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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Xi H, Zhang Y, Gao C, Ma M, Huang Q, Li F, Yang Z. Promotion of apoplastic oxidative burst by artificially selected GhCBSX3A enhances Verticillium dahliae resistance in upland cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2154-2168. [PMID: 38558071 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt (VW) is a devasting disease affecting various plants, including upland cotton, a crucial fiber crop. Despite its impact, the genetic basis underlying cotton's susceptibility or defense against VW remains unclear. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study on VW phenotyping in upland cotton and identified a locus on A13 that is significantly associated with VW resistance. We then identified a cystathionine β-synthase domain gene at A13 locus, GhCBSX3A, which was induced by Verticillium dahliae. Functional analysis, including expression silencing in cotton and overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, confirmed that GhCBSX3A is a causal gene at the A13 locus, enhancing SAR-RBOHs-mediated apoplastic oxidative burst. We found allelic variation on the TATA-box of GhCBSX3A promoter attenuated its expression in upland cotton, thereby weakening VW resistance. Interestingly, we discovered that altered artificial selection of GhCBSX3A_R (an elite allele for VW) under different VW pressures during domestication and other improved processes allows specific human needs to be met. Our findings underscore the importance of GhCBSX3A in response to VW, and we propose a model for defense-associated genes being selected depending on the pathogen's pressure. The identified locus and gene serve as promising targets for VW resistance enhancement in cotton through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Hongfang Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yaning Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chenxu Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Qian Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
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Naalden D, Dermauw W, Ilias A, Baggerman G, Mastop M, Silven JJM, van Kleeff PJM, Dangol S, Gaertner NF, Roseboom W, Kwaaitaal M, Kramer G, van den Burg HA, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T, Kant MR, Schuurink RC. Interaction of Whitefly Effector G4 with Tomato Proteins Impacts Whitefly Performance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:98-111. [PMID: 38051229 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0045-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The phloem-feeding insect Bemisia tabaci is an important pest, responsible for the transmission of several crop-threatening virus species. While feeding, the insect secretes a cocktail of effectors to modulate plant defense responses. Here, we present a set of proteins identified in an artificial diet on which B. tabaci was salivating. We subsequently studied whether these candidate effectors can play a role in plant immune suppression. Effector G4 was the most robust suppressor of an induced- reactive oxygen species (ROS) response in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, G4 was able to suppress ROS production in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Capsicum annuum (pepper). G4 localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum in N. benthamiana leaves and colocalized with two identified target proteins in tomato: REF-like stress related protein 1 (RSP1) and meloidogyne-induced giant cell protein DB141 (MIPDB141). Silencing of MIPDB141 in tomato reduced whitefly fecundity up to 40%, demonstrating that the protein is involved in susceptibility to B. tabaci. Together, our data demonstrate that effector G4 impairs tomato immunity to whiteflies by interfering with ROS production and via an interaction with tomato susceptibility protein MIPDB141. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aris Ilias
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette J M Silven
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula J M van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Frédéric Gaertner
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Roseboom
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Bobalova J, Strouhalova D, Bobal P. Common Post-translational Modifications (PTMs) of Proteins: Analysis by Up-to-Date Analytical Techniques with an Emphasis on Barley. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14825-14837. [PMID: 37792446 PMCID: PMC10591476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of biomacromolecules can be useful for understanding the processes by which a relatively small number of individual genes in a particular genome can generate enormous biological complexity in different organisms. The proteomes of barley and the brewing process were investigated by different techniques. However, their diverse and complex PTMs remain understudied. As standard analytical approaches have limitations, innovative analytical approaches need to be developed and applied in PTM studies. To make further progress in this field, it is necessary to specify the sites of modification, as well as to characterize individual isoforms with increased selectivity and sensitivity. This review summarizes advances in the PTM analysis of barley proteins, particularly those involving mass spectrometric detection. Our focus is on monitoring phosphorylation, glycation, and glycosylation, which critically influence functional behavior in metabolism and regulation in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Bobalova
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i., Veveri 97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Strouhalova
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i., Veveri 97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bobal
- Masaryk
University, Department of Chemical Drugs,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Palackeho
1946/1, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
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Mu B, Teng Z, Tang R, Lu M, Chen J, Xu X, Wen YQ. An effector of Erysiphe necator translocates to chloroplasts and plasma membrane to suppress host immunity in grapevine. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad163. [PMID: 37746307 PMCID: PMC10516348 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a prevalent pathogen hampering grapevine growth in the vineyard. An arsenal of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) was encoded in the E. necator genome, but it is largely unclear what role CSEPs plays during the E. necator infection. In the present study, we identified a secreted effector CSEP080 of E. necator, which was located in plant chloroplasts and plasma membrane. Transient expressing CSEP080 promotes plant photosynthesis and inhibits INF1-induced cell death in tobacco leaves. We found that CSEP080 was a necessary effector for the E. necator pathogenicity, which interacted with grapevine chloroplast protein VviB6f (cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit), affecting plant photosynthesis. Transient silencing VviB6f increased the plant hydrogen peroxide production, and the plant resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, CSEP080 manipulated the VviPE (pectinesterase) to promote pectin degradation. Our results demonstrated the molecular mechanisms that an effector of E. necator translocates to host chloroplasts and plasma membrane, which suppresses with the grapevine immunity system by targeting the chloroplast protein VviB6f to suppress hydrogen peroxide accumulation and manipulating VviPE to promote pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaolin Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangnan Xu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Weihui Road 23, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Wang B, Meng T, Xiao B, Yu T, Yue T, Jin Y, Ma P. Fighting wheat powdery mildew: from genes to fields. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:196. [PMID: 37606731 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Host resistance conferred by Pm genes provides an effective strategy to control powdery mildew. The study of Pm genes helps modern breeding develop toward more intelligent and customized. Powdery mildew of wheat is one of the most destructive diseases seriously threatening the crop yield and quality worldwide. The genetic research on powdery mildew (Pm) resistance has entered a new era. Many Pm genes from wheat and its wild and domesticated relatives have been mined and cloned. Meanwhile, modern breeding strategies based on high-throughput sequencing and genome editing are emerging and developing toward more intelligent and customized. This review highlights mining and cloning of Pm genes, molecular mechanism studies on the resistance and avirulence genes, and prospects for genomic-assisted breeding for powdery mildew resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Bei Xiao
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Tianying Yu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Tingyan Yue
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yuli Jin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Pengtao Ma
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Characteristic Agricultural Biological Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovative Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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6
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Mo Z, Huang Y, Pu T, Duan L, Pi K, Luo J, Long B, Lu A, Liu R. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) and their expression profile under abiotic stresses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:341. [PMID: 37344758 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are large and multifunctional proteases that play an important role in detoxification, protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, and secondary metabolite transportation which is essential for plant growth and development. However, there is limited research on the identification and function of NtGSTs. RESULTS This study uses K326 and other six tobacco varieties (Hongda, HG, GDH11, Va116, VG, and GDH88) as materials to conduct comprehensive genome-wide identification and functional characterization of the GST gene in tobacco. A total of 59 NtGSTs were identified and classified into seven subfamilies via the whole-genome sequence analysis, with the Tau type serving as the major subfamily. The NtGSTs in the same branch of the evolutionary tree had similar exon/intron structure and motif constitution. There were more than 42 collinear blocks between tobacco and pepper, tomato, and potato, indicating high homology conservation between them. Twelve segmental duplicated gene pairs and one tandem duplication may have had a substantial impact on the evolution and expansion of the tobacco GST gene family. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression patterns of NtGSTs varied significantly among tissues, varieties, and multiple abiotic stresses, suggesting that NtGST genes may widely respond to various abiotic stresses and hormones in tobacco, including NtGSTF4, NtGSTL1, NtGSTZ1, and NtGSTU40. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the NtGST gene family, including structures and functions. Many NtGSTs play a critical regulatory role in tobacco growth and development, and responses to abiotic stresses. These findings offer novel and valuable insights for understanding the biological function of NtGSTs and the reference materials for cultivating highly resistant varieties and enhancing the yield and quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Mo
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Tianxiunan Pu
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Lili Duan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kai Pi
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Benshan Long
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Anbin Lu
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Renxiang Liu
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China.
