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Cowen T, Grammatikos S, Cheffena M. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle-carbon nanotube composite electrochemical gas sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of methanol vapour. Analyst 2024; 149:2428-2435. [PMID: 38488210 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical gas sensor has been fabricated using molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes on screen-printed electrodes. Methanol vapour was chosen as the target due to its toxicity as its suitability as a model for more harmful pollutant gases. The sensor functions under ambient conditions and in the required concentration range, in contrast to all previous MIP-based gas sensors for methanol. The sensitivity of the sensor was greatly improved by the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes, resulting in a limit of detection of approximately 10 ppm. The nanoMIPs provide an inherent selectivity for the target inherent in its design. Selectivity studies were performed with structurally analogous alcohols at various concentrations, demonstrating selectivity for methanol 12.1 times that for ethanol at 2 mmol dm-3 and 4.2 times that for ethanol at 1 mmol dm-3. Interactions with isopropanol and n-propanol were found to be non-specific, and the response to water was negligible. This demonstrates an improvement over previous methanol gas sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers. No response was observed with carbon nanotubes alone, and no selectivity was observed with non-imprinted equivalents of the nanoMIP sensor. The resulting device is by far the most practical MIP-based instrument for methanol gas sensing thus far described in the literature, being the only example capable of functioning at the necessary methanol vapour concentrations and at the required temperature and humidity. With the selectivity and sensitivity described and the simple design, the developed device provides a substantial advance in the field of molecularly imprinted gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Cowen
- Norwegian university of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen 22, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway.
| | - Sotirios Grammatikos
- Norwegian university of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen 22, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway.
| | - Michael Cheffena
- Norwegian university of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen 22, 2815 Gjøvik, Norway.
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2
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Zheng G, Wei K, Kang X, Fan W, Ma NL, Verma M, Ng HS, Ge S. A new attempt to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution - Modification technology of biomass for adsorption of VOCs gas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122451. [PMID: 37648056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental impact of volatile organic compounds on the surroundings is widely acknowledged, and effective solutions must be sought to mitigate their pollution. Adsorption treatment is a cost-effective, energy-saving, and flexible solution that has gained popularity. Biomass is an inexpensive, naturally porous material with exceptional adsorbent properties. This article examines current research on volatile organic compounds adsorption using biomass, including the composition of these compounds and the physical (van der Waals) and chemical mechanisms (Chemical bonding) by which porous materials adsorb them. Specifically, the strategic modification of the surface chemical functional groups and pore structure is explored to facilitate optimal adsorption, including pyrolysis, activation, heteroatom doping and other methods. It is worth noting that biomass adsorbents are emerging as a highly promising strategy for green treatment of volatile organic compounds pollution in the future. Overall, the findings signify that biomass modification represents a viable and competent approach for eliminating volatile organic compounds from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Zheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kexin Wei
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuelian Kang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Textile Science and Engineering & Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710048, China
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- BIOSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, 21030 Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Requena F, Ahoulou S, Barbot N, Kaddour D, Nedelec JM, Baron T, Perret E. Towards Wireless Detection of Surface Modification of Silicon Nanowires by an RF Approach. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4237. [PMID: 36500858 PMCID: PMC9735642 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper shows the possibility to detect the presence of grafted molecules on the surface of silicon nanowires with a wireless RF radar approach based on the measurement of the backscattered signal of a resonant structure on which the nanowires are deposited. The measured resonance frequency allows the determination of the intrinsic properties related to temperature and humidity variations, which can be related to the presence of the grafted molecules. Several functionalizations of nanowires have been realized and characterized. For the first time, an RF approach is used to detect significant differences related to the presence of grafted molecules on the surface of nanowires. In addition to detecting their presence, the obtained results show the potential of the radar approach to identify the type of functionalization of nanowires. A set of six different grafted molecules (including octadecyltrichlorosilane, ethynylpyrene, N3) was tested and correctly separated with the proposed approach. Various measurements of the same samples showed a good repeatability which made the approach compatible with the possibility of differentiating the molecules with each other by radar reading. Moreover, discussions about the application of such functionalizations are made to increase the sensibility of sensors using a radar approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Requena
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Samuel Ahoulou
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barbot
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Darine Kaddour
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Baron
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Etienne Perret
- LCIS Laboratory, Grenoble INP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-26000 Valence, France
