1
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Fan Q, Ruan Z, Werner S, Naumann T, Bolat R, Martinez-Castro J, Koehler T, Vollgraff T, Hieringer W, Mandalia R, Neiß C, Görling A, Tautz FS, Sundermeyer J, Gottfried JM. Bottom-up Synthesis and Characterization of Porous 12-Atom-Wide Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10718-10723. [PMID: 39185821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Although several porous carbon/graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have been prepared, a direct comparison of the electronic properties between a nonporous GNR and its periodically perforated counterpart is still missing. Here, we report the synthesis of porous 12-atom-wide armchair-edged GNRs from a bromoarene precursor on a Au(111) surface via hierarchical Ullmann and dehydrogenative coupling. The selective formation of porous 12-GNRs was achieved through thermodynamic and kinetic reaction control combined with tailored precursor design. The structure and electronic properties of the porous 12-GNR were elucidated by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, revealing that the pores induce a 2.17 eV band gap increase compared to the nonporous 12-AGNR on the same surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, and Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilin Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tim Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rustem Bolat
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik II B, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jose Martinez-Castro
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik II B, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tabea Koehler
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raviraj Mandalia
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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2
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Qin T, Wang T, Zhu J. Recent progress in on-surface synthesis of nanoporous graphene materials. Commun Chem 2024; 7:154. [PMID: 38977754 PMCID: PMC11231364 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoporous graphene (NPG) materials are generated by removing internal degree-3 vertices from graphene and introducing nanopores with specific topological structures, which have been widely explored and exploited for applications in electronic devices, membranes, and energy storage. The inherent properties of NPGs, such as the band structures, field effect mobilities and topological properties, are crucially determined by the geometric structure of nanopores. On-surface synthesis is an emerging strategy to fabricate low-dimensional carbon nanostructures with atomic precision. In this review, we introduce the progress of on-surface synthesis of atomically precise NPGs, and classify NPGs from the aspects of element types, topological structures, pore shapes, and synthesis strategies. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration to further advance the synthesis and applications of NPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China.
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3
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Kinikar A, Wang XY, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Liu P, Eimre K, Pignedoli CA, Stolz S, Bommert M, Mishra S, Sun Q, Widmer R, Qiu Z, Narita A, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. Sterically Selective [3 + 3] Cycloaromatization in the On-Surface Synthesis of Nanographenes. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:128-135. [PMID: 38644965 PMCID: PMC11027121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Surface-catalyzed reactions have been used to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with atomically predefined structures. The recent discovery of a gold surface-catalyzed [3 + 3] cycloaromatization of isopropyl substituted arenes has enabled the on-surface synthesis of arylene-phenylene copolymers, where the surface activates the isopropyl substituents to form phenylene rings by intermolecular coupling. However, the resulting polymers suffered from undesired cross-linking when more than two molecules reacted at a single site. Here we show that such cross-links can be prevented through steric protection by attaching the isopropyl groups to larger arene cores. Upon thermal activation of isopropyl-substituted 8,9-dioxa-8a-borabenzo[fg]tetracene on Au(111), cycloaromatization is observed to occur exclusively between the two molecules. The cycloaromatization intermediate formed by the covalent linking of two molecules is prevented from reacting with further molecules by the wide benzotetracene core, resulting in highly selective one-to-one coupling. Our findings extend the versatility of the [3 + 3] cycloaromatization of isopropyl substituents and point toward steric protection as a powerful concept for suppressing competing reaction pathways in on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Kinikar
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- State
Key
Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I. Urgel
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pengcai Liu
- State
Key
Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Station 3, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Piquero-Zulaica I, Corral-Rascón E, Diaz de Cerio X, Riss A, Yang B, Garcia-Lekue A, Kher-Elden MA, Abd El-Fattah ZM, Nobusue S, Kojima T, Seufert K, Sakaguchi H, Auwärter W, Barth JV. Deceptive orbital confinement at edges and pores of carbon-based 1D and 2D nanoarchitectures. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1062. [PMID: 38316774 PMCID: PMC10844643 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure defines the properties of graphene-based nanomaterials. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) experiments on graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), nanographenes, and nanoporous graphene (NPG) often determine an apparent electronic orbital confinement into the edges and nanopores, leading to dubious interpretations such as image potential states or super-atom molecular orbitals. We show that these measurements are subject to a wave function decay into the vacuum that masks the undisturbed electronic orbital shape. We use Au(111)-supported semiconducting gulf-type GNRs and NPGs as model systems fostering frontier orbitals that appear confined along the edges and nanopores in STS measurements. DFT calculations confirm that these states originate from valence and conduction bands. The deceptive electronic orbital confinement observed is caused by a loss of Fourier components, corresponding to states of high momentum. This effect can be generalized to other 1D and 2D carbon-based nanoarchitectures and is important for their use in catalysis and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Piquero-Zulaica
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Corral-Rascón
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Xabier Diaz de Cerio
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Biao Yang
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Mohammad A Kher-Elden
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, E-11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zakaria M Abd El-Fattah
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, E-11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shunpei Nobusue
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
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5
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Gao Y, Zhang Z, Yi Z, Zhang C, Xu W. Visualizing the Hierarchical Evolution of Aryl-Metal Bonding in Organometallic Nanostructures on Ag(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10819-10824. [PMID: 38016081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
On-surface dehalogenative coupling reactions are promising for constructing nanostructures with diverse properties and functionalities. Extensive efforts have been devoted to single aryl-halogen (C-X) substituents and substitutions at various functionalization sites (typically including meta- and para-substitutions) to generate aryl-aryl single bonds. Moreover, multiple C-X substituents at the ortho-site and the peri- and bay-regions have been applied to create a variety of ring scaffolds. However, for multiple C-X substituents, the hierarchy of aryl-metal bond formation and dissociation remains elusive. Herein, by combining scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, we have visualized and demonstrated the hierarchical evolution of aryl-metal bonding in organometallic intermediates involved in a dehalogenative coupling reaction on Ag(111), using a molecular precursor with both para-substitution and potential bay-region substitution. Our results elucidate how metal atoms are progressively embedded into and removed from organometallic intermediates, enhancing the understanding of on-surface dehalogenative coupling reactions for the controlled construction of the desired nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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6