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Santhanam P, Madina MH, Albuini FM, Labbé C, Fietto LG, Bélanger RR. A unique effector secreted by Pseudozyma flocculosa mediates its biocontrol activity. BMC Biol 2023; 21:118. [PMID: 37226185 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudozyma flocculosa is a highly efficient biocontrol agent (BCA) of powdery mildews whose mode of action remains elusive. It is known to secrete unique effectors during its interaction with powdery mildews but effectors have never been shown to be part of the arsenal of a BCA. Here, we characterize the role of the effector Pf2826 released by Pseudozyma flocculosa during its tripartite interaction with barley and the pathogen fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. RESULTS We utilized CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing and confirmed that secreted P. flocculosa effector Pf2826 is required for full biocontrol activity. We monitored the localization of the effector Pf2826 with C-terminal mCherry tag and found it localized around the haustoria and on powdery mildew spores. His-tagged Pf2826 recombinant protein was expressed, purified, and used as bait in a pull-down assay from total proteins extracted during the tripartite interaction. Potential interactors were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis after removing unspecific interactions found in the negative controls. A two-way yeast two-hybrid assay validated that Pf2826 interacted with barley pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins HvPR1a and chitinase and with an effector protein from powdery mildew. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the usual modes of action of competition, parasitism, and antibiosis ascribed to BCAs, this study shows that effector pf2826 plays a vital role in the biocontrol activity of P. flocculosa by interacting with plant PR proteins and a powdery mildew effector, altering the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Santhanam
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Present Address: Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Mst Hur Madina
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fernanda Matias Albuini
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Labbé
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Luciano Gomes Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Kloppe T, Whetten RB, Kim SB, Powell OR, Lück S, Douchkov D, Whetten RW, Hulse-Kemp AM, Balint-Kurti P, Cowger C. Two pathogen loci determine Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici virulence to wheat resistance gene Pm1a. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1546-1561. [PMID: 36772855 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is a globally important fungal pathogen of wheat that can rapidly evolve to defeat wheat powdery mildew (Pm) resistance genes. Despite periodic regional deployment of the Pm1a resistance gene in US wheat production, Bgt strains that overcome Pm1a have been notably nonpersistent in the United States, while on other continents, they are more widely established. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to map sequence variants associated with Pm1a virulence in 216 Bgt isolates from six countries, including the United States. A virulence variant apparently unique to Bgt isolates from the United States was detected in the previously mapped gene AvrPm1a (BgtE-5612) on Bgt chromosome 6; an in vitro growth assay suggested no fitness reduction associated with this variant. A gene on Bgt chromosome 8, Bgt-51526, was shown to function as a second determinant of Pm1a virulence, and despite < 30% amino acid identity, BGT-51526 and BGTE-5612 were predicted to share > 85% of their secondary structure. A co-expression study in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that BGTE-5612 and BGT-51526 each produce a PM1A-dependent hypersensitive response. More than one member of a B. graminis effector family can be recognized by a single wheat immune receptor, and a two-gene model is necessary to explain virulence to Pm1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kloppe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Rebecca B Whetten
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Saet-Byul Kim
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Stefanie Lück
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466, OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466, OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Ross W Whetten
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Amanda M Hulse-Kemp
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Christina Cowger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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9
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Mostaffa NH, Suhaimi AH, Al-Idrus A. Interactomics in plant defence: progress and opportunities. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4605-4618. [PMID: 36920596 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Interactomics is a branch of systems biology that deals with the study of protein-protein interactions and how these interactions influence phenotypes. Identifying the interactomes involved during host-pathogen interaction events may bring us a step closer to deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defence. Here, we conducted a systematic review of plant interactomics studies over the last two decades and found that while a substantial progress has been made in the field, plant-pathogen interactomics remains a less-travelled route. As an effort to facilitate the progress in this field, we provide here a comprehensive research pipeline for an in planta plant-pathogen interactomics study that encompasses the in silico prediction step to the validation step, unconfined to model plants. We also highlight four challenges in plant-pathogen interactomics with plausible solution(s) for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hikmah Mostaffa
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Husaini Suhaimi
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aisyafaznim Al-Idrus
- Programme of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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10
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Wang Q, Guo J, Jin P, Guo M, Guo J, Cheng P, Li Q, Wang B. Glutathione S-transferase interactions enhance wheat resistance to powdery mildew but not wheat stripe rust. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1418-1439. [PMID: 35876538 PMCID: PMC9516745 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust and powdery mildew are important worldwide diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The wheat cultivar Xingmin318 (XM318) is resistant to both wheat stripe rust and powdery mildew, which are caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), respectively. To explore the difference between wheat defense response against Pst and Bgt, quantitative proteomic analyses of XM318 inoculated with either Pst or Bgt were performed using tandem mass tags technology. A total of 741 proteins were identified as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs). Bioinformatics analyses indicated that some functional categories, including antioxidant activity and immune system process, exhibited obvious differences between Pst and Bgt infections. Intriguingly, only 42 DAPs responded to both Pst and Bgt infections. Twelve DAPs were randomly selected for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, and the mRNA expression levels of 11 were consistent with their protein expression. Furthermore, gene silencing using the virus-induced gene silencing system indicated that glutathione S-transferase (TaGSTU6) has an important role in resistance to Bgt but not to Pst. TaGSTU6 interacted with the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) domain-containing protein (TaCBSX3) in both Pst and Bgt infections. Knockdown of TaCBSX3 expression only reduced wheat resistance to Bgt infection. Overexpression of TaGSTU6 and TaCBSX3 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoted plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000. Our results indicate that TaGSTU6 interaction with TaCBSX3 only confers wheat resistance to Bgt, suggesting that wheat has different response mechanisms to Pst and Bgt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Authors for correspondence: (B.W.); (Q.L.)
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11
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Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Zhang L, Chang J, Yang W. Infection Strategies and Pathogenicity of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799396. [PMID: 35722337 PMCID: PMC9201565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are widely distributed and are among the most damaging pathogenic organisms of agriculturally important crops responsible for significant losses in quality and yield. However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is still under investigation because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on an artificial medium. The successful lifestyle of biotrophic fungal pathogens depends on their ability to secrete effector proteins to manipulate or evade plant defense response. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics, insights into how the adaptation of biotrophic plant fungal pathogens adapt to their host populations can be gained. Efficient tools to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms of rust–plant interactions, and standardized routines in genomics and functional pipelines have been established and will pave the way for comparative studies. Deciphering fungal pathogenesis not only allows us to better understand how fungal pathogens infect host plants but also provides valuable information for plant diseases control, including new strategies to prevent, delay, or inhibit fungal development. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that have been made to decipher the effector proteins of biotrophic fungal pathogens and demonstrates how rapidly research in the field of obligate biotrophy has progressed.