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the field of volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, which are finding uses in healthcare, safety, environmental monitoring, food and agriculture, oil industry, and other fields. It starts by briefly explaining the basics of VOC sensing and reviewing the currently available and quickly progressing VOC sensing approaches. It then discusses the main trends in materials' design with special attention to nanostructuring and nanohybridization. Emerging sensing materials and strategies are highlighted and their involvement in the different types of sensing technologies is discussed, including optical, electrical, and gravimetric sensors. The review also provides detailed discussions about the main limitations of the field and offers potential solutions. The status of the field and suggestions of promising directions for future development are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Zhang G, Zeng H, Liu J, Nagashima K, Takahashi T, Hosomi T, Tanaka W, Yanagida T. Nanowire-based sensor electronics for chemical and biological applications. Analyst 2021; 146:6684-6725. [PMID: 34667998 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Detection and recognition of chemical and biological species via sensor electronics are important not only for various sensing applications but also for fundamental scientific understanding. In the past two decades, sensor devices using one-dimensional (1D) nanowires have emerged as promising and powerful platforms for electrical detection of chemical species and biologically relevant molecules due to their superior sensing performance, long-term stability, and ultra-low power consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress and achievements in 1D nanowire synthesis, working principles of nanowire-based sensors, and the applications of nanowire-based sensor electronics in chemical and biological analytes detection and recognition. In addition, some critical issues that hinder the practical applications of 1D nanowire-based sensor electronics, including device reproducibility and selectivity, stability, and power consumption, will be highlighted. Finally, challenges, perspectives, and opportunities for developing advanced and innovative nanowire-based sensor electronics in chemical and biological applications are featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jiangyang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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6
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Recent Advances in Silicon FET Devices for Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor platforms with fast response and recovery kinetics are in high demand for environmental health monitoring, industry, and medical diagnostics. Among the various categories of gas sensors studied to date, field effect transistors (FETs) have proved to be an extremely efficient platform due to their miniaturized form factor, high sensitivity, and ultra-low power consumption. Despite the advent of various kinds of new materials, silicon (Si) still enjoys the advantages of excellent and reproducible electronic properties and compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technologies for integrated multiplexing and signal processing. This review gives an overview of the recent developments in Si FETs for gas and VOC sensing. We categorised the Si FETs into Si nanowire (NW) FETs; planar Si FETs, in which the Si channel is either a part of the silicon on insulator (SOI) or the bulk Si, as in conventional FETs; and electrostatically formed nanowire (EFN) FETs. The review begins with a brief introduction, followed by a description of the Si NW FET gas and VOC sensors. A brief description of the various fabrication strategies of Si NWs and the several functionalisation methods to improve the sensing performances of Si NWs are also provided. Although Si NW FETs have excellent sensing properties, they are far from practical realisation due to the extensive fabrication procedures involved, along with other issues that are critically assessed briefly. Then, we describe planar Si FET sensors, which are much closer to real-world implementation. Their simpler device architecture combined with excellent sensing properties enable them as an efficient platform for gas sensing. The third category, the EFN FET sensors, proved to be another potential platform for gas sensing due to their intriguing properties, which are elaborated in detail. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for gas sensing are addressed.
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Ahoulou S, Perret E, Nedelec JM. Functionalization and Characterization of Silicon Nanowires for Sensing Applications: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:999. [PMID: 33924658 PMCID: PMC8070586 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are attractive materials from the point of view of their electrical properties or high surface-to-volume ratio, which makes them interesting for sensing applications. However, they can achieve a better performance by adjusting their surface properties with organic/inorganic compounds. This review gives an overview of the main techniques used to modify silicon nanowire surfaces as well as characterization techniques. A comparison was performed with the functionalization method developed, and some applications of modified silicon nanowires and their advantages on those non-modified are subsequently presented. In the final words, the future opportunities of functionalized silicon nanowires for chipless tag radio frequency identification (RFID) have been depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ahoulou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- LCIS, INP, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-26000 Valence, France;
| | - Etienne Perret
- LCIS, INP, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-26000 Valence, France;
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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8
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Hijazi M, Rieu M, Stambouli V, Tournier G, Viricelle JP, Pijolat C. Modified SnO2-APTES gas sensor for selective ammonia detection at room temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Hu W, Wan L, Jian Y, Ren C, Jin K, Su X, Bai X, Haick H, Yao M, Wu W. Electronic Noses: From Advanced Materials to Sensors Aided with Data Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2018:1800488. [DOI: 10.1002/admt.201800488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Hu
- School of Aerospace Science and TechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Liangtian Wan
- The Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning ProvinceSchool of SoftwareDalian University of Technology Dalian 116620 China
| | - Yingying Jian
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Cong Ren
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Ke Jin
- School of Aerospace Science and TechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Su
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Mingshui Yao
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
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10
