1
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Fan X, Moreno-Garcia D, Ding J, Gylfason KB, Villanueva LG, Niklaus F. Resonant Transducers Consisting of Graphene Ribbons with Attached Proof Masses for NEMS Sensors. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:102-109. [PMID: 38229663 PMCID: PMC10788872 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The unique mechanical and electrical properties of graphene make it an exciting material for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). NEMS resonators with graphene springs facilitate studies of graphene's fundamental material characteristics and thus enable innovative device concepts for applications such as sensors. Here, we demonstrate resonant transducers with ribbon-springs made of double-layer graphene and proof masses made of silicon and study their nonlinear mechanics at resonance both in air and in vacuum by laser Doppler vibrometry. Surprisingly, we observe spring-stiffening and spring-softening at resonance, depending on the graphene spring designs. The measured quality factors of the resonators in a vacuum are between 150 and 350. These results pave the way for a class of ultraminiaturized nanomechanical sensors such as accelerometers by contributing to the understanding of the dynamics of transducers based on graphene ribbons with an attached proof mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuge Fan
- Advanced
Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Moreno-Garcia
- Advanced
NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jie Ding
- School
of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kristinn B. Gylfason
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Niklaus
- Division
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Chen DR, Hu IF, Chin HT, Yao YC, Raman R, Hofmann M, Liang CT, Hsieh YP. Ultrahigh-quality graphene resonators by liquid-based strain-engineering. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 9:156-161. [PMID: 37947058 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) material-based nanoelectromechanical (NEM) resonators are expected to be enabling components in hybrid qubits that couple mechanical and electromagnetic degrees of freedom. However, challenges in their sensitivity and coherence time have to be overcome to realize such mechanohybrid quantum systems. We here demonstrate the potential of strain engineering to realize 2D material-based resonators with unprecedented performance. A liquid-based tension process was shown to enhance the resonance frequency and quality factor of graphene resonators six-fold. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization reveals a surface-energy enhanced wall interaction as the origin of this effect. The response of our tensioned resonators is not limited by external loss factors and exhibits near-ideal internal losses, yielding superior resonance frequencies and quality factors to all previously reported 2D material devices. Our approach represents a powerful method of enhancing 2D NEM resonators for future quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Rui Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Hu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ting Chin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Yao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Radha Raman
- Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Mario Hofmann
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Te Liang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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3
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Peng M, Cheng J, Zheng X, Ma J, Feng Z, Sun X. 2D-materials-integrated optoelectromechanics: recent progress and future perspectives. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 86:026402. [PMID: 36167057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials has gained worldwide attention owing to their extraordinary optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Due to their atomic layer thicknesses, the emerging 2D materials have great advantages of enhanced interaction strength, broad operating bandwidth, and ultralow power consumption for optoelectromechanical coupling. The van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy or multidimensional integration of 2D material family provides a promising platform for on-chip advanced nano-optoelectromechanical systems (NOEMS). Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the nanomechanical properties of 2D materials and the recent advances of 2D-materials-integrated nano-electromechanical systems and nano-optomechanical systems. By utilizing active nanophotonics and optoelectronics as the interface, 2D active NOEMS and their coupling effects are particularly highlighted at the 2D atomic scale. Finally, we share our viewpoints on the future perspectives and key challenges of scalable 2D-materials-integrated active NOEMS for on-chip miniaturized, lightweight, and multifunctional integration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiadong Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhe Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ziyao Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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4
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Bagheri S, Abourahma J, Lu H, Vorobeva NS, Luo S, Gruverman A, Sinitskii A. High-yield fabrication of electromechanical devices based on suspended Ti 3C 2T x MXene monolayers. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1248-1259. [PMID: 36541680 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05493k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