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Xiong J, Qin T, Hu L, Yang W, Chen Z, Ding H, Hu J, Xu Q, Zhu J. On-Surface Synthesis of Novel Kagome Lattices Coordinated via Four-Fold N-Ag Bonding. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9787-9792. [PMID: 37883195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The Kagome lattice structures based on metal-organic coordination have garnered widespread interest because of their topologically Dirac/flat bands and other exotic electronic structures. However, the experimental fabrication of large-area two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattice structures of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via on-surface synthesis remains limited. Herein, we successfully construct two kinds of large-scale 2D Kagome-type lattices stabilized by 4-fold N-Ag coordination on the Ag(111) surface. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES), we clearly elucidate the reaction pathway and mechanism of fabrication of the two Kagome lattices. This work provides a novel platform for investigating related intriguing physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Xiong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tianchen Qin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Weishan Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
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7
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Qin T, Guo D, Xiong J, Li X, Hu L, Yang W, Chen Z, Wu Y, Ding H, Hu J, Xu Q, Wang T, Zhu J. Synthesis of a Porous [14]Annulene Graphene Nanoribbon and a Porous [30]Annulene Graphene Nanosheet on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306368. [PMID: 37401637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The electrical and mechanical properties of graphene-based materials can be tuned by the introduction of nanopores, which are sensitively related to the size, morphology, density, and location of nanopores. The synthesis of low-dimensional graphene nanostructures containing well-defined nonplanar nanopores has been challenging due to the intrinsic steric hindrance. Herein, we report the selective synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) containing periodic nonplanar [14]annulene pores on Ag(111) and two-dimensional (2D) porous graphene nanosheet containing periodic nonplanar [30]annulene pores on Au(111), starting from a same precursor. The formation of distinct products on the two substrates originates from the different thermodynamics and kinetics of coupling reactions. The reaction mechanisms were confirmed by a series of control experiments, and the appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for optimizing the reaction pathways were proposed. In addition, the combined scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the electronic structures of porous graphene structures, demonstrating the impact of nonplanar pores on the π-conjugation of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Qin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Xiong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Weishan Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yulun Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
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8
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Wang T, Fan Q, Zhu J. Steering On-Surface Reactions by Kinetic and Thermodynamic Strategies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2251-2262. [PMID: 36821589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool to fabricate various functional low-dimensional nanostructures with atomic precision, thus becoming a promising platform for the preparation of next-generation semiconductive, magnetic, and topological nanodevices. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, both the chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained products can be well characterized. A major challenge in this field is how to efficiently steer reaction pathways and improve the yield/quality of products. To address this problem, in recent years various kinetic and thermodynamic strategies have been successfully employed to control on-surface reactions. In this Perspective, we discuss these strategies in view of basic reaction steps on surfaces, including molecular adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. We hope this Perspective will help readers to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of on-surface reactions and rationally design reaction procedures for the fabrication of high-quality functional nanomaterials on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qitang Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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9
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Wang H, Hu J, Liang Z, Zhang H, Huang C, Xie L, Jiang Z, Huang H, Song F. Chirality variation from self-assembly on Ullmann coupling for the DBCh adsorbate on Au(111) and Ag(111). NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1368-1377. [PMID: 36866267 PMCID: PMC9972870 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00789d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
On-surface Ullmann coupling has been considered an appealing approach for the precise fabrication of carbon-based covalent nanostructures under solution-free conditions. However, chirality has seldom been discussed in Ullmann reactions. In this report, self-assembled two-dimensional chiral networks are initially constructed in a large area on Au(111) and Ag(111) after adsorption of the prochiral precursor, 6,12-dibromochrysene (DBCh). Self-assembled phases are then transformed into organometallic (OM) oligomers after debromination, preserving the chirality; in particular, the formation of scarcely reported OM species on Au(111) is discovered herein. With the aryl-aryl bonding induced after intensive annealing, covalent chains are fabricated via the cyclodehydrogenation between chrysene blocks, resulting in the formation of 8-armchair graphene nanoribbons with staggered valleys on both sides. Before chiral polymer chains are constructed by chrysene blocks, the high structural flexibility of OM intermediates on Ag(111) is also revealed during reactions, which is derived from the twofold coordination of Ag atoms and conformationally flexible metal-carbon bonding. Our report not only provides solid evidence of atomically precise fabrication of covalent nanostructures with a feasible bottom-up approach but also sheds insights into the comprehensive investigation of chirality variation from monomers to artificial architectures via surface coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
| | - Han Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University Changsha 410073 China
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000 China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangheng Road 239 Shanghai 201004 China
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10
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Wang L, Zhu R, Shen Z, Song Y, She L, Wang X, Jia Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W. On-Surface Synthesis of Self-Assembled Covalently Linked Wavy Chains with Site-Selective Conformational Switching. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1660-1667. [PMID: 36633835 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Conformational arrangements in polymers on surfaces determine the overall shape as well as the potential properties. It is generally believed that conformational diversity leads to uncontrollable or disordered structures in on-surface synthesis. However, in this study, we obtain two well-ordered self-assembled covalently linked wavy chains with site-selective conformational switching via the Ullmann reaction of 1,2-bis(3-bromophenyl)ethane with multiple conformations on Ag(111). Two kinds of wavy chains exhibit distinct conformational arrangements, where chain I contains one repeating unit conformation of -cis-trans1-cis-trans1-cis-cis-trans1-, while the adjacent parallel parts in wavy chain II have two different conformational arrangements of -cis-cis-trans1- and -cis-cis-trans2-. Wavy chains coassemble with dissociated bromine atoms, suggesting that the Br···H-C interactions between Br atoms and molecular chains are crucial for the construction of ordered wavy chains. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy is employed to reveal the surface reaction process at the molecular scale. In depth growth mechanism analysis combined with density functional theory calculations unveils that the substrate also plays an important role in the fabrication of well-ordered wavy chains. The present work extends the surface reaction of conformational flexible precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Matter Science, Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhitao Shen
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Matter Science, Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yeheng Song
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Matter Science, Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Limin She
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Matter Science, Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xuesen Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yu Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Matter Science, Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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11