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12
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Outram MA, Figueroa M, Sperschneider J, Williams SJ, Dodds PN. Seeing is believing: Exploiting advances in structural biology to understand and engineer plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102210. [PMID: 35461025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens cause disease in numerous economically important crops. These pathogens secrete virulence proteins, termed effectors, that modulate host cellular processes and promote infection. Plants have evolved immunity receptors that detect effectors and activate defence pathways, resulting in resistance to the invading pathogen. This leads to an evolutionary arms race between pathogen and host that is characterised by highly diverse effector repertoires in plant pathogens. Here, we review the recent advances in understanding host-pathogen co-evolution provided by the structural determination of effectors alone, and in complex with immunity receptors. We highlight the use of recent advances in structural prediction within this field and its role for future development of designer resistance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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13
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Velásquez-Zapata V, Elmore JM, Fuerst G, Wise RP. An interolog-based barley interactome as an integration framework for immune signaling. Genetics 2022; 221:iyac056. [PMID: 35435213 PMCID: PMC9157089 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The barley MLA nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptor and its orthologs confer recognition specificity to many fungal diseases, including powdery mildew, stem-, and stripe rust. We used interolog inference to construct a barley protein interactome (Hordeum vulgare predicted interactome, HvInt) comprising 66,133 edges and 7,181 nodes, as a foundation to explore signaling networks associated with MLA. HvInt was compared with the experimentally validated Arabidopsis interactome of 11,253 proteins and 73,960 interactions, verifying that the 2 networks share scale-free properties, including a power-law distribution and small-world network. Then, by successive layering of defense-specific "omics" datasets, HvInt was customized to model cellular response to powdery mildew infection. Integration of HvInt with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) enabled us to infer disease modules and responses associated with fungal penetration and haustorial development. Next, using HvInt and infection-time-course RNA sequencing of immune signaling mutants, we assembled resistant and susceptible subnetworks. The resulting differentially coexpressed (resistant - susceptible) interactome is essential to barley immunity, facilitates the flow of signaling pathways and is linked to mildew resistance locus a (Mla) through trans eQTL associations. Lastly, we anchored HvInt with new and previously identified interactors of the MLA coiled coli + nucleotide-binding domains and extended these to additional MLA alleles, orthologs, and NLR outgroups to predict receptor localization and conservation of signaling response. These results link genomic, transcriptomic, and physical interactions during MLA-specified immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Velásquez-Zapata
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - James Mitch Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gregory Fuerst
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Roger P Wise
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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14
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Rocher F, Alouane T, Philippe G, Martin ML, Label P, Langin T, Bonhomme L. Fusarium graminearum Infection Strategy in Wheat Involves a Highly Conserved Genetic Program That Controls the Expression of a Core Effectome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031914. [PMID: 35163834 PMCID: PMC8836836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), is one of the most damaging pathogens in wheat. Because of the complex organization of wheat resistance to FHB, this pathosystem represents a relevant model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant susceptibility and to identify their main drivers, the pathogen’s effectors. Although the F. graminearum catalog of effectors has been well characterized at the genome scale, in planta studies are needed to confirm their effective accumulation in host tissues and to identify their role during the infection process. Taking advantage of the genetic variability from both species, a RNAseq-based profiling of gene expression was performed during an infection time course using an aggressive F. graminearum strain facing five wheat cultivars of contrasting susceptibility as well as using three strains of contrasting aggressiveness infecting a single susceptible host. Genes coding for secreted proteins and exhibiting significant expression changes along infection progress were selected to identify the effector gene candidates. During its interaction with the five wheat cultivars, 476 effector genes were expressed by the aggressive strain, among which 91% were found in all the infected hosts. Considering three different strains infecting a single susceptible host, 761 effector genes were identified, among which 90% were systematically expressed in the three strains. We revealed a robust F. graminearum core effectome of 357 genes expressed in all the hosts and by all the strains that exhibited conserved expression patterns over time. Several wheat compartments were predicted to be targeted by these putative effectors including apoplast, nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria. Taken together, our results shed light on a highly conserved parasite strategy. They led to the identification of reliable key fungal genes putatively involved in wheat susceptibility to F. graminearum, and provided valuable information about their putative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rocher
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Tarek Alouane
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Géraldine Philippe
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Marie-Laure Martin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France;
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Label
- UMR 547 Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France;
| | - Thierry Langin
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- UMR 1095 Génétique Diversité Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.R.); (T.A.); (G.P.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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16
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Kaur B, Sandhu KS, Kamal R, Kaur K, Singh J, Röder MS, Muqaddasi QH. Omics for the Improvement of Abiotic, Biotic, and Agronomic Traits in Major Cereal Crops: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101989. [PMID: 34685799 PMCID: PMC8541486 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Omics technologies, namely genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, are becoming an integral part of virtually every commercial cereal crop breeding program, as they provide substantial dividends per unit time in both pre-breeding and breeding phases. Continuous advances in omics assure time efficiency and cost benefits to improve cereal crops. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the established omics methods in five major cereals, namely rice, sorghum, maize, barley, and bread wheat. We cover the evolution of technologies in each omics section independently and concentrate on their use to improve economically important agronomic as well as biotic and abiotic stress-related traits. Advancements in the (1) identification, mapping, and sequencing of molecular/structural variants; (2) high-density transcriptomics data to study gene expression patterns; (3) global and targeted proteome profiling to study protein structure and interaction; (4) metabolomic profiling to quantify organ-level, small-density metabolites, and their composition; and (5) high-resolution, high-throughput, image-based phenomics approaches are surveyed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balwinder Kaur
- Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3200 E. Palm Beach Rd., Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA;
| | - Karansher S. Sandhu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
| | - Roop Kamal
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany; (R.K.); or (M.S.R.)
| | - Kawalpreet Kaur
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Marion S. Röder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany; (R.K.); or (M.S.R.)
| | - Quddoos H. Muqaddasi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany; (R.K.); or (M.S.R.)
- Correspondence: or
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17
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Yuan H, Jin C, Pei H, Zhao L, Li X, Li J, Huang W, Fan R, Liu W, Shen QH. The Powdery Mildew Effector CSEP0027 Interacts With Barley Catalase to Regulate Host Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733237. [PMID: 34567043 PMCID: PMC8458882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most important fungal pathogen diseases. The genome of barley mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), encodes a large number of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). So far, the function and mechanism of most CSEPs remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a Bgh effector CSEP0027, a member of family 41, triggering cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. CSEP0027 contains a functional signal peptide (SP), verified by yeast secretion assay. We show that CSEP0027 promotes Bgh virulence in barley infection using transient gene expression and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Barley catalase HvCAT1 is identified as a CSEP0027 interactor by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and the interaction is verified in yeast, in vitro and in vivo. The coexpression of CSEP0027 and HvCAT1 in barley cells results in altered localization of HvCAT1 from the peroxisome to the nucleus. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-silencing and transiently-induced gene silencing (TIGS) assays reveal that HvCAT1 is required for barley immunity against Bgh. We propose that CSEP0027 interacts with barley HvCAT1 to regulate the host immunity and likely reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis to promote fungal virulence during barley infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Hongcui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Renchun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Cai W, Liu C, Hu J, Shen L, Huang X, Guan D, He S. CaWRKY28 Cys249 is Required for Interaction with CaWRKY40 in the Regulation of Pepper Immunity to Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:733-745. [PMID: 33555219 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0361-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors have been implicated in plant response to pathogens but how WRKY-mediated networks are organized and operate to produce appropriate transcriptional outputs remains largely unclear. Here, we identify a member of the WRKY family from pepper (Capsicum annuum), CaWRKY28, that physically interacts with CaWRKY40, a positive regulator of pepper immunity and thermotolerance. We confirmed CaWRKY28-CaWRKY40 interaction by coimmunoprecipitation, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and microscale thermophoresis. Our findings supported the idea that CaWRKY28 is a nuclear protein that acts as positive regulator in pepper responses to infection by the pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. It performs its function not by directly modulating the W-box containing immunity-related genes but by promoting CaWRKY40 via physical interaction to bind and activate its immunity-related target genes, including CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1, and CaABR1, but not its thermotolerance-related target gene, CaHSP24. All of these data indicate that CaWRKY28 interacts with and potentiates CaWRKY40 in regulating immunity against R. solanacearum infection but not thermotolerance. Importantly, we discovered that CaWRKY28 Cys249, shared by CaWRKY28 and its orthologs probably only in the family Solanaceae, is crucial for the CaWRKY28-CaWRKY40 interaction. These results highlight how CaWRKY28 associates with CaWRKY40 during the establishment of WRKY networks, and how CaWRKY40 achieves its functional specificity during pepper responses to R. solanacearum infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yangwen Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Cailing Liu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiong Hu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Xueying Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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19
