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Woo AYH, Jia L. ALDH2 mutations and defense against genotoxic aldehydes in cancer and inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Mutat Res 2024; 829:111870. [PMID: 38944932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes, for instance, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, are important endogenous or environmental mutagens by virtue of their abilities to produce a DNA lesion called interstrand crosslink (ICL). Aldehyde-metabolizing enzymes such as aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) and the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway constitute the main defense lines against aldehyde-induced genotoxicity. Biallelic mutations of genes in any one of the FA complementation groups can impair the ICL repair mechanism and cause FA, a heterogeneous disorder manifested by bone marrow failure (BMF), congenital abnormality and a strong predisposition to cancer. The defective ALDH2 polymorphism rs671 (ALDH2*2) is a known risk and prognostic factor for alcohol drinking-associated cancers. Recent studies suggest that it also promotes BMF and cancer development in FA, and its combination with alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) mutations causes aldehyde degradation deficiency syndrome (ADDS), also known by its symptoms as aplastic anemia, mental retardation, and dwarfism syndrome. ALDH2*2 and another pathogenic variant in the alcohol-metabolizing pathway, ADH1B1*1, is prevalent among East Asians. Also, other ALDH2 genotypes with disease-modifying potentials have lately been identified in different populations. Therefore, it would be appropriate to summarize current knowledge of genotoxic aldehydes and defense mechanisms against them to shed new light on the pathogenic effects of ALDH2 variants together with other genetic and environmental modifiers on cancer and inherited BMF syndromes. Lastly, we also presented potential treatment strategies for FA, ADDS and cancer based on the manipulation of aldehyde-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yiu-Ho Woo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Lina Jia
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Tenney L, Pham VN, Brewer TF, Chang CJ. A mitochondrial-targeted activity-based sensing probe for ratiometric imaging of formaldehyde reveals key regulators of the mitochondrial one-carbon pool. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8080-8088. [PMID: 38817555 PMCID: PMC11134394 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is both a highly reactive environmental genotoxin and an endogenously produced metabolite that functions as a signaling molecule and one-carbon (1C) store to regulate 1C metabolism and epigenetics in the cell. Owing to its signal-stress duality, cells have evolved multiple clearance mechanisms to maintain FA homeostasis, acting to avoid the established genotoxicity of FA while also redirecting FA-derived carbon units into the biosynthesis of essential nucleobases and amino acids. The highly compartmentalized nature of FA exposure, production, and regulation motivates the development of chemical tools that enable monitoring of transient FA fluxes with subcellular resolution. Here we report a mitochondrial-targeted, activity-based sensing probe for ratiometric FA detection, MitoRFAP-2, and apply this reagent to monitor endogenous mitochondrial sources and sinks of this 1C unit. We establish the utility of subcellular localization by showing that MitoRFAP-2 is sensitive enough to detect changes in mitochondrial FA pools with genetic and pharmacological modulation of enzymes involved in 1C and amino acid metabolism, including the pervasive, less active genetic mutant aldehyde dehydrogenase 2*2 (ALDH2*2), where previous, non-targeted versions of FA sensors are not. Finally, we used MitoRFAP-2 to comparatively profile basal levels of FA across a panel of breast cancer cell lines, finding that FA-dependent fluorescence correlates with expression levels of enzymes involved in 1C metabolism. By showcasing the ability of MitoRFAP-2 to identify new information on mitochondrial FA homeostasis, this work provides a starting point for the design of a broader range of chemical probes for detecting physiologically important aldehydes with subcellular resolution and a useful reagent for further studies of 1C biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Tenney
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Vanha N Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Thomas F Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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Lu Y, George J. Interaction between fatty acid oxidation and ethanol metabolism in liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G483-G494. [PMID: 38573193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) releases the energy stored in fat to maintain basic biological processes. Dehydrogenation is a major way to oxidize fatty acids, which needs NAD+ to accept the released H+ from fatty acids and form NADH, which increases the ratio of NADH/NAD+ and consequently inhibits FAO leading to the deposition of fat in the liver, which is termed fatty liver or steatosis. Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) initiates simple steatosis that progresses to alcoholic steatohepatitis, which constitutes a spectrum of liver disorders called alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). ALD is linked to ethanol metabolism. Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidation system (MEOS), mainly cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and catalase. ADH also requires NAD+ to accept the released H+ from ethanol. Thus, ethanol metabolism by ADH leads to increased ratio of NADH/NAD+, which inhibits FAO and induces steatosis. CYP2E1 directly consumes reducing equivalent NADPH to oxidize ethanol, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to cellular injury. Catalase is mainly present in peroxisomes, where very long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids are oxidized, and the resultant short-chain fatty acids will be further oxidized in mitochondria. Peroxisomal FAO generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is locally decomposed by catalase. When ethanol is present, catalase uses H2O2 to oxidize ethanol. In this review, we introduce FAO (including α-, β-, and ω-oxidation) and ethanol metabolism (by ADH, CYP2E1, and catalase) followed by the interaction between FAO and ethanol metabolism in the liver and its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongke Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards College of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Liu R, Peng M, Zhang J, Qiu K, Zeng T, Chen L. The ALDH2 gene rs671 polymorphism is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in East Asian population: an updated meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1333595. [PMID: 38567307 PMCID: PMC10986734 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1333595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) had reported as a prominent role in the development of cardiometabolic diseases among Asians. Our study aims to investigate the relationship between ALDH2 polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors in East Asian population. Method We searched databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase updated to Oct 30th, 2023. We extracted data of BMI, Hypertension, SBP, DBP, T2DM, FBG, PPG, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C. Result In total, 46 studies were finally included in our meta-analysis, containing, 54068 GG and, 36820 GA/AA participants. All outcomes related to blood pressure revealed significant results (hypertension OR=0.83 [0.80, 0.86]; SBP MD=-1.48 [-1.82, -1.14]; DBP MD=-1.09 [-1.58, -0.61]). FBG showed a significant difference (MD=-0.10 [-0.13, -0.07]), and the lipid resulted significantly in some outcomes (TG MD=-0.07 [-0.09, -0.04]; LDL-C MD=-0.04 [-0.05, -0.02]). As for subgroups analysis, we found that in populations without severe cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs), GG demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of T2DM (T2DM OR=0.88 [0.79, 0.97]), while the trend was totally opposite in population with severe CCVDs (T2DM OR=1.29 [1.00, 1.66]) with significant subgroup differences. Conclusion Our updated meta-analysis demonstrated that ALDH2 rs671 GG populations had significantly higher levels of BMI, blood pressure, FBG, TG, LDL-C and higher risk of hypertension than GA/AA populations. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, we first report GG had a higher risk of T2DM in population without severe CCVDs, and GA/AA had a higher risk of T2DM in population with severe CCVDs.Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42023389242.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Zhao X, Pang J, Pan C, Wang J, Wei S, Yu X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Yin H, Xu F. The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:495-509. [PMID: 36781974 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and endogenous aldehydes. The inactivating ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism, present in up to 8% of the global population and in up to 50% of the East Asian population, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, alcohol-induced cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure and drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Although numerous studies have attributed an accumulation of aldehydes (secondary to alcohol consumption, ischaemia or elevated oxidative stress) to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), this accumulation alone does not explain the emerging protective role of ALDH2 rs671 against ageing-related cardiac dysfunction and the development of aortic aneurysm or dissection. ALDH2 can also modulate risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as cholesterol biosynthesis and HDL biogenesis in hepatocytes and foam cell formation and efferocytosis in macrophages, via non-enzymatic pathways. In this Review, we summarize the basic biology and the clinical relevance of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic, tissue-specific roles of ALDH2 in CVD, and discuss the future directions in the research and development of therapeutic strategies targeting ALDH2. A thorough understanding of the complex roles of ALDH2 in CVD will improve the diagnosis, management and prognosis of patients with CVD who harbour the ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yunyun Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaojiao Pang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Shujian Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, China.
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Virtual Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Enhanced Binding with Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248773. [PMID: 36557906 PMCID: PMC9781114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is a potential target for the treatment of substance use disorders such as alcohol addiction. Here, we adopted computational methods of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, docking, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) analysis to perform a virtual screening of FDA-approved drugs, hitting potent inhibitors against ALDH2. Using MD-derived conformations as receptors, butenafine (net charge q = +1 e) and olaparib (q = 0) were selected as promising compounds with a low toxicity and a binding strength equal to or stronger than previously reported potent inhibitors of daidzin and CVT-10216. A few negatively charged compounds were also hit from the docking with the Autodock Vina software, while the MM-PBSA analysis yielded positive binding energies (unfavorable binding) for these compounds, mainly owing to electrostatic repulsion in association with a negatively charged receptor (q = -6 e for ALDH2 plus the cofactor NAD+). This revealed a deficiency of the Vina scoring in dealing with strong charge-charge interactions between binding partners, due to its built-in protocol of not using atomic charges for electrostatic interactions. These observations indicated a requirement of further verification using MD and/or MM-PBSA after docking prediction. The identification of key residues for the binding implied that the receptor residues at the bottom and entrance of the substrate-binding hydrophobic tunnel were able to offer additional interactions with different inhibitors such as π-π, π-alkyl, van der Waals contacts, and polar interactions, and that the rational use of these interactions is beneficial to the design of potent inhibitors against ALDH2.