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Zou H, Liu L, Zhang S, Miao X, Ying L, Deng W, Cao Y. Different Stepwise Growth Mechanism of AIE-Active Tetraphenylethylene-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks on Au(111) and Cu(111) Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:489-498. [PMID: 36625786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with aggregation- induced emission on surfaces and understanding the growth mechanism have not yet been pursued. Herein, MOFs constructed via the Ullmann-type reaction of a C2-symmetry TPE derivative (p-BrTBE) on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces were thoroughly investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. On a Au(111) surface, p-BrTBE molecules formed the self-assembled pattern at 298 K. Stepwise annealing led to a progressive evolution process, in which the stepwise debromination reaction led to organometallic intermediates, and surface-stabilized radicals and metal-organic networks were formed. By contrast, the relatively ordered MOFs were obtained by replacing the underlying substrate with the more catalytically active Cu(111) at 298 K. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the formation of different networks on Au(111) and Cu(111) was determined by the different conformations of the TBE unit on the different substrates due to the different adsorption energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengqi Zou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Songyao Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Miao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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12
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Lin Y, Diao M, Dai J, Xu Z, Zhao X, Wen X, Xing L, Zhou X, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Molecular insight into on-surface chemistry of an organometallic polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1006-1013. [PMID: 36533548 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04858b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A molecular investigation of Cu-elimination and subsequent C-C coupling of DCTP (4,4''-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl)-Cu organometallic (OM) polymers on Cu(111) is conducted by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, revealing that the Cu adatoms embedded in the DCTP-Cu chains are located at the hollow and bridge sites on the Cu(111) surface. The difference in the catalytic activities of these surface sites leads to stepwise elimination of Cu adatoms in the OM chains. Moreover, the interchain interaction plays an important role in the Cu-elimination process of the DCTP-Cu chains as well. The interchain steric hindrance, on the one hand, induces the formation of Cu-eliminated intermediates that are scarcely observed in other Ullmann coupling systems, and on the other hand, promotes the cooperative Cu-elimination and C-C coupling of the OM segments in neighboring chains. These findings demonstrate the key role of the molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions in mediating the reaction processes of the extended molecular systems on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jingxin Dai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhen Xu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Li E, Lyu CK, Chen C, Xie H, Zhang J, Lam JWY, Tang BZ, Lin N. On-surface synthesis and spontaneous segregation of conjugated tetraphenylethylene macrocycles. Commun Chem 2022; 5:174. [PMID: 36697742 PMCID: PMC9814618 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating conjugated macrocycles has attracted extensive research interest because their unique chemical and physical properties, such as conformational flexibility, intrinsic inner cavities and aromaticity/antiaromaticity, make these systems appealing building blocks for functional supramolecular materials. Here, we report the synthesis of four-, six- and eight-membered tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based macrocycles on Ag(111) via on-surface Ullmann coupling reactions. The as-synthesized macrocycles are spontaneously segregated on the surface and self-assemble as large-area two-dimensional mono-component supramolecular crystals, as characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We propose that the synthesis benefits from the conformational flexibility of the TPE backbone in distinctive multi-step reaction pathways. This study opens up opportunities for exploring the photophysical properties of TPE-based macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Lyu
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengyi Chen
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huilin Xie
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky Wing Yip Lam
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Nian Lin
- grid.24515.370000 0004 1937 1450Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Huang C, Xie L, Wang H, Liang Z, Jiang Z, Song F. Manipulation of C-C coupling pathways using different annealing procedures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13507-13510. [PMID: 36385194 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04745d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From scanning tunnelling microscopy and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that different annealing mechanisms could modulate distinct reaction pathways, where in a stepwise annealing procedure the detached Br atoms may reduce the activation barrier of CH activation resulting in hierarchical cross dehydrogenative coupling, while in a one-step annealing procedure only Ullmann coupling products are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
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15
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Wang J, Niu K, Xu C, Zhu H, Ding H, Han D, Zheng Y, Xi J, You S, Deng C, Lin H, Rosen J, Zhu J, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Influence of Molecular Configurations on the Desulfonylation Reactions on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21596-21605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuanjing Zheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiahao Xi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sifan You
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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16
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Jalal AF, Fakhre NA. Removal of dyes (BG, MG, and SA) from aqueous solution using a novel adsorbent macrocyclic compound. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275330. [PMID: 36201492 PMCID: PMC9536618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of macrocyclic compounds to remove organic dyes is fascinating because they have a wide surface area range and can be used for different things. new (14E, 34E)-7-Hydroxy-7, 8, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27-Octahydro-6H, 16H, 33H Tetrabenzo[f,k,u,z][1,5,13,20]Tetraoxacycloheptacosine-16,33-Dione (HOTTD) was obtained by a simple high-dilution method, and characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, FESEM, EDX, and XRD. It worked well in removing organic dyes from aqueous solutions. Contact time, pH, dosage, initial concentration and temperature were studied. The optimum conditions were achieved by using 20 mg/L dye concentration, 50 mg dose of adsorbent and pH 9.0 at room temperature. The adsorption process was remarkably fast and reached equilibrium within 10 min for both Brilliant Green and Malachite Green while 70 min for Safranin. The batch adsorption experiments followed a pseudo 2nd order and Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity 19.26 mg/g, 18.28 mg/g, and 14.35 mg/g for Brilliant Green, Malachite green and Safranin respectively. The process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Adsorbent regeneration test provides an excellent value 5 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aveen F. Jalal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- * E-mail:
| | - Nabil A. Fakhre
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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17
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Song L, Yang B, Fan X, Mao Y, Shan H, Wang J, Niu K, Hao Z, Zeng Z, Li Y, Zhao A, Lin H, Chi L, Li Q. Intra- and Inter-Self-Assembly of Identical Supramolecules on Silver Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8902-8907. [PMID: 36126251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of identical organometallic supramolecules into ordered superstructures is of great interest in both chemical science and nanotechnology due to its potential to generate neoteric properties through collective effects. In this work, we demonstrate that large-scale self-organization of atomically precise organometallic supramolecules can be achieved through cascaded on-surface chemical reactions, by the combination of intra- and inter-supramolecular interactions. Supramolecules with defined size and shape are first built through intramolecular reaction and intermolecular metal coordination, followed by the formation of well-ordered two-dimensional arrays with the assistance of Br atoms by -C-H···Br interactions. The mechanism of this process has been investigated from the perspectives of thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Song
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Mao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Huan Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Zhengming Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Aidi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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18
