a polymerase chain reaction. This robust ratiometric and near-infrared luminescent probe for pyrophosphate may serve as a starting point for the rational design of nanotube-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - C Alexander Schrage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany
| | - Elena Michel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany.
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, D-47057, Germany.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
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13
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Trerayapiwat KJ, Li X, Ma X, Sharifzadeh S. Broken Symmetry Optical Transitions in (6,5) Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Containing sp3 Defects Revealed by First-Principles Theory. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:667-671. [PMID: 38174941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We present a first-principles many-body perturbation theory study of nitrophenyl-doped (6,5) single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) to understand how sp3 doping impacts the excitonic properties. sp3-doped SWCNTs are promising as a class of optoelectronic materials with bright tunable photoluminescence, long spin coherence, and single-photon emission (SPE), motivating the study of spin excitations. We predict that the dopant results in a single unpaired spin localized around the defect site, which induces multiple low-energy excitonic peaks. By comparing optical absorption and photoluminescence from experiment and theory, we identify the transitions responsible for the red-shifted, defect-induced E11* peak, which has demonstrated SPE for some dopants; the presence of this state is due to both the symmetry-breaking associated with the defect and the presence of the defect-induced in-gap state. Furthermore, we find an asymmetry between the contribution of the two spin channels, suggesting that this system has potential for spin-selective optical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinxin Li
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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14
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Sebastian FL, Becker F, Yomogida Y, Hosokawa Y, Settele S, Lindenthal S, Yanagi K, Zaumseil J. Unified Quantification of Quantum Defects in Small-Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21771-21781. [PMID: 37856164 PMCID: PMC10655237 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent quantum defects enables their application as near-infrared single-photon sources, as optical sensors, and for in vivo tissue imaging. Tuning the emission wavelength and defect density is crucial for these applications. While the former can be controlled by different synthetic protocols and is easily measured, defect densities are still determined as relative rather than absolute values, limiting the comparability between different nanotube batches and chiralities. Here, we present an absolute and unified quantification metric for the defect density in SWCNT samples based on Raman spectroscopy. It is applicable to a range of small-diameter semiconducting nanotubes and for arbitrary laser wavelengths. We observe a clear inverse correlation of the D/G+ ratio increase with nanotube diameter, indicating that curvature effects contribute significantly to the defect activation of Raman modes. Correlation of intermediate frequency modes with defect densities further corroborates their activation by defects and provides additional quantitative metrics for the characterization of functionalized SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Becker
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department
of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuuya Hosokawa
- Department
of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department
of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Zorn N, Settele S, Sebastian FL, Lindenthal S, Zaumseil J. Tuning Electroluminescence from Functionalized SWCNT Networks Further into the Near-Infrared. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2023; 1:1706-1714. [PMID: 37915970 PMCID: PMC10616844 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared electroluminescence from carbon-based emitters, especially in the second biological window (NIR-II) or at telecommunication wavelengths, is difficult to achieve. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been proposed as a possible solution due to their tunable and narrowband emission in the near-infrared region and high charge carrier mobilities. Furthermore, the covalent functionalization of SWCNTs with a controlled number of luminescent sp3 defects leads to even more red-shifted photoluminescence with enhanced quantum yields. Here, we demonstrate that by tailoring the binding configuration of the introduced sp3 defects and hence tuning their optical trap depth, we can generate emission from polymer-sorted (6,5) and (7,5) nanotubes that is mainly located in the telecommunication O-band (1260-1360 nm). Networks of these functionalized nanotubes are integrated in ambipolar, light-emitting field-effect transistors to yield the corresponding narrowband near-infrared electroluminescence. Further investigation of the current- and carrier density-dependent electro- and photoluminescence spectra enables insights into the impact of different sp3 defects on charge transport in networks of functionalized SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas
F. Zorn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Lindenthal S, Fazzi D, Zorn NF, El Yumin AA, Settele S, Weidinger B, Blasco E, Zaumseil J. Understanding the Optical Properties of Doped and Undoped 9-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons in Dispersion. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18240-18252. [PMID: 37695780 PMCID: PMC10540269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons are one-dimensional stripes of graphene with width- and edge-structure-dependent electronic properties. They can be synthesized bottom-up in solution to obtain precise ribbon geometries. Here we investigate the optical properties of solution-synthesized 9-armchair graphene nanoribbons (9-aGNRs) that are stabilized as dispersions in organic solvents and further fractionated by liquid cascade centrifugation (LCC). Absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal two near-infrared absorption and emission peaks whose ratios depend on the LCC fraction. Low-temperature single-nanoribbon photoluminescence spectra suggest the presence of two different nanoribbon species. Based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations, the lowest energy transition can be assigned to pristine 9-aGNRs, while 9-aGNRs with edge-defects, caused by incomplete graphitization, result in more blue-shifted transitions and higher Raman D/G-mode ratios. Hole doping of 9-aGNR dispersions with the electron acceptor F4TCNQ leads to concentration dependent bleaching and quenching of the main absorption and emission bands and the appearance of red-shifted, charge-induced absorption features but no additional emission peaks, thus indicating the formation of polarons instead of the predicted trions (charged excitons) in doped 9-aGNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Weidinger