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Soares RB, Manguinhas R, Costa JG, Saraiva N, Gil N, Rosell R, Camões SP, Batinic-Haberle I, Spasojevic I, Castro M, Miranda JP, Amaro F, Pinto J, Fernandes AS, Guedes de Pinho P, Oliveira NG. MnTnHex-2-PyP 5+ Displays Anticancer Properties and Enhances Cisplatin Effects in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2198. [PMID: 36358570 PMCID: PMC9686800 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The manganese(III) porphyrin MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ (MnTnHex) is a potent superoxide dismutase mimic and modulator of redox-based transcriptional activity that has been studied in the context of different human disease models, including cancer. Nevertheless, for lung cancer, hardly any information is available. Thus, the present work aims to fill this gap and reports the effects of MnTnHex in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, more specifically, A549 and H1975 cells, in vitro. Both cell lines were initially characterized in terms of innate levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, and peroxiredoxins 1 and 2. To assess the effect of MnTnHex in NSCLC, alone or in combination with cisplatin, endpoints related to the cell viability, cell cycle distribution, cell motility, and characterization of the volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs) generated in the extracellular medium (i.e., exometabolome) were addressed. The results show that MnTnHex as a single drug markedly reduced the viability of both NSCLC cell lines, with some IC50 values reaching sub-micromolar levels. This redox-active drug also altered the cell cycle distribution, induced cell death, and increased the cytotoxicity pattern of cisplatin. MnTnHex also reduced collective cell migration. Finally, the metabolomics study revealed an increase in the levels of a few VCCs associated with oxidative stress in MnTnHex-treated cells. Altogether these results suggest the therapeutic potential of MnTnHex to be further explored, either alone or in combination therapy with cisplatin, in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B. Soares
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João G. Costa
- Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sérgio P. Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and PK/PD Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Amaro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Choueiry F, Barham A, Zhu J. Analyses of lung cancer-derived volatiles in exhaled breath and in vitro models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1179-1190. [PMID: 35410512 PMCID: PMC9335511 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221082634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer incidence and cancer-related deaths in the world. Early diagnosis of pulmonary tumors results in improved survival compared to diagnosis with more advanced disease, yet early disease is not reliably indicated by symptoms. Despite of the improved testing and monitoring techniques for lung cancer in the past decades, most diagnostic tests, such as sputum cytology or tissue biopsies, are invasive and risky, rendering them unfeasible for large population screening. The non-invasive analysis of exhaled breath has gained attentions as an innovative screening method to measure chemical alterations within the human volatilome profile as a result of oncogenesis. More importantly, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been correlated to the pathophysiology of disease since the source of volatile compounds relies mostly on endogenous metabolic processes that are altered as a result of disease onset. Therefore, studying VOCs emitted from human breath may assist lung cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and other surveillance of this devastating disease. In this mini review, we evaluated recent human studies that have attempted to identify lung cancer-derived volatiles in exhaled breath of patients. We also examined reported volatiles in cell cultures of lung cancer to better understand the origins of cancer-associated VOCs. We highlight the metabolic processes of lung cancer that could be responsible for the endogenous synthesis of these VOCs and pinpoint the protein-encoding genes involved in these pathways. Finally, we highlight the potential value of a breath test in lung cancer and propose prominent areas for future research required for the incorporation of VOCs-based testing into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Choueiry
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1132, USA
| | - Addison Barham
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1132, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1132, USA,James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Jiangjiang Zhu.
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Volatilomic Signatures of AGS and SNU-1 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134012. [PMID: 35807254 PMCID: PMC9268292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies can help reveal the biochemical pathways underlying the origin of volatile indicators of numerous diseases. The key objective of this study is to identify the potential biomarkers of gastric cancer. For this purpose, the volatilomic signatures of two human gastric cancer cell lines, AGS (human gastric adenocarcinoma) and SNU-1 (human gastric carcinoma), and one normal gastric mucosa cell line (GES-1) were investigated. More specifically, gas chromatography mass spectrometry has been applied to pinpoint changes in cell metabolism triggered by cancer. In total, ten volatiles were found to be metabolized, and thirty-five were produced by cells under study. The volatiles consumed were mainly six aldehydes and two heterocyclics, whereas the volatiles released embraced twelve ketones, eight alcohols, six hydrocarbons, three esters, three ethers, and three aromatic compounds. The SNU-1 cell line was found to have significantly altered metabolism in comparison to normal GES-1 cells. This was manifested by the decreased production of alcohols and ketones and the upregulated emission of esters. The AGS cells exhibited the increased production of methyl ketones containing an odd number of carbons, namely 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-heptadecanone. This study provides evidence that the cancer state modifies the volatilome of human cells.
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Morice CK, Yammine L, Yoon J, Lane SD, Schmitz JM, Kosten TR, De La Garza R, Verrico CD. Comorbid alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorders: Pharmacotherapy with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors versus current agents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 115:110506. [PMID: 34995723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increased risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well-documented. Compared to individuals with PTSD or AUD alone, those with co-existing PTSD and AUD exhibit greater symptom severity, poorer quality of life, and poorer treatment outcomes. Although the treatment of comorbid AUD is vital for the effective management of PTSD, there is a lack of evidence on how to best treat comorbid PTSD and AUD, and currently, there are no FDA-approved treatments for the PTSD-AUD comorbidity. The objective of this manuscript is to review the evidence of a promising target for treating the AUD-PTSD comorbidity. First, we summarize the epidemiological evidence and review the completed clinical studies that have tested pharmacotherapeutic approaches for co-existing AUD and PTSD. Next, we summarize the shared pathological factors between AUD and PTSD. We conclude by providing a rationale for selectively inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 as a potential target to treat comorbid AUD in persons with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire K Morice
- Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1977 Butler Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Luba Yammine
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Jin Yoon
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Scott D Lane
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1977 Butler Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, One Baylor Plaza, BCM330, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, One Baylor Plaza, S640, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Immunology, One Baylor Plaza, BCM315, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Richard De La Garza
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | - Christopher D Verrico
- Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1977 Butler Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, United States of America; Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, One Baylor Plaza, BCM330, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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11
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Zhu W, Feng D, Shi X, Wei Q, Yang L. The Potential Role of Mitochondrial Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 in Urological Cancers From the Perspective of Ferroptosis and Cellular Senescence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:850145. [PMID: 35517510 PMCID: PMC9065557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.850145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superlative lipid peroxidation promote tumorigenesis, and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is associated with the detoxification of ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation-generated reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde, and acrolein due to tobacco smoking. ALDH2 has been demonstrated to be highly associated with the prognosis and chemoradiotherapy sensitivity of many types of cancer, including leukemia, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer. In this study, we explored the possible relationship between ALDH2 and urological cancers from the aspects of ferroptosis, epigenetic alterations, proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiang Wei
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wei, ; Lu Yang,
| | - Lu Yang
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wei, ; Lu Yang,
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12
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Wang M, Dingler FA, Patel KJ. Genotoxic aldehydes in the hematopoietic system. Blood 2022; 139:2119-2129. [PMID: 35148375 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes are potent genotoxins that threaten the integrity of hematopoietic stem cells and blood production. To protect against aldehydes, mammals have evolved a family of enzymes to detoxify aldehydes, and the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway to process aldehyde-induced DNA damage. Loss of either protection mechanisms in humans results in defective hematopoiesis and predisposition to leukemia. This review will focus on the impact of genotoxic aldehydes on hematopoiesis, the sources of endogenous aldehydes, and potential novel protective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology and
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Felix A Dingler
- Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - K J Patel
- Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Kasai A, Jee E, Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Kotani T, Nakazato K. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency promotes skeletal muscle atrophy in aged mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R511-R525. [PMID: 35318866 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) detoxifies acetaldehyde produced from ethanol. A missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs671 in ALDH2 exhibits a dominant-negative form of the ALDH2 protein. Nearly 40% of people in East Asia carry an inactive ALDH2*2 mutation. Previous studies reported that ALDH2*2 is associated with increased risk of several diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of ALDH2 deficiency on age-related muscle atrophy and its underlying mechanisms. We found that ALDH2 deficiency promotes age-related loss of muscle fiber cross-sectional areas, especially in oxidative fibers. Furthermore, ALDH2 deficiency exacerbated age-related accumulation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a marker of oxidative stress in the gastrocnemius muscle. Similarly, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased in aged ALDH2-knockout mice, indicating that ALDH2 deficiency induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In summary, ALDH2 deficiency promotes age-related muscle loss, especially in oxidative fibers, which may be associated with an increased accumulation of oxidative stress via mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Kasai
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eunbin Jee
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Reaseach Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Reaseach Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Kotani
- Reaseach Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Reaseach Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Zhang H. Computational Investigation of Structural Basis for Enhanced Binding of Isoflavone Analogues with Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8115-8127. [PMID: 35284766 PMCID: PMC8908493 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavone compounds are potent inhibitors against mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) for the treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction, and an in-depth understanding of the underlying structural basis helps design new inhibitors for enhanced binding. Here, we investigated the binding poses and strengths of eight isoflavone analogues (including CVT-10216 and daidzin) with ALDH2 via computational methods of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA), steered MD, and umbrella sampling. Neither the Vina scoring of docked and MD-sampled complexes nor the nonbonded protein-inhibitor interaction energy from MD simulations is able to reproduce the relative binding strength of the inhibitors compared to experimental IC50 values. Considering the solvation contribution, MM-PBSA and relatively expensive umbrella sampling yield good performance for the relative binding (free) energies. The isoflavone skeleton prefers to form π-π stacking, π-sulfur, and π-alkyl interactions with planar (Phe and Trp) or sulfur-containing (Cys and Met) residues. The enhanced inhibition of CVT-10216 originates from both end groups of the isoflavone skeleton offering strong van der Waals contacts and from the methylsulfonamide group at the 4' position by hydrogen bonding (HB) with neighboring receptor residues. These results indicate that the hydrophobic binding tunnel of ALDH2 is larger than the isoflavone skeleton in length and thus an extended hydrophobic core is likely a premise for potent inhibitors.