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Manser B, Koller T, Praz CR, Roulin AC, Zbinden H, Arora S, Steuernagel B, Wulff BBH, Keller B, Sánchez-Martín J. Identification of specificity-defining amino acids of the wheat immune receptor Pm2 and powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:993-1007. [PMID: 33629439 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) act as intracellular sensors for pathogen-derived effector proteins and trigger an immune response, frequently resulting in the hypersensitive cell death response (HR) of the infected host cell. The wheat (Triticum aestivum) NLR Pm2 confers resistance against the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) if the isolate contains the specific RNase-like effector AvrPm2. We identified and isolated seven new Pm2 alleles (Pm2e-i) in the wheat D-genome ancestor Aegilops tauschii and two new natural AvrPm2 haplotypes from Bgt. Upon transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we observed a variant-specific HR of the Pm2 variants Pm2a and Pm2i towards AvrPm2 or its homolog from the AvrPm2 effector family, BgtE-5843, respectively. Through the introduction of naturally occurring non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms and structure-guided mutations, we identified single amino acids in both the wheat NLR Pm2 and the fungal effector proteins AvrPm2 and BgtE-5843 responsible for the variant-specific HR of the Pm2 variants. Exchanging these amino acids led to a modified HR of the Pm2-AvrPm2 interaction and allowed the identification of the effector head epitope, a 20-amino-acid long unit of AvrPm2 involved in the HR. Swapping of the AvrPm2 head epitope to the non-HR-triggering AvrPm2 family member BgtE-5846 led to gain of a HR by Pm2a. Our study presents a molecular approach to identify crucial effector surface structures involved in the HR and demonstrates that natural and induced diversity in an immune receptor and its corresponding effectors can provide the basis for understanding and modifying NLR-effector specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Koller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Coraline Rosalie Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Anne C Roulin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Sanu Arora
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
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20
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Li X, Liu Y, He Q, Li S, Liu W, Lin C, Miao W. A Candidate Secreted Effector Protein of Rubber Tree Powdery Mildew Fungus Contributes to Infection by Regulating Plant ABA Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:591387. [PMID: 33324370 PMCID: PMC7721678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew infects a wide range of crops and economic plants, causing substantial losses. Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the primary source of natural rubber, and powdery mildew infection causes significant losses to natural rubber yields. How the causal agent, Erysiphe quercicola, establishes successful infection in rubber trees is largely unknown. Previously, 133 candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) were identified in powdery mildew fungus. In this study, we characterize a CSEP named EqCSEP01276 for its function in suppressing host plant defense responses. We show that EqCSEP01276 is a secreted protein and is able to disturb the localization of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5 (HbNCED5), a key enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in plant cell chloroplasts of H. brasiliensis. We also show that this effector inhibits ABA biosynthesis, and that in H. brasiliensis ABA is a positive regulator of the plant immune response against powdery mildew. Our study reveals a strategy by which powdery mildew fungus manipulates plant ABA-mediated defense for a successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qiguang He
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Sipeng Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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21
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Schaefer LK, Parlange F, Buchmann G, Jung E, Wehrli A, Herren G, Müller MC, Stehlin J, Schmid R, Wicker T, Keller B, Bourras S. Cross-Kingdom RNAi of Pathogen Effectors Leads to Quantitative Adult Plant Resistance in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:253. [PMID: 32211008 PMCID: PMC7076181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process allowing plants to transfer small regulatory RNAs to invading pathogens to trigger the silencing of target virulence genes. Transient assays in cereal powdery mildews suggest that silencing of one or two effectors could lead to near loss of virulence, but evidence from stable RNAi lines is lacking. We established transient host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) in wheat, and demonstrate that targeting an essential housekeeping gene in the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) results in significant reduction of virulence at an early stage of infection. We generated stable transgenic RNAi wheat lines encoding a HIGS construct simultaneously silencing three B.g. tritici effectors including SvrPm3 a1/f1 , a virulence factor involved in the suppression of the Pm3 powdery mildew resistance gene. We show that all targeted effectors are effectively downregulated by HIGS, resulting in reduced fungal virulence on adult wheat plants. Our findings demonstrate that stable HIGS of effector genes can lead to quantitative gain of resistance without major pleiotropic effects in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis Parlange
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Buchmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esther Jung
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wehrli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Claudia Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Stehlin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Schmid
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Division of Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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de Lamo FJ, Takken FLW. Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum Using Endophyte-Mediated Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:37. [PMID: 32117376 PMCID: PMC7015898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and the root-colonizing fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental for the host. Fo is infamous for its ability to cause wilt, root-, and foot-rot in many plant species, including many agronomically important crops. However, Fo also has another face; as a root endophyte, it can reduce disease caused by vascular pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae and pathogenic Fo strains. Fo also confers protection to root pathogens like Pythium ultimum, but typically not to pathogens attacking above-ground tissues such as Botrytis cinerea or Phytophthora capsici. Endophytes confer biocontrol either directly by interacting with pathogens via mycoparasitism, antibiosis, or by competition for nutrients or root niches, or indirectly by inducing resistance mechanisms in the host. Fo endophytes such as Fo47 and CS-20 differ from Fo pathogens in their effector gene content, host colonization mechanism, location in the plant, and induced host-responses. Whereas endophytic strains trigger localized cell death in the root cortex, and transiently induce immune signaling and papilla formation, these responses are largely suppressed by pathogenic Fo strains. The ability of pathogenic strains to compromise immune signaling and cell death is likely attributable to their host-specific effector repertoire. The lower number of effector genes in endophytes as compared to pathogens provides a means to distinguish them from each other. Co-inoculation of a biocontrol-conferring Fo and a pathogenic Fo strain on tomato reduces disease, and although the pathogen still colonizes the xylem vessels this has surprisingly little effect on the xylem sap proteome composition. In this tripartite interaction the accumulation of just two PR proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, was affected. The Fo-induced resistance response in tomato appears to be distinct from induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), as the phytohormones jasmonate, ethylene, and salicylic acid are not required. In this review, we summarize our molecular understanding of Fo-induced resistance in a model and identify caveats in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Sharma G, Aminedi R, Saxena D, Gupta A, Banerjee P, Jain D, Chandran D. Effector mining from the Erysiphe pisi haustorial transcriptome identifies novel candidates involved in pea powdery mildew pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1506-1522. [PMID: 31603276 PMCID: PMC6804345 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pea powdery mildew (PM) is an important fungal disease caused by an obligate biotroph, Erysiphe pisi (Ep), which significantly impacts pea production worldwide. The phytopathogen secretes a plethora of effectors, primarily through specialized infection structures termed haustoria, to establish a dynamic relationship with its host. To identify Ep effector candidates, a cDNA library of enriched haustoria from Ep-infected pea leaves was sequenced. The Ep transcriptome encodes 622 Ep candidate secreted proteins (CSPs), of which 167 were predicted to be candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Ep CSEPs are highly diverse, but, unlike cereal PM CSEPs, exhibit extensive sequence similarity with effectors from other PMs. Quantitative real-time PCR of a subset of EpCSEP/CSPs revealed that the majority are preferentially expressed in haustoria and exhibit infection stage-specific expression patterns. The functional roles of EpCSEP001, EpCSEP009 and EpCSP083 were probed by host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) via a double-stranded (ds) RNA-mediated RNAi approach. Foliar application of individual EpCSEP/CSP dsRNAs resulted in a marked reduction in PM disease symptoms. These findings were consistent with microscopic and molecular studies, suggesting that these Ep CSEP/CSPs play important roles in pea PM pathogenesis. Homology modelling revealed that EpCSEP001 and EpCSEP009 are analogous to fungal ribonucleases and belong to the RALPH family of effectors. This is the first study to identify and functionally validate candidate effectors from the agriculturally relevant pea PM, and highlights the utility of transcriptomics and HIGS to elucidate the key proteins associated with Ep pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Laboratory of Plant–Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Raghavendra Aminedi
- Laboratory of Plant–Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Divya Saxena
- Laboratory of Plant–Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
- School of Computational and Integrative SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Arunima Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant–Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Priyajit Banerjee
- Transcription Regulation Lab, Regional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial TechnologyBhubaneswarOrissaIndia
| | - Deepti Jain
- Transcription Regulation Lab, Regional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
| | - Divya Chandran
- Laboratory of Plant–Microbe InteractionsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyNCR Biotech Science ClusterFaridabadHaryanaIndia
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24
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Rampitsch C, Huang M, Djuric-Cignaovic S, Wang X, Fernando U. Temporal Quantitative Changes in the Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Leaf Apoplastic Proteome During Infection by Wheat Leaf Rust ( Puccinia triticina). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1291. [PMID: 31708941 PMCID: PMC6819374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust caused by the pathogenic fungus, Puccinia triticina, is a serious threat to bread wheat and durum production in many areas of the world. This plant-pathogen interaction has been studied extensively at the molecular genetics level however, proteomics data are still relatively scarce. The present study investigated temporal changes in the abundance of the apoplastic fluid proteome of resistant and susceptible wheat leaves infected with P. triticina race-1, using a label-free LC-MS-based approach. In general, there was very little difference between inoculated and control apoplastic proteomes in either host, until haustoria had become well established in the susceptible host, although the resistant host responds to pathogen challenge sooner. In the earlier samplings (up to 72 h after inoculation) there were just 46 host proteins with significantly changing abundance, and pathogen proteins were detected only rarely and not reproducibly. This is consistent with the biotrophic lifestyle of P. triticina, where the invading pathogen initially causes little tissue damage or host cell death, which occur only later during the infection cycle. The majority of the host proteins with altered abundance up to 72 h post-inoculation were pathogen-response-related, including peroxidases, chitinases, β-1-3-endo-glucanases, and other PR proteins. Five days after inoculation with the susceptible apoplasm it was possible to detect 150 P. triticina proteins and 117 host proteins which had significantly increased in abundance as well as 33 host proteins which had significantly decreased in abundance. The latter represents potential targets of pathogen effectors and included enzymes which could damage the invader. The pathogen-expressed proteins-seen most abundantly in the incompatible interaction-were mostly uncharacterized proteins however, many of their functions could be inferred through homology-matching with pBLAST. Pathogen proteins also included several candidate effector proteins, some novel, and some which have been reported previously. All MS data have been deposited in the PRIDE archive (www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/) under Project PXD012586.
