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Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Horiuchi Y, Yamamoto M, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K. Pierisin, Cytotoxic and Apoptosis-Inducing DNA ADP-Ribosylating Protein in Cabbage Butterfly. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:270. [PMID: 38922164 PMCID: PMC11209040 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pierisin-1 was serendipitously discovered as a strong cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing protein from pupae of the cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae against cancer cell lines. This 98-kDa protein consists of the N-terminal region (27 kDa) and C-terminal region (71 kDa), and analysis of their biological function revealed that pierisin-1 binds to cell surface glycosphingolipids on the C-terminal side, is taken up into the cell, and is cleaved to N- and C-terminal portions, where the N-terminal portion mono-ADP-ribosylates the guanine base of DNA in the presence of NAD to induce cellular genetic mutation and apoptosis. Unlike other ADP-ribosyltransferases, pieisin-1 was first found to exhibit DNA mono-ADP-ribosylating activity and show anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo against various cancer cell lines. Pierisin-1 was most abundantly produced during the transition from the final larval stage to the pupal stage of the cabbage butterfly, and this production was regulated by ecdysteroid hormones. This suggests that pierisn-1 might play a pivotal role in the process of metamorphosis. Moreover, pierisin-1 could contribute as a defense factor against parasitization and microbial infections in the cabbage butterfly. Pierisin-like proteins in butterflies were shown to be present not only among the subtribe Pierina but also among the subtribes Aporiina and Appiadina, and pierisin-2, -3, and -4 were identified in these butterflies. Furthermore, DNA ADP-ribosylating activities were found in six different edible clams. Understanding of the biological nature of pierisin-1 with DNA mono-ADP-ribosylating activity could open up exciting avenues for research and potential therapeutic applications, making it a subject of great interest in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Horiuchi
- Aquatic Food Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Tokyo Innovation Center, Nissui Corporation, 1-32-3 Shichikoku, Hachioji City 192-0991, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Medicine and Life Science, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yukari Totsuka
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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2
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Feix AS, Tabaie EZ, Singh AN, Wittenberg NJ, Wilson EH, Joachim A. An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0003724. [PMID: 38869292 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00037-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both parent and recipient cells. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of bacteria and protozoan parasite EVs, shedding light on their contributions to physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. These studies highlight EVs as a conserved mechanism of cellular communication, which may lead us to important breakthroughs in our understanding of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and as indicators of disease. Furthermore, EVs are involved in host-microbe interactions, offering insights into the strategies employed by bacteria and protozoan parasites to modulate host responses, evade the immune system, and establish infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophia Feix
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily Z Tabaie
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Aarshi N Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Tucker SK, McHugh RE, Roe AJ. One problem, multiple potential targets: Where are we now in the development of small molecule inhibitors against Shiga toxin? Cell Signal 2024; 121:111253. [PMID: 38852937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a group of enteric pathogens which carry phage-encoded Shiga toxins (Stx). STEC infections begin with severe abdominal pain and non-bloody diarrhoea, which can progress to bloody diarrhoea after approximately 4-days post-infection. In high-risk groups such as children and the elderly, patients may develop haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and in severe disease acute renal failure. Traditional antibiotics have been linked with increased toxin production due to the activation of recA-mediated bacterial stress response, resulting in poorer patient outcomes. Therefore, treatment relies on supportive therapies. Antivirulence strategies have been explored as an alternative treatment for bacterial infections and blockers of virulence factors such as the Type III Secretion System. Recent improvements in the mechanistic understanding of the Stx pathway have led to the design of inhibitors to disrupt the pathway, leading to toxin-mediated ribosome damage. However, compounds have yet to progress beyond Phase III clinical trials successfully. This review explores the progress in developing small molecule inhibitors by collating lead compounds derived from in-silico and experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Tucker
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E McHugh
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Roe
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