MXenes, two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, are known for their exceptional electronic and mechanical properties. Yet, the experimental efforts toward the realization of MXene-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) combining electrical and mechanical functionalities of MXenes at the nanoscale remain very limited. Here, we demonstrate a high-yield fabrication of the electromechanical devices based on individual suspended monolayer MXene flakes. We employed Ti3C2Tx, the most popular MXene material to date, that can be produced as high-quality micrometer-scale monolayer flakes with a high electrical conductivity of over 10 000 S cm-1 and a high effective Young's modulus of about 330 GPa. These Ti3C2Tx flakes can be transferred over prefabricated trenches in a Si/Si3N4 substrate at a high yield, potentially enabling fabrication of hundreds of electromechanical devices based on suspended MXene monolayers. We demonstrate very clean, uniform, and well-stretched membranes with different dimensions, with Ti3C2Tx flakes suspended over trenches with gaps ranging from 200 nm to 2 μm. The resulting Ti3C2Tx monolayer membranes were electrostatically actuated, while their vertical displacement was monitored using a tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The devices reliably responded to the electrostatic actuation in ambient conditions over multiple cycles and with different measurement parameters, such as AC frequency, AC voltage amplitude, and AFM tip loading force. The demonstration of the high-yield fabrication of working electromechanical devices based on suspended Ti3C2Tx MXene membranes at the ultimate monolayer limit paves the way for the future exploration of the potential of MXenes for NEMS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Jehad Abourahma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Haidong Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Nataliia S Vorobeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Shengyuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Alexei Gruverman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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5
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Ying Y, Zhang ZZ, Moser J, Su ZJ, Song XX, Guo GP. Sliding nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6392. [PMID: 36302768 PMCID: PMC9613885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of a vibrating object is determined by the way it is held. This simple observation has long inspired string instrument makers to create new sounds by devising elegant string clamping mechanisms, whereby the distance between the clamping points is modulated as the string vibrates. At the nanoscale, the simplest way to emulate this principle would be to controllably make nanoresonators slide across their clamping points, which would effectively modulate their vibrating length. Here, we report measurements of flexural vibrations in nanomechanical resonators that reveal such a sliding motion. Surprisingly, the resonant frequency of vibrations draws a loop as a tuning gate voltage is cycled. This behavior indicates that sliding is accompanied by a delayed frequency response of the resonators, making their dynamics richer than that of resonators with fixed clamping points. Our work elucidates the dynamics of nanomechanical resonators with unconventional boundary conditions, and offers opportunities for studying friction at the nanoscale from resonant frequency measurements. The motion of a vibrating object is set by the way it is held. Here, the authors show a nanomechanical resonator reversibly slides on its supporting substrate as it vibrates and exploit this unconventional dynamics to quantify friction at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhuo-Zhi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Joel Moser
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
| | - Zi-Jia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,Origin Quantum Computing Company Limited, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China.
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6
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Xu B, Zhang P, Zhu J, Liu Z, Eichler A, Zheng XQ, Lee J, Dash A, More S, Wu S, Wang Y, Jia H, Naik A, Bachtold A, Yang R, Feng PXL, Wang Z. Nanomechanical Resonators: Toward Atomic Scale. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15545-15585. [PMID: 36054880 PMCID: PMC9620412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quest for realizing and manipulating ever smaller man-made movable structures and dynamical machines has spurred tremendous endeavors, led to important discoveries, and inspired researchers to venture to previously unexplored grounds. Scientific feats and technological milestones of miniaturization of mechanical structures have been widely accomplished by advances in machining and sculpturing ever shrinking features out of bulk materials such as silicon. With the flourishing multidisciplinary field of low-dimensional nanomaterials, including one-dimensional (1D) nanowires/nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers such as graphene/phosphorene, growing interests and sustained effort have been devoted to creating mechanical devices toward the ultimate limit of miniaturization─genuinely down to the molecular or even atomic scale. These ultrasmall movable structures, particularly nanomechanical resonators that exploit the vibratory motion in these 1D and 2D nano-to-atomic-scale structures, offer exceptional device-level attributes, such as ultralow mass, ultrawide frequency tuning range, broad dynamic range, and ultralow power consumption, thus holding strong promises for both fundamental studies and engineering applications. In this Review, we offer a comprehensive overview and summary of this vibrant field, present the state-of-the-art devices and evaluate their specifications and performance, outline important achievements, and postulate future directions for studying these miniscule yet intriguing molecular-scale machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Jiankai Zhu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | | | - Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- College
of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas79968, United States
| | - Aneesh Dash
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Swapnil More
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Song Wu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Hao Jia