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Highly Stable, Cold-Active Aldehyde Dehydrogenase from the Marine Antarctic Flavobacterium sp. PL002. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) from extremophilic microorganisms constitute efficient catalysts in biotechnologies. In search of active ALDHs at low temperatures and of these enzymes from cold-adapted microorganisms, we cloned and characterized a novel recombinant ALDH from the psychrotrophic Flavobacterium PL002 isolated from Antarctic seawater. The recombinant enzyme (F-ALDH) from this cold-adapted strain was obtained by cloning and expressing of the PL002 aldH gene (1506 bp) in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Phylogeny and structural analyses showed a high amino acid sequence identity (89%) with Flavobacterium frigidimaris ALDH and conservation of all active site residues. The purified F-ALDH by affinity chromatography was homotetrameric, preserving 80% activity at 4 °C for 18 days. F-ALDH used both NAD+ and NADP+ and a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic substrates, showing cofactor-dependent compensatory KM and kcat values and the highest catalytic efficiency (0.50 µM−1 s−1) for isovaleraldehyde. The enzyme was active in the 4–60 °C-temperature interval, with an optimal pH of 9.5, and a preference for NAD+-dependent reactions. Arrhenius plots of both NAD(P)+-dependent reactions indicated conformational changes occurring at 30 °C, with four(five)-fold lower activation energy at high temperatures. The high thermal stability and substrate-specific catalytic efficiency of this novel cold-active ALDH favoring aliphatic catalysis provided a promising catalyst for biotechnological and biosensing applications.
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16
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Study of ALDH from Thermus thermophilus-Expression, Purification and Characterisation of the Non-Substrate Specific, Thermophilic Enzyme Displaying Both Dehydrogenase and Esterase Activity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123535. [PMID: 34944041 PMCID: PMC8699947 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), found in all kingdoms of life, form a superfamily of enzymes that primarily catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes to form carboxylic acid products, while utilising the cofactor NAD(P)+. Some superfamily members can also act as esterases using p-nitrophenyl esters as substrates. The ALDHTt from Thermus thermophilus was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified to obtain high yields (approximately 15–20 mg/L) and purity utilising an efficient heat treatment step coupled with IMAC and gel filtration chromatography. The use of the heat treatment step proved critical, in its absence decreased yield of 40% was observed. Characterisation of the thermophilic ALDHTt led to optimum enzymatic working conditions of 50 °C, and a pH of 8. ALDHTt possesses dual enzymatic activity, with the ability to act as a dehydrogenase and an esterase. ALDHTt possesses broad substrate specificity, displaying activity for a range of aldehydes, most notably hexanal and the synthetic dialdehyde, terephthalaldehyde. Interestingly, para-substituted benzaldehydes could be processed efficiently, but ortho-substitution resulted in no catalytic activity. Similarly, ALDHTt displayed activity for two different esterase substrates, p-nitrophenyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl butyrate, but with activities of 22.9% and 8.9%, respectively, compared to the activity towards hexanal.
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Annotation of 1350 Common Genetic Variants of the 19 ALDH Multigene Family from Global Human Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101423. [PMID: 34680056 PMCID: PMC8533364 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a multigene family with 19 functional members encoding a class of diverse but important enzymes for detoxification or biotransformation of different endogenous and exogenous aldehyde substrates. Genetic mutations in the ALDH genes can cause the accumulation of toxic aldehydes and abnormal carbonyl metabolism and serious human pathologies. However, the physiological functions and substrate specificity of many ALDH genes are still unknown. Although many genetic variants of the ALDH gene family exist in human populations, their phenotype or clinical consequences have not been determined. Using the most comprehensive global human Genome Aggregation Database, gnomAD, we annotated here 1350 common variants in the 19 ALDH genes. These 1350 common variants represent all known genetic polymorphisms with a variant allele frequency of ≥0.1% (or an expected occurrence of ≥1 carrier per 500 individuals) in any of the seven major ethnic groups recorded by gnomAD. We detailed 13 types of DNA sequence variants, their genomic positions, SNP ID numbers, and allele frequencies among the seven major ethnic groups worldwide for each of the 19 ALDH genes. For the 313 missense variants identified in the gnomAD, we used two software algorithms, Polymorphism Phenotyping (PolyPhen) and Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT), to predict the consequences of the variants on the structure and function of the enzyme. Finally, gene constraint analysis was used to predict how well genetic mutations were tolerated by selection forces for each of the ALDH genes in humans. Based on the ratio of observed and expected variant numbers in gnomAD, the three ALDH1A gene members, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, and ALDH1A3, appeared to have the lowest tolerance for loss-of-function mutations as compared to the other ALDH genes (# observed/# expected ratio 0.15–0.26). These analyses suggest that the ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, and ALDH1A3 enzymes may serve a more essential function as compared with the other ALDH enzymes; functional loss mutations are much less common in healthy human populations than expected. This informatic analysis may assist the research community in determining the physiological function of ALDH isozymes and associate common variants with clinical phenotypes.
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18
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Double agent indole-3-acetic acid (IAA): Mechanistic analysis of indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase AldA that synthesizes IAA, an auxin that aids bacterial virulence. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229488. [PMID: 34369556 PMCID: PMC8385190 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The large diversity of organisms inhabiting various environmental niches on our planet are engaged in a lively exchange of biomolecules, including nutrients, hormones, and vitamins. In a quest to survive, organisms that we define as pathogens employ innovative methods to extract valuable resources from their host leading to an infection. One such instance is where plant-associated bacterial pathogens synthesize and deploy hormones or their molecular mimics to manipulate the physiology of the host plant. This commentary describes one such specific example—the mechanism of the enzyme AldA, an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae which produces the plant auxin hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by oxidizing the substrate indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld) using the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (Bioscience Reports (2020) 40(12), https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20202959). Using mutagenesis, enzyme kinetics, and structural analysis, Zhang et al. established that the progress of the reaction hinges on the formation of two distinct conformations of NAD(H) during the reaction course. Additionally, a key mutation in the AldA active site ‘aromatic box’ changes the enzyme’s preference for an aromatic substrate to an aliphatic one. Our commentary concludes that such molecular level investigations help to establish the nature of the dynamics of NAD(H) in ALDH-catalyzed reactions, and further show that the key active site residues control substrate specificity. We also contemplate that insights from the present study can be used to engineer novel ALDH enzymes for environmental, health, and industrial applications.
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Shortall K, Djeghader A, Magner E, Soulimane T. Insights into Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzymes: A Structural Perspective. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:659550. [PMID: 34055881 PMCID: PMC8160307 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.659550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases engage in many cellular functions, however their dysfunction resulting in accumulation of their substrates can be cytotoxic. ALDHs are responsible for the NAD(P)-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, participating in detoxification, biosynthesis, antioxidant and regulatory functions. Severe diseases, including alcohol intolerance, cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, were linked to dysfunctional ALDH enzymes, relating back to key enzyme structure. An in-depth understanding of the ALDH structure-function relationship and mechanism of action is key to the understanding of associated diseases. Principal structural features 1) cofactor binding domain, 2) active site and 3) oligomerization mechanism proved critical in maintaining ALDH normal activity. Emerging research based on the combination of structural, functional and biophysical studies of bacterial and eukaryotic ALDHs contributed to the appreciation of diversity within the superfamily. Herewith, we discuss these studies and provide our interpretation for a global understanding of ALDH structure and its purpose–including correct function and role in disease. Our analysis provides a synopsis of a common structure-function relationship to bridge the gap between the highly studied human ALDHs and lesser so prokaryotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Shortall
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ahmed Djeghader
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Edmond Magner
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Investigating the reaction and substrate preference of indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae PtoDC3000. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:227102. [PMID: 33325526 PMCID: PMC7745063 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) catalyze the conversion of various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into corresponding carboxylic acids. Traditionally considered as housekeeping enzymes, new biochemical roles are being identified for members of ALDH family. Recent work showed that AldA from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 (PtoDC3000) functions as an indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase for the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). IAA produced by AldA allows the pathogen to suppress salicylic acid-mediated defenses in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we present a biochemical and structural analysis of the AldA indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from PtoDC3000. Site-directed mutants targeting the catalytic residues Cys302 and Glu267 resulted in a loss of enzymatic activity. The X-ray crystal structure of the catalytically inactive AldA C302A mutant in complex with IAA and NAD+ showed the cofactor adopting a conformation that differs from the previously reported structure of AldA. These structures suggest that NAD+ undergoes a conformational change during the AldA reaction mechanism similar to that reported for human ALDH. Site-directed mutagenesis of the IAA binding site indicates that changes in the active site surface reduces AldA activity; however, substitution of Phe169 with a tryptophan altered the substrate selectivity of the mutant to prefer octanal. The present study highlights the inherent biochemical versatility of members of the ALDH enzyme superfamily in P. syringae.