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Jiang Y, Tang N, Zhou C, Han Z, Qu H, Duan X. A chemiresistive sensor array from conductive polymer nanowires fabricated by nanoscale soft lithography. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20578-20586. [PMID: 30226241 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional organic nanostructures are essential building blocks for high performance gas sensors. Constructing an e-nose type sensor array is the current golden standard in developing portable systems for the detection of gas mixtures. However, facile fabrication of nanoscale sensor arrays is still challenging due to the high cost of the conventional nanofabrication techniques. In this work, we fabricate a chemiresistive gas sensor array composed of well-ordered sub-100 nm wide conducting polymer nanowires using cost-effective nanoscale soft lithography. Poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanowires functionalized with different self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are capable of identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a low concentration range. The side chains and functional groups of the SAMs introduce different sensitivities and selectivities to the targeted analytes. The distinct response pattern of each chemical is subjected to pattern recognition protocols, which leads to a clear separation towards ten VOCs, including ketones, alcohols, alkanes, aromatics and amines. These results of the chemiresistive gas sensor array demonstrate that nanoscale soft lithography is a reliable approach for fabricating nanoscale devices and has the potential of mass producibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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11
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Broza YY, Vishinkin R, Barash O, Nakhleh MK, Haick H. Synergy between nanomaterials and volatile organic compounds for non-invasive medical evaluation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4781-4859. [PMID: 29888356 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is an overview of the present and ongoing developments in the field of nanomaterial-based sensors for enabling fast, relatively inexpensive and minimally (or non-) invasive diagnostics of health conditions with follow-up by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) excreted from one or combination of human body fluids and tissues (e.g., blood, urine, breath, skin). Part of the review provides a didactic examination of the concepts and approaches related to emerging sensing materials and transduction techniques linked with the VOC-based non-invasive medical evaluations. We also present and discuss diverse characteristics of these innovative sensors, such as their mode of operation, sensitivity, selectivity and response time, as well as the major approaches proposed for enhancing their ability as hybrid sensors to afford multidimensional sensing and information-based sensing. The other parts of the review give an updated compilation of the past and currently available VOC-based sensors for disease diagnostics. This compilation summarizes all VOCs identified in relation to sickness and sampling origin that links these data with advanced nanomaterial-based sensing technologies. Both strength and pitfalls are discussed and criticized, particularly from the perspective of the information and communication era. Further ideas regarding improvement of sensors, sensor arrays, sensing devices and the proposed workflow are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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12
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Tran DP, Pham TTT, Wolfrum B, Offenhäusser A, Thierry B. CMOS-Compatible Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor: Technology Development toward Commercialization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E785. [PMID: 29751688 PMCID: PMC5978162 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their two-dimensional confinements, silicon nanowires display remarkable optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Of special interest has been the development of advanced biosensing approaches based on the field effect associated with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Recent advancements in top-down fabrication technologies have paved the way to large scale production of high density and quality arrays of SiNW field effect transistor (FETs), a critical step towards their integration in real-life biosensing applications. A key requirement toward the fulfilment of SiNW FETs' promises in the bioanalytical field is their efficient integration within functional devices. Aiming to provide a comprehensive roadmap for the development of SiNW FET based sensing platforms, we critically review and discuss the key design and fabrication aspects relevant to their development and integration within complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Phu Tran
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Pham
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, South Australia, Australia.
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13
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Chang Y, Hui Z, Wang X, Qu H, Pang W, Duan X. Dual-Mode Gas Sensor Composed of a Silicon Nanoribbon Field Effect Transistor and a Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator: A Case Study in Freons. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020343. [PMID: 29370109 PMCID: PMC5855964 DOI: 10.3390/s18020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a novel dual-mode gas sensor system which comprises a silicon nanoribbon field effect transistor (Si-NR FET) and a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR). We investigate their sensing characteristics using polar and nonpolar organic compounds, and demonstrate that polarity has a significant effect on the response of the Si-NR FET sensor, and only a minor effect on the FBAR sensor. In this dual-mode system, qualitative discrimination can be achieved by analyzing polarity with the Si-NR FET and quantitative concentration information can be obtained using a polymer-coated FBAR with a detection limit at the ppm level. The complementary performance of the sensing elements provides higher analytical efficiency. Additionally, a dual mixture of two types of freons (CFC-113 and HCFC-141b) is further analyzed with the dual-mode gas sensor. Owing to the small size and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatibility of the system, the dual-mode gas sensor shows potential as a portable integrated sensing system for the analysis of gas mixtures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhipeng Hui
- China Marine Development and Research Center (CMDRC), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Hemi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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14