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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Monte Carlo simulation of the surface-assisted self-assembly of metal-organic precursors comprising phenanthrene building blocks. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Zhu X, Liu Y, Pu W, Liu FZ, Xue Z, Sun Z, Yan K, Yu P. On-Surface Synthesis of C144 Hexagonal Coronoid with Zigzag Edges. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10600-10607. [PMID: 35730577 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronoids as polycyclic aromatic macrocycles enclosing a cavity have attracted a lot of attention due to their distinctive molecular and electronic structures. They can be also regarded as nanoporous graphene molecules whose electronic properties are critically dependent on the size and topology of their outer and inner peripheries. However, because of their synthetic challenges, the extended hexagonal coronoids with zigzag outer edges have not been reported yet. Here, we report the on-surface synthesis of C144 hexagonal coronoid with outer zigzag edges on a designed precursor undergoing hierarchical Ullmann coupling and cyclodehydrogenation on the Au(111) surface. The molecular structure is unambiguously characterized by bond-resolved noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging. The electronic properties are further investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, in combination with the density functional theory calculations. Moreover, the values of the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity are derived from calculations that suggest that the molecular structure is ideally represented by Clar's model. Our results provide approaches toward realizing a hexagonal coronoid with zigzag edges, potentially inspiring fabrication of hexagonal zigzag coronoids with multiple radical characters in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwen Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoru Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
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20
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Wang D, Lu X, Cai L, Zhang L, Feng S, Zhang W, Yang M, Wu J, Wang Z, Wee ATS. Low-Dimensional Porous Carbon Networks Using Single-/Triple-Coupling Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Precursors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9843-9851. [PMID: 35657207 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) share the same hexagonal structure of sp2 carbons as graphene but possess an energy gap due to quantum confinement effect. PHs can be synthesized by a bottom-up strategy starting from small building blocks covalently bonded into large 2D organic sheets. Further investigation of the role of the covalent bonding/coupling ways on their electronic properties is needed. Here, we demonstrate a surface-mediated synthesis of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) and its extended HBC oligomers (dimers, trimers, and tetramers) via single- and triple-coupling ways and reveal the implication of different covalent bonding on their electronic properties. High-resolution low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy are employed to in situ determine the atomic structures of as-synthesized HBC oligomers. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements show that the length extension of HBC oligomers narrows the energy gap between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Furthermore, the energy gaps of triple-coupling HBC oligomers are smaller and decrease more significantly than that of the single-coupling ones. We hypothesize that the triple coupling promotes a more effective delocalization of π-electrons than the single coupling, according to density functional theory calculations. We also demonstrate that the HBC oligomers can further extend across the substrate steps to achieve conjugated polymers and large-area porous carbon networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguan Wang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Shuo Feng
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Wang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
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21
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Planar π-extended cycloparaphenylenes featuring an all-armchair edge topology. Nat Chem 2022; 14:871-876. [PMID: 35760960 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs)-n para-linked phenylenes that form a closed-loop-have attracted substantial attention due to their unique cyclic structure and highly effective para-conjugation leading to a myriad of fascinating electronic and optoelectronic properties. However, their strained topology prevents the π-extension of CPPs to convert them either into armchair nanobelts or planarized CPP macrocycles. Here we successfully tackle this long-standing challenge and present the bottom-up synthesis and characterization of atomically precise in-plane π-extended [12]CPP on Au(111) by low-temperature scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy combined with density functional theory. The planar π-extended CPP is a nanographene with an all-armchair edge topology. The exclusive para-conjugation at the periphery yields delocalized electronic states and the planarization maximizes the overlap of p orbitals, which both reduce the bandgap compared to conventional CPPs. Calculations predict ring currents and global aromaticity in the doubly charged system. The intriguing planar ring topology and unique electronic properties make planar π-extended CPPs promising quantum materials.
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22
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Li X, Han D, Qin T, Xiong J, Huang J, Wang T, Ding H, Hu J, Xu Q, Zhu J. Selective synthesis of Kagome nanoporous graphene on Ag(111) via an organometallic template. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:6239-6247. [PMID: 35403634 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08136e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Kagome nanoporous graphenes (NPGs) are fascinating due to their exotic electronic and magnetic properties. The emerging on-surface synthesis (mostly on metal surfaces) provides a new opportunity to fabricate Kagome NPGs with atomic resolution. Previously the Kagome NPGs synthesized on surfaces were largely heteroatom-doped and suffer from morphological defects (evidently on metal surfaces). The on-surface synthesis of pristine Kagome NPG with improved structural quality is extremely desirable. In this paper, using a halogenated precursor, we report a bottom-up fabrication of pristine NPG with Kagome topology on Ag(111) via classic Ullmann coupling. The templating effect of organometallic (OM) intermediates for subsequent covalent coupling is determined by comparing the OM phase and resultant covalent product. The reaction parameters are found to have a significant impact on the topology and quality of OM intermediates. Specifically, a higher surface temperature and lower evaporation rate favor the growth of better-quality and higher-yield OM Kagome NPGs. The covalent Kagome NPGs obtained by further annealing of these OM networks are affected likewise due to the template effect of OM intermediates. Our work further confirms the generality of the OM template effect. It also offers a novel method to achieve the selective synthesis of Kagome lattice networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Tianchen Qin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Juanjuan Xiong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China.
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23
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Thurakkal L, Nanjan P, Porel M. Design, synthesis and bioactive properties of a class of macrocycles with tunable functional groups and ring size. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4815. [PMID: 35314752 PMCID: PMC8938452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a versatile class of macrocycles with tunable functional groups and ring size are unfolded. Herein, a synthetic strategy is reported to furnish a new class of macrocycles in multi-gram scale in a two-step reaction. The total time taken for synthesizing a macrocycle is 1.5 h. Dithiocarbamates, an important functional group in biomedical and material sciences, is strategically incorporated in the macrocyclic backbone without metal for the first time. It is noteworthy that when state-of-the-art macrocycle synthesis is in millimolar concentration, this work employs the reaction in molar concentration (0.2–0.4 M). As proof-of-principle, a library of macrocycles was synthesized, varying the functional groups and ring size. The physicochemical properties of macrocycles revealed their druggable nature and are affirmed by protein (serum albumin) interaction study theoretically and experimentally. Diverse functional groups and ring sizes of macrocycles brought about twenty-five-fold difference in binding constant with the model protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Thurakkal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad; Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Engineering Center, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Pandurangan Nanjan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad; Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Engineering Center, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Mintu Porel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad; Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Engineering Center, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India.
