1
|
Sparkes E, Maloney CJ, Markham JW, Dane C, Boyd R, Gilchrist J, Moir M, Gordon R, Luo JL, Pike E, Walker KA, Kassiou M, McGregor IS, Kevin RC, Hibbs DE, Jorgensen WT, Banister SD, Cairns EA, Ametovski A. Structure-Activity Relationships, Deuteration, and Fluorination of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Related to AKB48, 5F-AKB-48, and AFUBIATA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2160-2181. [PMID: 38766866 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a growing class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) commonly derived from an N-alkylated indole, indazole, or 7-azaindole scaffold. Diversification of this core (at the 3-position) with amide-linked pendant amino acid groups and modular N-alkylation (of the indole/indazole/7-azaindole core) ensures that novel SCRAs continue to enter the illicit drug market rapidly. In response to the large number of SCRAs that have been detected, pharmacological evaluation of this NPS class has become increasingly common. Adamantane-derived SCRAs have consistently appeared throughout the market since 2011, and as such, a systematic set of these derivatives was synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. Deuterated and fluorinated adamantane derivatives were prepared to evaluate typical hydrogen bioisosteres, as well as evaluation of the newly detected AFUBIATA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sparkes
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Callan J Maloney
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jack W Markham
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chianna Dane
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jayson Gilchrist
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Rebecca Gordon
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Edward Pike
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Katelyn A Walker
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard C Kevin
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David E Hibbs
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William T Jorgensen
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Cairns
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adam Ametovski
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garrett TR, Gilchrist J, McKenzie ADJ, Larik FA, Danon JJ, Werry EL, Kassiou M. An Investigation on Linker Modifications of Cyanoguanidine-Based P2X7 Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400163. [PMID: 38782733 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite their acknowledged significance in the inflammatory signalling cascade across a range of disease states, P2X7R antagonists have not yet proven to be effective in clinical trials. In this study, we present findings on P2X7 receptor antagonists that are based on a core adamantyl-cyanoguanidine-quinoline lead. To investigate the specific features of the cyanoguanidine moiety that influence compound potency we carried out a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. Compound potency was assessed using an in vitro dye-uptake assay measuring P2X7R pore formation. While none of the compounds displayed superior potency to the lead, we established key structural requirements for potent P2X7R antagonism. An additional SAR using different aryl groups was performed based on the promising activity displayed by the squaramide derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Garrett
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jayson Gilchrist
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andre D J McKenzie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fayaz Ali Larik
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eryn L Werry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Mao T, Fang Y, Wang H, Yu J, Zhu Y, Shen S, Zhou M, Li H, Hu Q. Comprehensive insights into potential roles of purinergic P2 receptors on diseases: Signaling pathways involved and potential therapeutics. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00123-1. [PMID: 38565403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2 receptors, which can be divided into ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic P2Y receptors, mediate cellular signal transduction of purine or pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphate. Based on the wide expression of purinergic P2 receptors in tissues and organs, their significance in homeostatic maintenance, metabolism, nociceptive transmission, and other physiological processes is becoming increasingly evident, suggesting that targeting purinergic P2 receptors to regulate biological functions and signal transmission holds significant promise for disease treatment. AIM OF REVIEW This review highlights the detailed mechanisms by which purinergic P2 receptors engage in physiological and pathological progress, as well as providing prospective strategies for discovering clinical drug candidates. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purinergic P2 receptors regulate complex signaling and molecular mechanisms in nervous system, digestive system, immune system and as a result, controlling physical health states and disease progression. There has been a significant rise in research and development focused on purinergic P2 receptors, contributing to an increased number of drug candidates in clinical trials. A few influential pioneers have laid the foundation for advancements in the evaluation, development, and of novel purinergic P2 receptors modulators, including agonists, antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions and combination strategies, despite the different scaffolds of these drug candidates. These advancements hold great potential for improving therapeutic outcomes by specifically targeting purinergic P2 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tianqi Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yafei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiayue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shige Shen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengze Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alzghool OM, Aarnio R, Helin JS, Wahlroos S, Keller T, Matilainen M, Solis J, Danon JJ, Kassiou M, Snellman A, Solin O, Rinne JO, Haaparanta-Solin M. Glial reactivity in a mouse model of beta-amyloid deposition assessed by PET imaging of P2X7 receptor and TSPO using [ 11C]SMW139 and [ 18F]F-DPA. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:25. [PMID: 38446249 PMCID: PMC10917722 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2X7 receptor has emerged as a potentially superior PET imaging marker to TSPO, the gold standard for imaging glial reactivity. [11C]SMW139 is the most recently developed radiotracer to image P2X7 receptor. The aim of this study was to image reactive glia in the APP/PS1-21 transgenic (TG) mouse model of Aβ deposition longitudinally using [11C]SMW139 targeting P2X7 receptor and to compare tracer uptake to that of [18F]F-DPA targeting TSPO at the final imaging time point. TG and wild type (WT) mice underwent longitudinal in vivo PET imaging using [11C]SMW139 at 5, 8, 11, and 14 months, followed by [18F]F-DPA PET scan only at 14 months. In vivo imaging results were verified by ex vivo brain autoradiography, immunohistochemical staining, and analysis of [11C]SMW139 unmetabolized fraction in TG and WT mice. RESULTS Longitudinal change in [11C]SMW139 standardized uptake values (SUVs) showed no statistically significant increase in the neocortex and hippocampus of TG or WT mice, which was consistent with findings from ex vivo brain autoradiography. Significantly higher [18F]F-DPA SUVs were observed in brain regions of TG compared to WT mice. Quantified P2X7-positive staining in the cortex and thalamus of TG mice showed a minor increase in receptor expression with ageing, while TSPO-positive staining in the same regions showed a more robust increase in expression in TG mice as they aged. [11C]SMW139 was rapidly metabolized in mice, with 33% of unmetabolized fraction in plasma and 29% in brain homogenates 30 min after injection. CONCLUSIONS [11C]SMW139, which has a lower affinity for the rodent P2X7 receptor than the human version of the receptor, was unable to image the low expression of P2X7 receptor in the APP/PS1-21 mouse model. Additionally, the rapid metabolism of [11C]SMW139 in mice and the presence of several brain-penetrating radiometabolites significantly impacted the analysis of in vivo PET signal of the tracer. Finally, [18F]F-DPA targeting TSPO was more suitable for imaging reactive glia and neuroinflammatory processes in the APP/PS1-21 mouse model, based on the findings presented in this study and previous studies with this mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Obada M Alzghool
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Turku University Hospital, Turku PET Centre, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Richard Aarnio
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jatta S Helin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Wahlroos
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Matilainen
- Turku University Hospital, Turku PET Centre, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Junel Solis
- Turku BioImaging, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anniina Snellman
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku University Hospital, Turku PET Centre, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu Z, Luo Y, Zhu J, Jiang D, Luo Z, Wu L, Li J, Peng S, Hu J. Role of the P2 × 7 receptor in neurodegenerative diseases and its pharmacological properties. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:225. [PMID: 38093352 PMCID: PMC10720200 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases seriously affect patients' physical and mental health, reduce their quality of life, and impose a heavy burden on society. However, their treatment remains challenging. Therefore, exploring factors potentially related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and improving their diagnosis and treatment are urgently needed. Recent studies have shown that P2 × 7R plays a crucial role in regulating neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation. P2 × 7R is an adenosine 5'-triphosphate ligand-gated cation channel receptor present in most tissues of the human body. An increase in P2 × 7R levels can affect the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and the inhibition of P2 × 7R can alleviate neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we comprehensively describe the biological characteristics (structure, distribution, and function) of this gene, focusing on its potential association with neurodegenerative diseases, and we discuss the pharmacological effects of drugs (P2 × 7R inhibitors) used to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Hu
- Department of the second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yifan Luo
- Department of the second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jinxi Zhu
- Department of the second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Danling Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhenzhong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Emergency medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Emergency medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Jialing Hu
- Department of Emergency medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
From lead to clinic: A review of the structural design of P2X7R antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115234. [PMID: 36893624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
P2X7R, which is a member of the purinergic P2 receptor family, is widely expressed in many immune cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. P2X7R is upregulated in response to proinflammatory stimulation, which is closely related to a variety of inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of P2X7 receptors has resulted in the elimination or reduction of symptoms in animal models of arthritis, depression, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of P2X7R antagonists is of great significance for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. This review classifies the reported P2X7R antagonists according to their different cores, focuses on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds, and analyzes some common substituents and strategies in the design of lead compounds, with the hope of providing valuable information for the development of new and efficient P2X7R antagonists.