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials and Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials and Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Villalva J, Rapakousiou A, Monclús MA, Fernández Blázquez JP, de la Vega J, Naranjo A, Vera-Hidalgo M, Ruiz-González ML, Pedersen H, Pérez EM. Interlocking Matrix and Filler for Enhanced Individualization and Reinforcement in Polymer-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16565-16572. [PMID: 37602897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Poor individualization and interfacial adhesion prevent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-polymer composites from reaching outstanding mechanical properties. With much larger diameters, but common structural features (high aspect ratio and absence of functional groups for covalent or supramolecular attachment with the polymer), carbon fibers face similar problems, which are addressed by covering the fibers with a thin layer of polymer. This sizing strategy has allowed carbon fibers to become the filler of choice for the highest performing materials. Inspired by this, here we investigate the use of the mechanical bond to wrap SWNTs with a layer of polymeric material to produce SWNTs mechanically interlocked with a layer of polymer. We first validate the formation of mechanically interlocked nanotubes (MINTs) using mixtures of SWNTs of relatively large average diameter (1.6 ± 0.4 nm), which are commercially available at reasonable prices and therefore could be technologically relevant as polymer fillers. We then design and synthesize by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) a polymer decorated with multiple U-shaped molecules, which are later ring-closed around the SWNTs using metathesis. The obtained hybrids contain a high degree of individualized SWNTs and exhibit significantly increased mechanical properties when compared to the matrix polymer. We envision that this strategy could be employed to produce SWNTs interlocked with polymer layers with various designs for polymer reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Villalva
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Rapakousiou
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Monclús
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jimena de la Vega
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Naranjo
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Soltani N, Zheng Y, Bachilo SM, Weisman RB. Structure-Resolved Monitoring of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Functionalization from Raman Intermediate Frequency Modes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7960-7966. [PMID: 37646617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be covalently modified to generate useful changes in their spectroscopic and photophysical properties. We report here a new method to monitor the extent of such functionalization reactions for different nanotube structures. Raman spectra are analyzed to find the intensities of structure-specific intermediate frequency mode (IFM) features in the range of ca. 350 to 650 cm-1, which are induced by introduction of sp3 defects. The IFM frequencies are found to depend on both the nanotube diameter and Raman excitation wavelength. The growth of IFM features is accompanied by a decrease in RBM intensities, so the IFM to RBM intensity ratio can provide a sensitive, structure-specific measure of nanotube functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Soltani
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sergei M Bachilo
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - R Bruce Weisman
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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19
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Ma C, Schrage CA, Gretz J, Akhtar A, Sistemich L, Schnitzler L, Li H, Tschulik K, Flavel BS, Kruss S. Stochastic Formation of Quantum Defects in Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15989-15998. [PMID: 37527201 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Small perturbations in the structure of materials significantly affect their properties. One example is single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which exhibit chirality-dependent near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence. They can be modified with quantum defects through the reaction with diazonium salts, and the number or distribution of these defects determines their photophysics. However, the presence of multiple chiralities in typical SWCNT samples complicates the identification of defect-related emission features. Here, we show that quantum defects do not affect aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) of different SWCNT chiralities into different phases, which suggests low numbers of defects. For bulk samples, the bandgap emission (E11) of monochiral (6,5)-SWCNTs decreases, and the defect-related emission feature (E11*) increases with diazonium salt concentration and represents a proxy for the defect number. The high purity of monochiral samples from ATPE allows us to image NIR fluorescence contributions (E11 = 986 nm and E11* = 1140 nm) on the single SWCNT level. Interestingly, we observe a stochastic (Poisson) distribution of quantum defects. SWCNTs have most likely one to three defects (for low to high (bulk) quantum defect densities). Additionally, we verify this number by following single reaction events that appear as discrete steps in the temporal fluorescence traces. We thereby count single reactions via NIR imaging and demonstrate that stochasticity plays a crucial role in the optical properties of SWCNTs. These results show that there can be a large discrepancy between ensemble and single particle experiments/properties of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | | | - Juliana Gretz
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Anas Akhtar
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Linda Sistemich
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Lena Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76344, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76344, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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20
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Eremin T, Eremina V, Svirko Y, Obraztsov P. Over Two-Fold Photoluminescence Enhancement from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Induced by Oxygen Doping. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091561. [PMID: 37177106 PMCID: PMC10180646 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is a promising way to improve their photoluminescent (PL) brightness and thus make them applicable as a base material for infrared light emitters. We report as high as over two-fold enhancement of the SWCNT PL brightness by using oxygen doping via the UV photodissociation of hypochlorite ions. By analyzing the temporal evolution of the PL and Raman spectra of SWCNTs in the course of the doping process, we conclude that the enhancement of SWCNTs PL brightness depends on the homogeneity of induced quantum defects distribution over the SWCNT surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei Eremin