- Shanghai
Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
| | - Akshay Naik
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona08860, Spain
| | - Rui Yang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of
Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Philip X.-L. Feng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
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7
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Aguila MAC, Esmenda JC, Wang JY, Chen YC, Lee TH, Yang CY, Lin KH, Chang-Liao KS, Kafanov S, Pashkin YA, Chen CD. Photothermal Responsivity of van der Waals Material-Based Nanomechanical Resonators. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2675. [PMID: 35957105 PMCID: PMC9370576 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators made from van der Waals materials (vdW NMRs) provide a new tool for sensing absorbed laser power. The photothermal response of vdW NMRs, quantified from the resonant frequency shifts induced by optical absorption, is enhanced when incorporated in a Fabry-Pérot (FP) interferometer. Along with the enhancement comes the dependence of the photothermal response on NMR displacement, which lacks investigation. Here, we address the knowledge gap by studying electromotively driven niobium diselenide drumheads fabricated on highly reflective substrates. We use a FP-mediated absorptive heating model to explain the measured variations of the photothermal response. The model predicts a higher magnitude and tuning range of photothermal responses on few-layer and monolayer NbSe2 drumheads, which outperform other clamped vdW drum-type NMRs at a laser wavelength of 532 nm. Further analysis of the model shows that both the magnitude and tuning range of NbSe2 drumheads scale with thickness, establishing a displacement-based framework for building bolometers using FP-mediated vdW NMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrron Albert Callera Aguila
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Joshoua Condicion Esmenda
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yang Wang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Teik-Hui Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Shu Chang-Liao
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Sergey Kafanov
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Yuri A. Pashkin
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Chii-Dong Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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8
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Xie M, Liu H, Wan S, Lu X, Hong D, Du Y, Yang W, Wei Z, Fang S, Tao CL, Xu D, Wang B, Lu S, Wu XJ, Xu W, Orrit M, Tian Y. Ultrasensitive detection of local acoustic vibrations at room temperature by plasmon-enhanced single-molecule fluorescence. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3330. [PMID: 35680880 PMCID: PMC9184529 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of local acoustic vibrations at the nanometer scale has promising potential applications involving miniaturized devices in many areas, such as geological exploration, military reconnaissance, and ultrasound imaging. However, sensitive detection of weak acoustic signals with high spatial resolution at room temperature has become a major challenge. Here, we report a nanometer-scale system for acoustic detection with a single molecule as a probe based on minute variations of its distance to the surface of a plasmonic gold nanorod. This system can extract the frequency and amplitude of acoustic vibrations with experimental and theoretical sensitivities of 10 pm Hz−1/2 and 10 fm Hz−1/2, respectively. This approach provides a strategy for the optical detection of acoustic waves based on molecular spectroscopy without electromagnetic interference. Moreover, such a small nano-acoustic detector with 40-nm size can be employed to monitor acoustic vibrations or read out the quantum states of nanomechanical devices. .Sensitive detection of weak acoustic signals at nanometer scale is challenging. Here, the authors present an acoustic detection system based on a single molecule as a probe, where frequency and amplitude of acoustic vibrations can be extracted from its minute variations in distance to the surface of a plasmonic gold nanorod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sushu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuxing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daocheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhihong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Susu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chen-Lei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Boyang Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Yuxi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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9
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Sangani LDV, Mandal S, Ghosh S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Deshmukh MM. Dynamics of Interfacial Bubble Controls Adhesion Mechanics in Van der Waals Heterostructure. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3612-3619. [PMID: 35389226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (vdWH) can result in novel functionality that crucially depends on interfacial structure and disorder. Bubbles at the vdWH interface can modify the interfacial structure. We probe the dynamics of a bubble at the interface of a graphene-hBN vdWH by using it as the drumhead of a NEMS device because nanomechanical devices are exquisite sensors. For drums with different interfacial bubbles, we measure the evolution of the resonant frequency and spatial mode shape as a function of electrostatic pulling. We show that the hysteretic detachment of layers of vdWH is triggered by the growth of large bubbles. The bubble growth takes place due to the concentration of stress resembling the initiation of fracture. The small bubbles at the heterostructure interface do not result in delamination as they are smaller than a critical fracture length. We provide insight into frictional dynamics and interfacial fracture of vdWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Varma Sangani