Collapse
|
7
|
Spotlight on P2X7 Receptor PET Imaging: A Bright Target or a Failing Star? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021374. [PMID: 36674884 PMCID: PMC9861945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The homotrimeric P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is expressed by virtually all cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological processes such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, neuropathic pain and cancer. Consequently, the P2X7R is considered a promising target for therapy and diagnosis. As the development of tracers comes hand-in-hand with the development of potent and selective receptor ligands, there is a rising number of PET tracers available in preclinical and clinical studies. This review analyzes the development of P2X7R positron emission tomography (PET) tracers and their potential in various PET imaging applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin T, Wang YE, Cui N, Li M, Wang R, Bai J, Fan Y, Xiong D, Xue F, Walsh PJ, Mao J. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 1,2,3-Benzotriazin-4(3 H)-ones with Aryl Bromides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16567-16577. [PMID: 36455282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-ones with aryl bromides to generate a diverse array of ortho-arylated benzamide derivatives has been developed. The reaction displayed good functional group tolerance with Zn as the reductant. The key to this transformation is the ring opening of benzotriazinones, which undergo a denitrogenative process to obtain various benzamide derivatives (29 examples, 42-93% yield). The scalability of this transformation was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhi Lin
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yan-En Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Ning Cui
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Miaohui Li
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Bai
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - YiRan Fan
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genetzakis E, Gilchrist J, Kassiou M, Figtree GA. Development and clinical translation of P2X7 receptor antagonists: A potential therapeutic target in coronary artery disease? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Therapeutic potentials and structure-activity relationship of 1,3-benzodioxole N-carbamothioyl carboxamide derivatives as selective and potent antagonists of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Synthesis and properties of 1-[(3-fluoroadamantan-1-yl)methyl]-3-R-ureas and 1,1′-(alkan-1,n-diyl)bis{3-[(3-fluoroadamantan-1-yl)methyl]ureas} as promising soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Mahmood A, Ali Shah SJ, Iqbal J. Design and synthesis of adamantane-1-carbonyl thiourea derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of h-P2X4 and h-P2X7 receptors: An Emerging therapeutic tool for treatment of inflammation and neurological disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
13
|
Chen Z, Haider A, Chen J, Xiao Z, Gobbi L, Honer M, Grether U, Arnold SE, Josephson L, Liang SH. The Repertoire of Small-Molecule PET Probes for Neuroinflammation Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities beyond TSPO. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17656-17689. [PMID: 34905377 PMCID: PMC9094091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and typically characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. As a noninvasive and translational molecular imaging tool, positron emission tomography (PET) could provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Ligands to translator protein (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, have been the most commonly studied in this context, but they suffer from serious limitations. Herein we present a repertoire of different structural chemotypes and novel PET ligand design for classical and emerging neuroinflammatory targets beyond TSPO. We believe that this Perspective will support multidisciplinary collaborations in academic and industrial institutions working on neuroinflammation and facilitate the progress of neuroinflammation PET probe development for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology and the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adamantane-Functionalized Phthalimide Scaffold: Pathways to Supramolecular Interactions and Drug Discovery. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis of a novel adamantanyl-functionalized phthalimide scaffold is demonstrated. The novel compound could be used as a precursor for various synthetic pathways owing to the generic use of adamantane substituents as the driving force for supramolecular interactions with macrocycles and N-substituted phthalimide derivatives as a core structure in numerous drugs. The adamantanyl-functionalized phthalimide scaffold contains bromide groups on the C4 and C5 positions of the benzene ring, effectively allowing further facile modifications of the scaffold. The structure was fully characterized including single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure shows an adamantane moiety at an angle of 115.57(7)° to the phthalimide core, hence sterically freeing the adamantane unit for host–guest interactions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zarrinmayeh H, Territo PR. Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications. Mol Imaging 2021; 19:1536012120927609. [PMID: 32539522 PMCID: PMC7297484 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120927609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain. Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Zarrinmayeh
