1
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Wang X, Hu S, Wang J, Zhang T, Ye K, Wen A, Zhu G, Vegas A, Zhang L, Yan W, Liu X, Liu P. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of OvoA Th2: A Mononuclear Nonheme Iron Enzyme from Hydrogenimonas thermophila for Ovothiol Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15417-15426. [PMID: 38058600 PMCID: PMC10696552 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovothiol A and ergothioneine are thiol-histidine derivatives with sulfur substitutions at the δ-carbon or ε-carbon of the l-histidine imidazole ring, respectively. Both ovothiol A and ergothioneine have protective effects on many aging-related diseases, and the sulfur substitution plays a key role in determining their chemical and biological properties, while factors governing sulfur incorporation regioselectivities in ovothiol and ergothioneine biosynthesis in the corresponding enzymes (OvoA, Egt1, or EgtB) are not yet known. In this study, we have successfully obtained the first OvoA crystal structure, which provides critical information to explain their C-S bond formation regioselectivity. Furthermore, OvoATh2 exhibits several additional activities: (1) ergothioneine sulfoxide synthase activity akin to Egt1 in ergothioneine biosynthesis; (2) cysteine dioxygenase activity using l-cysteine and l-histidine analogues as substrates; (3) cysteine dioxygenase activity upon mutation of an active site tyrosine residue (Y406). The structural insights and diverse chemistries demonstrated by OvoATh2 pave the way for future comprehensive structure-function correlation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sha Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- School
of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ke Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Aiwen Wen
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Arturo Vegas
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wupeng Yan
- School
of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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2
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Mitrić A, Castellano I. Targeting gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: A pleiotropic enzyme involved in glutathione metabolism and in the control of redox homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:672-683. [PMID: 37739139 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme located on the outer membrane of the cells where it regulates the metabolism of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular antioxidant thiol. GGT plays a key role in the control of redox homeostasis, by hydrolyzing extracellular GSH and providing the cell with the recovery of cysteine, which is necessary for de novo intracellular GSH and protein biosynthesis. Therefore, the upregulation of GGT confers to the cell greater resistance to oxidative stress and the advantage of growing fast. Indeed, GGT is upregulated in inflammatory conditions and in the progression of various human tumors and it is involved in many physiological disorders related to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Currently, increased GGT expression is considered a marker of liver damage, cancer, and low-grade chronic inflammation. This review addresses the current knowledge on the structure-function relationship of GGT, focusing on human GGT, and provides information on the pleiotropic biological role and relevance of the enzyme as a target of drugs aimed at alleviating oxidative stress-related diseases. The development of new GGT inhibitors is critically discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages of their potential use in clinics. Considering its pleiotropic activities and evolved functions, GGT is a potential "moonlighting protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mitrić
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.
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3
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Abstract
Here, the choice of the first coordination shell of the metal center is analyzed from the perspective of charge maintenance in a binary enzyme-substrate complex and an O2-bound ternary complex in the nonheme iron oxygenases. Comparing homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase and gentisate dioxygenase highlights the significance of charge maintenance after substrate binding as an important factor that drives the reaction coordinate. We then extend the charge analysis to several common types of nonheme iron oxygenases containing either a 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad or a 3-His or 4-His ligand motif, including extradiol and intradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenases, thiol dioxygenases, α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases, and carotenoid cleavage oxygenases. After forming the productive enzyme-substrate complex, the overall charge of the iron complex at the 0, +1, or +2 state is maintained in the remaining catalytic steps. Hence, maintaining a constant charge is crucial to promote the reaction of the iron center beginning from the formation of the Michaelis or ternary complex. The charge compensation to the iron ion is tuned not only by protein-derived carboxylate ligands but also by substrates. Overall, these analyses indicate that charge maintenance at the iron center is significant when all the necessary components form a productive complex. This charge maintenance concept may apply to most oxygen-activating metalloenzymes systems that do not draw electrons and protons step-by-step from a separate reactant, such as NADH, via a reductase. The charge maintenance perception may also be useful in proposing catalytic pathways or designing prototypical reactions using artificial or engineered enzymes for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrahime S. Traore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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4
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Cordell GA, Lamahewage SNS. Ergothioneine, Ovothiol A, and Selenoneine-Histidine-Derived, Biologically Significant, Trace Global Alkaloids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092673. [PMID: 35566030 PMCID: PMC9103826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The history, chemistry, biology, and biosynthesis of the globally occurring histidine-derived alkaloids ergothioneine (10), ovothiol A (11), and selenoneine (12) are reviewed comparatively and their significance to human well-being is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL 60202, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sujeewa N. S. Lamahewage