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Yoon JW, Lee JH. Toward breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis using semiconductor-based chemiresistors: recent progress and future perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3537-3557. [PMID: 28971204 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor gas sensors using metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials, and metal chalcogenides have been reviewed from the viewpoint of the sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of exhaled biomarker gases, and perspectives/strategies to realize breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis are discussed based on the concurrent design of high-performance sensing materials and miniaturized pretreatment components. Carbon-based sensing materials that show relatively high responses to NO and NH3 at low or mildly raised temperatures can be applied to the diagnosis of asthma and renal disease. Halitosis can be diagnosed by employing sensing or additive materials such as CuO and Mo that have high chemical affinities for H2S, while catalyst-loaded metal oxide nanostructure sensors or their arrays have been used to diagnose diabetes via the selective detection of acetone or by pattern recognition of sensor signals. For the ultimate miniaturization of a breath-analysis system into a tiny chip, preconditioning that includes preconcentration, dehumidification, and flow sensing needs to be either improved through the design of gas/moisture adsorbents or removed/simplified through the design of highly sensitive sensing materials that are less impervious to interference from humidity and temperature. Moreover, an abundant sensing library needs to be provided for the diagnosis of diseases (e.g. lung cancer) that are associated with multiple biomarker gases and for finding new methods to diagnose other diseases. For this aim, p-type oxide semiconductors with high catalytic activities, as well as combinatorial approaches, can be considered for the development of sensing materials that detect less-reactive large molecules, and high-throughput screening, respectively. Selectivity for a specific biomarker gas will simplify the system further. Breath analysis on a tiny chip using semiconductor chemiresistors with ultralow power consumption that is connected to the 'Internet of Things' will pave new roads for disease diagnosis and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Tseng AC, Lynall D, Savelyev I, Blumin M, Wang S, Ruda HE. Sensing Responses Based on Transfer Characteristics of InAs Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071640. [PMID: 28714903 PMCID: PMC5539772 DOI: 10.3390/s17071640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanowire-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have demonstrated considerable promise for a new generation of chemical and biological sensors. Indium arsenide (InAs), by virtue of its high electron mobility and intrinsic surface accumulation layer of electrons, holds properties beneficial for creating high performance sensors that can be used in applications such as point-of-care testing for patients diagnosed with chronic diseases. Here, we propose devices based on a parallel configuration of InAs nanowires and investigate sensor responses from measurements of conductance over time and FET characteristics. The devices were tested in controlled concentrations of vapour containing acetic acid, 2-butanone and methanol. After adsorption of analyte molecules, trends in the transient current and transfer curves are correlated with the nature of the surface interaction. Specifically, we observed proportionality between acetic acid concentration and relative conductance change, off current and surface charge density extracted from subthreshold behaviour. We suggest the origin of the sensing response to acetic acid as a two-part, reversible acid-base and redox reaction between acetic acid, InAs and its native oxide that forms slow, donor-like states at the nanowire surface. We further describe a simple model that is able to distinguish the occurrence of physical versus chemical adsorption by comparing the values of the extracted surface charge density. These studies demonstrate that InAs nanowires can produce a multitude of sensor responses for the purpose of developing next generation, multi-dimensional sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Tseng
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
| | - David Lynall
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
| | - Igor Savelyev
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
| | - Marina Blumin
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
| | - Shiliang Wang
- Defence Research and Development Canada Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB T1A 8K6, Canada.
| | - Harry E Ruda
- Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology, University of Toronto, 170 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada.
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16
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Cao A, Zhu W, Shang J, Klootwijk JH, Sudhölter EJR, Huskens J, de Smet LCPM. Metal-Organic Polyhedra-Coated Si Nanowires for the Sensitive Detection of Trace Explosives. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1-7. [PMID: 28073264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface-modified silicon nanowire-based field-effect transistors (SiNW-FETs) have proven to be a promising platform for molecular recognition in miniature sensors. In this work, we present a novel nanoFET device for the sensitive and selective detection of explosives based on affinity layers of metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs). The judicious selection of the geometric and electronic characteristics of the assembly units (organic ligands and unsaturated metal site) embedded within the MOP cage allowed for the formation of multiple charge-transfer (CT) interactions to facilitate the selective explosive inclusion. Meanwhile, the host-stabilized CT complex inside the cage acted as an effective molecular gating element to strongly modulate the electrical conductance of the silicon nanowires. By grafting the MOP cages onto a SiNW-FET device, the resulting sensor showed a good electrical sensing capability to various explosives, especially 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), with a detection limit below the nanomolar level. Importantly, coupling MOPs-which have tunable structures and properties-to SiNW-based devices may open up new avenues for a wide range of sensing applications, addressing various target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhu
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Johan H Klootwijk
- Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Ghosh R, Giri PK. Silicon nanowire heterostructures for advanced energy and environmental applications: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:012001. [PMID: 27893437 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/28/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires (NWs), in particular Si NWs, have attracted much attention in the last decade for their unique electronic properties and potential applications in several emerging areas. With the introduction of heterostructures (HSs) on NWs, new functionalities are obtained and the device performance is improved significantly in many cases. Due to the easy fabrication techniques, excellent optoelectronic properties and compatibility of forming HSs with different inorganic/organic materials, Si NW HSs have been utilized in various configurations and device architectures. Herein, we review the recent developments in Si NW HS-based devices including the fabrication techniques, properties (e.g., light emitting, antireflective, photocatalytic, electrical, photovoltaic, sensing etc) and related emerging applications in energy generation, conversion, storage, and environmental cleaning and monitoring. In particular, recent advances in Si NW HS-based solar photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, thermoelectrics, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen generation, artificial photosynthesis, photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in water treatment, chemical and gas sensors, biomolecular sensors for microbial monitoring etc have been addressed in detail. The problems and challenges in utilizing Si NW HSs in device applications and the key parameters to improve the device performance are pointed out. The recent trends in the commercial applications of Si NW HS-based devices and future outlook of the field are presented at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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18