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Liu G, Li C, Liao S, Guo A, Wu B, Chen H. C500 variants conveying complete mucosal immunity against fatal infections of pigs with Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis C78-1 or F18+ Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1210358. [PMID: 37779705 PMCID: PMC10536267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1210358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) C500 strain is a live, attenuated vaccine strain that has been used in China for over 40 years to prevent piglet paratyphoid. However, this vaccine is limited by its toxicity and does not offer protection against diseases caused by F18+ Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which accounts for substantial economic losses in the swine industry. We recently generated a less toxic derivative of C500 strain with both asd and crp deletion (S. Choleraesuis C520) and assessed its efficacy in mice. In addition, we demonstrate that C520 is also less toxic in pigs and is effective in protecting pigs against S. Choleraesuis when administered orally. To develop a vaccine with a broader range of protection, we prepared a variant of C520 (S. Choleraesuis C522), which expresses rSF, a fusion protein comprised of the fimbriae adhesin domain FedF and the Shiga toxin-producing IIe B domain antigen. For comparison, we also prepared a control vector strain (S. Choleraesuis C521). After oral vaccination of pigs, these strains contributed to persistent colonization of the intestinal mucosa and lymphoid tissues and elicited both cytokine expression and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, oral immunization with C522 elicited both S. Choleraesuis and rSF-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in the sera and gut mucosa, respectively. To further evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of these strains as mucosal delivery vectors via oral vaccination, we evaluated their protective efficacy against fatal infection with S. Choleraesuis C78-1, as well as the F18+ Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli field strain Ee, which elicits acute edema disease. C521 conferred complete protection against fatal infection with C78-1; and C522 conferred complete protection against fatal infection with both C78-1 and Ee. Our results suggest that C520, C521, and C522 are competent to provide complete mucosal immune protection against fatal infection with S. Choleraesuis in swine and that C522 equally qualifies as an oral vaccine vector for protection against F18+ Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chunqi Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Lee KS, Park JY, Jeong YJ, Lee MS. The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin-associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells. J Microbiol 2023; 61:715-727. [PMID: 37665555 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a specific subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains that are characterized by their ability to cause bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) and potentially life-threatening, extraintestinal complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is associated with acute renal failure., contributing to severe clinical outcomes. The Shiga toxins (Stxs), produced by EHEC, are primary virulence factors. These potent cytotoxins are composed of one enzymatically active A subunit (StxA) and five receptor-binding B subunits (StxB). Although the toxins are primarily associated with cytotoxic effects, they also elicit other pathogenic consequences due to their induction of a number of biological processes, including apoptosis through ER-stress, pro-inflammatory responses, autophagy, and post-translational modification (PTM). Moreover, several studies have reported the association between Stxs and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, demonstrating that Stx-containing EVs secreted by intoxicated macrophages are taken up by recipient cells, such as toxin-sensitive renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. This mechanism likely contributes to the spreading of Stxs within the host, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal illnesses and kidney dysfunction. In this review, we summarize recent findings relating to the host responses, in different types of cells in vitro and in animal models, mediated by Stxs-containing exosomes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have been explored as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools. Thus, potential therapeutic applications of EVs in EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Tian S, Zhou N. Gaining New Insights into Fundamental Biological Pathways by Bacterial Toxin-Based Genetic Screens. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:884. [PMID: 37627769 PMCID: PMC10451959 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screen technology has been applied to study the mechanism of action of bacterial toxins-a special class of virulence factors that contribute to the pathogenesis caused by bacterial infections. These screens aim to identify host factors that directly or indirectly facilitate toxin intoxication. Additionally, specific properties of certain toxins, such as membrane interaction, retrograde trafficking, and carbohydrate binding, provide robust probes to comprehensively investigate the lipid biosynthesis, membrane vesicle transport, and glycosylation pathways, respectively. This review specifically focuses on recent representative toxin-based genetic screens that have identified new players involved in and provided new insights into fundamental biological pathways, such as glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, and membrane vesicle trafficking pathways. Functionally characterizing these newly identified factors not only expands our current understanding of toxin biology but also enables a deeper comprehension of fundamental biological questions. Consequently, it stimulates the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting both bacterial infectious diseases and genetic disorders with defects in these factors and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nini Zhou