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Supriya Mandal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sanat Ghosh
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mandar M Deshmukh
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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10
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Zhang P, Jia Y, Xie M, Liu Z, Shen S, Wei J, Yang R. Strain-Modulated Dissipation in Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoelectromechanical Resonators. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2261-2270. [PMID: 35107966 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based on two-dimensional (2D) materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are interesting for highly sensitive mass, force, photon, or inertial transducers, as well as for fundamental research approaching the quantum limit, by leveraging the mechanical degree of freedom in these atomically thin materials. For these mechanical resonators, the quality factor (Q) is essential, yet the mechanism and tuning methods for energy dissipation in 2D NEMS resonators have not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrate that by tuning static strain and vibration-induced strain in suspended MoS2 using gate voltages, we can effectively tune the Q in 2D MoS2 NEMS resonators. We further show that for doubly clamped resonators, the Q increases with larger DC gate voltage, while fully clamped drumhead resonators show the opposite trend. Using DC gate voltages, we can tune the Q by ΔQ/Q = 448% for fully clamped resonators, and by ΔQ/Q = 369% for doubly clamped resonators. We develop the strain-modulated dissipation model for these 2D NEMS resonators, which is verified against our measurement data for 8 fully clamped resonators and 7 doubly clamped resonators. We find that static tensile strain decreases dissipation while vibration-induced strain increases dissipation, and the actual dependence of Q on DC gate voltage depends on the competition between these two effects, which is related to the device boundary condition. Such strain dependence of Q is useful for optimizing the resonance linewidth in 2D NEMS resonators toward low-power, ultrasensitive, and frequency-selective devices for sensing and signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yueyang Jia
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Maosong Xie
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sheng Shen
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianyong Wei
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rui Yang
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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A Review on Graphene-Based Nano-Electromechanical Resonators: Fabrication, Performance, and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020215. [PMID: 35208343 PMCID: PMC8880531 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of graphene and other two-dimensional materials overcomes the limitation in the characteristic size of silicon-based micro-resonators and paved the way in the realization of nano-mechanical resonators. In this paper, we review the progress to date of the research on the fabrication methods, resonant performance, and device applications of graphene-based nano-mechanical resonators, from theoretical simulation to experimental results, and summarize both the excitation and detection schemes of graphene resonators. In recent years, the applications of graphene resonators such as mass sensors, pressure sensors, and accelerometers gradually moved from theory to experiment, which are specially introduced in this review. To date, the resonance performance of graphene-based nano-mechanical resonators is widely studied by theoretical approaches, while the corresponding experiments are still in the preliminary stage. However, with the continuous progress of the device fabrication and detection technique, and with the improvement of the theoretical model, suspended graphene membranes will widen the potential for ultralow-loss and high-sensitivity mechanical resonators in the near future.
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12
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Ferrari PF, Kim S, van der Zande AM. Dissipation from Interlayer Friction in Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8058-8065. [PMID: 34559536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of two-dimensional (2D) materials is the ultralow friction at their van der Waals interfaces. A key question in a new generation of 2D heterostructure-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is how the low friction interfaces will affect the dynamic performance. Here, we apply the exquisite sensitivity of graphene nanoelectromechanical drumhead resonators to compare the dissipation from monolayer, Bernal-stacked bilayer, and twisted bilayer graphene membranes. We find a significant difference in the average quality factors of three resonator types: 53 for monolayer, 40 for twisted and 31 for Bernal-stacked membranes. We model this difference as a combination of change in stiffness and additional dissipation from interlayer friction during motion. We find even the lowest frictions measured on sliding 2D interfaces are sufficient to alter dissipation in 2D NEMS. This model provides a generalized approach to quantify dissipation in NEMS based on 2D heterostructures which incorporate interlayer slip and friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Ferrari