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25
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The Parauncinula polyspora Draft Genome Provides Insights into Patterns of Gene Erosion and Genome Expansion in Powdery Mildew Fungi. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01692-19. [PMID: 31551331 PMCID: PMC6759760 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01692-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi are widespread and agronomically relevant phytopathogens causing major yield losses. Their genomes have disproportionately large numbers of mobile genetic elements, and they have experienced a significant loss of highly conserved fungal genes. In order to learn more about the evolutionary history of this fungal group, we explored the genome of an Asian oak tree pathogen, Parauncinula polyspora, a species that diverged early during evolution from the remaining powdery mildew fungi. We found that the P. polyspora draft genome is comparatively compact, has a low number of protein-coding genes, and, despite the absence of a dedicated genome defense system, lacks the massive proliferation of repetitive sequences. Based on these findings, we infer an evolutionary trajectory that shaped the genomes of powdery mildew fungi. Due to their comparatively small genome size and short generation time, fungi are exquisite model systems to study eukaryotic genome evolution. Powdery mildew fungi present an exceptional case because of their strict host dependency (termed obligate biotrophy) and the atypical size of their genomes (>100 Mb). This size expansion is largely due to the pervasiveness of transposable elements on 70% of the genome and is associated with the loss of multiple conserved ascomycete genes required for a free-living lifestyle. To date, little is known about the mechanisms that drove these changes, and information on ancestral powdery mildew genomes is lacking. We report genome analysis of the early-diverged and exclusively sexually reproducing powdery mildew fungus Parauncinula polyspora, which we performed on the basis of a natural leaf epiphytic metapopulation sample. In contrast to other sequenced species of this taxonomic group, the assembled P. polyspora draft genome is surprisingly small (<30 Mb), has a higher content of conserved ascomycete genes, and is sparsely equipped with transposons (<10%), despite the conserved absence of a common defense mechanism involved in constraining repetitive elements. We speculate that transposable element spread might have been limited by this pathogen’s unique reproduction strategy and host features and further hypothesize that the loss of conserved ascomycete genes may promote the evolutionary isolation and host niche specialization of powdery mildew fungi. Limitations associated with this evolutionary trajectory might have been in part counteracted by the evolution of plastic, transposon-rich genomes and/or the expansion of gene families encoding secreted virulence proteins.
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26
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Zhang Y, Xu K, Yu D, Liu Z, Peng C, Li X, Zhang J, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Tian P, Guo T, Li C. The Highly Conserved Barley Powdery Mildew Effector BEC1019 Confers Susceptibility to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184376. [PMID: 31489906 PMCID: PMC6770355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens play important roles in promoting colonization. Blumeria effector candidate (BEC) 1019, a highly conserved metalloprotease of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), is essential for fungal haustorium formation, and silencing BEC1019 significantly reduces Bgh virulence. In this study, we found that BEC1019 homologs in B. graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) have complete sequence identity with those in Bgh, prompting us to investigate their functions. Transcript levels of BEC1019 were abundantly induced concomitant with haustorium formation in Bgt and necrosis development in Ggt-infected plants. BEC1019 overexpression considerably increased wheat susceptibility to Bgt and Ggt, whereas silencing this gene using host-induced gene silencing significantly enhanced wheat resistance to Bgt and Ggt, which was associated with hydrogen peroxide accumulation, cell death, and pathogenesis-related gene expression. Additionally, we found that the full and partial sequences of BEC1019 can trigger cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These results indicate that Bgt and Ggt can utilize BEC1019 as a virulence effector to promote plant colonization, and thus these genes represent promising new targets in breeding wheat cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Deshui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Chunfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Yinghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Pan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
| | - Tiancai Guo
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Grain Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou 466001, China.
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27
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Smigielski L, Aguilar GB, Kwaaitaal M, Zhang WJ, Thordal-Christensen H. The isoelectric point of proteins influences their translocation to the extrahaustorial matrix of the barley powdery mildew fungus. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13091. [PMID: 31364254 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many biotrophic fungal plant pathogens develop feeding structures, haustoria, inside living plant cells, which are essential for their success. Extrahaustorial membranes (EHMs) surround haustoria and delimit the extrahaustorial matrices (EHMxs). Little is known about transport mechanisms across EHMs and what properties proteins and nutrients need in order to cross these membranes. To investigate this further, we expressed fluorescent proteins in the cytosol of infected barley leaf epidermal cells after particle bombardment and investigated properties that influenced their localisation in the powdery mildew EHMx. We showed that this translocation is favoured by a neutral isoelectric point (pI) between 6.0 and 8.4. However, for proteins larger than 50 kDa, pI alone does not explain their localisation, hinting towards a more complex interplay between pI, size, and sequence properties. We discuss the possibility that an EHM translocon is involved in protein uptake into the EHMx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Smigielski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Geziel B Aguilar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Polonio Á, Pineda M, Bautista R, Martínez-Cruz J, Pérez-Bueno ML, Barón M, Pérez-García A. RNA-seq analysis and fluorescence imaging of melon powdery mildew disease reveal an orchestrated reprogramming of host physiology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7978. [PMID: 31138852 PMCID: PMC6538759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cucurbit powdery mildew elicited by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important limiting factors in cucurbit production. Our knowledge of the genetic and molecular bases underlying the physiological processes governing this disease is very limited. We used RNA-sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes in leaves of Cucumis melo upon inoculation with P. xanthii, using RNA samples obtained at different time points during the early stages of infection and their corresponding uninfected controls. In parallel, melon plants were phenotypically characterized using imaging techniques. We found a high number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infected plants, which allowed for the identification of many plant processes that were dysregulated by the infection. Among those, genes involved in photosynthesis and related processes were found to be upregulated, whereas genes involved in secondary metabolism pathways, such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were downregulated. These changes in gene expression could be functionally validated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and blue-green fluorescence imaging analyses, which corroborated the alterations in photosynthetic activity and the suppression of phenolic compound biosynthesis. The powdery mildew disease in melon is a consequence of a complex and multifaceted process that involves the dysregulation of many plant pathways such as primary and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mónica Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Edificio de Bioinnovación, Severo Ochoa 34, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Bourras S, Kunz L, Xue M, Praz CR, Müller MC, Kälin C, Schläfli M, Ackermann P, Flückiger S, Parlange F, Menardo F, Schaefer LK, Ben-David R, Roffler S, Oberhaensli S, Widrig V, Lindner S, Isaksson J, Wicker T, Yu D, Keller B. The AvrPm3-Pm3 effector-NLR interactions control both race-specific resistance and host-specificity of cereal mildews on wheat. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2292. [PMID: 31123263 PMCID: PMC6533294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The wheat Pm3 resistance gene against the powdery mildew pathogen occurs as an allelic series encoding functionally different immune receptors which induce resistance upon recognition of isolate-specific avirulence (AVR) effectors from the pathogen. Here, we describe the identification of five effector proteins from the mildew pathogens of wheat, rye, and the wild grass Dactylis glomerata, specifically recognized by the PM3B, PM3C and PM3D receptors. Together with the earlier identified AVRPM3A2/F2, the recognized AVRs of PM3B/C, (AVRPM3B2/C2), and PM3D (AVRPM3D3) belong to a large group of proteins with low sequence homology but predicted structural similarities. AvrPm3b2/c2 and AvrPm3d3 are conserved in all tested isolates of wheat and rye mildew, and non-host infection assays demonstrate that Pm3b, Pm3c, and Pm3d are also restricting the growth of rye mildew on wheat. Furthermore, divergent AVR homologues from non-adapted rye and Dactylis mildews are recognized by PM3B, PM3C, or PM3D, demonstrating their involvement in host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Bourras
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Division of Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Minfeng Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China, Wuhan, 430064, China
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Coraline Rosalie Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Claudia Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Kälin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schläfli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Ackermann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Flückiger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Parlange
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roi Ben-David
- Institute of Plant Science, ARO-Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Stefan Roffler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Oberhaensli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Widrig
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Lindner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Isaksson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dazhao Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China, Wuhan, 430064, China.