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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5
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Santi AMM, Murta/ SMF. Antioxidant defence system as a rational target for Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis chemotherapy. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210401. [PMID: 35239945 PMCID: PMC8896756 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., respectively. They are among the most important parasitic diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide, being a considerable global challenge. However, there is no human vaccine available against T. cruzi and Leishmania infections, and their control is based mainly on chemotherapy. Treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have multiple limitations, mainly due to the high toxicity of the available drugs, long-term treatment protocols, and the occurrence of drug-resistant parasite strains. In the case of Chagas disease, there is still the problem of low cure rates in the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutic agents and novel targets for drug development are urgently needed. Antioxidant defence in Trypanosomatidae is a potential target for chemotherapy because the organisms present a unique mechanism for trypanothione-dependent detoxification of peroxides, which differs from that found in vertebrates. Cellular thiol redox homeostasis is maintained by the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione, involving different enzymes that act in concert. This study provides an overview of the antioxidant defence focusing on iron superoxide dismutase A, tryparedoxin peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase and how the enzymes play an important role in the defence against oxidative stress and their involvement in drug resistance mechanisms in T. cruzi and Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Murta Santi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Silvane Maria Fonseca Murta/
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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6
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Osik NA, Zelentsova EA, Tsentalovich YP. Kinetic Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Ovothiol A. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091470. [PMID: 34573105 PMCID: PMC8470380 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovothiol A (OSH) is one of the strongest natural antioxidants. So far, its presence was found in tissues of marine invertebrates, algae and fish. Due to very low pKa value of the SH group, under physiological conditions, this compound is almost entirely present in chemically active thiolate form and reacts with ROS and radicals significantly faster than other natural thiols. In biological systems, OSH acts in tandem with glutathione GSH, with OSH neutralizing oxidants and GSH maintaining ovothiol in the reduced state. In the present work, we report the rate constants of OSH oxidation by H2O2 and of reduction of oxidized ovothiol OSSO by GSH and we estimate the Arrhenius parameters for these rate constants. The absorption spectra of reaction intermediates, adduct OSSG and sulfenic acid OSOH, were obtained. We also found that OSH effectively quenches the triplet state of kynurenic acid with an almost diffusion-controlled rate constant. This finding indicates that OSH may serve as a good photoprotector to inhibit the deleterious effect of solar UV irradiation; this assumption explains the high concentrations of OSH in the fish lens. The unique antioxidant and photoprotecting properties of OSH open promising perspectives for its use in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A. Osik
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.O.); (E.A.Z.)
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Zelentsova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.O.); (E.A.Z.)
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuri P. Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.O.); (E.A.Z.)
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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7
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Bohutskyi P, McClure RS, Hill EA, Nelson WC, Chrisler WB, Nuñez JR, Renslow RS, Charania MA, Lindemann SR, Beliaev AS. Metabolic effects of vitamin B12 on physiology, stress resistance, growth rate and biomass productivity of Cyanobacterium stanieri planktonic and biofilm cultures. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Yanshole VV, Yanshole LV, Zelentsova EA, Tsentalovich YP. Ovothiol A is the Main Antioxidant in Fish Lens. Metabolites 2019; 9:E95. [PMID: 31083459 PMCID: PMC6572425 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue protection from oxidative stress by antioxidants is of vital importance for cellular metabolism. The lens mostly consists of fiber cells lacking nuclei and organelles, having minimal metabolic activity; therefore, the defense of the lens tissue from the oxidative stress strongly relies on metabolites. Protein-free extracts from lenses and gills of freshwater fish, Sander lucioperca and Rutilus rutilus lacustris, were subjected to analysis using high-field 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC with optical and high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. It was found that the eye lenses of freshwater fish contain high concentrations of ovothiol A (OSH), i.e., one of the most powerful antioxidants exciting in nature. OSH was identified and quantified in millimolar concentrations. The concentration of OSH in the lens and gills depends on the fish genus and on the season. A possible mechanism of the reactive oxygen species deactivation in fish lenses is discussed. This work is the first to report on the presence of OSH in vertebrates. The presence of ovothiol in the fish tissue implies that it may be a significantly more common antioxidant in freshwater and marine animals than was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila V Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Zelentsova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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9
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Chen L, Naowarojna N, Chen B, Xu M, Quill M, Wang J, Deng Z, Zhao C, Liu P. Mechanistic Studies of a Nonheme Iron Enzyme OvoA in Ovothiol Biosynthesis Using a Tyrosine Analogue, 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-(methoxyl) phenyl) Propanoic Acid (MeOTyr). ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Melissa Quill
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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10