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24
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Zhong Q, Ihle A, Ahles S, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Constructing covalent organic nanoarchitectures molecule by molecule via scanning probe manipulation. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1133-1139. [PMID: 34475530 PMCID: PMC8550974 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Constructing low-dimensional covalent assemblies with tailored size and connectivity is challenging yet often key for applications in molecular electronics where optical and electronic properties of the quantum materials are highly structure dependent. We present a versatile approach for building such structures block by block on bilayer sodium chloride (NaCl) films on Cu(111) with the tip of an atomic force microscope, while tracking the structural changes with single-bond resolution. Covalent homo-dimers in cis and trans configurations and homo-/hetero-trimers were selectively synthesized by a sequence of dehalogenation, translational manipulation and intermolecular coupling of halogenated precursors. Further demonstrations of structural build-up include complex bonding motifs, like carbon–iodine–carbon bonds and fused carbon pentagons. This work paves the way for synthesizing elusive covalent nanoarchitectures, studying structural modifications and revealing pathways of intermolecular reactions. ![]()
Tailoring the size and connectivity of organic nanostructures is challenging but is often key in molecular electronics for tuning the properties of the quantum materials. Now an approach has been developed for building low-dimensional covalent architectures block by block on a surface by highly selective tip-induced intermolecular reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. .,Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Ihle
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. .,Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. .,Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Wang S, Li Z, Ding P, Mattioli C, Huang W, Wang Y, Gourdon A, Sun Y, Chen M, Kantorovich L, Yang X, Rosei F, Yu M. On-Surface Decarboxylation Coupling Facilitated by Lock-to-Unlock Variation of Molecules upon the Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17435-17439. [PMID: 34080274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis (OSS) involving relatively high energy barriers remains challenging due to a typical dilemma: firm molecular anchor is required to prevent molecular desorption upon the reaction, whereas sufficient lateral mobility is crucial for subsequent coupling and assembly. By locking the molecular precursors on the substrate then unlocking them during the reaction, we present a strategy to address this challenge. High-yield synthesis based on well-defined decarboxylation, intermediate transition, and hexamerization is demonstrated, resulting in an extended and ordered network exclusively composed of the newly synthesized macrocyclic compound. Thanks to the steric hindrance of its maleimide group, we attain a preferential selection of the coupling. This work unlocks a promising path to enrich the reaction types and improve the coupling selectivity hence the structual homogeneity of the final product for OSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Pengcheng Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | | | - Wujun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | | | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mingshu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, King's College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Xueming Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Varennes Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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26
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Wang S, Li Z, Ding P, Mattioli C, Huang W, Wang Y, Gourdon A, Sun Y, Chen M, Kantorovich L, Yang X, Rosei F, Yu M. On‐Surface Decarboxylation Coupling Facilitated by Lock‐to‐Unlock Variation of Molecules upon the Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Pengcheng Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | | | - Wujun Huang
- Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | | | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Mingshu Chen
- Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lev Kantorovich
- Department of Physics King's College London The Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Xueming Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications Varennes Quebec J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
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27
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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28
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Fan C, Sun B, Li Z, Shi J, Lin T, Fan J, Shi Z. On-Surface Synthesis of Giant Conjugated Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13896-13899. [PMID: 33851507 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have achieved an on-surface synthesis of giant conjugated macrocycles having a diameter of ≈7 nm and consisting of up to 30 subunits. The synthesis started with a debrominative coupling of the molecular precursors on a hot Ag(111) surface, leading to the formation of arched oligomeric chains and macrocycles. These products were revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy in combination with density functional theory to be covalent oligomers. These intermediates also display C-Ag organometallic bonds between parallel molecular subunits due to site-selective debromination and the asymmetric molecular conformation. Subsequent cyclodehydrogenation at higher temperatures steered the final conjugation of the macrocycles. Our findings provide a novel design strategy toward π-conjugated macrocycles and open up new opportunities for the precise synthesis of organic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunrui Fan
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physics and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Bangjin Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhanbo Li
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Jiwei Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physics and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Jian Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ziliang Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physics and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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29
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Fan C, Sun B, Li Z, Shi J, Lin T, Fan J, Shi Z. On‐Surface Synthesis of Giant Conjugated Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunrui Fan
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research School of Physics and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Bangjin Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhanbo Li
- College of New Materials and New Energies Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Jiwei Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research School of Physics and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Tao Lin
- College of New Materials and New Energies Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen 518118 China
| | - Jian Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Ziliang Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research School of Physics and Technology Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
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30
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Zhang G, Zeng Y, Gordiichuk P, Strano MS. Chemical kinetic mechanisms and scaling of two-dimensional polymers via irreversible solution-phase reactions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194901. [PMID: 34240902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers are extended networks of multi-functional repeating units that are covalently linked together but confined to a single plane. The past decade has witnessed a surge in interest and effort toward producing and utilizing 2D polymers. However, facile synthesis schemes suitable for mass production are yet to be realized. In addition, unifying theories to describe the 2D polymerization process, such as those for linear polymers, have not yet been established. Herein, we perform a chemical kinetic simulation to study the recent synthesis of 2D polymers in homogeneous solution with irreversible chemistry. We show that reaction sites for polymerization in 2D always scale unfavorably compared to 3D, growing as molecular weight to the 1/2 power vs 2/3 power for 3D. However, certain mechanisms can effectively suppress out-of-plane defect formation and subsequent 3D growth. We consider two such mechanisms, which we call bond-planarity and templated autocatalysis. In the first, although single bonds can easily rotate out-of-plane to render polymerization in 3D, some double-bond linkages prefer a planar configuration. In the second mechanism, stacked 2D plates may act as van der Waals templates for each other to enhance growth, which leads to an autocatalysis. When linkage reactions possess a 1000:1 selectivity (γ) for staying in plane vs rotating, solution-synthesized 2D polymers can have comparable size and yield with those synthesized from confined polymerization on a surface. Autocatalysis could achieve similar effects when self-templating accelerates 2D growth by a factor β of 106. A combined strategy relaxes the requirement of both mechanisms by over one order of magnitude. We map the dependence of molecular weight and yield for the 2D polymer on the reaction parameters, allowing experimental results to be used to estimate β and γ. Our calculations show for the first time from theory the feasibility of producing two-dimensional polymers from irreversible polymerization in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yuwen Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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31