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Venkatasubramanian A, Sauer VTK, Roy SK, Xia M, Wishart DS, Hiebert WK. Nano-Optomechanical Systems for Gas Chromatography. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6975-6981. [PMID: 27749074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microgas chromatography (GC) is promising for portable chemical analysis. We demonstrate a nano-optomechanical system (NOMS) as an ultrasensitive mass detector in gas chromatography. Bare, native oxide, silicon surfaces are sensitive enough to monitor volatile organic compounds at ppm levels, while simultaneously demonstrating chemical selectivity. The NOMS is able to sense GC peaks from derivatized metabolites at physiological concentrations. This is an important milestone for small-molecule quantitation assays in next generation metabolite analyses for applications such as disease diagnosis and personalized medicine. The optical microring, which plays an important role in the nanomechanical signal transduction mechanism, can also be used as an analyte concentration sensor. Different adsorption kinetics regimes are realized at different temperatures allowing temporary condensation of the analyte onto the sensor surfaces. This effect amplifies the signal, resulting in a 1 ppb level limit of detection, without partition enhancement from absorbing media. This sensitivity bodes well for NOMS as universal, ultrasensitive detectors in micro-GC, breath analysis, and other chemical-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandram Venkatasubramanian
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Vincent T K Sauer
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Swapan K Roy
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mike Xia
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Wayne K Hiebert
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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19
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Huang L, Wang Z, Zhu X, Chi L. Electrical gas sensors based on structured organic ultra-thin films and nanocrystals on solid state substrates. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2016; 1:383-393. [PMID: 32260628 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors, as useful tools to detect specific gas species such as toxic and explosive gases or volatile organic compounds, are the key components for environmental monitoring, fruit maturity and food safety monitoring, health care, and so on. The present commercial products based on porous metal oxide materials still face problems, such as high temperature operation and low level of selectivity. Thin films or nanostructures of organic materials with thickness or grain size down to nanometer scale represent promising candidates for gas sensing due to their potential for achieving high selectivity, portability and low cost. However, there are still challenges related to their stability, reproducibility and response/recovery speed despite the efforts in materials design, morphology control or device configuration, all of which have been expended during the last few decades. In this review, we summarize the progress of recent research on gas sensors based on organic ultra-thin films and nanostructures. We specifically discuss the effect of microstructure in the active layer on the sensing performance and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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20
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Shehada N, Cancilla JC, Torrecilla JS, Pariente ES, Brönstrup G, Christiansen S, Johnson DW, Leja M, Davies MPA, Liran O, Peled N, Haick H. Silicon Nanowire Sensors Enable Diagnosis of Patients via Exhaled Breath. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7047-57. [PMID: 27383408 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two of the biggest challenges in medicine today are the need to detect diseases in a noninvasive manner and to differentiate between patients using a single diagnostic tool. The current study targets these two challenges by developing a molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNW FET) and showing its use in the detection and classification of many disease breathprints (lung cancer, gastric cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The fabricated SiNW FETs are characterized and optimized based on a training set that correlate their sensitivity and selectivity toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked with the various disease breathprints. The best sensors obtained in the training set are then examined under real-world clinical conditions, using breath samples from 374 subjects. Analysis of the clinical samples show that the optimized SiNW FETs can detect and discriminate between almost all binary comparisons of the diseases under examination with >80% accuracy. Overall, this approach has the potential to support detection of many diseases in a direct harmless way, which can reassure patients and prevent numerous unpleasant investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Shehada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - John C Cancilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jose S Torrecilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Enrique S Pariente
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Gerald Brönstrup
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Douglas W Johnson
- Florida Radiation Oncology Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baptist Cancer Institute (BCI) , 1235 San Marco Boulevard., Suite 100, Jacksonville, Florida 32207, United States
| | - Marcis Leja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia , 19 Raiņa boulv., LV1586 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital , 6 Linezera iela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
- Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO , Riga, Latvia. 6 Linezera iela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael P A Davies
- Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool , William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Ori Liran
- Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff cancer center, Petah Tiqwa and the Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Peled
- Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff cancer center, Petah Tiqwa and the Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