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul R Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Richardson P. Applications of fluorine to the construction of bioisosteric elements for the purposes of novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1261-1286. [PMID: 34074189 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1933427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There continues to be an exponential rise in the number of small molecule drugs that contain either a fluorine atom or a fluorinated fragment. While the unique properties of fluorine enable the precise modulation of a molecule's physicochemical properties, strategic bioisosteric replacement of fragments with fluorinated moieties represents an area of significant growth.Areas covered This review discusses the strategic employment of fluorine substitution in the design and development of bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry. In addition, the classic exploitation of trifluoroethylamine group as an amide bioisostere is discussed. In each of the case studies presented, emphasis is placed on the context-dependent influence of the fluorinated fragment on the overall properties/binding of the compound of interest.Expert opinion Whereas utilization of bioisosteric replacements to modify molecular structures is commonplace within drug discovery, the overarching lesson to be learned is that the chances of success with this strategy significantly increase as the knowledge of the structure/environment of the biological target grows. Coupled to this, breakthroughs and learnings achieved using bioisosteres within a specific program are context-based, and though may be helpful in guiding future intuition, will not necessarily be directly translated to future programs. Another important point is to bear in mind what implications a structural change based on a bioisosteric replacement will have on the candidate molecule. Finally, the development of new methods and reagents for the controlled regioselective introduction of fluorine and fluorinated moieties into biologically relevant compounds particularly in drug discovery remains a contemporary challenge in organic chemistry.
Collapse
|
17
|
T Pournara D, Durner A, Kritsi E, Papakostas A, Zoumpoulakis P, Nicke A, Koufaki M. Design, Synthesis, and in vitro Evaluation of P2X7 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2530-2543. [PMID: 32964578 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a promising target for the treatment of various diseases due to its significant role in inflammation and immune cell signaling. This work describes the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a series of novel derivatives bearing diverse scaffolds as potent P2X7 antagonists. Our approach was based on structural modifications of reported (adamantan-1-yl)methylbenzamides able to inhibit the receptor activation. The adamantane moieties and the amide bond were replaced, and the replacements were evaluated by a ligand-based pharmacophore model. The antagonistic potency of the synthesized analogues was assessed by two-electrode voltage clamp experiments, using Xenopus laevis oocytes that express the human P2X7 receptor. SAR studies suggested that the replacement of the adamantane ring by an aryl-cyclohexyl moiety afforded the most potent antagonists against the activation of the P2X7 cation channel, with analogue 2-chloro-N-[1-(3-(nitrooxymethyl)phenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl]benzamide (56) exhibiting the best potency with an IC50 value of 0.39 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra T Pournara
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece) E-mail: mailto
| | - Anna Durner
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336, München, Germany
| | - Eftichia Kritsi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece) E-mail: mailto
| | - Alexios Papakostas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece) E-mail: mailto
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece) E-mail: mailto
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336, München, Germany
| | - Maria Koufaki
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece) E-mail: mailto