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - SunPhil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Kim S, Bunyan J, Ferrari PF, Kanj A, Vakakis AF, van der Zande AM, Tawfick S. Buckling-Mediated Phase Transitions in Nano-Electromechanical Phononic Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6416-6424. [PMID: 34320324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waveguides for mechanical signal transmission in the megahertz to gigahertz regimes enable on-chip phononic circuitry, which brings new capabilities complementing photonics and electronics. Lattices of coupled nano-electromechanical drumhead resonators are suitable for these waveguides due to their high Q-factor and precisely engineered band structure. Here, we show that thermally induced elastic buckling of such resonators causes a phase transition in the waveguide leading to reversible control of signal transmission. Specifically, when cooled, the lowest-frequency transmission band associated with the primary acoustic mode vanishes. Experiments show the merging of the lower and upper band gaps, such that signals remain localized at the excitation boundary. Numerical simulations show that the temperature-induced destruction of the pass band is a result of inhomogeneous elastic buckling, which disturbs the waveguide's periodicity and suppresses the wave propagation. Mechanical phase transitions in waveguides open opportunities for drastic phononic band reconfiguration in on-chip circuitry and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunPhil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan Bunyan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paolo F Ferrari
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ali Kanj
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander F Vakakis
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sameh Tawfick
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Zou Q, Shen Y, Ou-Yang J, Zhang Y, Jin C. Polarization-insensitive graphene photodetectors enhanced by a broadband metamaterial absorber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:24255-24263. [PMID: 34614674 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, combined with plasmonic nanostructures, shows great promise for achieving desirable photodetection properties and functionalities. Here, we theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated a graphene photodetector based on the metamaterial absorber in the visible and near-infrared wavebands. The experimental results show that the metamaterial-based graphene photodetector (MGPD) has achieved up to 3751% of photocurrent enhancement relative to an antennasless graphene device at zero external bias. Furthermore, the polarization-independent of photoresponse has resulted from the polarization-insensitive absorption of symmetric square-ring antennas. Moreover, the spectral-dependent photocurrent enhancement, originated from the enhanced light-trapping effect, was experimentally confirmed and understood by the simulated electric field profiles. The design contributes to the development of high-performance graphene photodetectors and optoelectronic devices.
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15
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Ye F, Islam A, Zhang T, Feng PXL. Ultrawide Frequency Tuning of Atomic Layer van der Waals Heterostructure Electromechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5508-5515. [PMID: 34143641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental demonstration of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure nanoelectromechanical resonators with ultrawide frequency tuning. With direct electrostatic gate tuning, these vdW resonators exhibit exceptional tunability, in general, Δf/f0 > 200%, for continuously tuning the same device and the same mode (e.g., from ∼23 to ∼107 MHz), up to Δf/f0 ≈ 370%, the largest fractional tuning range in such resonators to date. This remarkable electromechanical resonance tuning is investigated by two different analytical models and finite element simulations. Furthermore, we carefully perform clear control experiments and simulations to elucidate the difference in frequency tuning between the heterostructure and single-material resonators. At a given initial strain level, the tuning range depends on the two-dimensional (2D) Young's moduli of the constitutive crystals; devices built on materials with lower 2D moduli show wider tuning ranges. This study exemplifies that vdW heterostructure resonators can retain unconventionally broad, continuous tuning, which is promising for voltage-controlled, tunable nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Arnob Islam
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | | | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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16
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Esmenda JC, Aguila MAC, Wang J, Lee T, Yang C, Lin K, Chang‐Liao K, Katz N, Kafanov S, Pashkin YA, Chen C. Imaging Off-Resonance Nanomechanical Motion as Modal Superposition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2005041. [PMID: 34258159 PMCID: PMC8261521 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Observation of resonance modes is the most straightforward way of studying mechanical oscillations because these modes have maximum response to stimuli. However, a deeper understanding of mechanical motion can be obtained by also looking at modal responses at frequencies in between resonances. Here, an imaging of the modal responses for a nanomechanical drum driven off resonance is presented. By using the frequency modal analysis, these shapes are described as a superposition of resonance modes. It is found that the spatial distribution of the oscillating component of the driving force, which is affected by both the shape of the actuating electrode and inherent device properties such as asymmetry and initial slack, greatly influences the modal weight or participation. This modal superposition analysis elucidates the dynamics of any nanomechanical system through modal weights. This aids in optimizing mode-specific designs for force sensing and integration with other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshoua Condicion Esmenda
- National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia SinicaNational Taiwan University and National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Myrron Albert Callera Aguila