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tomisch J, Busse V, Rosato F, Makshakova ON, Salavei P, Kittel AS, Gillon E, Lataster L, Imberty A, Meléndez AV, Römer W. A Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Based Lectibody Boosts T Cell Cytotoxicity towards Gb3-Positive Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1896. [PMID: 37508560 PMCID: PMC10378424 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a crucial role in tumour progression and invasiveness. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent a valuable set of targets for immunotherapeutic approaches. The poor immunogenicity of glycan structures, however, requires a more effective and well-directed way of targeting TACAs on the surface of cancer cells than antibodies. The glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is a well-established TACA present in a multitude of cancer types. Its overexpression has been linked to metastasis, invasiveness, and multidrug resistance. In the present study, we propose to use a dimeric fragment of the Shiga toxin B-subunit (StxB) to selectively target Gb3-positive cancer cells in a StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody. The lectibody, comprised of a lectin and the UCHT1 antibody fragment, was produced in E. coli and purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Specificity of the lectibody towards Gb3-positive cancer cell lines and specificity towards the CD3 receptor on T cells, was assessed using flow cytometry. We evaluated the efficacy of the lectibody in redirecting T cell cytotoxicity towards Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in luciferase-based cytotoxicity in vitro assays. The StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody has proven specific for Gb3 and could induce the killing of up to 80% of Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in haemorrhagic and solid tumours. The lectibody developed in this study, therefore, highlights the potential that lectibodies and lectins in general have for usage in immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the efficacy of established cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tomisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Busse
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Rosato
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga N Makshakova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Salavei
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Core Facility Signalling Factory & Robotics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophia Kittel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emilie Gillon
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Levin Lataster
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Enzymatic Glyco-Modification of Synthetic Membrane Systems. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020335. [PMID: 36830704 PMCID: PMC9952996 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present report assesses the capability of a soluble glycosyltransferase to modify glycolipids organized in two synthetic membrane systems that are attractive models to mimic cell membranes: giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). The objective was to synthesize the Gb3 antigen (Galα1,4Galβ1,4Glcβ-Cer), a cancer biomarker, at the surface of these membrane models. A soluble form of LgtC that adds a galactose residue from UDP-Gal to lactose-containing acceptors was selected. Although less efficient than with lactose, the ability of LgtC to utilize lactosyl-ceramide as an acceptor was demonstrated on GUVs and SLBs. The reaction was monitored using the B-subunit of Shiga toxin as Gb3-binding lectin. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation analysis showed that transient binding of LgtC at the membrane surface was sufficient for a productive conversion of LacCer to Gb3. Molecular dynamics simulations provided structural elements to help rationalize experimental data.
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9
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Sharma A, Gupta S, Sharma NR, Paul K. Expanding role of ribosome-inactivating proteins: From toxins to therapeutics. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:82-96. [PMID: 36121739 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic proteins with N-glycosidase activity. RIPs exert their action by removing a specific purine from 28S rRNA, thereby, irreversibly inhibiting the process of protein synthesis. RIPs can target both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In bacteria, the production of RIPs aid in the process of pathogenesis whereas, in plants, the production of these toxins has been attributed to bolster defense against insects, viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens. In recent years, RIPs have been engineered to target a particular cell type, this has fueled various experiments testing the potential role of RIPs in many biomedical applications like anti-viral and anti-tumor therapies in animals as well as anti-pest agents in engineered plants. In this review, we present a comprehensive study of various RIPs, their mode of action, their significance in various fields involving plants and animals. Their potential as treatment options for plant infections and animal diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Shelly Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Neeta Raj Sharma