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Naowarojna N, Huang P, Cai Y, Song H, Wu L, Cheng R, Li Y, Wang S, Lyu H, Zhang L, Zhou J, Liu P. In Vitro Reconstitution of the Remaining Steps in Ovothiol A Biosynthesis: C–S Lyase and Methyltransferase Reactions. Org Lett 2018; 20:5427-5430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yujuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng Song
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Huijue Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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11
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Sheridan KJ, Lechner BE, Keeffe GO, Keller MA, Werner ER, Lindner H, Jones GW, Haas H, Doyle S. Ergothioneine Biosynthesis and Functionality in the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35306. [PMID: 27748436 PMCID: PMC5066259 DOI: 10.1038/srep35306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT; 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine) is a trimethylated and sulphurised histidine derivative which exhibits antioxidant properties. Here we report that deletion of Aspergillus fumigatus egtA (AFUA_2G15650), which encodes a trimodular enzyme, abrogated EGT biosynthesis in this opportunistic pathogen. EGT biosynthetic deficiency in A. fumigatus significantly reduced resistance to elevated H2O2 and menadione, respectively, impaired gliotoxin production and resulted in attenuated conidiation. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed substantial proteomic remodelling in ΔegtA compared to wild-type under both basal and ROS conditions, whereby the abundance of 290 proteins was altered. Specifically, the reciprocal differential abundance of cystathionine γ-synthase and β-lyase, respectively, influenced cystathionine availability to effect EGT biosynthesis. A combined deficiency in EGT biosynthesis and the oxidative stress response regulator Yap1, which led to extreme oxidative stress susceptibility, decreased resistance to heavy metals and production of the extracellular siderophore triacetylfusarinine C and increased accumulation of the intracellular siderophore ferricrocin. EGT dissipated H2O2 in vitro, and elevated intracellular GSH levels accompanied abrogation of EGT biosynthesis. EGT deficiency only decreased resistance to high H2O2 levels which suggests functionality as an auxiliary antioxidant, required for growth at elevated oxidative stress conditions. Combined, these data reveal new interactions between cellular redox homeostasis, secondary metabolism and metal ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sheridan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Grainne O' Keeffe
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Markus A Keller
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Gary W Jones
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Austria
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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12
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Castellano I, Migliaccio O, D’Aniello S, Merlino A, Napolitano A, Palumbo A. Shedding light on ovothiol biosynthesis in marine metazoans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21506. [PMID: 26916575 PMCID: PMC4768315 DOI: 10.1038/srep21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovothiol, isolated from marine invertebrate eggs, is considered one of the most powerful antioxidant with potential for drug development. However, its biological functions in marine organisms still represent a matter of debate. In sea urchins, the most accepted view is that ovothiol protects the eggs by the high oxidative burst at fertilization. In this work we address the role of ovothiol during sea urchin development to give new insights on ovothiol biosynthesis in metazoans. The gene involved in ovothiol biosynthesis OvoA was identified in Paracentrotus lividus genome (PlOvoA). PlOvoA embryo expression significantly increased at the pluteus stage and was up-regulated by metals at concentrations mimicking polluted sea-water and by cyclic toxic algal blooms, leading to ovothiol biosynthesis. In silico analyses of the PlOvoA upstream region revealed metal and stress responsive elements. Structural protein models highlighted conserved active site residues likely responsible for ovothiol biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that OvoA evolved in most marine metazoans and was lost in bony vertebrates during the transition from the aquatic to terrestrial environment. These results highlight the crucial role of OvoA in protecting embryos released in seawater from environmental cues, thus allowing the survival under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Oriana Migliaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D’Aniello
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy
| | | | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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13
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Russo GL, Russo M, Castellano I, Napolitano A, Palumbo A. Ovothiol isolated from sea urchin oocytes induces autophagy in the Hep-G2 cell line. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4069-85. [PMID: 25003791 PMCID: PMC4113815 DOI: 10.3390/md12074069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovothiols are histidine-derived thiols isolated from sea urchin eggs, where they play a key role in the protection of cells toward the oxidative burst associated with fertilization by controlling the cellular redox balance and recycling oxidized glutathione. In this study, we show that treatment of a human liver carcinoma cell line, Hep-G2, with ovothiol A, isolated from Paracentrotus lividus oocytes, results in a decrease of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of an autophagic process is revealed by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy, together with the expression of the specific autophagic molecular markers, LC3 II and Beclin-1. The effect of ovothiol is not due to its antioxidant capacity or to hydrogen peroxide generation. The concentration of ovothiol A in the culture media, as monitored by HPLC analysis, decreased by about 24% within 30 min from treatment. The proliferation of normal human embryonic lung cells is not affected by ovothiol A. These results hint at ovothiol as a promising bioactive molecule from marine organisms able to inhibit cell proliferation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino 83100, Italy.
| | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino 83100, Italy.
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples 80121, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80126, Italy.
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples 80121, Italy.