- National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia SinicaNational Taiwan University and National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Jyh‐Yang Wang
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Teik‐Hui Lee
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia SinicaNational Taiwan University and National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Kung‐Hsuan Lin
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Nadav Katz
- Racah Institute of PhysicsHebrew UniversityJerusalem91904Israel
| | - Sergey Kafanov
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancaster LA1 4YBUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuri A. Pashkin
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancaster LA1 4YBUnited Kingdom
| | - Chii‐Dong Chen
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
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17
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Yu J, Han E, Hossain MA, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ertekin E, Zande AM, Huang PY. Designing the Bending Stiffness of 2D Material Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007269. [PMID: 33491821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Edmund Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - M. Abir Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials Science 1‐1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0044 Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science 1‐1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐0044 Japan
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Arend M. Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Pinshane Y. Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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18
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Yildirim T, Zhang L, Neupane GP, Chen S, Zhang J, Yan H, Hasan MM, Yoshikawa G, Lu Y. Towards future physics and applications via two-dimensional material NEMS resonators. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22366-22385. [PMID: 33150899 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06773c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials (2Dm) offer a unique insight into the world of quantum mechanics including van der Waals (vdWs) interactions, exciton dynamics and various other nanoscale phenomena. 2Dm are a growing family consisting of graphene, hexagonal-Boron Nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), monochalcogenides (MNs), black phosphorus (BP), MXenes and 2D organic crystals such as small molecules (e.g., pentacene, C8 BTBT, perylene derivatives, etc.) and polymers (e.g., COF and MOF, etc.). They exhibit unique mechanical, electrical, optical and optoelectronic properties that are highly enhanced as the surface to volume ratio increases, resulting from the transition of bulk to the few- to mono- layer limit. Such unique attributes include the manifestation of highly tuneable bandgap semiconductors, reduced dielectric screening, highly enhanced many body interactions, the ability to withstand high strains, ferromagnetism, piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects. Using 2Dm for mechanical resonators has become a promising field in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) for applications involving sensors and condensed matter physics investigations. 2Dm NEMS resonators react with their environment, exhibit highly nonlinear behaviour from tension induced stiffening effects and couple different physics domains. The small size and high stiffness of these devices possess the potential of highly enhanced force sensitivities for measuring a wide variety of un-investigated physical forces. This review highlights current research in 2Dm NEMS resonators from fundamental physics and an applications standpoint, as well as presenting future possibilities using these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanju Yildirim
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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19
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Zhang X, Makles K, Colombier L, Metten D, Majjad H, Verlot P, Berciaud S. Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5526. [PMID: 33139724 PMCID: PMC7608634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials associate remarkable mechanical, electronic, optical and phononic properties. As such, 2D materials are promising for hybrid systems that couple their elementary excitations (excitons, phonons) to their macroscopic mechanical modes. These built-in systems may yield enhanced strain-mediated coupling compared to bulkier architectures, e.g., comprising a single quantum emitter coupled to a nano-mechanical resonator. Here, using micro-Raman spectroscopy on pristine monolayer graphene drums, we demonstrate that the macroscopic flexural vibrations of graphene induce dynamical optical phonon softening. This softening is an unambiguous fingerprint of dynamically-induced tensile strain that reaches values up to ≈4 × 10−4 under strong non-linear driving. Such non-linearly enhanced strain exceeds the values predicted for harmonic vibrations with the same root mean square (RMS) amplitude by more than one order of magnitude. Our work holds promise for dynamical strain engineering and dynamical strain-mediated control of light-matter interactions in 2D materials and related heterostructures. Here, the authors use Raman spectroscopy on circular graphene drums to demonstrate dynamical softening of optical phonons induced by the macroscopic flexural motion of graphene, and find evidence that the strain in graphene is enhanced under non-linear driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kevin Makles
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Léo Colombier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominik Metten
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hicham Majjad
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 05 75231, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Berciaud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 05 75231, Paris Cedex, France.