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beaino W, Janssen B, Kooijman E, Vos R, Schuit RC, O'Brien-Brown J, Kassiou M, van Het Hof B, Vugts DJ, de Vries HE, Windhorst AD. PET imaging of P2X 7R in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis using [ 11C]SMW139. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:300. [PMID: 33054803 PMCID: PMC7556947 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive imaging of the activation status of microglia and the ability to identify a pro- or anti-inflammatory environment can provide valuable insights not only into pathogenesis of neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases but also the monitoring of the efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies. P2X7R is highly expressed on pro-inflammatory microglia and [11C]SMW139, a specific P2X7R tracer for positron emission tomography imaging, showed good pharmacokinetics, stability, and brain permeability in vivo. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of [11C]SMW139 for PET imaging of neuroinflammation in vivo in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. METHODS We induced EAE in Lewis rats by immunization with MBP 69-88 in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). We determined the affinity of [11C]SMW139 to human and rat P2X7R using saturation binding assay. Using this tracer, PET imaging was performed at the peak of disease and in the recovery phase. In vivo blocking experiments were conducted to validate the specific brain uptake of the tracer. Immunohistochemistry staining and autoradiography were performed to evaluate the level of neuroinflammation and validate the specific binding of [11C]SMW139. RESULTS [11C]SMW139 showed good affinity for the rat P2X7R with a Kd of 20.6 ± 1.7 nM. The uptake of [11C]SMW139 was significantly higher in EAE animals at the peak of disease compared to the recovery phase but not in CFA control animals. The amplitude of increase of [11C]SMW139 uptake showed significant positive correlation with clinical scores mainly in the spinal cord (Pearson = 0.75, Spearman = 0.76; p < 0.0001). Treating EAE animals with P2X7R antagonist JNJ-47965567 blocked the uptake of [11C]SMW139 in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and brain stem, demonstrating specific accumulation of the tracer. P-glycoprotein blocking with tariquidar (30 mg/kg) did not affect tracer penetration in the brain showing that [11C]SMW139 is not a Pgp substrate. CONCLUSION Our data shows that [11C]SMW139 is a promising PET tracer for imaging neuroinflammation and evaluating the dynamics of pro-inflammatory microglia in the brain. This can provide crucial insights into the role of microglia in disease progression and enables the development of novel treatment strategies aimed at modulating the immune response in order to promote neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Esther Kooijman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Vos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bert van Het Hof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, AUMC MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, AUMC MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Calzaferri F, Ruiz-Ruiz C, de Diego AMG, de Pascual R, Méndez-López I, Cano-Abad MF, Maneu V, de Los Ríos C, Gandía L, García AG. The purinergic P2X7 receptor as a potential drug target to combat neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2427-2465. [PMID: 32677086 DOI: 10.1002/med.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a huge social burden, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which all proposed treatments investigated in murine models have failed during clinical trials (CTs). Thus, novel therapeutic strategies remain crucial. Neuroinflammation is a common pathogenic feature of NDDs. As purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are gatekeepers of inflammation, they could be developed as drug targets for NDDs. Herein, we review this challenging hypothesis and comment on the numerous studies that have investigated P2X7Rs, emphasizing their molecular structure and functions, as well as their role in inflammation. Then, we elaborate on research undertaken in the field of medicinal chemistry to determine potential P2X7R antagonists. Subsequently, we review the state of neuroinflammation and P2X7R expression in the brain, in animal models and patients suffering from AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and retinal degeneration. Next, we summarize the in vivo studies testing the hypothesis that by mitigating neuroinflammation, P2X7R blockers afford neuroprotection, increasing neuroplasticity and neuronal repair in animal models of NDDs. Finally, we reviewed previous and ongoing CTs investigating compounds directed toward targets associated with NDDs; we propose that CTs with P2X7R antagonists should be initiated. Despite the high expectations for putative P2X7Rs antagonists in various central nervous system diseases, the field is moving forward at a relatively slow pace, presumably due to the complexity of P2X7Rs. A better pharmacological approach to combat NDDs would be a dual strategy, combining P2X7R antagonism with drugs targeting a selective pathway in a given NDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calzaferri
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M G de Diego
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iago Méndez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María F Cano-Abad
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ivleva EA, Grinʼ IS, Uchaev IS, Klimochkin YN. Oxidation of Deactivated Cage Substrates in the System
H2SO4–HNO3. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
21
|