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Karan Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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10
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Kozlov MM, Taraska JW. Generation of nanoscopic membrane curvature for membrane trafficking. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:63-78. [PMID: 35918535 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Curved membranes are key features of intracellular organelles, and their generation involves dynamic protein complexes. Here we describe the fundamental mechanisms such as the hydrophobic insertion, scaffolding and crowding mechanisms these proteins use to produce membrane curvatures and complex shapes required to form intracellular organelles and vesicular structures involved in endocytosis and secretion. For each mechanism, we discuss its cellular functions as well as the underlying physical principles and the specific membrane properties required for the mechanism to be feasible. We propose that the integration of individual mechanisms into a highly controlled, robust process of curvature generation often relies on the assembly of proteins into coats. How cells unify and organize the curvature-generating factors at the nanoscale is presented for three ubiquitous coats central for membrane trafficking in eukaryotes: clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, and COPI and COPII coats. The emerging theme is that these coats arrange and coordinate curvature-generating factors in time and space to dynamically shape membranes to accomplish membrane trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Carbohydrates: Binding Sites and Potential Drug Targets for Neural-Affecting Pathogens. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:449-477. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Grünewald F, Punt MH, Jefferys EE, Vainikka PA, König M, Virtanen V, Meyer TA, Pezeshkian W, Gormley AJ, Karonen M, Sansom MSP, Souza PCT, Marrink SJ. Martini 3 Coarse-Grained Force Field for Carbohydrates. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7555-7569. [PMID: 36342474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Martini 3 force field is a full reparametrization of the Martini coarse-grained model for biomolecular simulations. Due to the improved interaction balance, it allows for a more accurate description of condensed phase systems. In the present work, we develop a consistent strategy to parametrize carbohydrate molecules accurately within the framework of Martini 3. In particular, we develop a canonical mapping scheme which decomposes arbitrarily large carbohydrates into a limited number of fragments. Bead types for these fragments have been assigned by matching physicochemical properties of mono- and disaccharides. In addition, guidelines for assigning bonds, angles, and dihedrals were developed. These guidelines enable a more accurate description of carbohydrate conformations than in the Martini 2 force field. We show that models obtained with this approach are able to accurately reproduce osmotic pressures of carbohydrate water solutions. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the model differentiates correctly the solubility of the polyglucoses dextran (water-soluble) and cellulose (water insoluble but soluble in ionic liquids). Finally, we demonstrate that the new building blocks can be applied to glycolipids. We show they are able to reproduce membrane properties and induce binding of peripheral membrane proteins. These test cases demonstrate the validity and transferability of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grünewald
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Mats H Punt
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth E Jefferys
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Petteri A Vainikka
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie König
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Valtteri Virtanen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Travis A Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Weria Pezeshkian
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands.,The Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo C T Souza
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon 69367, France
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Navarro-Palomares E, García-Hevia L, Galán-Vidal J, Gandarillas A, García-Reija F, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Liz-Marzán LM, Valiente R, Fanarraga ML. Shiga Toxin-B Targeted Gold Nanorods for Local Photothermal Treatment in Oral Cancer Clinical Samples. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5747-5760. [PMID: 36466783 PMCID: PMC9717601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s381628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A great challenge in nanomedicine, and more specifically in theranostics, is to improve the specificity, selectivity, and targeting of nanomaterials towards target tissues or cells. The topical use of nanomedicines as adjuvants to systemic chemotherapy can significantly improve the survival of patients affected by localized carcinomas, reducing the side effects of traditional drugs and preventing local recurrences. METHODS Here, we have used the Shiga toxin, to design a safe, high-affinity protein-ligand (ShTxB) to bind the globotriaosylceramide receptor (GB3) that is overexpressed on the surfaces of preneoplastic and malignant cancer cells in the head and neck tumors. RESULTS We find that ShTxB functionalized gold nanorods are efficiently retrotranslocated to the GB3-positive cell cytoplasms. After 3 minutes of laser radiation with a wavelength resonant with the AuNR longitudinal localized surface plasmon, the death of the targeted cancer cells is activated. Both preclinical murine models and patient biopsy cells show the non-cytotoxic nature of these functionalized nanoparticles before light activation and their treatment selectivity. DISCUSSION These results show how the use of nanomedicines directed by natural ligands can represent an effective treatment for aggressive localized cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Navarro-Palomares
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Lorena García-Hevia
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Jesús Galán-Vidal
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate & Cancer Laboratory, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate & Cancer Laboratory, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Fe García-Reija
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Valdecilla Hospital HUVM, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Rafael Valiente
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
- Dpt. Applied Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Mónica L Fanarraga
- The Nanomedicine Group, Valdecilla Health Research Institute IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
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Hama S, Nakahara M, Watanabe-Takahashi M, Shimizu E, Tsutsuki H, Yahiro K, Nishikawa K. Development of a novel tetravalent peptide that absorbs subtilase cytotoxin by targeting the receptor-binding B-subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 629:95-100. [PMID: 36115284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is a major virulence factor produced by eae-negative Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) that can cause fatal systemic complications. SubAB binds to target cells through multivalent interactions between its B-subunit pentamer and receptor molecules such as glycoproteins with a terminal N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). We screened randomized multivalent peptide libraries synthesized on a cellulose membrane and identified a series of tetravalent peptides that efficiently bind to the receptor-binding region of the SubAB B-subunit pentamer. These peptides competitively inhibited the binding of the B-subunit to a receptor-mimic molecule containing clustered Neu5Gc (Neu5Gc-polymer). We selected the peptide with the highest inhibitory efficacy, FFP-tet, and covalently bound it to beads to synthesize FFP-tet-beads, a highly clustered SubAB absorber that displayed potency to absorb SubAB cytotoxicity through direct binding to the toxin. The efficacy of FFP-tet-beads to absorb SubAB cytotoxicity in solution was similar to that of Neu5Gc-polymer, suggesting that FFP-tet-beads might be an effective therapeutic agent against complications arising from eae-negative STEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hama
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Miki Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe-Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Eiko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
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15
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A unique peptide-based pharmacophore identifies an inhibitory compound against the A-subunit of Shiga toxin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11443. [PMID: 35794188 PMCID: PMC9259562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), can cause fatal systemic complications. Recently, we identified a potent inhibitory peptide that binds to the catalytic A-subunit of Stx. Here, using biochemical structural analysis and X-ray crystallography, we determined a minimal essential peptide motif that occupies the catalytic cavity and is required for binding to the A-subunit of Stx2a, a highly virulent Stx subtype. Molecular dynamics simulations also identified the same motif and allowed determination of a unique pharmacophore for A-subunit binding. Notably, a series of synthetic peptides containing the motif efficiently inhibit Stx2a. In addition, pharmacophore screening and subsequent docking simulations ultimately identified nine Stx2a-interacting molecules out of a chemical compound database consisting of over 7,400,000 molecules. Critically, one of these molecules markedly inhibits Stx2a both in vitro and in vivo, clearly demonstrating the significance of the pharmacophore for identifying therapeutic agents against EHEC infection.
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16
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Abstract
![]()
The paradigm of antivirulence
therapy dictates that bacterial pathogens
are specifically disarmed but not killed by neutralizing their virulence
factors. Clearance of the invading pathogen by the immune system is
promoted. As compared to antibiotics, the pathogen-selective antivirulence
drugs hold promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial
microbiome. Also, selective pressure for resistance is expected to
be lower because bacterial viability is not directly affected. Antivirulence
drugs are being developed for stand-alone prophylactic and therapeutic
treatments but also for combinatorial use with antibiotics. This Review
focuses on drug modalities that target bacterial exotoxins after the