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
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The fungal ribonuclease-like effector protein CSEP0064/BEC1054 represses plant immunity and interferes with degradation of host ribosomal RNA. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007620. [PMID: 30856238 PMCID: PMC6464244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis causes the powdery mildew disease of cereals and grasses. We present the first crystal structure of a B. graminis effector of pathogenicity (CSEP0064/BEC1054), demonstrating it has a ribonuclease (RNase)-like fold. This effector is part of a group of RNase-like proteins (termed RALPHs) which comprise the largest set of secreted effector candidates within the B. graminis genomes. Their exceptional abundance suggests they play crucial functions during pathogenesis. We show that transgenic expression of RALPH CSEP0064/BEC1054 increases susceptibility to infection in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. CSEP0064/BEC1054 interacts in planta with the pathogenesis-related protein PR10. The effector protein associates with total RNA and weakly with DNA. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levels modulate susceptibility to aniline-induced host RNA fragmentation. In planta expression of CSEP0064/BEC1054 reduces the formation of this RNA fragment. We propose CSEP0064/BEC1054 is a pseudoenzyme that binds to host ribosomes, thereby inhibiting the action of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that would otherwise lead to host cell death, an unviable interaction and demise of the fungus. Powdery mildews are common plant diseases which affect important crop plants including cereals such as wheat and barley. The fungi that cause this disease are obligate biotrophs: they have an absolute requirement for living host cells which they penetrate with feeding structures called haustoria. These fungi must be highly effective at avoiding immune recognition which would lead to death of the host cell and the pathogen. We assume they do this by delivering effector proteins to the host. While several hundred secreted effectors have been described in cereal powdery mildews, it is unknown how they work. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the structure and interactions of the effector CSEP0064/BEC1054, representative of the largest class of effectors resembling fungal RNases. We find that this effector binds nucleic acids. Expression of the effector in plants increases susceptibility to infection. Moreover, transgenic CSEP0064/BEC1054 expression in wheat inhibits the degradation of host ribosomal RNA induced by ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). We propose a novel mechanism of action for the RNase-like effectors in powdery mildews: they may act as pseudoenzymes to inhibit the host RIPs, known components of plant immune responses that lead to host cell death.
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Müller MC, Praz CR, Sotiropoulos AG, Menardo F, Kunz L, Schudel S, Oberhänsli S, Poretti M, Wehrli A, Bourras S, Keller B, Wicker T. A chromosome-scale genome assembly reveals a highly dynamic effector repertoire of wheat powdery mildew. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2176-2189. [PMID: 30388298 PMCID: PMC6587952 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (B.g. tritici) is the causal agent of the wheat powdery mildew disease. The highly fragmented B.g. tritici genome available so far has prevented a systematic analysis of effector genes that are known to be involved in host adaptation. To study the diversity and evolution of effector genes we produced a chromosome-scale assembly of the B.g. tritici genome. The genome assembly and annotation was achieved by combining long-read sequencing with high-density genetic mapping, bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprinting and transcriptomics. We found that the 166.6 Mb B.g. tritici genome encodes 844 candidate effector genes, over 40% more than previously reported. Candidate effector genes have characteristic local genomic organization such as gene clustering and enrichment for recombination-active regions and certain transposable element families. A large group of 412 candidate effector genes shows high plasticity in terms of copy number variation in a global set of 36 isolates and of transcription levels. Our data suggest that copy number variation and transcriptional flexibility are the main drivers for adaptation in B.g. tritici. The high repeat content may play a role in providing a genomic environment that allows rapid evolution of effector genes with selection as the driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion C. Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Coraline R. Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Alexandros G. Sotiropoulos
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Lukas Kunz
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Seraina Schudel
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Simone Oberhänsli
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Manuel Poretti
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wehrli
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZollikerstrasse 107ZurichCH‐8008Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Liang Y, Dong Y, Yang X, Qiu D. Verticillium dahliae PevD1, an Alt a 1-like protein, targets cotton PR5-like protein and promotes fungal infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:613-626. [PMID: 30295911 PMCID: PMC6322577 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alt a 1 family proteins (AA1s) have only been observed in the Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes classes of fungi, and their biological functions have remained poorly understood. Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen that causes plant wilt disease, secretes hundreds of proteins during the process of pathogenic infection, including the AA1 member PevD1. In this study, we found that the pevd1 transcript was present in all of the hosts studied (cotton, Arabidopsis, tomato, and tobacco) and showed elevated expression throughout the infection process. Furthermore, pevd1 knockout mutants displayed attenuated pathogenicity compared with the wild-type (WT) strain and complemented strains in hosts. A partner protein of PevD1, pathogenesis-related protein 5 (PR5)-like protein GhPR5, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants by co-purification assays, and the PevD1-GhPR5 interaction was determined to be localized in the C-terminus (PevD1b, amino acids residues 113-155) by pull-down and yeast two-hybrid techniques. Re-introduction of the pevd1b gene into a pevd1 knockout mutant resulted in restoration of the virulence phenotype to WT levels. In addition, PevD1b, which is similar to PevD1, decreased the antifungal activity of GhPR5 in vitro. Our findings reveal an infection strategy in which V. dahliae secretes PevD1 to inhibit GhPR5 antifungal activity in order to overcome the host defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Dong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
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Lambertucci S, Orman KM, Das Gupta S, Fisher JP, Gazal S, Williamson RJ, Cramer R, Bindschedler LV. Analysis of Barley Leaf Epidermis and Extrahaustorial Proteomes During Powdery Mildew Infection Reveals That the PR5 Thaumatin-Like Protein TLP5 Is Required for Susceptibility Towards Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1138. [PMID: 31736984 PMCID: PMC6831746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildews are biotrophic pathogens causing fungal diseases in many economically important crops, including cereals, which are affected by Blumeria graminis. Powdery mildews only invade the epidermal cell layer of leaf tissues, in which they form haustorial structures. Haustoria are at the center of the biotrophic interaction by taking up nutrients from the host and by delivering effectors in the invaded cells to jeopardize plant immunity. Haustoria are composed of a fungal core delimited by a haustorial plasma membrane and cell wall. Surrounding these is the extrahaustorial complex, of which the extrahaustorial membrane is of plant origin. Although haustoria transcriptomes and proteomes have been investigated for Blumeria, the proteomes of barley epidermis upon infection and the barley components of the extrahaustorial complex remains unexplored. When comparing proteomes of infected and non-infected epidermis, several classical pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were more abundant in infected epidermis. These included peroxidases, chitinases, cysteine-rich venom secreted proteins/PR1 and two thaumatin-like PR5 protein isoforms, of which TLP5 was previously shown to interact with the Blumeria effector BEC1054 (CSEP0064). Against expectations, transient TLP5 gene silencing suggested that TLP5 does not contribute to resistance but modulates susceptibility towards B. graminis. In a second proteomics comparison, haustorial structures were enriched from infected epidermal strips to identify plant proteins closely associated with the extrahaustorial complex. In these haustoria-enriched samples, relative abundances were higher for several V-type ATP synthase/ATPase subunits, suggesting the generation of proton gradients in the extrahaustorial space. Other haustoria-associated proteins included secreted or membrane proteins such as a PIP2 aquaporin, an early nodulin-like protein 9, an aspartate protease and other proteases, a lipase, and a lipid transfer protein, all of which are potential modulators of immunity, or the targets of pathogen effectors. Moreover, the ER BIP-like HSP70, may link ER stress responses and the idea of ER-like properties previously attributed to the extrahaustorial membrane. This initial investigation exploring the barley proteomes of Blumeria-infected tissues and haustoria, associated with a transient gene silencing approach, is invaluable to gain first insight of key players of resistance and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lambertucci
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Mary Orman
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoli Das Gupta
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - James Paul Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Snehi Gazal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rainer Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Véronique Bindschedler
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Laurence Véronique Bindschedler,