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14
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Mirzahosseini A, Orgován G, Hosztafi S, Noszál B. The complete microspeciation of ovothiol A, the smallest octafarious antioxidant biomolecule. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2377-87. [PMID: 24510213 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ovothiol A, a small biomolecule with highly potent antioxidant capacity, and three newly synthesized derivatives were studied by (1)H NMR, (15)N NMR, UV-pH titrations, and a customized evaluation method. The omni-interactive imidazole, amino, carboxylate, and thiolate moieties of ovothiol A are quantified in terms of 32 microscopic protonation constants, the relative concentrations of 16 microspecies, 6 pairwise interactivity parameters, and 8 protonation shifts. The highest and lowest imidazole basicities differ by a record-breaking five orders of magnitude, and the predominant thiolate protonation constant is by far the smallest known thiolate logK value. The latter provides an indication as to why ovothiol A occurs naturally under deep-water circumstances only. Since thiolate basicities are in correlation with thiol-disulfide redox potentials, the eight different, fine-tunable thiolate basicities offer versatile and highly specific antioxidant capacities within one single molecular skeleton. This work is the first complete microspeciation of a tetrabasic, nonsymmetrical natural compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mirzahosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1092, Budapest, Hőgyes E. u. 9, Hungary
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15
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Structure and properties of iron nitrosyl complexes with functionalized sulfur-containing ligands. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Mandal K, Banerjee R. Kinetics of oxidation of nitrosodisulfonate anion radical with a metallo-superoxide. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:2714-9. [PMID: 22240656 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metal bound superoxide in μ-superoxo-bis[pentaamminecobalt(III)](5+) (1) oxidizes the nitrosodisulfonate anion radical (NDS(2-)) by two electrons. Oxidized NDS(2-) quickly decomposes to SO(4)(2-) and NO. 1 is itself reduced to the corresponding hydroperoxo complex which also decomposes fast to Co(ii), NH(4)(+) ions and oxygen. 1.5 moles of volatile products formed per mole of 1 mixed with excess NDS(2-). In the absence of superoxide in a bridged complex, e.g. the μ-amido-bis[pentaamminecobalt(III)](5+) complex fails to oxidize the nitroxyl radicals, NDS(2-), TEMPO and 4-oxo TEMPO. With excess NDS(2-) over 1, the reaction is first-order with respect to [1], [NDS(2-)] and inverse first order in [H(+)]. The activation entropy, ΔS(≠), is largely negative, increased ionic strength decreased the rate and a Brønsted plot is fairly linear with a negative slope. Oxidant μ-superoxo-bis[(ethylenediamine)(diethylenetriamine)cobalt(III)](5+) has ligands sterically more crowded though more basic than ammonia in 1. It oxidizes NDS(2-) much more slowly. No solvent kinetic isotope effect (k(H(2)O/D(2)O)≈ 1) could be seen; a spin-adduct formation by the conjugate base of 1 followed by electron transfer is postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustab Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
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17
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Krauth-Siegel RL, Comini MA. Redox control in trypanosomatids, parasitic protozoa with trypanothione-based thiol metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1236-48. [PMID: 18395526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomes and leishmania, the causative agents of several tropical diseases, possess a unique redox metabolism which is based on trypanothione. The bis(glutathionyl)spermidine is the central thiol that delivers electrons for the synthesis of DNA precursors, the detoxification of hydroperoxides and other trypanothione-dependent pathways. Many of the reactions are mediated by tryparedoxin, a distant member of the thioredoxin protein family. Trypanothione is kept reduced by the parasite-specific flavoenzyme trypanothione reductase. Since glutathione reductases and thioredoxin reductases are missing, the reaction catalyzed by trypanothione reductase represents the only connection between the NADPH- and the thiol-based redox metabolisms. Thus, cellular thiol redox homeostasis is maintained by the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione. Nearly all proteins of the parasite-specific trypanothione metabolism have proved to be essential.
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18
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Synthesis, structure, and NO-donor activity of the paramagnetic complex [Fe2(SC3H5N2)2(NO)4] as a model of nitrosyl [2FE-2S] proteins. Russ Chem Bull 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-007-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Shapiro BM, Hopkins PB. Ovothiols: biological and chemical perspectives. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 64:291-316. [PMID: 2053468 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123102.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
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20
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Zielonka J, Zhao H, Xu Y, Kalyanaraman B. Mechanistic similarities between oxidation of hydroethidine by Fremy's salt and superoxide: stopped-flow optical and EPR studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:853-63. [PMID: 16140206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that superoxide radical anion (O2.-) reacts with hydroethidine (HE) to form a product that is distinctly different from ethidium (E+) (Zhao et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34:1359; 2003). The structure of this product was recently determined as the 2-hydroxyethidium cation (2-OH-E+) (Zhao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:5727; 2005). In this study, using HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, we show that 2-OH-E+ is formed from the reaction between HE and nitrosodisulfonate radical dianion (NDS) or Fremy's salt. The reaction kinetics and mechanism were determined using steady-state and time-resolved optical and EPR techniques. Within the first 50 ms, an intermediate was detected. Another intermediate absorbing strongly at 460 nm and weakly at 670 nm was detected within a second. The structure of this species was assigned to an imino quinone derivative of HE. The stoichiometry of the reaction indicates that two molecules of NDS were needed to oxidize a molecule of HE. We postulate that the first step of the reaction involves the hydrogen atom abstraction from HE to form an aminyl radical that reacts with another molecule of NDS to form an adduct that decomposes to an imino quinone derivative of HE. A similar mechanism has been proposed for the reaction between HE and O2.-. The reaction between HE and the Fremy's salt should provide a facile route for the synthesis of 2-OH-E+, a diagnostic marker product of the HE/O2.- reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, P.O. Box 26509, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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21