secretion or release-upon-lysis. Exotoxins have a significant and
sometimes the primary role as the disease-causing virulence factor,
and thereby they are attractive targets for drug development. We describe
the key pre-clinical and clinical trial data that have led to the
approval of currently used exotoxin-targeted drugs, namely the monoclonal
antibodies bezlotoxumab (toxin B/TcdB, Clostridioides difficile), raxibacumab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), and obiltoxaximab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), but also to challenges with some of the promising leads. We also
highlight the recent developments in pre-clinical research sector
to develop exotoxin-targeted drug modalities, i.e., monoclonal antibodies,
antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, receptor analogs, neutralizing
scaffolds, dominant-negative mutants, and small molecules. We describe
how these exotoxin-targeted drug modalities work with high-resolution
structural knowledge and highlight their advantages and disadvantages
as antibiotic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Laisi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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17
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Ehrenfeld M, Schrade A, Flisikowska T, Perl M, Hirsch ND, Sichler A, Geyer L, Flisikowski K, Wilhelm D, Schober SJ, Johannes L, Schnieke A, Janssen KP. Tumor targeting with bacterial Shiga toxin B-subunit in genetic porcine models for colorectal cancer and osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:686-699. [PMID: 35086950 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunit of bacterial Shiga toxin (STxB) is non-toxic and has low immunogenicity. Its receptor, the glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77, is overexpressed on the cell surface of human colorectal cancer (CRC). We tested whether genetic porcine models, closely resembling human anatomy and pathophysiology, can be used to exploit the tumor targeting potential of STxB. In accordance with findings on human CRC, the pig model APC1311 bound STxB in colorectal tumors, but not in normal colon or jejunum, except for putative enteroendocrine cells. In primary tumor cells from endoscopic biopsies, STxB was rapidly taken up along the retrograde intracellular route to the Golgi, whereas normal colon organoids did not bind or internalize STxB. Next, we tested a porcine model (TP53LSL-R167H) for osteosarcoma, a tumor entity with a dismal prognosis and insufficient treatment options, hitherto not known to express Gb3. Pig osteosarcoma strongly bound StxB and expressed the Gb3-synthase A4GALT. Primary osteosarcoma cells, but not normal osteoblasts, rapidly internalized fluorescently labelled STxB along the retrograde route to the Golgi. Importantly, six out of eight human osteosarcoma cell lines expressed A4GALT mRNA and showed prominent intracellular uptake of STxB. The physiological role of A4GALT was tested by Crispr/Cas9-mutagenesis in porcine LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells and RNA interference in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. A4GALT-deficiency or knock-down abolished STxB uptake and led to significantly reduced cell migration and proliferation, hinting towards a putative tumor-promoting role of Gb3. Thus, pig models are suitable tools for STxB-based tumor targeting, and may allow "reverse-translational" predictions on human tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ehrenfeld
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Anna Schrade
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg
| | - Noah-David Hirsch
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Anna Sichler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich
| | - Laura Geyer
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich
| | - Dirk Wilhelm
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich
| | - Sebastian Johannes Schober
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Technical University of Munich
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery team, Institute Curie
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University München
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18
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Deville-Foillard S, Billet A, Dubuisson RM, Johannes L, Durand P, Schmidt F, Volk A. High-Relaxivity Molecular MRI Contrast Agent to Target Gb3-Expressing Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:180-193. [PMID: 34986302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted contrast agents (CAs) can improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for accurate cancer diagnosis. In this work, we used the Shiga toxin B-subunit (STxB) as a targeting agent, which binds to Gb3, a glycosphingolipid highly overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. We developed STxB-targeted MRI probes from cyclic peptide scaffolds functionalized with six to nine monoamide DO3A[Gd(III)] chelates. The influence of structural constraints on the longitudinal relaxivity (r1) of the CAs has been studied. The cyclic peptide carrying nine monoamide DO3A[Gd(III)] exhibited a r1 per compound of 32 and 93 mM-1s-1 at 9.4 and 1.5 T, respectively. Its conjugation to the pentameric STxB protein led to a 70 kDa compound with a higher r1 of 150 and 475 mM-1 s-1 at 9.4 and 1.5 T, respectively. Specific accumulation and cellular distribution of this conjugate in Gb3-expressing cancer cells were demonstrated using immunofluorescence microscopy and quantified by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry dosage of Gd(III). Such an agent should enable the in vivo detection by MRI of tumors expressing Gb3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Deville-Foillard