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Bourras S, Praz CR, Spanu PD, Keller B. Cereal powdery mildew effectors: a complex toolbox for an obligate pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Martínez-Cruz J, Romero D, De Vicente A, Pérez-García A. Transformation by growth onto agro-infiltrated tissues (TGAT), a simple and efficient alternative for transient transformation of the cucurbit powdery mildew pathogen Podosphaera xanthii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2502-2515. [PMID: 30073764 PMCID: PMC6638186 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major limitation of molecular studies in powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphales) is their genetic intractability. This is because they are obligate biotrophs. In these parasites, biotrophy is determined by the presence of haustoria, which are specialized structures of parasitism that play an essential role in the acquisition of nutrients and the deliverance of effectors. Podosphaera xanthii is the main causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew and a major limitation for crop productivity. In a previous study using P. xanthii conidia, we showed, for the first time, the transformation of powdery mildew fungi by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In this work, we hypothesized that the haustorium could also act as a natural route for the acquisition of DNA. To test our hypothesis, melon cotyledons were agro-infiltrated with A. tumefaciens that contained diverse transfer DNA (T-DNA) constructs harbouring different marker genes under the control of fungal promoters and, after elimination of the bacterium, the cotyledons were subsequently inoculated with P. xanthii conidia. Our results conclusively demonstrated the transfer of different T-DNAs from A. tumefaciens to P. xanthii, including two fungicide resistance markers (hph and tub2), a reporter gene (gfp) and a translational fusion (cfp-PxEC2). These results were further supported by the co-localization of translational fluorescent fusions of A. tumefaciens VirD2 and P. xanthii Rab5 proteins into small vesicles of haustorial and hyphal cells, suggesting endocytosis as the mechanism for T-DNA uptake, presumably by the haustorium. From our perspective, transformation by growth onto agro-infiltrated tissues (TGAT) is the easiest and most reliable method for the transient transformation of powdery mildew fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Antonio De Vicente
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, 29071, Spain
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Martínez-Cruz J, Romero D, de la Torre FN, Fernández-Ortuño D, Torés JA, de Vicente A, Pérez-García A. The Functional Characterization of Podosphaera xanthii Candidate Effector Genes Reveals Novel Target Functions for Fungal Pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:914-931. [PMID: 29513627 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0318-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Podosphaera xanthii is the main causal agent of powdery mildew disease in cucurbits. In a previous study, we determined that P. xanthii expresses approximately 50 Podosphaera effector candidates (PECs), identified based on the presence of a predicted signal peptide and the absence of functional annotation. In this work, we used host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), employing Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector for the delivery of the silencing constructs (ATM-HIGS), to identify genes involved in early plant-pathogen interaction. The analysis of seven selected PEC-encoding genes showed that six of them, PEC007, PEC009, PEC019, PEC032, PEC034, and PEC054, are required for P. xanthii pathogenesis, as revealed by reduced fungal growth and increased production of hydrogen peroxide by host cells. In addition, protein models and protein-ligand predictions allowed us to identify putative functions for these candidates. The biochemical activities of PEC019, PEC032, and PEC054 were elucidated using their corresponding proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. These proteins were confirmed as phospholipid-binding protein, α-mannosidase, and cellulose-binding protein. Further, BLAST searches showed that these three effectors are widely distributed in phytopathogenic fungi. These results suggest novel targets for fungal effectors, such as host-cell plasma membrane, host-cell glycosylation, and damage-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga and Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga and Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando N de la Torre
- 2 Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; and
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- 3 Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A Torés
- 3 Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga and Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga and Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"-Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Hu Y, Liang Y, Zhang M, Tan F, Zhong S, Li X, Gong G, Chang X, Shang J, Tang S, Li T, Luo P. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici during compatible and incompatible interactions with sister wheat lines carrying and lacking Pm40. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198891. [PMID: 29975700 PMCID: PMC6033381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes wheat powdery mildew, which is a devastating disease in wheat. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of this fungus, and differences in the pathogenesis of the same pathogen at various resistance levels in hosts have not been determined. In the present study, leaf tissues of both Pm40-expressing hexaploid wheat line L658 and its Pm40-deficient sister line L958 were harvested at 0 (without inoculation), 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with Bgt race 15 and then subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In addition, we also observed changes in fungal growth morphology at the aforementioned time points. There was a high correlation between percentage of reads mapped to the Bgt reference genome and biomass of the fungus within the leaf tissue during the growth process. The percentage of mapped reads of Bgt in compatible interactions was significantly higher (at the p<0.05 level) than that of reads in incompatible interactions from 24 to 72 hpi. Further functional annotations indicated that expression levels of genes encoding H+-transporting ATPase, putative secreted effector proteins (PSEPs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were significantly up-regulated in compatible interactions compared with these levels in incompatible interactions, particularly at 72 hpi. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that genes involved in the endocytosis pathway were also enriched in compatible interactions. Overall, genes encoding H+-transporting ATPase, PSEPs and HSPs possibly played crucial roles in successfully establishing the pathogenesis of compatible interactions during late stages of inoculation. The study results also indicated that endocytosis is likely to play a potential role in Bgt in establishing compatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinping Liang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengfu Zhong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengwen Tang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Nottensteiner M, Zechmann B, McCollum C, Hückelhoven R. A barley powdery mildew fungus non-autonomous retrotransposon encodes a peptide that supports penetration success on barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3745-3758. [PMID: 29757394 PMCID: PMC6022598 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens overcome plant immunity by means of secreted effectors. Host effector targets often act in pathogen defense, but might also support fungal accommodation or nutrition. The barley ROP GTPase HvRACB is involved in accommodation of fungal haustoria of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh) in barley epidermal cells. We found that HvRACB interacts with the ROP-interactive peptide 1 (ROPIP1) that is encoded on the active non-long terminal repeat retroelement Eg-R1 of Bgh. Overexpression of ROPIP1 in barley epidermal cells and host-induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (HIGS) of ROPIP1 suggested that ROPIP1 is involved in virulence of Bgh. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-localization supported that ROPIP1 can interact with activated HvRACB in planta. We show that ROPIP1 is expressed by Bgh on barley and translocated into the cytoplasm of infected barley cells. ROPIP1 is recruited to microtubules upon co-expression of MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED ROP GTPase ACTIVATING PROTEIN (HvMAGAP1) and can destabilize cortical microtubules. The data suggest that Bgh ROPIP targets HvRACB and manipulates host cell microtubule organization for facilitated host cell entry. This points to a possible neo-functionalization of retroelement-derived transcripts for the evolution of a pathogen virulence effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Nottensteiner
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Sabelleck B, Panstruga R. Novel jack-in-the-box effector of the barley powdery mildew pathogen? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3511-3514. [PMID: 29947808 PMCID: PMC6022647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Nottensteiner M, Zechmann B, McCollum C, Hückelhoven R. 2018. A barley powdery mildew fungus non-autonomous retrotransposon encodes a peptide that supports penetration success on barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 69, 3745–3758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Sabelleck
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg, Aachen, Germany
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40
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Botero D, Alvarado C, Bernal A, Danies G, Restrepo S. Network Analyses in Plant Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29441045 PMCID: PMC5797656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in the age of big data in Biology, studying the connections between the biological processes and the molecular mechanisms behind them is a challenging task. Systems biology arose as a transversal discipline between biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics to facilitate the elucidation of such connections. A scenario, where the application of systems biology constitutes a very powerful tool, is the study of interactions between hosts and pathogens using network approaches. Interactions between pathogenic bacteria and their hosts, both in agricultural and human health contexts are of great interest to researchers worldwide. Large amounts of data have been generated in the last few years within this area of research. However, studies have been relatively limited to simple interactions. This has left great amounts of data that remain to be utilized. Here, we review the main techniques in network analysis and their complementary experimental assays used to investigate bacterial-plant interactions. Other host-pathogen interactions are presented in those cases where few or no examples of plant pathogens exist. Furthermore, we present key results that have been obtained with these techniques and how these can help in the design of new strategies to control bacterial pathogens. The review comprises metabolic simulation, protein-protein interactions, regulatory control of gene expression, host-pathogen modeling, and genome evolution in bacteria. The aim of this review is to offer scientists working on plant-pathogen interactions basic concepts around network biology, as well as an array of techniques that will be useful for a better and more complete interpretation of their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Botero
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology (LAMFU), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Biología Computacional y Ecología Microbiana, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo Alvarado
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology (LAMFU), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Bernal
- Laboratory of Molecular Interactions of Agricultural Microbes, LIMMA, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanna Danies