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Hand CE, Taylor NJ, Honek JF. Ab initio studies of the properties of intracellular thiols ergothioneine and ovothiol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1357-60. [PMID: 15713386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular naturally occurring aromatic thiols such as ergothioneine and the ovothiols have been shown to play a variety of roles in cellular function. A detailed ab initio electronic structure analysis of these thiols is reported evaluating the thermodynamics of the reactions of these intracellular thiols with alkyl thiols, HO*, H2O2, ascorbate and their disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hand
- Chemistry Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Hand CE, Honek JF. Biological chemistry of naturally occurring thiols of microbial and marine origin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:293-308. [PMID: 15730267 DOI: 10.1021/np049685x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of thiols in living systems is critical for the maintenance of cellular redox potentials and protein thiol-disulfide ratios, as well as for the protection of cells from reactive oxygen species. In addition to the well-studied tripeptide glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly), a number of compounds have been identified that contribute to these essential cellular roles. This review provides a survey of the chemistry and biochemistry of several critically important and naturally occurring intracellular thiols such as coenzyme M, trypanothione, mycothiol, ergothioneine, and the ovothiols. Coenzyme M is a key thiol required for methane production in methogenic bacteria. Trypanothione and mycothiol are very important to the biochemistry of a number of human pathogens, and the enzymes utilizing these thiols have been recognized as important novel drug targets. Ergothioneine, although synthesized by fungi and the Actinomycetales bacteria, is present at significant physiological levels in humans and may contribute to single electron redox reactions in cells. The ovothiols appear to function as important modulators of reactive oxygen toxicity and appear to serve as small molecule mimics of glutathione peroxidase, a key enzyme in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Vamecq J, Maurois P, Bac P, Bailly F, Bernier JL, Stables JP, Husson I, Gressens P. Potent mammalian cerebroprotection and neuronal cell death inhibition are afforded by a synthetic antioxidant analogue of marine invertebrate cell protectant ovothiols. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1110-20. [PMID: 12956711 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Implicit strategies for neuroprotection in the adult brain include GABAA receptor activation, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and sodium voltage-gated channel inhibition. Ironically, these same targets may be harmful to the immature or developing brain. Protection has been demonstrated for both immature and mature brain with the use of a synthetic ovothiol analogue. The following beneficial effects have been demonstrated in mice: protection against audiogenic seizures, brain structures with clear-cut delineation of ibotenate-challenged white and grey matter lesions along with exceptional early and delayed protections, and potent cerebral cell death inhibition. The compound lacks both GABAergic activity and sodium channel blocker properties, which may help explain the lack of toxicity normally expressed in an immature brain utilizing these agents [J.W. Olney (2002) Neurotoxicology, 93, 1-10]. The oxidized form of the compound is virtually devoid of antioxidant activity. In vivo it exhibits cerebroprotective properties similar to those of reduced compounds endowed with antioxidant properties. This unexpected finding has prompted an extensive in vitro exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms that have led to the identification of several recycling mechanisms consistent with non rate-limiting conversion of oxidized to reduced compound forms. Taken as a whole, this work offers an unique combined in vitro and in vivo support that: (i). antioxidant therapy, here engineered from marine invertebrate egg protectants, may be a valuable strategy in protecting both mammalian adult and developing brain; and (ii). recycling (thiol-disulphide exchange) properties of the oxidized form of an antioxidant compound are as important as the antioxidant potential exhibited by a bioactive reduced antioxidant in certain neuroprotective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vamecq
- INSERM UNIV 045131, Neuropaediatrics Department of Professor Louis Vallée, Salengro University Hospital, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France.
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Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma are two genera of the protozoal Order Kinetoplastida that cause widespread diseases of humans and their livestock. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates by the host plays an important role in the control of infections by these organisms. Signal transduction and its redox regulation have not been studied in any depth in trypanosomatids, but homologs of the redox-sensitive signal transduction machinery of other eukaryotes have been recognized. These include homologs of activator protein-1, human apurinic endonuclease 1 (Ref-1) endonuclease, iron-responsive protein, protein kinases, and phosphatases. The detoxification of peroxide is catalyzed by a trypanothione-dependent system that has no counterpart in mammals, and thus ranks as one of the biochemical peculiarities of trypanosomatids. There is substantial evidence that trypanothione is essential for the survival of Trypanosoma brucei and for the virulence of Leishmania spp. Apart from trypanothione and its precursors, trypanosomatids also possess significant amounts of N(1)-methyl-4-mercaptohistidine or ovothiol A, but its function in the trypanosomatids is not presently understood. The biosynthesis of ovothiol A in Crithidia fasciculata proceeds by addition of sulfur from cysteine to histidine to form 4-mercaptohistidine. S-(4'-L-Histidyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide is the transsulfuration intermediate. 4-Mercaptohistidine is subsequently methylated with S-adenosylmethionine as the likely methyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Steenkamp
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