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20
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Hossain MA, Yu J, van der Zande AM. Realizing Optoelectronic Devices from Crumpled Two-Dimensional Material Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48910-48916. [PMID: 32975108 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high in-plane stiffness and low flexural rigidity, two-dimensional (2D) materials are excellent candidates for engineering three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures using crumpling. An important new direction is to integrate 2D materials into crumpled heterostructures, which can have much more complex device geometries. Here, we demonstrate phototransistors from crumpled 2D heterostructures formed from graphene contacts to a monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide (MoS2, WSe2) channel and quantify the membrane morphology and optoelectronic performance. First, we examined the morphology of folds in the heterostructure and constituent monolayers under uniaxial compression. The 2D membranes relieve the stress by delaminating from the substrate and creating nearly periodic folds whose spacing depends on the membrane type. The matched mechanical stiffness of the constituting layers allows the 2D heterostructure to maintain a conformal interface through large deformations. Next, we examined the optoelectronic performance of a biaxially crumpled graphene-WSe2 phototransistor. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy shows that the optical band gap of WSe2 shifts by less than 2 meV between flat and 15% biaxial crumpling, corresponding to a change in strain of less than 0.05%. The photoresponsivity scaled as P-0.38 and reached 20 A/W under an illumination power density of 4 μW/cm2 at 20 V bias, a performance comparable to flat photosensors. Using photocurrent microscopy, we observe that the photoresponsivity increases by only 20% after crumpling. Both the PL and photoresponse confirm that crumpling and delamination prevent the buildup of compressive strain leading to highly deformed materials and devices with similar performance to their flat analogs. These results set a foundation for crumpled all-2D heterostructure devices and circuitry for flexible and stretchable electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abir Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S Goodwin Avenue MC-230, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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21
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Kim YJ, Lee Y, Kim K, Kwon OH. Light-Induced Anisotropic Morphological Dynamics of Black Phosphorus Membranes Visualized by Dark-Field Ultrafast Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11383-11393. [PMID: 32790334 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is an elemental layered material with a strong in-plane anisotropic structure. This structure is accompanied by anisotropic optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Despite interest in BP from both fundamental and technical aspects, investigation into the structural dynamics of BP caused by strain fields, which are prevalent for two-dimensional (2D) materials and tune the material physical properties, has been overlooked. Here, we report the morphological dynamics of photoexcited BP membranes observed using time-resolved diffractograms and dark-field images obtained via ultrafast electron microscopy. Aided by 4D reconstruction, we visualize the nonequilibrium bulging of thin BP membranes and reveal that the buckling transition is driven by impulsive thermal stress upon photoexcitation in real time. The bulging, buckling, and flattening (on strain release) showed anisotropic spatiotemporal behavior. Our observations offer insights into the fleeting morphology of anisotropic 2D matter and provide a glimpse into the mapping of transient, modulated physical properties upon impulsive excitation, as well as strain engineering at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
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22
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Kim S, Annevelink E, Han E, Yu J, Huang PY, Ertekin E, van der Zande AM. Stochastic Stress Jumps Due to Soliton Dynamics in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1201-1207. [PMID: 31944113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The creation and movement of dislocations determine the nonlinear mechanics of materials. At the nanoscale, the number of dislocations in structures become countable, and even single defects impact material properties. While the impact of solitons on electronic properties is well studied, the impact of solitons on mechanics is less understood. In this study, we construct nanoelectromechanical drumhead resonators from Bernal stacked bilayer graphene and observe stochastic jumps in frequency. Similar frequency jumps occur in few-layer but not twisted bilayer or monolayer graphene. Using atomistic simulations, we show that the measured shifts are a result of changes in stress due to the creation and annihilation of individual solitons. We develop a simple model relating the magnitude of the stress induced by soliton dynamics across length scales, ranging from <0.01 N/m for the measured 5 μm diameter to ∼1.2 N/m for the 38.7 nm simulations. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of 2D resonators are sufficient to probe the nonlinear mechanics of single dislocations in an atomic membrane and provide a model to understand the interfacial mechanics of different kinds of van der Waals structures under stress, which is important to many emerging applications such as engineering quantum states through electromechanical manipulation and mechanical devices like highly tunable nanoelectromechanical systems, stretchable electronics, and origami nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunPhil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Emil Annevelink
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Edmund Han
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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