Gelin CF, Bhattacharya A, Letavic MA. P2X7 receptor antagonists for the treatment of systemic inflammatory disorders. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:63-99. [PMID: 32362329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 has continued to be a target of immense interest since it is implicated in several peripheral and central nervous system disorders that result from inflammation. This review primarily describes new P2X7 receptor antagonists that have been investigated and disclosed in patent applications or primary literature since 2015. While a crystal structure of the receptor to aid in the design of novel chemical structures remains elusive, many of the chemotypes that have been disclosed contain similarities, with an amide motif present in all series that have been explored to date. Several of the recent antagonists described are brain penetrant, and two compounds are currently in clinical trials for CNS indications. Additionally, brain penetrant PET ligands have been developed that aid in measuring target engagement and these ligands can potentially be used as biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Gelin
- Discovery Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Letavic
- Discovery Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Skarratt KK, Gu BJ, Lovelace MD, Milligan CJ, Stokes L, Glover R, Petrou S, Wiley JS, Fuller SJ. A P2RX7 single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype promotes exon 7 and 8 skipping and disrupts receptor function. FASEB J 2020; 34:3884-3901. [PMID: 32003498 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901198rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 is an ATP-gated membrane ion channel that is expressed by multiple cell types. Brief exposure to ATP induces the opening of a nonselective cation channel; while repeated or prolonged exposure induces formation of a transmembrane pore. This process may be partially regulated by alternative splicing of full-length P2RX7A pre-mRNA, producing isoforms that delete or retain functional domains. Here, we report cloning and expression of a novel P2RX7 splice variant, P2RX7L, that is, characterized by skipping of exons 7 and 8. In HEK 293 cells, expression of P2RX7L produces a protein isoform, P2X7L, that forms a heteromer with P2X7A. A haplotype defined by six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs208307, rs208306, rs36144485, rs208308, rs208309, and rs373655596) promotes allele-specific alternative splicing, increasing mRNA levels of P2RX7L and another isoform, P2RX7E, which in addition has a truncated C-terminus. Skipping of exons 7 and 8 is predicted to delete critical amino acids in the ATP-binding site. P2X7L-transfected HEK 293 cells have phagocytic but not channel, pore, or membrane-blebbing function, and double-transfected P2X7L and P2X7A cells have reduced pore function. Heteromeric receptor complexes of P2X7A and P2X7L are predicted to have reduced numbers of ATP-binding sites, which potentially alters receptor function compared to homomeric P2X7A complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Skarratt
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Gu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol J Milligan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Glover
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hagens MHJ, Golla SSV, Janssen B, Vugts DJ, Beaino W, Windhorst AD, O’Brien-Brown J, Kassiou M, Schuit RC, Schwarte LA, de Vries HE, Killestein J, Barkhof F, van Berckel BNM, Lammertsma AA. The P2X 7 receptor tracer [ 11C]SMW139 as an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis: a first-in man study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 47:379-389. [PMID: 31705174 PMCID: PMC6974509 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The novel PET tracer [11C]SMW139 binds with high affinity to the P2X7 receptor, which is expressed on pro-inflammatory microglia. The purposes of this first in-man study were to characterise pharmacokinetics of [11C]SMW139 in patients with active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and healthy controls (HC) and to evaluate its potential to identify in vivo neuroinflammation in RRMS. Methods Five RRMS patients and 5 age-matched HC underwent 90-min dynamic [11C]SMW139 PET scans, with online continuous and manual arterial sampling to generate a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. Tissue time activity curves were fitted to single- and two-tissue compartment models, and the model that provided the best fits was determined using the Akaike information criterion. Results The optimal model for describing [11C]SMW139 kinetics in both RRMS and HC was a reversible two-tissue compartment model with blood volume parameter and with the dissociation rate k4 fixed to the whole-brain value. Exploratory group level comparisons demonstrated an increased volume of distribution (VT) and binding potential (BPND) in RRMS compared with HC in normal appearing brain regions. BPND in MS lesions was decreased compared with non-lesional white matter, and a further decrease was observed in gadolinium-enhancing lesions. In contrast, increased VT was observed in enhancing lesions, possibly resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier in active MS lesions. In addition, there was a high correlation between parameters obtained from 60- to 90-min datasets, although analyses using 60-min data led to a slight underestimation in regional VT and BPND values. Conclusions This first in-man study demonstrated that uptake of [11C]SMW139 can be quantified with PET using BPND as a measure for specific binding in healthy controls and RRMS patients. Additional studies are warranted for further clinical evaluation of this novel neuroinflammation tracer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-019-04550-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marloes H. J. Hagens