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Vogt RN, Spies HS, Steenkamp DJ. The biosynthesis of ovothiol A (N-methyl-4-mercaptohistidine). Identification of S-(4'-L-histidyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide as an intermediate and the products of the sulfoxide lyase reaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5229-41. [PMID: 11606184 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Crude extracts of Crithidia fasciculata catalyse the formation of 4-mercapto-L-histidine, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ovothiol A (N1-methyl-4-mercaptohistidine), in the presence of histidine, cysteine, Fe2+ and pyridoxal phosphate. This activity was present in a 35-55% ammonium sulfate fraction that was shown to produce a transsulfuration intermediate in the absence of pyridoxal phosphate. The transsulfuration intermediate was isolated and identified as S-(4'-L-histidyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide. The synthase activity, partially purified by anion-exchange chromatography, was shown to require oxygen and could be used to synthesize a number of isotopically labeled S-(4'-L-histidyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxides. Sulfoxide lyase activity was partially resolved from the synthase by anion-exchange chromatography. The phenylhydrazone of the product derived from the cysteine moiety of the sulfoxide coeluted with the phenylhydrazone of pyruvate on HPLC, but this assignment could not be confirmed by mass spectral analysis. S-(4'-[14C]L-histidyl)-[U-13C3,15N]L-cysteine sulfoxide was synthesized and converted to products of the lyase reaction in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase and NADH. The 13C-labeled product was identified by 13C-NMR spectroscopy as lactate and the primary product of the lyase reaction is therefore pyruvate. With S-(4'[3H]L-histidyl)-[14C]L-cysteine sulfoxide as the substrate [14C]lactate, [14C]cysteine and [3H]4-mercaptohistidine could be detected as products of the lyase reaction, but the sum of the two thiol species exceeded the amount of sulfoxide substrate used. Evidence is presented that this anomaly was due to the utilization of sulfur from dithiothreitol for the formation of cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Vogt
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa
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Bailly F, Zoete V, Vamecq J, Catteau JP, Bernier JL. Antioxidant actions of ovothiol-derived 4-mercaptoimidazoles: glutathione peroxidase activity and protection against peroxynitrite-induced damage. FEBS Lett 2000; 486:19-22. [PMID: 11108835 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidants, ovothiols, were tested for their glutathione peroxidase-like (GSH Px-like) activity and protection against peroxynitrite-induced damage. All the thiol compounds displayed similar significant GSH Px-like activities, which are however weaker than that of the reference compound, ebselen. The inhibitions of the peroxynitrite-dependent oxidation of Evans blue dye and dihydrorhodamine 123 showed that the thiol compounds substituted on position 5 of the imidazole ring were nearly as effective as ebselen while the C-2 substituted ones were less effective. Both assays corroborate the large superiority of mercaptoimidazoles over glutathione as inhibitors of peroxynitrite-dependent oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bailly
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Physique, ESA CNRS 8009, Villenuve d'Ascq, France.
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27
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Hamm ML, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB, Piccirilli JA. Unconventional Origin of Metal Ion Rescue in the Hammerhead Ribozyme Reaction: Mn2+-Assisted Redox Conversion of 2‘-Mercaptocytidine to Cytidine. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000379p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hamm
- Contribution from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Chemistry, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC1028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- Contribution from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Chemistry, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC1028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Contribution from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Chemistry, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC1028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
| | - Joseph A. Piccirilli
- Contribution from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Chemistry, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC1028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231
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Ringwood AH, Conners DE. The effects of glutathione depletion on reproductive success in oysters, Crassostrea virginica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2000; 50:207-211. [PMID: 11460691 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-1136(00)00069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous tripeptide that functions as a very important modulator of cellular homeostasis, including detoxification of metals and oxyradicals. Therefore, depletion of GSH may predispose organisms to pollutant stress. Reproductively active oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were exposed to buthionine sulfoximine in the laboratory to deplete gonadal GSH. The effects of metal exposures (Cd and Cu) on fertilization and developmental assays were evaluated using gametes from control and GSH-depleted adults. Fertilization success was not affected by GSH status, i.e. the fertilization rates of gametes derived from GSH-depleted adults were the same or slightly higher. However, GSH depletion did increase the susceptibility of developing embryos to metal toxicity, i.e. adverse effects on embryonic development were observed at lower metal concentrations with gametes derived from GSH-depleted adults. These effects may be related to diminished removal of free radicals or increased availability of metals. Whereas sperm penetration of embryonic membranes and fertilization success may be facilitated by free radicals, the persistence of free radicals during subsequent developmental periods may adversely affect differentiation and normal development. GSH probably also plays an important role in scavenging toxic metals and reducing metal interactions with essential developmental processes. These results suggest that parental depletion of GSH may increase the susceptibility of embryos to metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Ringwood
- Marine Resources Research Institute, 217 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Zoete V, Vezin H, Bailly F, Vergoten G, Catteau JP, Bernier JL. 4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidant ovothiols 2. Computational and experimental approach of the radical scavenging mechanism. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:525-33. [PMID: 10798718 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The radical-scavenging mechanism of fourteen 4-mercaptoimidazoles, derived from the natural family of ovothiols, was studied via a QSAR approach, cyclic voltammetry, ESR and NMR spectroscopy. A significant correlation was found between the DPPH scavenging abilities of test compounds and thermodynamic parameters like overall ease of disulphide formation. The production of a disulphide compound via thiyl radical formation is proposed. Upon DPPH scavenging, hydrogen abstraction from thiols yields transient short-lived thiyl radicals, which were characterised by ESR and rapidly dimerise to form a disulphide compound. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the best DPPH scavengers exhibit low oxidation potentials for their oxidation to disulphides.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zoete