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Schultz JF, Yang B, Jiang N. On-surface formation of metal–organic coordination networks with C⋯Ag⋯C and C=O⋯Ag interactions assisted by precursor self-assembly. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:044703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0038559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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32
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Liu L, Miao X, Shi T, Liu X, Yip HL, Deng W, Cao Y. Conformation modification of terthiophene during the on-surface synthesis of pure polythiophene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18096-18105. [PMID: 32941582 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-surface coupling under ultra-high vacuum is employed as a versatile approach to synthesize pure polythiophene from a 5,5''-dibromo-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (DBTT) precursor and the corresponding temperature-dependent stepwise reaction mechanism is systematically studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). After thermal deposition of the precursor onto a Au(111) surface that is kept at room temperature, a triangle-like pattern and a linear self-assembled pattern are formed with different molecular coverages through BrBrS halogen bonds and BrBr type-I contact bonds, respectively. In the self-assembled nanostructures, the thiophene units adopt trans-conformation. Mild annealing promotes the structural transition of both nanostructures into ordered zigzag organometallic linear chains with all-cis configured thiophene units connected through coordination bonds to the Au adatoms. Such conformational variety is easily recognized by STM, particularly in the case of DBTT-CH3 with the extra -CH3 signals. The covalently coupled products from the DBTT precursor are obtained by further annealing the organometallic intermediate at higher temperatures, which leads to the removal of Au atoms and the formation of ordered polymer chains and disordered polythiophene networks. Further characterization suggests that the reaction mechanism is associated with Ullmann-type coupling to form the ordered chains as well as Ullmann-type and dehydrogenative C-C coupling to fabricate cross-linked polymer networks. Compared with the on-surface synthesis process of DBTT on the Cu(111) surface, it can be confirmed that the Au adatoms are vital to synthesize polythiophene. These findings provide important insight into the reaction mechanism of on-surface synthesized pure polythiophene and on-surface coupling can potentially be applied to synthesize other functional conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinrui Miao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Shi
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China. and Innovation Center of Printed Photovoltaics, South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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33
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Di Giovannantonio M, Yao X, Eimre K, Urgel JI, Ruffieux P, Pignedoli CA, Müllen K, Fasel R, Narita A. Large-Cavity Coronoids with Different Inner and Outer Edge Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12046-12050. [PMID: 32589416 PMCID: PMC7467669 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Coronoids,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with geometrically
defined cavities, are promising model structures of porous graphene.
Here, we report the on-surface synthesis of C168 and C140 coronoids,
referred to as [6]- and [5]coronoid, respectively, using 5,9-dibromo-14-phenylbenzo[m]tetraphene as the precursor. These coronoids entail large
cavities (>1 nm) with inner zigzag edges, distinct from their outer
armchair edges. While [6]coronoid is planar, [5]coronoid is not. Low-temperature
scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force
microscopy unveil structural and electronic properties in accordance
with those obtained from density functional theory calculations. Detailed
analysis of ring current effects identifies the rings with the highest
aromaticity of these coronoids, whose pattern matches their Clar structure.
The pores of the obtained coronoids offer intriguing possibilities
of further functionalization toward advanced host–guest applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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34
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Krug CK, Nieckarz D, Fan Q, Szabelski P, Gottfried JM. The Macrocycle versus Chain Competition in On-Surface Polymerization: Insights from Reactions of 1,3-Dibromoazulene on Cu(111). Chemistry 2020; 26:7647-7656. [PMID: 32031714 PMCID: PMC7318695 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ring/chain competition in oligomerization reactions represents a long‐standing topic of synthetic chemistry and was treated extensively for solution reactions but is not well‐understood for the two‐dimensional confinement of surface reactions. Here, the kinetic and thermodynamic principles of ring/chain competition in on‐surface synthesis are addressed by scanning tunneling microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Monte Carlo simulations applied to azulene‐based organometallic oligomers on Cu(111). Analysis of experiments and simulations reveals how the ring/chain ratio can be controlled through variation of coverage and temperature. At room temperature, non‐equilibrium conditions prevail and kinetic control leads to preferential formation of the entropically favored chains. In contrast, high‐temperature equilibrium conditions are associated with thermodynamic control, resulting in increased yields of the energetically favored rings. The optimum conditions for ring formation include the lowest possible temperature within the regime of thermodynamic control and a low coverage. The general implications are discussed and compared to the solution case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio K Krug
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Damian Nieckarz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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35
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Lu H, Wenlong E, Ma Z, Yang X. Organometallic polymers synthesized from prochiral molecules by a surface-assisted synthesis on Ag(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8141-8145. [PMID: 32248207 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06893g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic polymers can be successfully synthesized on a Ag(111) surface via a surface-assisted synthesis by choosing prochiral 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bis(2-phenylethynyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (DBPB) molecules as the designed precursor. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy investigation reveals that prochiral molecules show chirality on a surface and can evolve into organometallic chains on the Ag(111) surface based on Ullmann coupling. Due to the special structural features of DBPB molecules, chiral selectivity will be lost in the organometallic polymers. This result may provide an important basis for selecting suitable precursors to fabricate chiral covalent nanostructures on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - E Wenlong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, P. R. China. and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Road, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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36