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep S. V. Golla
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert C. Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar A. Schwarte
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga E. de Vries
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Bart N. M. van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Abstract
Cubane is a highly strained saturated hydrocarbon system that has historically been of interest in theoretical organic chemistry. More recently it has become a molecule of interest for biological applications due to its inherent stability and limited toxicity. Of greater significance is the ability to potentially functionalize cubane at each of its carbon atoms, providing complex biologically active molecules with unique spatial arrangements for probing active sites. These characteristics have led to an increased use of cubane in pharmaceutically relevant molecules. In this Perspective we describe synthetic methodology for accessing a range of functionalized cubanes and their applications in pharmaceuticals. We also provide some perspectives on challenges and future directions in the advancement of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Reekie
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Louis M Rendina
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Focken T, Chowdhury S, Zenova A, Grimwood ME, Chabot C, Sheng T, Hemeon I, Decker SM, Wilson M, Bichler P, Jia Q, Sun S, Young C, Lin S, Goodchild SJ, Shuart NG, Chang E, Xie Z, Li B, Khakh K, Bankar G, Waldbrook M, Kwan R, Nelkenbrecher K, Karimi Tari P, Chahal N, Sojo L, Robinette CL, White AD, Chen CA, Zhang Y, Pang J, Chang JH, Hackos DH, Johnson JP, Cohen CJ, Ortwine DF, Sutherlin DP, Dehnhardt CM, Safina BS. Design of Conformationally Constrained Acyl Sulfonamide Isosteres: Identification of N-([1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3-yl)methane-sulfonamides as Potent and Selective hNaV1.7 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pain. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4810-4831. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Focken
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Sultan Chowdhury
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Alla Zenova
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Michael E. Grimwood
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Christine Chabot
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tao Sheng
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Ivan Hemeon
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Shannon M. Decker
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Michael Wilson
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Paul Bichler
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Qi Jia
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Clint Young
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Sophia Lin
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Samuel J. Goodchild
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Noah G. Shuart
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Elaine Chang
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Bowen Li
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Kuldip Khakh
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Girish Bankar
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Matthew Waldbrook
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Rainbow Kwan
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Karen Nelkenbrecher
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Parisa Karimi Tari
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Navjot Chahal
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Luis Sojo
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - C. Lee Robinette
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Andrew D. White
- Chempartner, Building No. 5, 998 Halei Rd., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chien-An Chen
- Chempartner, Building No. 5, 998 Halei Rd., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Chempartner, Building No. 5, 998 Halei Rd., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jodie Pang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jae H. Chang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David H. Hackos
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - J. P. Johnson
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Charles J. Cohen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Daniel F. Ortwine
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel P. Sutherlin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Brian S. Safina