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Anne Billet
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France.,Université de Paris, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Rose-Marie Dubuisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, PSL University Paris, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, Cellular and Chemical Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andreas Volk
- Institut Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, CMIB, Orsay 91405, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, BioMaps, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94800, France
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19
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Critical parameters for design and development of multivalent nanoconstructs: recent trends. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2335-2358. [PMID: 35013982 PMCID: PMC8747862 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, the groundbreaking concept of the magic bullet was given by Paul Ehrlich. Since then, this concept has been extensively explored in various forms to date. The concept of multivalency is among such advancements of the magic bullet concept. Biologically, the concept of multivalency plays a critical role in significantly huge numbers of biochemical interactions. This concept is the sole reason behind the higher affinity of biological molecules like viruses to more selectively target the host cell surface receptors. Multivalent nanoconstructs are a promising approach for drug delivery by the active targeting principle. Designing and developing effective and target-specific multivalent drug delivery nanoconstructs, on the other hand, remain a challenge. The underlying reason for this is a lack of understanding of the crucial interactions between ligands and cell surface receptors, as well as the design of nanoconstructs. This review highlights the need for a better theoretical understanding of the multivalent effect of what happens to the receptor-ligand complex after it has been established. Furthermore, the critical parameters for designing and developing robust multivalent systems have been emphasized. We have also discussed current advances in the design and development of multivalent nanoconstructs for drug delivery. We believe that a thorough knowledge of theoretical concepts and experimental methodologies may transform a brilliant idea into clinical translation.
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20
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Abstract
Morphological transitions are typically attributed to the actions of proteins and lipids. Largely overlooked in membrane shape regulation is the glycocalyx, a pericellular membrane coat that resides on all cells in the human body. Comprised of complex sugar polymers known as glycans as well as glycosylated lipids and proteins, the glycocalyx is ideally positioned to impart forces on the plasma membrane. Large, unstructured polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the glycocalyx can generate crowding pressures strong enough to induce membrane curvature. Stress may also originate from glycan chains that convey curvature preference on asymmetrically distributed lipids, which are exploited by binding factors and infectious agents to induce morphological changes. Through such forces, the glycocalyx can have profound effects on the biogenesis of functional cell surface structures as well as the secretion of extracellular vesicles. In this review, we discuss recent evidence and examples of these mechanisms in normal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Chin-Hun Kuo
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; ,
| | - Matthew J Paszek
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , .,Field of Biomedical Engineering and Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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21
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Shiga Toxins as Antitumor Tools. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100690. [PMID: 34678982 PMCID: PMC8538568 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), also known as Shiga-like toxins (SLT) or verotoxins (VT), constitute a family of structurally and functionally related cytotoxic proteins produced by the enteric pathogens Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Infection with these bacteria causes bloody diarrhea and other pathological manifestations that can lead to HUS (hemolytic and uremic syndrome). At the cellular level, Stxs bind to the cellular receptor Gb3 and inhibit protein synthesis by removing an adenine from the 28S rRNA. This triggers multiple cellular signaling pathways, including the ribotoxic stress response (RSR), unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy and apoptosis. Stxs cause several pathologies of major public health concern, but their specific targeting of host cells and efficient delivery to the cytosol could potentially be exploited for biomedical purposes. Moreover, high levels of expression have been reported for the Stxs receptor, Gb3/CD77, in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells and on various types of solid tumors. These properties have led to many attempts to develop Stxs as tools for biomedical applications, such as cancer treatment or imaging, and several engineered Stxs are currently being tested. We provide here an overview of these studies.