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Housh K, Jha JS, Haldar T, Amin SBM, Islam T, Wallace A, Gomina A, Guo X, Nel C, Wyatt JW, Gates KS. Formation and repair of unavoidable, endogenous interstrand cross-links in cellular DNA. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 98:103029. [PMID: 33385969 PMCID: PMC8882318 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome integrity is essential for life and, as a result, DNA repair systems evolved to remove unavoidable DNA lesions from cellular DNA. Many forms of life possess the capacity to remove interstrand DNA cross-links (ICLs) from their genome but the identity of the naturally-occurring, endogenous substrates that drove the evolution and retention of these DNA repair systems across a wide range of life forms remains uncertain. In this review, we describe more than a dozen chemical processes by which endogenous ICLs plausibly can be introduced into cellular DNA. The majority involve DNA degradation processes that introduce aldehyde residues into the double helix or reactions of DNA with endogenous low molecular weight aldehyde metabolites. A smaller number of the cross-linking processes involve reactions of DNA radicals generated by oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Housh
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Jay S Jha
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Tuhin Haldar
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Saosan Binth Md Amin
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Tanhaul Islam
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Amanda Wallace
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Anuoluwapo Gomina
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Xu Guo
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Christopher Nel
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Jesse W Wyatt
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Kent S Gates
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; University of Missouri, Department of Biochemistry, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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22
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Leiherer A, Ślefarska D, Leja M, Heinzle C, Mündlein A, Kikuste I, Mezmale L, Drexel H, Mayhew CA, Mochalski P. The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:607904. [PMID: 33585559 PMCID: PMC7874186 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of certain volatile biomarkers in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by several studies; however, the origin of these compounds remains controversial. In vitro studies, involving gastric cancer cells may address this problem and aid in revealing the biochemical pathways underlying the production and metabolism of gastric cancer volatile indicators. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, coupled with headspace needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique, has been applied to map the volatilomic footprints of human HGC-27 and CLS-145 gastric cancer cell lines and normal Human Stomach Epithelial Cells (HSEC). In total, 27 volatile compounds are found to be associated with metabolism occurring in HGC-27, CLS-145, and HSEC. Amongst these, the headspace concentrations of 12 volatiles were found to be reduced compared to those above just the cultivating medium, namely there was an observed uptake of eight aldehydes (2-methylpropanal, 2-methyl-2-propenal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and benzaldehyde), three heterocyclic compounds (2-methyl-furan, 2-ethyl-furan, and 2-pentyl-furan), and one sulfur-containing compound (dimethyl disulphide). For the other 15 volatiles, the headspace concentrations above the healthy and cancerous cells were found to be higher than those found above the cultivating medium, namely the cells were found to release three esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), seven ketones (2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-heptadecanone), three alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), one aromatic compound (toluene), and one sulfur containing compound [2-methyl-5-(methylthio) furan]. In comparison to HSEC, HGC-27 cancer cell lines were found to have significantly altered metabolism, manifested by an increased production of methyl ketones containing an odd number of carbons. Amongst these species, three volatiles were found exclusively to be produced by this cell line, namely 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-heptadecanone. Another interesting feature of the HGC-27 footprint is the lowered level of alcohols and esters. The CLS-145 cells exhibited less pronounced changes in their volatilomic pattern compared to HSEC. Their footprint was characterized by the upregulated production of esters and 2-ethyl-hexanol and downregulated production of other alcohols. We have therefore demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between cancerous and healthy gastric cells using biochemical volatile signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Medical Central Laboratories, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Daria Ślefarska
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Christine Heinzle
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Axel Mündlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Ilze Kikuste
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Mezmale
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria
- Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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23
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Lee SG, Harline K, Abar O, Akadri SO, Bastian AG, Chen HYS, Duan M, Focht CM, Groziak AR, Kao J, Kottapalli JS, Leong MC, Lin JJ, Liu R, Luo JE, Meyer CM, Mo AF, Pahng SH, Penna V, Raciti CD, Srinath A, Sudhakar S, Tang JD, Cox BR, Holland CK, Cascella B, Cruz W, McClerkin SA, Kunkel BN, Jez JM. The plant pathogen enzyme AldC is a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13914-13926. [PMID: 32796031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases are versatile enzymes that serve a range of biochemical functions. Although traditionally considered metabolic housekeeping enzymes because of their ability to detoxify reactive aldehydes, like those generated from lipid peroxidation damage, the contributions of these enzymes to other biological processes are widespread. For example, the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 uses an indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to synthesize the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid to elude host responses. Here we investigate the biochemical function of AldC from PtoDC3000. Analysis of the substrate profile of AldC suggests that this enzyme functions as a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase. The 2.5 Å resolution X-ray crystal of the AldC C291A mutant in a dead-end complex with octanal and NAD+ reveals an apolar binding site primed for aliphatic aldehyde substrate recognition. Functional characterization of site-directed mutants targeting the substrate- and NAD(H)-binding sites identifies key residues in the active site for ligand interactions, including those in the "aromatic box" that define the aldehyde-binding site. Overall, this study provides molecular insight for understanding the evolution of the prokaryotic aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily and their diversity of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Goo Lee
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kate Harline
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Orchid Abar
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sakirat O Akadri
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander G Bastian
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hui-Yuan S Chen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Duan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Caroline M Focht
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda R Groziak
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jesse Kao
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Leong
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joy J Lin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Regina Liu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joanna E Luo
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christine M Meyer
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albert F Mo
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Seong Ho Pahng
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vinay Penna
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chris D Raciti
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abhinav Srinath
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shwetha Sudhakar
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph D Tang
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian R Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia K Holland
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barrie Cascella
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wilhelm Cruz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sheri A McClerkin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Barbara N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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24
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Pietzke M, Burgos-Barragan G, Wit N, Tait-Mulder J, Sumpton D, Mackay GM, Patel KJ, Vazquez A. Amino acid dependent formaldehyde metabolism in mammals. Commun Chem 2020; 3:78. [PMID: 36703413 PMCID: PMC9814826 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase class 3, encoded by ADH5 in humans, catalyzes the glutathione dependent detoxification of formaldehyde. Here we show that ADH5 deficient cells turn over formaldehyde using alternative pathways starting from the reaction of formaldehyde with free amino acids. When mammalian cells are exposed to formaldehyde, the levels of the reaction products of formaldehyde with the amino acids cysteine and histidine - timonacic and spinacine - are increased. These reactions take place spontaneously and the formation of timonacic is reversible. The levels of timonacic are higher in the plasma of Adh5-/- mice relative to controls and they are further increased upon administration of methanol. We conclude that mammals possess pathways of cysteine and histidine dependent formaldehyde metabolism and that timonacic is a formaldehyde reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pietzke
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Guillermo Burgos-Barragan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Niek Wit
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gillian M Mackay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Alexei Vazquez
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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25
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Wakabayashi Y, Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Kikuchi N, Hiranuma K, Menuki K, Tajima T, Yamanaka Y, Sakai A, Nakayama KI, Kawamoto T, Kitagawa K, Nakazato K. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission and induces mitochondrial protease Omi/HtrA2 in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R677-R690. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00089.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an enzyme involved in redox homeostasis as well as the detoxification process in alcohol metabolism. Nearly 8% of the world’s population have an inactivating mutation in the ALDH2 gene. However, the expression patterns and specific functions of ALDH2 in skeletal muscles are still unclear. Herein, we report that ALDH2 is expressed in skeletal muscle and is localized to the mitochondrial fraction. Oxidative muscles had a higher amount of ALDH2 protein than glycolytic muscles. We next comprehensively investigated whether ALDH2 knockout in mice induces mitochondrial adaptations in gastrocnemius muscle (for example, content, enzymatic activity, respiratory function, supercomplex formation, and functional networking). We found that ALDH2 deficiency resulted in partial mitochondrial dysfunction in gastrocnemius muscle because it increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein and MitoSOX oxidation rate during respiration) and the frequency of regional mitochondrial depolarization. Moreover, we determined whether ALDH2 deficiency and the related mitochondrial dysfunction trigger mitochondrial stress and quality control responses in gastrocnemius muscle (for example, mitophagy markers, dynamics, and the unfolded protein response). We found that ALDH2 deficiency upregulated the mitochondrial serine protease Omi/HtrA2 (a marker of the activation of a branch of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response). In summary, ALDH2 deficiency leads to greater mitochondrial ROS production, but homeostasis can be maintained via an appropriate stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hiranuma
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunitaka Menuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tajima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamanaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activation decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by prevention of mitochondrial depolarization. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 396:114982. [PMID: 32240663 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Since lipid peroxidation produces reactive aldehydes, we investigated whether activation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) with Alda-1 decreases liver injury after APAP. Male C57BL/6 mice fasted overnight received Alda-1 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 30 min before APAP (300 mg/kg, i.p.). Blood and livers were collected 2 or 24 h after APAP. Intravital multiphoton microscopy of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence was conducted 6 h after APAP administration to detect mitochondrial polarization status and cell death. 4-Hydroxynonenal protein adducts were present in 0.1% of tissue area without APAP treatment but increased to 7% 2 h after APAP treatment, which Alda-1 blunted to 1%. Serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases increased to 7594 and 9768 U/L at 24 h respectively, which decreased ≥72% by Alda-1. Alda-1 also decreased centrilobular necrosis at 24 h after APAP from 47% of lobular areas to 21%. N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine protein adduct formation and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase phosphorylation increased after APAP as expected, but Alda-1 did not alter these changes. Without APAP, no mitochondrial depolarization was detected by intravital microscopy. At 6 h after APAP, 62% of tissue area showed depolarization, which decreased to 33.5% with Alda-1. Cell death as detected by PI labeling increased from 0 to 6.8 cells per 30× field 6 h after APAP, which decreased to 0.6 cells by Alda-1. In conclusion, aldehydes are important mediators of APAP hepatotoxicity. Accelerated aldehyde degradation by ALDH2 activation with Alda-1 decreases APAP hepatotoxicity by protection against mitochondrial dysfunction.