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Valentina Eremina
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Petr Obraztsov
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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21
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Wei X, Luo X, Li S, Zhou W, Xie S, Liu H. Length-Dependent Enantioselectivity of Carbon Nanotubes by Gel Chromatography. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8393-8402. [PMID: 37092905 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High-purity enantiomer separation of chiral single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) remains a challenge compared with electrical type and chirality separations due to the limited selectivities for both chirality and handedness, which is important for an exploration of their properties and practical applications. Here, we performed length fractionation for enantiomer-purified SWCNTs and found a phenomenon in which the enantioselectivities were higher for longer nanotubes than for shorter nanotubes due to length-dependent interactions with the gel medium, which provided an effective strategy of controlling nanotube length for high-purity enantiomer separation. Furthermore, we employed a gentler pulsed ultrasonication instead of traditional vigorous ultrasonication for preparation of a low-defect long SWCNT dispersion and achieved the enantiomer separation of single-chirality (6,5) SWCNTs with an ultrahigh enantiomeric purity of up to 98%, which was determined by using the linear relationship between the normalized circular dichroism intensity and the enantiomeric purity. Compared with all results reported previously, the present enantiomeric purity was significantly higher and reached the highest level reported to date. Due to the ultrahigh selectivity in both chirality and handedness, the two obtained enantiomers exhibited perfect symmetry in their circular dichroism spectra, which offers standardization for characterizations and evaluations of SWCNT enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Optoelectronic, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian 361024, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiya Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Sishen Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials and Structure Research, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, People's Republic of China
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22
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Long-lived electronic spin qubits in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:848. [PMID: 36792597 PMCID: PMC9932135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron spins in solid-state systems offer the promise of spin-based information processing devices. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), an all-carbon one-dimensional material whose spin-free environment and weak spin-orbit coupling promise long spin coherence times, offer a diverse degree of freedom for extended range of functionality not available to bulk systems. A key requirement limiting spin qubit implementation in SWCNTs is disciplined confinement of isolated spins. Here, we report the creation of highly confined electron spins in SWCNTs via a bottom-up approach. The record long coherence time of 8.2 µs and spin-lattice relaxation time of 13 ms of these electronic spin qubits allow demonstration of quantum control operation manifested as Rabi oscillation. Investigation of the decoherence mechanism reveals an intrinsic coherence time of tens of milliseconds. These findings evident that combining molecular approaches with inorganic crystalline systems provides a powerful route for reproducible and scalable quantum materials suitable for qubit applications.
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23
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Mohapatra L, Cheon D, Yoo SH. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Catalytic Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041805. [PMID: 36838793 PMCID: PMC9959675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBM) have shown great potential for various environmental applications because of their physical and chemical properties. The unique hybridization properties of CBMs allow for the tailored manipulation of their structures and morphologies. However, owing to poor solar light absorption, and the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, pristine carbon materials typically have unsatisfactory photocatalytic performances and practical applications. The main challenge in this field is the design of economical, environmentally friendly, and effective photocatalysts. Combining carbonaceous materials with carbonaceous semiconductors of different structures results in unique properties in carbon-based catalysts, which offers a promising approach to achieving efficient application. Here, we review the contribution of CBMs with different dimensions, to the catalytic removal of organic pollutants from wastewater by catalyzing the Fenton reaction and photocatalytic processes. This review, therefore, aims to provide an appropriate direction for empowering improvements in ongoing research work, which will boost future applications and contribute to overcoming the existing limitations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lagnamayee Mohapatra
- Department of Quantum System Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Cheon
- Department of Applied Plasma & Quantum Beam Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Yoo
- Department of Quantum System Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Plasma & Quantum Beam Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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24
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Wang H, Boghossian AA. Covalent conjugation of proteins onto fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes for biological and medical applications. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 4:823-834. [PMID: 36761250 PMCID: PMC9900427 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00714b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have optical properties that are conducive for biological applications such as sensing, delivery, and imaging. These applications necessitate the immobilization of macromolecules that can serve as therapeutic drugs, molecular templates, or modulators of surface interactions. Although previous studies have focused on non-covalent immobilization strategies, recent advances have introduced covalent functional handles that can preserve or even enhance the SWCNT optical properties. This review presents an overview of covalent sidewall modifications of SWCNTs, with a focus on the latest generation of "sp3 defect" modifications. We summarize and compare the reaction conditions and the reported products of these sp3 chemistries. We further review the underlying photophysics governing SWCNT fluorescence and apply these principles to the fluorescence emitted from these covalently modified SWCNTs. Finally, we provide an outlook on additional chemistries that could be applied to covalently conjugate proteins to these chemically modified, fluorescent SWCNTs. We review the advantages of these approaches, emerging opportunities for further improvement, as well as their implications for enabling new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxuan Wang