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21
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Sivalingam Y, Elumalai P, Yuvaraj SV, Magna G, Sowmya VJ, Paolesse R, Chi KW, Kawazoe Y, Di Natale C. Interaction of VOCs with pyrene tetratopic ligands layered on ZnO nanorods under visible light. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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22
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Wu N, Wang C, Bunes BR, Zhang Y, Slattum PM, Yang X, Zang L. Chemical Self-Doping of Organic Nanoribbons for High Conductivity and Potential Application as Chemiresistive Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12360-12368. [PMID: 27136452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically low electrical conductivity of organic semiconductors hinders their further development into practical electronic devices. Herein, we report on an efficient chemical self-doping to increase the conductivity through one-dimensional stacking arrangement of electron donor-acceptor (D-A) molecules. The D-A molecule employed was a 1-methylpiperidine-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (MP-PTCDI), of which the methylpiperidine moiety is a strong electron donor, and can form a charge transfer complex with PTCDI (acting as the acceptor), generating anionic radical of PTCDI as evidenced in molecular solutions. Upon self-assembling into nanoribbons through columnar π-π stacking, the intermolecular charge transfer interaction between methylpiperidine and PTCDI would be enhanced, and the electrons generated are delocalized along the π-π stacking of PTCDIs, leading to enhancement in conductivity. The conductive fiber materials thus produced can potentially be used as chemiresistive sensor for vapor detection of electron deficient chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, taking advantage of the large surface area of nanofibers. As a major component of improvised explosives, hydrogen peroxide remains a critical signature chemical for public safety screening and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Benjamin R Bunes
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Vaporsens, Inc. , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Paul M Slattum
- Vaporsens, Inc. , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ling Zang
- Nano Institute of Utah and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 36 South Wasatch Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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23
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Swaminathan N, Henning A, Vaknin Y, Shimanovich K, Godkin A, Shalev G, Rosenwaks Y. Dynamic Range Enhancement Using the Electrostatically Formed Nanowire Sensor. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Swaminathan
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
| | - Alex Henning
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
| | - Yonathan Vaknin
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
| | - Klimentiy Shimanovich
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
| | - Andrey Godkin
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
| | - Gil Shalev
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
| | - Yossi Rosenwaks
- Department
of Physical Electronics,
School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv − 69978, Israel
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24
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Chang Y, Tang N, Qu H, Liu J, Zhang D, Zhang H, Pang W, Duan X. Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds by Self-assembled Monolayer Coated Sensor Array with Concentration-independent Fingerprints. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23970. [PMID: 27045012 PMCID: PMC4820718 DOI: 10.1038/srep23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have modeled and analyzed affinities and kinetics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption (and desorption) on various surface chemical groups using multiple self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) functionalized film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) array. The high-frequency and micro-scale resonator provides improved sensitivity in the detections of VOCs at trace levels. With the study of affinities and kinetics, three concentration-independent intrinsic parameters (monolayer adsorption capacity, adsorption energy constant and desorption rate) of gas-surface interactions are obtained to contribute to a multi-parameter fingerprint library of VOC analytes. Effects of functional group's properties on gas-surface interactions are also discussed. The proposed sensor array with concentration-independent fingerprint library shows potential as a portable electronic nose (e-nose) system for VOCs discrimination and gas-sensitive materials selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ning Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hemi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Daihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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25
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Vishinkin R, Haick H. Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6142-64. [PMID: 26448487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed-side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so-called "volatolomics", namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial-based solid-state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial-based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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26
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Henning A, Molotskii M, Swaminathan N, Vaknin Y, Godkin A, Shalev G, Rosenwaks Y. Electrostatic Limit of Detection of Nanowire-Based Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4931-4937. [PMID: 26173993 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scanning gate microscopy is used to determine the electrostatic limit of detection (LOD) of a nanowire (NW) based chemical sensor with a precision of sub-elementary charge. The presented method is validated with an electrostatically formed NW whose active area and shape are tunable by biasing a multiple gate field-effect transistor (FET). By using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) as a local top gate, the field effect of adsorbed molecules is emulated. The tip induced charge is quantified with an analytical electrostatic model and it is shown that the NW sensor is sensitive to about an elementary charge and that the measurements with the AFM tip are in agreement with sensing of ethanol vapor. This method is applicable to any FET-based chemical and biological sensor, provides a means to predict the absolute sensor performance limit, and suggests a standardized way to compare LODs and sensitivities of various sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Henning
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michel Molotskii
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Nandhini Swaminathan