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27
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Pequerul R, Vera J, Giménez-Dejoz J, Crespo I, Coines J, Porté S, Rovira C, Parés X, Farrés J. Structural and kinetic features of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) subfamily members, cancer stem cell markers active in retinoic acid biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 681:108256. [PMID: 31923393 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyze the NAD(P)+-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. The three-dimensional structures of the human ALDH1A enzymes were recently obtained, while a complete kinetic characterization of them, under the same experimental conditions, is lacking. We show that the three enzymes, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3, have similar topologies, although with decreasing volumes in their substrate-binding pockets. The activity with aliphatic and retinoid aldehydes was characterized side-by-side, using an improved HPLC-based method for retinaldehyde. Hexanal was the most efficient substrate. ALDH1A1 displayed lower Km values with hexanal, trans-2-hexenal and citral, compared to ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3. ALDH1A2 was the best enzyme for the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, in terms of kcat/Km. The catalytic efficiency towards all-trans and 9-cis-retinaldehyde was in general lower than for alkanals and alkenals. ALDH1A2 and ALDH1A3 showed higher catalytic efficiency for all-trans-retinaldehyde. The lower specificity of ALDH1A3 for 9-cis-retinaldehyde against the all-trans- isomer might be related to the smaller volume of its substrate-binding pocket. Magnesium inhibited ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2, while it activated ALDH1A3, which is consistent with cofactor dissociation being the rate-limiting step for ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2, and deacylation for ALDH1A3, with hexanal as a substrate. We mutated both ALDH1A1 (L114P) and ALDH1A2 (N475G, A476V, L477V, N478S) to mimic their counterpart substrate-binding pockets. ALDH1A1 specificity for citral was traced to residue 114 and to residues 458 to 461. Regarding retinaldehyde, the mutants did not show significant differences with their respective wild-type forms, suggesting that the mutated residues are not critical for retinoid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pequerul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Vera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Giménez-Dejoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Coines
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Porté
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Parés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Farrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Wimborne HJ, Takemoto K, Woster PM, Rockey DC, Lemasters JJ, Zhong Z. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activation by Alda-1 decreases necrosis and fibrosis after bile duct ligation in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:136-145. [PMID: 31557514 PMCID: PMC6880805 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Liver fibrosis is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Oxidative stress is a key component in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. We investigated the role of aldehyde formation resulting from lipid peroxidation in cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis. METHODS C57Bl/6J mice underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation. One hour after surgery and daily thereafter, animals were given Alda-1 (20 mg/kg, s.c.), an aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activator, or equivalent volume of vehicle. Blood and livers were collected after 3 and 14 days. RESULTS Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased from 39.8 U/L after sham operation to 537 U/L 3 days after BDL, which Alda-1 decreased to 281 U/L. Biliary infarcts with a periportal distribution developed with an area of 7.8% at 14 days after BDL versus 0% area after sham operation. Alda-1 treatment with BDL decreased biliary infarcts to 1.9%. Fibrosis detected by picrosirius red staining increased from 1.6% area in sham to 7.3% after BDL, which decreased to 3.8% with Alda-1. Alda-1 suppression of fibrosis was additionally confirmed by second harmonic generation microscopy. After BDL, collagen-I mRNA increased 12-fold compared to sham, which decreased to 6-fold after Alda-1 treatment. Smooth muscle α-actin expression in the liver, a marker of activated stellate cells, increased from 1% area in sham to 18.7% after BDL, which decreased to 5.3% with Alda-1. CD68-positive macrophages increased from 33.4 cells/field in sham to 134.5 cells/field after BDL, which decreased to 64.9 cells/field with Alda-1. Lastly, 4-hydroxynonenal adduct (4-HNE) immunofluorescence increased from 2.5% area in sham to 14.1% after BDL. Alda-1 treatment decreased 4-HNE to 2.2%. CONCLUSION Accelerated aldehyde degradation by Alda-1 decreases BDL-induced liver necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, implying that aldehydes play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hereward J Wimborne
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Kenji Takemoto
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Don C Rockey
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
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29
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Janfaza S, Khorsand B, Nikkhah M, Zahiri J. Digging deeper into volatile organic compounds associated with cancer. Biol Methods Protoc 2019; 4:bpz014. [PMID: 32161807 PMCID: PMC6994028 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced and emitted through the metabolism of cancer cells or the body's immune system, are considered novel cancer biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. Of late, a large number of work has been done to find a relationship between VOCs' signature of body and cancer. Cancer-related VOCs can be used to detect several types of cancers at the earlier stages which in turn provide a significantly higher chance of survival. Here we aim to provide an updated picture of cancer-related VOCs based on recent findings in this field focusing on cancer odor database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Janfaza
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran 14117, Iran
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30
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Klemenz AC, Meyer J, Ekat K, Bartels J, Traxler S, Schubert JK, Kamp G, Miekisch W, Peters K. Differences in the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) between Non-Differentiating and Adipogenically Differentiating Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells from Human Adipose Tissue. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070697. [PMID: 31295931 PMCID: PMC6678290 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic characterization of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) is of importance in stem cell research. The monitoring of the cell status often requires cell destruction. An analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace above cell cultures might be a noninvasive and nondestructive alternative to in vitro analysis. Furthermore, VOC analyses permit new insight into cellular metabolism due to their view on volatile compounds. Therefore, the aim of our study was to compare VOC profiles in the headspace above nondifferentiating and adipogenically differentiating ASCs. To this end, ASCs were cultivated under nondifferentiating and adipogenically differentiating conditions for up to 21 days. At different time points the headspace samples were preconcentrated by needle trap micro extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Adipogenic differentiation was assessed at equivalent time points. Altogether the emissions of 11 VOCs showed relevant changes and were analyzed in more detail. A few of these VOCs, among them acetaldehyde, were significantly different in the headspace of adipogenically differentiating ASCs and appeared to be linked to metabolic processes. Furthermore, our data indicate that VOC headspace analysis might be a suitable, noninvasive tool for the metabolic monitoring of (mesenchymal stem) cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Klemenz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katharina Ekat
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Bartels
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Selina Traxler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K Schubert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Günter Kamp
- AMP-Lab GmbH, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Gene and cell therapy on the acquisition and relapse-like binge drinking in a model of alcoholism: translational options. Gene Ther 2019; 26:407-417. [DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rivera-Meza M, Vásquez D, Quintanilla ME, Lagos D, Rojas B, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Activation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) by ALDA-1 reduces both the acquisition and maintenance of ethanol intake in rats: A dual mechanism? Neuropharmacology 2018; 146:175-183. [PMID: 30521820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of pre-clinical studies have shown that brain-generated acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, exerts reinforcing effects that promote the acquisition of ethanol intake, while chronic intake maintenance appears to be mediated by alcohol-induced brain neuroinflammation/oxidative stress. Recently, it was described that N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (ALDA-1) activates aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde to acetate. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ALDA-1 on both the acquisition and the maintenance of alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring UChB rats. For ethanol acquisition studies, naïve UChB rats were treated with five daily doses of ALDA-1 (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) from one day before the start of ethanol exposure. For chronic intake studies, UChB rats exposed for 98 days to a free access to 10% ethanol and water were treated daily with ALDA-1 (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) for five days. The administration of ALDA-1 reduced by 72-90% (p < 0.001) the acquisition of ethanol consumption in naïve rats. At chronic ethanol consumption, ALDA-1 reduced ethanol intake by 61-82% (p < 0.001). ALDA-1 administration increased by 3- and 2.3-fold the activity of ALDH2 in brain and liver, respectively. ALDA-1 did not affect saccharin consumption, nor it modified the rate of ethanol elimination. The study shows that the activation of ALDH2 by ALDA-1 is effective for inhibiting both the acquisition and the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake by alcohol-preferring rats. Thus, the activation of brain ALDH2 may constitute a novel approach in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David Vásquez
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Quintanilla
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Lagos
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Braulio Rojas