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Ardemis A Boghossian
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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25
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Picomolar, Electrochemical Detection of Paraoxon Ethyl, by Strongly Coordinated NiCo2O4-SWCNT Composite as an Electrode Material. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Wieland L, Li H, Zhang X, Chen J, Flavel BS. Ternary PM6:Y6 Solar Cells with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wieland
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Materials Science Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2 Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Xuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials of Hebei Province College of Physics Science and Technology Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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27
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Li H, Li R, Niu J, Gan K, He X. Defect chemistry of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Front Chem 2022; 10:1067327. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1067327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is a promising strategy for converting the greenhouse gas CO2 into high value-added products and achieving carbon neutrality. The rational design of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction is of great significance. Defect chemistry is an important category for enhancing the intrinsic catalytic performance of electrocatalysts. Defect engineering breaks the catalytic inertia inherent in perfect structures by imparting unique electronic structures and physicochemical properties to electrocatalysts, thereby improving catalytic activity. Recently, various defective nanomaterials have been studied and show great potential in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. There is an urgent need to gain insight into the effect of defects on catalytic performance. Here, we summarized the recent research advances on the design of various types of defects, including carbon-based materials (intrinsic defects, heteroatom doping and single-metal-atom sites) and metal compounds (vacancies, grain boundaries, and lattice defects). The major challenges and prospects of defect chemistry in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are also proposed. This review is expected to be instructive in the development of defect engineering for CO2 reduction catalysts.
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28
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Laguta AN, Mchedlov-Petrossyan NO, Kovalenko SM, Voloshina TO, Haidar VI, Filatov DY, Trostyanko PV, Karbivski VL, Bogatyrenko SI, Xu L, Prezhdo OV. Stability of Aqueous Suspensions of COOH-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes to Organic Solvents, Esterification, and Decarboxylation. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10126-10131. [PMID: 36269855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are among the most widely used nanosystems, and stability of carbon nanotube suspensions is critical for nanotechnology and environmental science. Remaining in aqueous environment alone misses important factors that regulate colloidal stability in the presence of electrolytes. Indeed, introduction of (80-95) vol % organic solvents leads to sharp changes in suspension properties depending on the solvent. For example, the critical coagulation concentrations for a given inorganic or organic coagulating ion can change by 2 orders of magnitude when going from dimethyl sulfoxide to acetonitrile. We establish and explain these trends by Lewis acid-base interactions and show that a strong interaction extending beyond the standard theory of aggregation plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Laguta
- Department of Physical Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
- Department of Mathematics, Aston University, B47ET, Birmingham, U.K
| | - N O Mchedlov-Petrossyan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - S M Kovalenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - T O Voloshina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - V I Haidar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - D Yu Filatov
- TOV firm ''PROMINVEST PLASTYK" Kharkiv, 2 Turgenevskaya str, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - P V Trostyanko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - V L Karbivski
- G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv02000, Ukraine
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - S I Bogatyrenko
- Physico-Tekhnical Faculty, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
| | - Liyuan Xu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv61022, Ukraine
- Ordos Second Affiliated School of Beijing Normal University, Airport Logistics Park, Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region017200, People's Republic of China
| | - O V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California90089, United States
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29
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Zheng W, Zorn NF, Bonn M, Zaumseil J, Wang HI. Probing Carrier Dynamics in sp3-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9401-9409. [PMID: 35709437 PMCID: PMC9246260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The controlled introduction of covalent sp3 defects into semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) gives rise to exciton localization and red-shifted near-infrared luminescence. The single-photon emission characteristics of these functionalized SWCNTs make them interesting candidates for electrically driven quantum light sources. However, the impact of sp3 defects on the carrier dynamics and charge transport in carbon nanotubes remains an open question. Here, we use ultrafast, time-resolved optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy as a direct and quantitative technique to investigate the microscopic and temperature-dependent charge transport properties of pristine and functionalized (6,5) SWCNTs in dispersions and thin films. We find that sp3 functionalization increases charge carrier scattering, thus reducing the intra-nanotube carrier mobility. In combination with electrical measurements of SWCNT network field-effect transistors, these data enable us to distinguish between contributions of intra-nanotube band transport, sp3 defect scattering and inter-nanotube carrier hopping to the overall charge transport properties of nanotube networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zheng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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