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Physique associée à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille, ESA CNRS 8009, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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30
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Zoete V, Bailly F, Vezin H, Teissier E, Duriez P, Fruchart JC, Catteau JP, Bernier JL. 4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring antioxidant ovothiols 1. Antioxidant properties. Free Radic Res 2000; 32:515-24. [PMID: 10798717 DOI: 10.1080/10715760000300521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
4-Mercaptoimidazoles derived from the naturally occurring family of antioxidants, the ovothiols, were assayed for their antioxidant properties. These compounds are powerful HOCl scavengers, more potent than the aliphatic thiol N-acetylcysteine. They react slowly with hydrogen peroxide with second order rate constants of 0.13-0.89 M(-1)s(-1). Scavenging of hydroxyl radical occurs at a diffusion-controlled rate (k=2.0-5.0 x 10(10)M(-1)s(-1)) for the most active compounds, which are also able to inhibit copper-induced LDL peroxidation. The combination of radical scavenging and copper chelating properties may explain the inhibitory effects on LDL peroxidation. Two molecules of mercaptoimidazole can chelate a copper ion and form a square planar complex detected by EPR. Compounds bearing an electron-withdrawing group on position 2 of the imidazole ring are the most potent antioxidant molecules in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zoete
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Physique associée à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille, ESA CNRS 8009, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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31
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Colacicchi S, Carnicelli V, Gualtieri G, Giulio A. EPR study of Fremy’s salt nitroxide roduction by ascorbic acid; influence of the bulk pH values. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2000. [DOI: 10.1163/156856700x00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Weldrick DP, Chodacka B, Vogt R, Steenkamp DJ. The effect of buthionine sulfoximine on the growth of Leishmania donovani in culture. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 173:139-46. [PMID: 10220890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in composition of the principal low molecular mass thiols of Leishmania donovani were monitored during the transformation of promastigotes, first to stationary phase metacyclic forms and then to amastigotes. No consistent variation in the thiol composition of the parasite which could account for the known increase in resistance of metacyclic and amastigote lifecycle forms to oxidant stress could be established. Amastigotes cultivated at 37 degrees C also produced ovothiol A, as judged by incorporation of radiolabel from [3-methyl]methionine and [14C]histidine, and the incorporation of radiolabel from [35S]cysteine into ovothiol A represented about 10-15% of the total label recovered in ovothiol A, glutathione and trypanothione. Amastigotes were less susceptible than promastigotes to the effects of the redox cyclers paraquat and menadione and grew in culture in the presence of up to 20 mM buthionine sulfoximine, which completely blocked the synthesis of glutathione and its spermidine conjugates. Glutathione and trypanothione biosynthesis is, therefore, not necessary for the replication of L. donovani amastigotes in culture. Inhibition of the formation of glutathione and trypanothione did not result in an upregulation of ovothiol A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Weldrick
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa
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33
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Steenkamp DJ, Weldrick D, Spies HS. Studies on the biosynthesis of ovothiol A. Identification of 4-mercaptohistidine as an intermediate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 242:557-66. [PMID: 9022682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0557r.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of N1-methyl-4-mercaptohistidine (ovothiol A), a small aromatic thiol, in Crithidia fasciculata made it possible to study its biosynthesis in an organism which can be cultured in large quantities and under defined growth conditions. Radiolabeling experiments using intact cells indicated that the methyl group in ovothiol A is derived from methionine, while 35S was incorporated from either cysteine or methionine. Three lines of evidence suggested that transsulfuration preceded the methylation step: (a) Crithidia fasciculata failed to convert radiolabeled N pi-methylhistidine to ovothiol A. (b) Ovothiol A was poorly separated from a component which was labeled by [14C]histidine and by [35S]cysteine, but not by [methyl-3H] methionine. (c) Dialysed crude extracts of C. fasciculata catalysed the conversion of histidine to a thiolated species in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate, iron and cysteine in the absence of S-adenosylmethionine. The product of the in vitro reaction was isolated as the bimane derivative. Structural analysis using 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy confirmed its identity as the bimane derivative of 4-mercaptohistidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Steenkamp
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Holler
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Newton GL, Fahey RC. Determination of biothiols by bromobimane labeling and high-performance liquid chromatography. Methods Enzymol 1995; 251:148-66. [PMID: 7651194 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)51118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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Spies HS, Steenkamp DJ. Thiols of intracellular pathogens. Identification of ovothiol A in Leishmania donovani and structural analysis of a novel thiol from Mycobacterium bovis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:203-13. [PMID: 8076641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniases, is an intracellular pathogen which proliferates within the host macrophages. Analysis of the thiol composition of L. donovani by means of the thiol-specific reagent, 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin, indicated that this organism produces substantial amounts of ovothiol A. This observation was further substantiated by HPLC of extracts of L. donovani after derivatization with bromobimane. L. donovani extracts contained a thiol, the bimane derivative of which had identical retention time and fluorescence quenching to a thiol from Crithidia fasciculata, which