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN. Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2281-2297. [PMID: 30320893 PMCID: PMC6286250 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex traits, meaning that variations in many genes contribute to the risk, as does the environment. Although the total genetic contribution to risk is substantial, most individual variations make only very small contributions. By far the strongest contributors are functional variations in 2 genes involved in alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) metabolism. A functional variant in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) is protective in people of European and Asian descent, and a different functional variant in the same gene is protective in those of African descent. A strongly protective variant in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is essentially only found in Asians. This highlights the need to study a wide range of populations. The likely mechanism of protection against heavy drinking and AUDs in both cases is alteration in the rate of metabolism of EtOH that at least transiently elevates acetaldehyde. Other ADH and ALDH variants, including functional variations in ADH1C, have also been implicated in affecting drinking behavior and risk for alcoholism. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium in the ADH region and the differences among populations complicate analyses, particularly of regulatory variants. This critical review focuses upon the ADH and ALDH genes as they affect AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jeanette N. McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Vibrational spectra, structure, theoretical calculations of 3-Fluoro-4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde: With evidence of hydrogen bonding. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Mochalski P, Diem E, Unterkofler K, Mündlein A, Drexel H, Mayhew CA, Leiherer A. In vitro profiling of volatile organic compounds released by Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocytes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1104:256-261. [PMID: 30537625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis offers a non-invasive and rapid diagnostic method for detecting various volatile organic compounds that could be indicators for different diseases, particularly metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely linked to metabolic dysfunction of adipose tissue and adipocytes. However, the VOC profile of human adipocytes has not yet been investigated. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and head-space needle trap extraction (two-bed Carbopack X/Carboxen 1000 needle traps) were applied to profile VOCs produced and metabolised by human Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome adipocytes. In total, sixteen compounds were identified to be related to the metabolism of the cells. Four sulphur compounds (carbon disulphide, dimethyl sulphide, ethyl methyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide), three heterocyclic compounds (2-ethylfuran, 2-methyl-5-(methyl-thio)-furan, and 2-pentylfuran), two ketones (acetone and 2-pentanone), two hydrocarbons (isoprene and n-heptane) and one ester (ethyl acetate) were produced, and four aldehydes (2-methyl-propanal, butanal, pentanal and hexanal) were found to be consumed by the cells of interest. This study presents the first profile of VOCs formed by human adipocytes, which may reflect the activity of the adipose tissue enzymes and provide evidence of their active role in metabolic regulation. Our data also suggest that a previously reported increase of isoprene and sulphur compounds in diabetic patients may be explained by their production by adipocytes. Moreover, the unique features of this profile, including a high emission of dimethyl sulphide and the production of furan-containing VOCs, increase our knowledge about metabolism in adipose tissue and provide diagnostic potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria; Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15G, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Eva Diem
- MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Universitaetsstrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria; Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstrasse 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Axel Mündlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria; Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria; Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Medical Central Laboratories, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria
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36
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Panisello-Roselló A, Lopez A, Folch-Puy E, Carbonell T, Rolo A, Palmeira C, Adam R, Net M, Roselló-Catafau J. Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in ischemia reperfusion injury: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2984-2994. [PMID: 30038465 PMCID: PMC6054945 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i27.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is best known for its critical detoxifying role in liver alcohol metabolism. However, ALDH2 dysfunction is also involved in a wide range of human pathophysiological situations and is associated with complications such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases and aging. A growing body of research has shown that ALDH2 provides important protection against oxidative stress and the subsequent loading of toxic aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and adducts that occur in human diseases, including ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). There is increasing evidence of its role in IRI pathophysiology in organs such as heart, brain, small intestine and kidney; however, surprisingly few studies have been carried out in the liver, where ALDH2 is found in abundance. This study reviews the role of ALDH2 in modulating the pathways involved in the pathophysiology of IRI associated with oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis. Special emphasis is placed on the role of ALDH2 in different organs, on therapeutic “preconditioning” strategies, and on the use of ALDH2 agonists such as Alda-1, which may become a useful therapeutic tool for preventing the deleterious effects of IRI in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Panisello-Roselló
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-CSIC, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Alexandre Lopez
- Centre Hepatobiliare, AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 75008, France
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-CSIC, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Anabela Rolo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - René Adam
- Centre Hepatobiliare, AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif 75008, France
| | - Marc Net
- Institute Georges Lopez, Lissieu 69380, France
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-CSIC, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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Guo E, Wei H, Liao X, Xu Y, Li S, Zeng X. Prognostic value of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA expression in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5505-5516. [PMID: 29552190 PMCID: PMC5840614 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes possess diagnostic value in gastric cancer (GC). However, the prognostic value of ADH isoenzymes in GC remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to identify the prognostic value of ADH genes in patients with GC. The prognostic value of ADH genes was investigated in patients with GC using the Kaplan-Meier plotter tool. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to assess the difference between groups of patients with GC with different prognoses. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the relative risk of GC survival. Overall, 593 patients with GC and 7 ADH genes were included in the survival analysis. High expression of ADH 1A (class 1), α polypeptide (ADH1A; log-rank P=0.043; HR=0.79; 95% CI: 0.64–0.99), ADH 1B (class 1), β polypeptide (ADH1B; log-rank P=1.9×10−05; HR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.53–0.79) and ADH 5 (class III), χ polypeptide (ADH5; log-rank P=0.0011; HR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.6–0.88) resulted in a significantly decreased risk of mortality in all patients with GC compared with patients with low expression of those genes. Furthermore, protective effects may additionally be observed in patients with intestinal-type GC with high expression of ADH1B (log-rank P=0.031; HR=0.64; 95% CI: 0.43–0.96) and patients with diffuse-type GC with high expression of ADH1A (log-rank P=0.014; HR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.3–0.88), ADH1B (log-rank P=0.04; HR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.29–0.98), ADH 4 (class II), π polypeptide (log-rank P=0.033; HR=0.58; 95% CI: 0.35–0.96) and ADH 6 (class V) (log-rank P=0.037; HR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.35–0.97) resulting in a significantly decreased risk of mortality compared with patients with low expression of those genes. In contrast, patients with diffuse-type GC with high expression of ADH5 (log-rank P=0.044; HR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.01–2.74) were significantly correlated with a poor prognosis. The results of the present study suggest that ADH1A and ADH1B may be potential prognostic biomarkers of GC, whereas the prognostic value of other ADH genes requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Guo
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China.,School of International Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Haotang Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530031, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Direct comparison of the four aldehyde oxidase enzymes present in mouse gives insight into their substrate specificities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191819. [PMID: 29370288 PMCID: PMC5784979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are molybdo-flavoenzymes which are present in many tissues in various mammalian species, including humans and rodents. Different species contain a different number of AOX isoforms. In particular, the reasons why mammals other than humans express a multiplicity of tissue-specific AOX enzymes is unknown. In mouse, the isoforms mAOX1, mAOX3, mAOX4 and mAOX2 are present. We previously established a codon-optimized heterologous expression systems for the mAOX1-4 isoforms in Escherichia coli that gives yield to sufficient amounts of active protein for kinetic characterizations and sets the basis in this study for site-directed mutagenesis and structure-function studies. A direct and simultaneous comparison of the enzymatic properties and characteristics of the four enzymes on a larger number of substrates has never been performed. Here, thirty different structurally related aromatic, aliphatic and N-heterocyclic compounds were used as substrates, and the kinetic parameters of all four mAOX enzymes were directly compared. The results show that especially mAOX4 displays a higher substrate selectivity, while no major differences between mAOX1, mAOX2 and mAOX3 were identified. Generally, mAOX1 was the enzyme with the highest catalytic turnover for most substrates. To understand the factors that contribute to the substrate specificity of mAOX4, site-directed mutagenesis was applied to substitute amino acids in the substrate-binding funnel by the ones present in mAOX1, mAOX3, and mAOX2. An increase in activity was obtained by the amino acid exchange M1088V in the active site identified to be specific for mAOX4, to the amino acid identified in mAOX3.