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Janssen B, Vugts DJ, Wilkinson SM, Ory D, Chalon S, Hoozemans JJM, Schuit RC, Beaino W, Kooijman EJM, van den Hoek J, Chishty M, Doméné A, Van der Perren A, Villa A, Maggi A, Molenaar GT, Funke U, Shevchenko RV, Baekelandt V, Bormans G, Lammertsma AA, Kassiou M, Windhorst AD. Identification of the allosteric P2X 7 receptor antagonist [ 11C]SMW139 as a PET tracer of microglial activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6580. [PMID: 29700413 PMCID: PMC5920098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor plays a significant role in microglial activation, and as a potential drug target, the P2X7 receptor is also an interesting target in positron emission tomography. The current study aimed at the development and evaluation of a potent tracer targeting the P2X7 receptor, to which end four adamantanyl benzamide analogues with high affinity for the human P2X7 receptor were labelled with carbon-11. All four analogues could be obtained in excellent radiochemical yield and high radiochemical purity and molar activity, and all analogues entered the rat brain. [11C]SMW139 showed the highest metabolic stability in rat plasma, and showed high binding to the hP2X7 receptor in vivo in a hP2X7 receptor overexpressing rat model. Although no significant difference in binding of [11C]SMW139 was observed between post mortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease patients and that of healthy controls in in vitro autoradiography experiments, [11C]SMW139 could be a promising tracer for P2X7 receptor imaging using positron emission tomography, due to high receptor binding in vivo in the hP2X7 receptor overexpressing rat model. However, further investigation of both P2X7 receptor expression and binding of [11C]SMW139 in other neurological diseases involving microglial activation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dieter Ory
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J M Kooijman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van den Hoek
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mansoor Chishty
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Doméné
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ger T Molenaar
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uta Funke
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wei L, Syed Mortadza SA, Yan J, Zhang L, Wang L, Yin Y, Li C, Chalon S, Emond P, Belzung C, Li D, Lu C, Roger S, Jiang LH. ATP-activated P2X7 receptor in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and as an emerging target for the development of novel antidepressant therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:192-205. [PMID: 29453990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that represent leading global disease burdens. Increasing evidence from clinical and preclinical studies supports that innate immune system dysfunction plays an important part in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. P2X7 receptor, belonging to the ligand-gated ion channel P2X subfamily of purinergic P2 receptors for extracellular ATP, is highly expressed in immune cells including microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and has a vital role in mediating innate immune response. The P2X7 receptor is also important in neuron-glia signalling in the CNS. The gene encoding human P2X7 receptor is located in a locus of susceptibility to mood disorders. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress in understanding the role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis and development of mood disorders and in discovering CNS-penetrable P2X7 antagonists for potential uses in in vivo imaging to monitor brain inflammation and antidepressant therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Wei
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sharifah A Syed Mortadza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yan
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Chaokun Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | | | - Dongliang Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Sebastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which involves microglial activation, is thought to play a key role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and other brain pathologies. Positron emission tomography is an ideal imaging technique for studying biochemical processes in vivo, and particularly for studying the living brain. Neuroinflammation has been traditionally studied using radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa, but this comes with certain limitations. The current review describes alternative biological targets that have gained interest for the imaging of microglial activation over recent years, such as the cannabinoid receptor type 2, cyclooxygenase-2, the P2X₇ receptor and reactive oxygen species, and some promising radiotracers for these targets. Although many advances have been made in the field of neuroinflammation imaging, current radiotracers all target the pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype of activated microglia, since the number of known biological targets specific for the anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype that are also suited as a target for radiotracer development is still limited. Next to proceeding the currently available tracers for M1 microglia into the clinic, the development of a suitable radiotracer for M2 microglia would mean a great advance in the field, as this would allow for imaging of the dynamics of microglial activation in different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|