had previously been identified as ovothiol A. By comparison, the intracellular bacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium bovis, contained only one major low-molecular-mass thiol, which was assigned the trivial name mycothiol. The structure of the bimane derivative of mycothiol was solved by a combination of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Spatial relationships in the molecule were further refined by NOE experiments and allowed identification of mycothiol as 1-D-myo-inositol-2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyra noside. This assignment was confirmed by positive-ion fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry which gave m/z = 677.6 Da and a sodiated species at 699.6 Da. Analysis of the dansylated hydrolysis products of performic-acid-oxidized mycothiol indicated the presence of 0.85 mol glucosamine and 1.02 mol cysteic acid/mol sulfhydryl groups. Crude extracts of M. bovis contained an enzyme which catalysed the NAD(P)H2-dependent reduction of mycothiol disulfide to the free thiol. Analysis of perchloric acid extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV indicated the presence of a thiol which comigrated with mycothiol, both as the free thiol and as the 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin and bimane derivatives, on reverse-phase HPLC. The significance of these findings in terms of the evasion of the host defense mechanisms by leishmania parasites and mycobacteria is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Spies
- NMR Laboratory, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Steenkamp DJ, Spies HS. Identification of a major low-molecular-mass thiol of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata as ovothiol A. Facile isolation and structural analysis of the bimane derivative. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:43-50. [PMID: 8033907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An unidentified low-molecular-mass thiol, U23, previously detected as the 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin derivative in extracts of the trypanosome Crithidia fasciculata, was purified as the bimane derivative. Resonances attributable to U23 were discerned from those of the bimane label by comparison of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of monobromobimane and U23-bimane. The complete 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of U23-bimane were assigned by means of 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy, 1H-13C correlation spectroscopy and 13C multiplicity determinations. The results indicated identity of U23 with 1-N-methyl-4-mercaptohistidine (ovothiol A), previously isolated from marine sources. This assignment was confirmed by NOE difference experiments, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry of U23-bimane and ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry of U23, which was isolated as the disulfide. The isolation of ovothiol A from a parasitic protozoan suggest that the 4-mercaptohistidines may have a wider distribution and function as antioxidant thiols than was hitherto realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Steenkamp
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa
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Munday R. Bioactivation of thiols by one-electron oxidation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 27:237-70. [PMID: 8068555 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Munday
- Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Abstract
The selenoorganic compound ebselen, 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one, exhibits activity as an enzyme mimic. The reaction catalyzed is that of a glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (i.e., the reduction of a hydroperoxide at the expense of thiol). The specificity for substrates ranges from hydrogen peroxide and smaller organic hydroperoxides to membrane-bound phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides. In addition to glutathione, the thiol reductant cosubstrate can be dithioerythritol, N-acetylcysteine or dihydrolipoate, or other suitable thiol compounds. Ebselen also has properties such as free radical and singlet oxygen quenching. Model experiments in vitro with liposomes, microsomes, isolated cells, and organs show that the protection against oxidative challenge afforded by ebselen can be explained largely by the activity as GSH peroxidase mimic. Whether this also explains the known preliminary results in clinical settings is yet open. The metabolism and disposition of ebselen is presented in this review. The main point is that the selenium is not bioavailable, explaining the extremely low toxicity observed in animal studies. The occurrence of natural GPx mimics, ovothiol and related compounds, is briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sies
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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Goodwin RH. Replacement of vertebrate serum with lipids and other factors in the culture of invertebrate cells, tissues, parasites, and pathogens. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1991; 27A:470-8. [PMID: 1869488 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Culture medium supplementation with vertebrate serum results in the selection of fibroblastoid insect cell lines and a general decline during continuous subculturing of both morphologic and functional differentiation of the surviving cells. Essential lipid mixtures can substitute for vertebrate serum in the culture of insect and some vertebrate cells, tissues, parasites, and pathogens. The provision of sterols and essential (with nonessential) polyunsaturated fatty acids as phospholipids in oxidation-protected peptoliposomes or proteoliposomes allows cells in culture to duplicate in vivo specific membranes more accurately. Such lipid-corrected membranes allow cultured cells to communicate with neighboring cells through the extracellular matrix, effectively transmit hormonal signals directly and via receptor control, and respond with various tissue-specific functions and differentiation states as directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Goodwin
- USDA/ARS, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717
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Abstract
Metazoan eggs alter their coats after fertilization to protect the early embryo. In sea urchins, this modification consists of a rapid, coordinated set of noncovalent macromolecular assembly steps that are stabilized by protein cross-linking. The sea urchin egg uses an oxidative cross-linking reaction that requires hydrogen peroxide and a secreted peroxidase and thus faces the challenge of oxidant stress at the beginning of its development. Protection from the deleterious effects of this oxidative mechanism is afforded by regulation of the production and utilization of oxidizing species. This regulation requires a specific protein kinase C-activated oxidase and ovothiol, an intracellular antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98105
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