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Yan S, Wu G. Could ALDH2 *2 be the reason for low incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer for East Asia women? Oncotarget 2017; 9:12503-12512. [PMID: 29552329 PMCID: PMC5844765 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is curious that East Asian women have a low incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer in various epidemiological studies. Although different explanations were given, they appear unsubstantial. We notice that East Asian population usually are inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 mutation (ALDH2 * 2) carriers, and ALDH plays an important role in the resistance of ovarian cancer to chemotherapeutics, especially in ovarian cancer stem cells. Therefore, we hypothesize whether ALDH2 mutation is the major reason for low incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer in East Asian women, and use the evidence from literature, transcriptomic data with average 5-year overall survival to confirm our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Yan
- Bioscience and Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
| | - Guang Wu
- Bioscience and Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, China
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Sun S, He J, Zhang Y, Xiao R, Yan M, Ren Y, Zhu Y, Jin T, Xia Y. Genetic polymorphisms in the ALDH2 gene and the risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese han population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101936-101943. [PMID: 29254215 PMCID: PMC5731925 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) plays a role in ischemic stroke progression. In recent years, the activation of the ALDH2 pathway have been reported serving as a useful index in the identification of stroke-prone participants, and the ALDH2 pathway may be a potential target for the therapeutic intervention in ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated six tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ALDH2 gene in a case-control study from Hainan of China (488 cases, 503 controls). We used SPSS version 17.0 statistical software, Excel software and other analysis software to explore associations between SNPs and the risk of ischemic stroke various genetic models (additive, dominant, and recessive). RESULTS Through statistical analysis, we found that ALDH2 rs886205 [odds ratio (OR) = 6.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-34.38; p = 0.03] and rs7296651 (OR = 9.29; 95% CI = 1.37-63.21; p = 0.02) were associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke in recessive model analysis. In addition, we established that the "AA" genotype (OR = 5.99; 95% CI = 1.11-32.23; p = 0.037) for rs886205 and the "AA" genotype (OR = 8.93; 95% CI = 1.31-60.78; p = 0.025) for rs7296651 were associated with increased ischemic stroke risk. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that variants of ALDH2 gene polymorphisms influence the risk of developing ischemic stroke in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou People's Hospital, Xiangya Medical College Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou People's Hospital, Xiangya Medical College Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongjun Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou People's Hospital, Xiangya Medical College Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Mengdan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou People's Hospital, Xiangya Medical College Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
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41
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Romano A, Serviddio G, Calcagnini S, Villani R, Giudetti AM, Cassano T, Gaetani S. Linking lipid peroxidation and neuropsychiatric disorders: focus on 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:281-293. [PMID: 28063940 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is considered to be a strong marker of oxidative stress; the interaction between HNE and cellular proteins leads to the formation of HNE-protein adducts able to alter cellular homeostasis and cause the development of a pathological state. By virtue of its high lipid concentration, oxygen utilization, and the presence of metal ions participating to redox reactions, the brain is highly susceptible to the formation of free radicals and HNE-related compounds. A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders have been associated with elevations of HNE concentration. For example, increased levels of HNE were found in the cortex of bipolar and schizophrenic patients, while HNE plasma concentrations resulted high in patients with major depression. On the same line, high brain concentrations of HNE were found associated with Huntington's inclusions. The incidence of high HNE levels is relevant also in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. Intriguingly, in this case the increase of HNE was associated with an accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra, a brain region highly affected by the pathology. In the present review we recapitulate the findings supporting the role of HNE in the pathogenesis of different neuropsychiatric disorders to highlight the pathogenic mechanisms ascribed to HNE accumulation. The aim of this review is to offer novel perspectives both for the understanding of etiopathogenetic mechanisms that remain still unclear and for the identification of new useful biological markers. We conclude suggesting that targeting HNE-driven cellular processes may represent a new more efficacious therapeutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Centro Ecotekne, sp Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Maity S, Sadlowski CM, George Lin JM, Chen CH, Peng LH, Lee ES, Vegesna GK, Lee C, Kim SH, Mochly-Rosen D, Kumar S, Murthy N. Thiophene bridged aldehydes (TBAs) image ALDH activity in cells via modulation of intramolecular charge transfer. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7143-7151. [PMID: 29081945 PMCID: PMC5635522 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03017g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) catalyze the oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid and are implicated in the etiology of numerous diseases. However, despite their importance, imaging ALDH activity in cells is challenging due to a lack of fluorescent imaging probes. In this report, we present a new family of fluorescent probes composed of an oligothiophene flanked by an aldehyde and an electron donor, termed thiophene-bridged aldehydes (TBAs), which can image ALDH activity in cells. The TBAs image ALDH activity via a fluorescence sensing mechanism based on the modulation of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and this enables the TBAs and their ALDH-mediated oxidized products, thiophene-bridged carboxylates (TBCs), to have distinguishable fluorescence spectra. Herein, we show that the TBAs can image ALDH activity in cells via fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and in a plate reader. Using TBA we were able to develop a cell-based high throughput assay for ALDH inhibitors, for the first time, and screened a large, 1460-entry electrophile library against A549 cells. We identified α,β-substituted acrylamides as potent electrophile fragments that can inhibit ALDH activity in cells. These inhibitors sensitized drug-resistant glioblastoma cells to the FDA approved anti-cancer drug, temozolomide. The TBAs have the potential to make the analysis of ALDH activity in cells routinely possible given their ability to spectrally distinguish between an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Maity
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
| | - Corinne M Sadlowski
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
| | - Jung-Ming George Lin
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
- The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering , UC Berkeley , Berkeley , California , USA
| | - Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , School of Medicine , Stanford , CA 94305-5174 , USA
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Giri K Vegesna
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , School of Medicine , Stanford , CA 94305-5174 , USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
- The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering , UC Berkeley , Berkeley , California , USA
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , 140 Hearst Memorial Mining Building , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA .
- The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering , UC Berkeley , Berkeley , California , USA
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Lee DJ, Lee HM, Kim JH, Park IS, Rho YS. Heavy alcohol drinking downregulates ALDH2 gene expression but heavy smoking up-regulates SOD2 gene expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:163. [PMID: 28841898 PMCID: PMC6389042 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine the relationship between expression levels of ALDH2 and SOD2 genes and clinical parameters such as alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, primary site of HNSCC, and human papilloma virus (HPV) state. METHODS Gene expression data were obtained from gene expression omnibus (GEO accession number: GSE65858). Clinical data (N = 270) including survival result, gender, age, TNM stage, primary site of HNSCC, HPV status, alcohol drinking, and tobacco smoking habit were analyzed according to gene expression pattern. RESULTS ALDH2 gene was expressed in low levels in patients with heavy alcohol consumption. It was expressed in high (p = 0.01) levels in patients with no or light alcohol consumption. ALDH2 gene was also expressed in low levels in patients with oral cavity cancers or hypopharynx cancers. However, ALDH2 gene was expressed in high (p = 0.03) levels in patients with oropharyngeal cancers or laryngeal cancers. HPV-positive patients were found to have high (p = 0.02) expression levels of ALDH2. SOD2 gene was expressed in high (p = 0.005) levels in patients who had greater mean pack-year of tobacco smoking. Based on log rank test, the group of patients with high expression of ALDH2 showed better (p = 0.002) clinical results than those with low expression of ALDH2. Difference of survival results between ALDH2 high-expressed group and ALDH2 low-expressed group was validated in another cohort (GSE39368, N = 138). CONCLUSIONS Heavy alcohol drinking downregulates ALDH2 gene expression level. Heavy smoking up-regulates SOD2 gene expression level in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The group of patients with low expression levels of ALDH2 showed significantly poorer survival results compared to those with high expression levels of ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Lee
- Department of Otolrayngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Min Lee
- Department of Otolrayngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kim
- Department of Otolrayngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ii Seok Park
- Department of Otolrayngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Soo Rho
- Department of Otolrayngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Liao X, Huang R, Liu X, Han C, Yu L, Wang S, Sun N, Li B, Ning X, Peng T. Distinct prognostic values of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3719-3732. [PMID: 28769575 PMCID: PMC5533474 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoenzymes have been reported as a potential diagnostic marker for pancreatic cancer, but their prognostic value in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. The aim of this investigation was to identify the prognostic value of ADH genes in human patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Materials and methods An RNA sequencing dataset and corresponding survival profiles of PAAD were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Survival analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were used to investigate the prediction value and potential mechanism of ADH genes in PAAD prognosis. Results Survival analysis of ADH genes suggests that a high expression of ADH1A (adjusted P=0.037, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] =0.627, 95% CI =0.404–0.972) and ADH6 (adjusted P=0.018, adjusted HR =0.588, 95% CI =0.378–0.914) were associated with a significantly decreased risk of death, while a high expression of ADH5 was associated with a significantly increased risk of death (adjusted P=0.043, adjusted HR =1.564, 95% CI =1.013–2.414). Joint effects analysis of three ADH gene prognostic markers suggests that the prognosis difference for any marker combination was more significant than that for any individual marker. The potential mechanism of ADH1A and ADH6 in PAAD prognosis was that a high expression of ADH1A and ADH6 was involved in the P450 pathway and biological processes, while high ADH5 expression was involved in transforming growth factor β regulation-related pathways and biological processes, Wnt, the cell cycle, ErbB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Conclusion Our data suggest that ADH1A, ADH5, and ADH6 expression may be potential prognostic markers of PAAD and in combination have a strong interaction and better predictive value for PAAD prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong
| | | | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Bopei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery
| | - Xin Ning
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
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45
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Ugai T, Kanda Y, Morishima Y, Matsuo K. Role of Genetic Polymorphism of ALDH2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1374-1380. [PMID: 28389253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is involved in critically important biological processes, such as the metabolism of aldehydes and aldehyde-induced genotoxicity in hematopoietic stem cells. Given its role in these biological processes, we hypothesized that a functional ALDH2 polymorphism could affect transplantation outcomes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we analyzed the Japanese national registry data for 409 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from HLA-matched unrelated donors. To evaluate the impact of the recipient and donor ALDH2 polymorphism on transplantation outcomes, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for potential confounders. The recipient ALDH2 Lys/Lys genotype was significantly associated with higher transplantation-related mortality (TRM), with an HR relative to Glu/Glu genotype of 2.45 (95% CI, 1.22 to 4.90). The recipient Lys/Lys genotype also tended to be associated with delayed platelet engraftment (HR, .66; 95% CI, .43 to 1.03). In conclusion, we observed increased TRM among recipients with the ALDH2 Lys/Lys genotype in HLA fully matched BMT. We also observed a suggestive association with delayed platelet engraftment, which warrants further examination. These results may suggest that the recipient ALDH2 genotype affects the metabolism of endogenous aldehydes, leading to a significant impact on transplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Ugai
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Omiya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Omiya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Morishima
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Buchman CD, Hurley TD. Inhibition of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1/2 Family by Psoralen and Coumarin Derivatives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2439-2455. [PMID: 28219011 PMCID: PMC5765548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), one of 19 ALDH superfamily members, catalyzes the NAD+-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to their respective carboxylic acids. In this study, we further characterized the inhibition of four psoralen and coumarin derivatives toward ALDH2 and compared them to the ALDH2 inhibitor daidzin for selectivity against five ALDH1/2 isoenzymes. Compound 2 (Ki = 19 nM) binds within the aldehyde-binding site of the free enzyme species of ALDH2. Thirty-three structural analogs were examined to develop a stronger SAR profile. Seven compounds maintained or improved upon the selectivity toward one of the five ALDH1/2 isoenzymes, including compound 36, a selective inhibitor for ALDH2 (Ki = 2.4 μM), and compound 32, which was 10-fold selective for ALDH1A1 (Ki = 1.2 μM) versus ALDH1A2. Further medicinal chemistry on the compounds' basic scaffold could enhance the potency and selectivity for ALDH1A1 or ALDH2 and generate chemical probes to examine the unique and overlapping functions of the ALDH1/2 isoenzymes.
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47
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Wang Z, Koh WP, Jin A, Wang R, Yuan JM. Composite protective lifestyle factors and risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:679-687. [PMID: 28125822 PMCID: PMC5344300 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incidence of gastric cancer is the highest in Eastern Asia. Multiple modifiable lifestyle factors have been identified as risk factors for gastric cancer. However, their aggregated effect on the risk of gastric cancer has not been examined among populations with high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori. METHODS A study was conducted to examine the association between multiple lifestyle factors together and the risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma in the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63 257 men and women between 45 and 74 years enroled during 1993-1998. Composite score of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, dietary pattern, and sodium intake at baseline was assessed with hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of gastric adenocarcinoma using Cox regression method. RESULTS Higher healthy composite lifestyle scores were significantly associated with reduced risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for total, cardia, and non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma for the highest (score 5) vs lowest composite score (score 0/1/2) were 0.42 (0.31-0.57), 0.22 (0.10-0.47), and 0.55 (0.39-0.78), respectively (all Ptrend<0.001). These lifestyles together accounted for 48% of total gastric adenocarcinoma cases in the study population. The inverse association was observed in both genders, and remained after exclusion of first 5 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The inverse association between the aggregated healthy lifestyle factors and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma is in dose-dependent manner in this highly H. pylori-exposed population. These lifestyle factors together may account for up to half of disease burden in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Aizhen Jin
- National Registry of Diseases Office, Health Promotion Board, 3 Second Hospital Avenue, Level 5, Singapore 168937, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, Suite 4C, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, Suite 4C, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Ueta CB, Gomes KS, Ribeiro MA, Mochly-Rosen D, Ferreira JCB. Disruption of mitochondrial quality control in peripheral artery disease: New therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:96-106. [PMID: 27876411 PMCID: PMC5205542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a multifactorial disease initially triggered by reduced blood supply to the lower extremities due to atherosclerotic obstructions. It is considered a major public health problem worldwide, affecting over 200 million people. Management of PAD includes smoking cessation, exercise, statin therapy, antiplatelet therapy, antihypertensive therapy and surgical intervention. Although these pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions usually increases blood flow to the ischemic limb, morbidity and mortality associated with PAD continue to increase. This scenario raises new fundamental questions regarding the contribution of intrinsic metabolic changes in the distal affected skeletal muscle to the progression of PAD. Recent evidence suggests that disruption of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control triggered by intermittent ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with increased morbidity in individuals with PAD. The mitochondrial quality control machinery relies on surveillance systems that help maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis upon stress. In this review, we describe some of the most critical mechanisms responsible for the impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control in PAD. We also discuss recent findings on the central role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and quality control mechanisms including mitochondrial fusion-fission balance, turnover, oxidative stress and aldehyde metabolism in the pathophysiology of PAD, and highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia B Ueta
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia S Gomes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio A Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Panoutsopoulos GI. Phenylacetaldehyde Oxidation by Freshly Prepared and Cryopreserved Guinea Pig Liver Slices: The Role of Aldehyde Oxidase. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:103-9. [PMID: 16036769 DOI: 10.1080/10915810590936373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetaldehyde is formed when the xenobiotic and biogenic amine 2-phenylethylamine is inactivated by a monoamine oxidase–catalyzed oxidative deamination. Exogenous phenylacetaldehyde is found in certain foodstuffs such as honey, cheese, tomatoes, and wines. 2-Phenylethylamine can trigger migraine attacks in susceptible individuals and can become fairly toxic at high intakes from foods. It may also function as a potentiator that enhances the toxicity of histamine and tyramine. The present investigation examines the metabolism of phenylacetaldehyde to phenylacetic acid in freshly prepared and in cryopreserved guinea pig liver slices. In addition, it compares the relative contribution of aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidation of phenylacetaldehyde using specific inhibitors for each oxidizing enzyme. The inhibitors used were isovanillin for aldehyde oxidase, allopurinol for xanthine oxidase, and disulfiram for aldehyde dehydrogenase. In freshly prepared liver slices, phenylacetaldehyde was converted mainly to phenylacetic acid, with traces of 2-phenylethanol being present. Disulfiram inhibited phenylacetic acid formation by 80% to 85%, whereas isovanillin inhibited acid formation to a lesser extent (50% to 55%) and allopurinol had little or no effect. In cryopreserved liver slices, phenylacetic acid was also the main metabolite, whereas the 2-phenylethanol production was more pronounced than that in freshly prepared liver slices. Isovanillin inhibited phenylacetic acid formation by 85%, whereas disulfiram inhibited acid formation to a lesser extent (55% to 60%) and allopurinol had no effect. The results in this study have shown that, in freshly prepared and cryopreserved liver slices, phenylacetaldehyde is converted to phenylacetic acid by both aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase, with no contribution from xanthine oxidase. Therefore, aldehyde dehydrogenase is not the only enzyme responsible in the metabolism of phenylacetaldehyde, but aldehyde oxidase may also be important and thus its role should not be ignored.
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50
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Analysis of volatile organic compounds liberated and metabolised by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:323-9. [PMID: 25123840 PMCID: PMC4289529 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection combined with head-space needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique was applied to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds released or metabolised by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Amongst the consumed species there were eight aldehydes (2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, n-hexanal, benzaldehyde, n-octanal and n-nonanal) and n-butyl acetate. Further eight compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl butyrate, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-methyl-5-(methylthio)-furan and toluene) were found to be emitted by the cells under study. Possible metabolic pathways leading to the uptake and release of these compounds by HUVEC are proposed and discussed. The uptake of aldehydes by endothelial cells questions the reliability of species from this chemical class as breath or blood markers of disease processes in human organism. The analysis of volatiles released or emitted by cell lines is shown to have a potential for the identification and assessment of enzymes activities and expression.
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