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Fu C, Mikšátko J, Assies L, Vrkoslav V, Orlandi S, Kalbáč M, Kovaříček P, Zeng X, Zhou B, Muccioli L, Perepichka DF, Orgiu E. Surface-Confined Macrocyclization via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2956-2965. [PMID: 32068388 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined synthesis is a promising approach to build complex molecular nanostructures including macrocycles. However, despite the recent advances in on-surface macrocyclization under ultrahigh vacuum, selective synthesis of monodisperse and multicomponent macrocycles remains a challenge. Here, we report on an on-surface formation of [6 + 6] Schiff-base macrocycles via dynamic covalent chemistry. The macrocycles form two-dimensional crystalline domains on the micrometer scale, enabled by dynamic conversion of open-chain oligomers into well-defined ∼3.0 nm hexagonal macrocycles. We further show that by tailoring the length of the alkyl substituents, it is possible to control which of three possible products-oligomers, macrocycles, or polymers-will form at the surface. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy imaging combined with density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations unravel the synergistic effect of surface confinement and solvent in leading to preferential on-surface macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Fu
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
- INRS, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Centre, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Jiří Mikšátko
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lea Assies
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale " Toso Montanari ", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale " Toso Montanari ", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- INRS, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Centre, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
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37
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Liang H, Xing S, Shi Z, Zhang H, Chi L. Directing On‐Surface Reaction Pathways via Metal‐Organic Cu−N Coordination. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:843-846. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shuaipeng Xing
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and TechnologySoochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Ziliang Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and TechnologySoochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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38
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Fan Q, Martin-Jimenez D, Werner S, Ebeling D, Koehler T, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J, Hieringer W, Schirmeisen A, Gottfried JM. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of a Cycloarene: C108 Graphene Ring. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:894-899. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tabea Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Theoretical Chemistry and Computer-Chemistry-Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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39
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Chen H, Zhu H, Huang Z, Rong W, Wu K. Two-Sidedness of Surface Reaction Mediation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902080. [PMID: 31418920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous catalytic process involves many surface elementary steps that affect the overall catalytic performance in one way or another. In general, a high-performance heterogeneous catalyst should meet the main criteria: excellent catalytic activity and high selectivity toward target products. Using surface science techniques, the two-sidedness of the surface reaction mediations can be explored, from the perspectives of the surface and the molecule manipulations. The surface manipulation refers to a reaction that is mediated by composition and structure of the substrate as well as surface species, while the molecular manipulation relates to a reaction that is mediated by the reacting molecule via the precursor selection, environmental control, or external excitation. The best catalytic system should consist of the most efficient catalyst and the best suitable reacting molecule, in addition to its economic benefit and environmental amity. Recent research progress in surface reaction mediation is outlined, and its two-sidedness is governed by the Arrhenius equation. This should shed new light on the connection between basic theory and surface reaction mediation strategies. To conclude, challenges and possible opportunities are elaborated for efficient surface reaction mediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenhui Rong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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40
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Template-controlled on-surface synthesis of a lanthanide supernaphthalocyanine and its open-chain polycyanine counterpart. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5049. [PMID: 31695045 PMCID: PMC6834595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines possess unique optical and electronic properties and thus are widely used in (opto)electronic devices, coatings, photodynamic therapy, etc. Extension of their π-electron systems could produce molecular materials with red-shifted absorption for a broader range of applications. However, access to expanded phthalocyanine analogues with more than four isoindoline units is challenging due to the limited synthetic possibilities. Here, we report the controlled on-surface synthesis of a gadolinium-supernaphthalocyanine macrocycle and its open-chain counterpart poly(benzodiiminoisoindoline) on a silver surface from a naphthalene dicarbonitrile precursor. Their formation is controlled by the on-surface high-dilution principle and steered by different metal templates, i.e., gadolinium atoms and the bare silver surface, which also act as oligomerization catalysts. By using scanning tunneling microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, the chemical structures along with the mechanical and electronic properties of these phthalocyanine analogues with extended π-conjugation are investigated in detail. Extending the π‐conjugation of phthalocyanine dyes, while synthetically challenging, has the potential to produce desirable new molecular materials. Here, the authors use a templated on‐surface approach to synthesize several extended phthalocyanine derivatives from the same building block, including a lanthanide superphthalocyanine and an open‐chain polycyanine.
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41
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Atomic‐Scale Visualization of the Stepwise Metal‐Mediated Dehalogenative Cycloaddition Reaction Pathways: Competition between Radicals and Organometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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42
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Atomic‐Scale Visualization of the Stepwise Metal‐Mediated Dehalogenative Cycloaddition Reaction Pathways: Competition between Radicals and Organometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17736-17744. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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43
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Reaction selectivity of homochiral versus heterochiral intermolecular reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes on surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4122. [PMID: 31511503 PMCID: PMC6739358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces remains a great challenge. Here, competing reactions of a prochiral alkyne on Ag(111): two-dimensional (2D) homochiral Glaser coupling and heterochiral cross-coupling with a Bergman cyclization step have been examined. We demonstrate control strategies in steering the reactions between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters, as confirmed by high-resolution scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the template effect of organometallic chains obtained under specific kinetic conditions enhances Glaser coupling between homochiral molecules. In contrast, for the reaction of free monomers, the kinetically favorable reaction pathway is the cross-coupling between two heterochiral molecules (one of them involving cyclization). This work demonstrates the application of kinetic control to steer chiral organic coupling pathways at surfaces. Controlling selectivity between homochiral and heterochiral reaction pathways on surfaces is intriguing but challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate strategies in steering the reactions of prochiral terminal alkynes between the homochiral and heterochiral pathways by tuning the precursor substituents and the kinetic parameters.