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yonathan Vaknin
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Andrey Godkin
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Gil Shalev
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yossi Rosenwaks
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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27
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Halpern JM, Wang B, Haick H. Controlling the Sensing Properties of Silicon Nanowires via the Bonds Nearest to the Silicon Nanowire Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11315-11321. [PMID: 25961907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the sensing properties of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is dependent on the surface chemistry of the silicon nanowire. A standard silicon nanowire has a passive oxide layer (native oxide), which has trap states that cause sensing inaccuracies and desensitize the surface to nonpolar molecules. In this paper, we successfully modified the silicon nanowire surface with different nonoxide C3 alkyl groups, specifically, propyl (Si-CH2-CH2-CH3), propenyl (Si-CH═CH-CH3), and propynyl (Si-C≡C-CH3) modifications. The effect of the near surface bond on the sensor sensitivity and stability was explored by comparing three C3 surface modifications. A reduction of trap-states led to greater sensor stability and accuracy. The propenyl-modified sensor was consistently the most stable and sensitive sensor, among the applied sensors. The propenyl- and propynyl-modified sensors consistently performed with the best accuracy in identifying specific analytes with similar polarity or similar molecular weights. A combination of features from different sensing surfaces led to the best rubric for specific analytes identification. These results indicate that nonoxide sensor surfaces are useful in identifying specific analytes and that a combination of sensors with different surfaces in a cross-reactive array can lead to specific analytes detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Mark Halpern
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Bin Wang
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Shehada N, Brönstrup G, Funka K, Christiansen S, Leja M, Haick H. Ultrasensitive silicon nanowire for real-world gas sensing: noninvasive diagnosis of cancer from breath volatolome. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1288-95. [PMID: 25494909 DOI: 10.1021/nl504482t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on an ultrasensitive, molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistor that brings together the lock-and-key and cross-reactive sensing worlds for the diagnosis of (gastric) cancer from exhaled volatolome. The sensor is able to selectively detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are linked with gastric cancer conditions in exhaled breath and to discriminate them from environmental VOCs that exist in exhaled breath samples but do not relate to the gastric cancer per se. Using breath samples collected from actual patients with gastric cancer and from volunteers who do not have cancer, blind analysis validated the ability of the reported sensor to discriminate between gastric cancer and control conditions with >85% accuracy, irrespective of important confounding factors such as tobacco consumption and gender. The reported sensing approach paves the way to use the power of silicon nanowires for simple, inexpensive, portable, and noninvasive diagnosis of cancer and other disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Shehada
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Zhao X, Cai B, Tang Q, Tong Y, Liu Y. One-dimensional nanostructure field-effect sensors for gas detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:13999-4020. [PMID: 25090418 PMCID: PMC4179014 DOI: 10.3390/s140813999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently; one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure field-effect transistors (FETs) have attracted much attention because of their potential application in gas sensing. Micro/nanoscaled field-effect sensors combine the advantages of 1D nanostructures and the characteristic of field modulation. 1D nanostructures provide a large surface area-volume ratio; which is an outstanding advantage for gas sensors with high sensitivity and fast response. In addition; the nature of the single crystals is favorable for the studies of the response mechanism. On the other hand; one main merit of the field-effect sensors is to provide an extra gate electrode to realize the current modulation; so that the sensitivity can be dramatically enhanced by changing the conductivity when operating the sensors in the subthreshold regime. This article reviews the recent developments in the field of 1D nanostructure FET for gas detection. The sensor configuration; the performance as well as their sensing mechanism are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Bin Cai
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Kisner A, Heggen M, Mayer D, Simon U, Offenhäusser A, Mourzina Y. Probing the effect of surface chemistry on the electrical properties of ultrathin gold nanowire sensors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5146-5155. [PMID: 24589626 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05927h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin metal nanowires are ultimately analytical tools that can be used to survey the interfacial properties of the functional groups of organic molecules immobilized on nanoelectrodes. The high ratio of surface to bulk atoms makes such ultrathin nanowires extremely electrically sensitive to adsorbates and their charge and/or polarity, although little is known about the nature of surface chemistry interactions on metallic ultrathin nanowires. Here we report the first studies about the effect of functional groups of short-chain alkanethiol molecules on the electrical resistance of ultrathin gold nanowires. We fabricated ultrathin nanowire electrical sensors based on chemiresistors using conventional microfabrication techniques, so that the contact areas were passivated to leave only the surface of the nanowires exposed to the environment. By immobilizing alkanethiol molecules with head groups such as -CH3, -NH2 and -COOH on gold nanowires, we examined how the charge proximity due to protonation/deprotonation of the functional groups affects the resistance of the sensors. Electrical measurements in air and in water only indicate that beyond the gold-sulfur moiety interactions, the interfacial charge due to the acid-base chemistry of the functional groups of the molecules has a significant impact on the electrical resistance of the wires. Our data demonstrate that the degree of dissociation of the corresponding functional groups plays a major role in enhancing the surface-sensitive resistivity of the nanowires. These results stress the importance of recognizing the effect of protonation/deprotonation of the surface chemistry on the resulting electrical sensitivity of ultrathin metal nanowires and the applicability of such sensors for studying interfacial properties using electrodes of comparable size to the electrochemical double layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kisner