- Department of Design, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology (LAMFU), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Praz CR, Menardo F, Robinson MD, Müller MC, Wicker T, Bourras S, Keller B. Non-parent of Origin Expression of Numerous Effector Genes Indicates a Role of Gene Regulation in Host Adaption of the Hybrid Triticale Powdery Mildew Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:49. [PMID: 29441081 PMCID: PMC5797619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is an important disease of cereals. It is caused by one species, Blumeria graminis, which is divided into formae speciales each of which is highly specialized to one host. Recently, a new form capable of growing on triticale (B.g. triticale) has emerged through hybridization between wheat and rye mildews (B.g. tritici and B.g. secalis, respectively). In this work, we used RNA sequencing to study the molecular basis of host adaptation in B.g. triticale. We analyzed gene expression in three B.g. tritici isolates, two B.g. secalis isolates and two B.g. triticale isolates and identified a core set of putative effector genes that are highly expressed in all formae speciales. We also found that the genes differentially expressed between isolates of the same form as well as between different formae speciales were enriched in putative effectors. Their coding genes belong to several families including some which contain known members of mildew avirulence (Avr) and suppressor (Svr) genes. Based on these findings we propose that effectors play an important role in host adaptation that is mechanistically based on Avr-Resistance gene-Svr interactions. We also found that gene expression in the B.g. triticale hybrid is mostly conserved with the parent-of-origin, but some genes inherited from B.g. tritici showed a B.g. secalis-like expression. Finally, we identified 11 unambiguous cases of putative effector genes with hybrid-specific, non-parent of origin gene expression, and we propose that they are possible determinants of host specialization in triticale mildew. These data suggest that altered expression of multiple effector genes, in particular Avr and Svr related factors, might play a role in mildew host adaptation based on hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline R. Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D. Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marion C. Müller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Salim Bourras
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Beat Keller
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42
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Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P, Kissoudis C, Voulgari G, Chronopoulou E, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE. Plant glutathione transferase-mediated stress tolerance: functions and biotechnological applications. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:791-805. [PMID: 28391528 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione transferases (EC 2.5.1.18, GSTs) are an ancient, multimember and diverse enzyme class. Plant GSTs have diverse roles in plant development, endogenous metabolism, stress tolerance, and xenobiotic detoxification. Their study embodies both fundamental aspects and agricultural interest, because of their ability to confer tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and to detoxify herbicides. Here we review the biotechnological applications of GSTs towards developing plants that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. We integrate recent discoveries, highlight, and critically discuss the underlying biochemical and molecular pathways involved. We elaborate that the functions of GSTs in abiotic and biotic stress adaptation are potentially a result of both catalytic and non-catalytic functions. These include conjugation of reactive electrophile species with glutathione and the modulation of cellular redox status, biosynthesis, binding, and transport of secondary metabolites and hormones. Their major universal functions under stress underline the potential in developing climate-resilient cultivars through a combination of molecular and conventional breeding programs. We propose that future GST engineering efforts through rational and combinatorial approaches, would lead to the design of improved isoenzymes with purpose-designed catalytic activities and novel functional properties. Concurrent GST-GSH metabolic engineering can incrementally increase the effectiveness of GST biotechnological deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Kissoudis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Voulgari
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsaftaris
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
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43
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Spanu PD. Cereal immunity against powdery mildews targets RNase-Like Proteins associated with Haustoria (RALPH) effectors evolved from a common ancestral gene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:969-971. [PMID: 28079937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro D Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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44
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Praz CR, Bourras S, Zeng F, Sánchez‐Martín J, Menardo F, Xue M, Yang L, Roffler S, Böni R, Herren G, McNally KE, Ben‐David R, Parlange F, Oberhaensli S, Flückiger S, Schäfer LK, Wicker T, Yu D, Keller B. AvrPm2 encodes an RNase-like avirulence effector which is conserved in the two different specialized forms of wheat and rye powdery mildew fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1301-1314. [PMID: 27935041 PMCID: PMC5347869 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a large diversity of genetically defined resistance genes in bread wheat against the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis (B. g.) f. sp. tritici. Many confer race-specific resistance to this pathogen, but until now only the mildew avirulence gene AvrPm3a2/f2 that is recognized by Pm3a/f was known molecularly. We performed map-based cloning and genome-wide association studies to isolate a candidate for the mildew avirulence gene AvrPm2. We then used transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana to demonstrate specific and strong recognition of AvrPm2 by Pm2. The virulent AvrPm2 allele arose from a conserved 12 kb deletion, while there is no protein sequence diversity in the gene pool of avirulent B. g. tritici isolates. We found one polymorphic AvrPm2 allele in B. g. triticale and one orthologue in B. g. secalis and both are recognized by Pm2. AvrPm2 belongs to a small gene family encoding structurally conserved RNase-like effectors, including Avra13 from B. g. hordei, the cognate Avr of the barley resistance gene Mla13. These results demonstrate the conservation of functional avirulence genes in two cereal powdery mildews specialized on different hosts, thus providing a possible explanation for successful introgression of resistance genes from rye or other grass relatives to wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline R. Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Fansong Zeng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan430064China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central ChinaWuhan430064China
- College of Life ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | | | - Fabrizio Menardo
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Minfeng Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan430064China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central ChinaWuhan430064China
- College of Life ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan430064China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central ChinaWuhan430064China
- College of Life ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Stefan Roffler
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Rainer Böni
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Gerard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Kaitlin E. McNally
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Roi Ben‐David
- Institute of Plant ScienceARO‐Volcani CenterBet Dagan50250Israel
| | - Francis Parlange
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Simone Oberhaensli
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Simon Flückiger
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Luisa K. Schäfer
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Dazhao Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil ScienceHubei Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhan430064China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central ChinaWuhan430064China
- College of Life ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
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45
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Bindschedler LV, Panstruga R, Spanu PD. Mildew-Omics: How Global Analyses Aid the Understanding of Life and Evolution of Powdery Mildews. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:123. [PMID: 26913042 PMCID: PMC4753294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The common powdery mildew plant diseases are caused by ascomycete fungi of the order Erysiphales. Their characteristic life style as obligate biotrophs renders functional analyses in these species challenging, mainly because of experimental constraints to genetic manipulation. Global large-scale ("-omics") approaches are thus particularly valuable and insightful for the characterisation of the life and evolution of powdery mildews. Here we review the knowledge obtained so far from genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies in these fungi. We consider current limitations and challenges regarding these surveys and provide an outlook on desired future investigations on the basis of the various -omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralph Panstruga,
| | - Pietro D. Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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46
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Rajaraman J, Douchkov D, Hensel G, Stefanato FL, Gordon A, Ereful N, Caldararu OF, Petrescu AJ, Kumlehn J, Boyd LA, Schweizer P. An LRR/Malectin Receptor-Like Kinase Mediates Resistance to Non-adapted and Adapted Powdery Mildew Fungi in Barley and Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1836. [PMID: 28018377 PMCID: PMC5156707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) belonging to the multigene family of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are the sensing devices of plants for microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns released from microbial organisms. Here we describe Rnr8 (for Required for non-host resistance 8) encoding HvLEMK1, a LRR-malectin domain-containing transmembrane RLK that mediates non-host resistance of barley to the non-adapted wheat powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici. Transgenic barley lines with silenced HvLEMK1 allow entry and colony growth of the non-adapted pathogen, although sporulation was reduced and final colony size did not reach that of the adapted barley powdery mildew fungus B. graminis f.sp. hordei. Transient expression of the barley or wheat LEMK1 genes enhanced resistance in wheat to the adapted wheat powdery mildew fungus while expression of the same genes did not protect barley from attack by the barley powdery mildew fungus. The results suggest that HvLEMK1 is a factor mediating non-host resistance in barley and quantitative host resistance in wheat to the wheat powdery mildew fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | | | - Anna Gordon
- National Institute of Agricultural BotanyCambridge, UK
| | - Nelzo Ereful
- National Institute of Agricultural BotanyCambridge, UK
| | - Octav F. Caldararu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian AcademyBucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei-Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian AcademyBucharest, Romania
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Schweizer
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
- *Correspondence: Patrick Schweizer,
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