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44
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Colazzo L, Mohammed MSG, Gallardo A, Abd El-Fattah ZM, Pomposo JA, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG. Controlling the stereospecific bonding motif of Au-thiolate links. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15567-15575. [PMID: 31402370 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, organosulfur compounds at the interface of noble metals have proved to be extremely versatile systems for both fundamental and applied research. However, the anchoring of thiols to gold remained an object of controversy for a long time. The RS-Au-SR linkage, in particular, is a robust bonding configuration that displays interesting properties. It is generated spontaneously at room temperature and can be used for the production of extended molecular nanostructures. In this work we explore the behavior of 1,4-bis(4-mercaptophenyl)benzene (BMB) on the Au(111) surface, which results in the formation of 2D crystalline metal-organic assemblies stabilized by this type of Au-thiolate bonds. We show how to control the thiolate's stereospecific bonding motif and thereby choose whether to form ordered arrays of Au3BMB3 units with embedded triangular nanopores or linearly stacked metal-organic chains. The former turn out to be thermodynamically favored structures and display confinement of the underneath Au(111) surface state. The electronic properties of single molecules as well as of the 2D crystalline self-assemblies have been characterized both on the metal-organic backbone and inside the associated pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Colazzo
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic and Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - José A Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain and Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, E-20800 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain. and Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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45
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Sun X, Yao X, Lafolet F, Lemercier G, Lacroix JC. One-Dimensional Double Wires and Two-Dimensional Mobile Grids: Cobalt/Bipyridine Coordination Networks at the Solid/Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4164-4169. [PMID: 31265312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various architectures have been generated and observed by STM at a solid/liquid interface resulting from an in situ chemical reaction between the bipyridine terminal groups of a ditopic ligand and Co(II) ions. Large monodomains of one-dimensional (1D) double wires are formed by Co(II)/ligand coordination, with polymer lengths as long as 150 nm. The polymers are organized as parallel wires 8 nm apart, and the voids between wires are occupied by solvent molecules. Two-dimensional (2D) grids, showing high surface mobility, coexist with the wires. The wires are formed from linear chain motifs where each cobalt center is bonded to two bipyridines. 2D grids are generated from a bifurcation node where one cobalt bonds to three bipyridines. Surface reconstruction of the grids and of the 1D wires was observed under the STM tip. As an exciting result, analysis of these movements strongly indicates surface reactions at the solid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Sun
- Université de Paris , ITODYS , CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf , F-75013 Paris , France
| | - Xinlei Yao
- Université de Paris , ITODYS , CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf , F-75013 Paris , France
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Université de Paris , ITODYS , CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf , F-75013 Paris , France
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Université de Paris , ITODYS , CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf , F-75013 Paris , France
- Université Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Institut Chimie Moléculaire Reims , CNRS UMR 7312, 56187 Reims Cedex 2, France
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46
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Dai J, Zhao W, Xing L, Shang J, Ju H, Zhou X, Liu J, Chen Q, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wu K. Dechlorinated Ullmann Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides on Ag(111): A Combined STM and XPS Study. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2367-2375. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Dai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Shang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Huanxin Ju
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices Department of ElectronicsPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230029 China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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Fan Q, Gottfried JM. Topology‐Selective Ullmann Coupling on Metal Surfaces by Precursor Design and Adsorbate‐Substrate Interaction: Towards the Control over Polymer versus Macrocycle Formation. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2311-2316. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of ChemistryPhilipps University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Department of ChemistryPhilipps University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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Wang CX, Chen JL, Shu CH, Shi KJ, Liu PN. On-surface synthesis of 2D COFs on Cu(111) via the formation of thermodynamically stable organometallic networks as the template. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13222-13229. [PMID: 31179470 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01843c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Template-directed polymerization is an effective approach used to afford regular 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs), thus the regularity of the template is crucial for the quality of the resulting 2D COFs. For the Ullmann reactions on Cu(111), aryl iodides and bromides are activated at low temperature to form organometallic C-Cu-C structures, which lead to kinetic trapping and irregular organometallic networks. Therefore, the subsequent annealing step can only afford irregular 2D COFs. In this manuscript, the molecule 4,4''-dibromo-5'-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl incorporated two Br terminals and one Cl terminal has been used to demonstrate different reactivities of a C-Cl bond and a C-Br bond via the hierarchical activation of the C-Br bond and the C-Cl bond on Cu(111). At room temperature, zigzag, armchair, and ring-like organometallic chains formed due to the activation of the C-Br bond to generate a C-Cu-C structure while C-Cl remained intact, illustrating that the C-Cl bond is more stable than C-Br. Further annealing at 433 K activated the C-Cl bond to produce regular organometallic networks as the thermodynamic product. Using the simpler molecule 1,3,5-tris(4-chlorophenyl)benzene as the precursor, the self-assembly of the intact molecules was observed on Cu(111) at 300 K without activation of the C-Cl bond. After annealing at 433 K, similar thermodynamically stable organometallic networks formed directly, which were used as a template to generate regular 2D COFs upon further annealing at 510 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Kang F, Xu W. On-Surface Synthesis of One-Dimensional Carbon-Based Nanostructures via C-X and C-H Activation Reactions. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2251-2261. [PMID: 31081259 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the emergence of low-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures owing to their unique properties and various subsequent applications. It is of fundamental importance to explore ways to achieve atomically precise fabrication of these interesting structures. The newly developed on-surface synthesis approach provides an efficient strategy for this challenging issue, demonstrating the potential of atomically precise preparation of low-dimensional nanostructures. Up to now, the formation of various surface nanostructures, especially carbon-based ones, such as graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), kinds of organic (organometallic) chains and films, have been achieved via on-surface synthesis strategy, in which in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism has also been explored. This review article will provide a general overview on the formation of one-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures via on-surface synthesis method. In this review, only a part of the on-surface chemical reactions (specifically, C-X (X=Cl, Br, I) and C-H activation reactions) under ultra-high vacuum conditions will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center and, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center and, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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Galeotti G, De Marchi F, Taerum T, Besteiro LV, El Garah M, Lipton-Duffin J, Ebrahimi M, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Surface-mediated assembly, polymerization and degradation of thiophene-based monomers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5167-5175. [PMID: 31183070 PMCID: PMC6526482 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ullmann coupling of halogenated aromatics is widely used in on-surface synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) polymers and graphene nanoribbons. It stands out among other reactions for regioselectively connecting aromatic monomers into 1D and 2D π-conjugated polymers, whose final structure and properties are determined by the initial building blocks. Thanks to their exceptional electronic properties, thiophene-containing monomers are frequently used for the synthesis of various conjugated materials. On the other hand, their use in on-surface polymerization is hampered by the possibility of ring opening when adsorbed on metal surfaces. In the present work, we mapped the temperature regime for these two competing reactions by investigating the adsorption of a thiophene-based prochiral molecule using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. We followed the formation of organometallic (OM) networks, their evolution into covalent structures and the competition between C-C coupling and thiophene ring opening. The effect of surface reactivity was explored by comparing the adsorption on three (111) coinage metal substrates, namely Au, Ag and Cu. While outlining strategies to minimize the ring opening reaction, we found that the surface temperature during deposition is of paramount importance for the preparation of 2D OM networks, greatly enhancing the overall ordering of the product by depositing on hot Ag surface. Notably, the same protocol permits the creation of OM structures on the air-stable Au surface, thereby allowing the synthesis and application of 2D OM networks outside the ultra-high vacuum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Galeotti
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia , CNR , Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - F De Marchi
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
| | - T Taerum
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3A 0B8 .
| | - L V Besteiro
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , PR China
| | - M El Garah
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
| | - J Lipton-Duffin
- Institute for Future Environments , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , 4001 QLD , Australia
| | - M Ebrahimi
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
| | - D F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3A 0B8 .
| | - F Rosei
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , PR China
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