- Peter Grünberg Institut-8, 2Peter Grünberg Institut-5, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Wang B, Cancilla JC, Torrecilla JS, Haick H. Artificial sensing intelligence with silicon nanowires for ultraselective detection in the gas phase. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:933-8. [PMID: 24437965 DOI: 10.1021/nl404335p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecularly modified Si nanowire field effect transistors (SiNW FETs) for selective detection in the liquid phase has been successfully demonstrated. In contrast, selective detection of chemical species in the gas phase has been rather limited. In this paper, we show that the application of artificial intelligence on deliberately controlled SiNW FET device parameters can provide high selectivity toward specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The obtained selectivity allows identifying VOCs in both single-component and multicomponent environments as well as estimating the constituent VOC concentrations. The effect of the structural properties (functional group and/or chain length) of the molecular modifications on the accuracy of VOC detection is presented and discussed. The reported results have the potential to serve as a launching pad for the use of SiNW FET sensors in real-world counteracting conditions and/or applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
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32
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Influence of conductivity and dielectric constant of water-dioxane mixtures on the electrical response of SiNW-based FETs. SENSORS 2014; 14:2350-61. [PMID: 24481233 PMCID: PMC3958210 DOI: 10.3390/s140202350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the electrical response of top-down, p-type silicon nanowire field-effect transistors exposed to water and mixtures of water and dioxane. First, the capacitive coupling of the back gate and the liquid gate via an Ag/AgCl electrode were compared in water. It was found that for liquid gating smaller potentials are needed to obtain similar responses of the nanowire compared to back gating. In the case of back gating, the applied potential couples through the buried oxide layer, indicating that the associated capacitance dominates all other capacitances involved during this mode of operation. Next, the devices were exposed to mixtures of water and dioxane to study the effect of these mixtures on the device characteristics, including the threshold voltage (VT). The VT dependency on the mixture composition was found to be related to the decreased dissociation of the surface silanol groups and the conductivity of the mixture used. This latter was confirmed by experiments with constant conductivity and varying water–dioxane mixtures.
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Cao A, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM. Silicon nanowire-based devices for gas-phase sensing. SENSORS 2013; 14:245-71. [PMID: 24368699 PMCID: PMC3926556 DOI: 10.3390/s140100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since their introduction in 2001, SiNW-based sensor devices have attracted considerable interest as a general platform for ultra-sensitive, electrical detection of biological and chemical species. Most studies focus on detecting, sensing and monitoring analytes in aqueous solution, but the number of studies on sensing gases and vapors using SiNW-based devices is increasing. This review gives an overview of selected research papers related to the application of electrical SiNW-based devices in the gas phase that have been reported over the past 10 years. Special attention is given to surface modification strategies and the sensing principles involved. In addition, future steps and technological challenges in this field are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, Delft 2628 BL, The Netherlands.
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Ermanok R, Assad O, Zigelboim K, Wang B, Haick H. Discriminative power of chemically sensitive silicon nanowire field effect transistors to volatile organic compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11172-83. [PMID: 24144671 DOI: 10.1021/am403421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the sensing of different polar and nonpolar volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an atmosphere with background humidity (relative humidity: 40%), using molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistors (SiNW FETs). In this endeavor, a systematic comparative analysis is performed with: (i) SiNW FETs that were functionalized with a series of molecules having different electron-withdrawing and electron-donating end groups; and (ii) SiNW FETs that are functionalized with a series of molecules having similar functional groups but different backbone lengths. The analysis of the sensing signals are focused on three main FET parameters: (i) changes in the threshold voltage, (ii) changes in the carrier mobility, and (iii) changes in the on-current, compared to the baseline values under vacuum. Using discriminant factor analysis, the performance of the molecularly modified SiNW FETs is further analyzed as sensors array. The combination of sensors having the best discriminative power between the various VOCs are identified and discussed in terms of their constituent surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ermanok
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Wang B, Haick H. Effect of chain length on the sensing of volatile organic compounds by means of silicon nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:5748-56. [PMID: 23725353 DOI: 10.1021/am401265z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistors (SiNW FETs) are starting to appear as promising devices for sensing various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Understanding the connection between the molecular layer structure attached to the SiNWs and VOCs is essential for the design of high performance sensors. Here, we explore the chain length influence of molecular layers on the sensing performance to polar and nonpolar VOCs. SiNW FETs were functionalized with molecular layers that have similar end (methyl) group and amide bridge bond, but differ in their alkyl chain lengths. The resulting devices were then exposed to polar and nonpolar VOCs in various concentrations. Our results showed that the sensing response to changing the threshold voltage (ΔVth) and changing the relative hole mobility (Δμh/μh-a) have a proportional relationship to the VOC concentration. On exposure to a specific VOC concentration, ΔVth response increased with the chain length of the molecular modification. In contrast, Δμh/μh-a did not exhibit any obvious reliance on the chain length of the molecular layer. Analysis of the responses with an electrostatic-based model suggests that the sensor response in ΔVth is dependent on the VOC concentration, VOC vapor pressure, VOC-molecular layer binding energy, and VOC adsorption-induced dipole moment changes of molecular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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