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22
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Verster KI, Tarnopol RL, Akalu SM, Whiteman NK. Horizontal Transfer of Microbial Toxin Genes to Gall Midge Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6358723. [PMID: 34450656 PMCID: PMC8455502 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has underscored the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in animal evolution. Previously, we discovered the horizontal transfer of the gene encoding the eukaryotic genotoxin cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB) from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE) phages to drosophilid and aphid nuclear genomes. Here, we report cdtB in the nuclear genome of the gall-forming "swede midge" Contarinia nasturtii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) via HGT. We searched all available gall midge genome sequences for evidence of APSE-to-insect HGT events and found five toxin genes (aip56, cdtB, lysozyme, rhs, and sltxB) transferred horizontally to cecidomyiid nuclear genomes. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analyses of HGT candidates indicated APSE phages were often not the ancestral donor lineage of the toxin gene to cecidomyiids. We used a phylogenetic signal statistic to test a transfer-by-proximity hypothesis for animal HGT, which suggested that microbe-to-insect HGT was more likely between taxa that share environments than those from different environments. Many of the toxins we found in midge genomes target eukaryotic cells, and catalytic residues important for toxin function are conserved in insect copies. This class of horizontally transferred, eukaryotic cell-targeting genes is potentially important in insect adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rebecca L Tarnopol
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Saron M Akalu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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23
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Siukstaite L, Imberty A, Römer W. Structural Diversities of Lectins Binding to the Glycosphingolipid Gb3. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:704685. [PMID: 34381814 PMCID: PMC8350385 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.704685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are present on the surfaces of all living cells and thereby represent targets for many protein receptors, such as lectins. Understanding the interactions between lectins and glycolipids is essential for investigating the functions of lectins and the dynamics of glycolipids in living membranes. This review focuses on lectins binding to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), an attractive host cell receptor, particularly for pathogens and pathogenic products. Shiga toxin (Stx), from Shigella dysenteriae or Escherichia coli, which is one of the most virulent bacterial toxins, binds and clusters Gb3, leading to local negative membrane curvature and the formation of tubular plasma membrane invaginations as the initial step for clathrin-independent endocytosis. After internalization, it is embracing the retrograde transport pathway. In comparison, the homotetrameric lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also bind to Gb3, triggering the so-called lipid zipper mechanism, which results in membrane engulfment of the bacterium as an important step for its cellular uptake. Notably, both lectins bind to Gb3 but induce distinct plasma membrane domains and exploit mainly different transport pathways. Not only, several other Gb3-binding lectins have been described from bacterial origins, such as the adhesins SadP (from Streptococcus suis) and PapG (from E. coli), but also from animal, fungal, or plant origins. The variety of amino acid sequences and folds demonstrates the structural versatilities of Gb3-binding lectins and asks the question of the evolution of specificity and carbohydrate recognition in different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Johannes L. The Cellular and Chemical Biology of Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery-The GL-Lect Hypothesis. Molecules 2021; 26:3299. [PMID: 34072622 PMCID: PMC8198588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by allowing for lateral diffusion, transbilayer passage via selective channels, and in eukaryotic cells for endocytic uptake through the formation of membrane bound vesicular or tubular carriers. Two of the most abundant fundamental fabrics of membranes-lipids and complex sugars-are produced through elaborate chains of biosynthetic enzymes, which makes it difficult to study them by conventional reverse genetics. This review illustrates how organic synthesis provides access to uncharted areas of membrane glycobiology research and its application to biomedicine. For this Special Issue on Chemical Biology Research in France, focus will be placed on synthetic approaches (i) to study endocytic functions of glycosylated proteins and lipids according to the GlycoLipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, notably that of Shiga toxin; (ii) to mechanistically dissect its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking with small molecule; and (iii) to devise intracellular delivery strategies for immunotherapy and tumor targeting. It will be pointed out how the chemical biologist's view on lipids, sugars, and proteins synergizes with biophysics and modeling to "look" into the membrane for atomistic scale insights on molecular rearrangements that drive the biogenesis of endocytic carriers in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75248 Paris, France
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25
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The Protein Toxins Ricin and Shiga Toxin as Tools to Explore Cellular Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Transport. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060377. [PMID: 34070659 PMCID: PMC8227415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein toxins secreted by bacteria and found in plants can be threats to human health. However, their extreme toxicity can also be exploited in different ways, e.g., to produce hybrid toxins directed against cancer cells and to study transport mechanisms in cells. Investigations during the last decades have shown how powerful these molecules are as tools in cell biological research. Here, we first present a partly historical overview, with emphasis on Shiga toxin and ricin, of how such toxins have been used to characterize processes and proteins of importance for their trafficking. In the second half of the article, we describe how one can now use toxins to investigate the role of lipid classes for intracellular transport. In recent years, it has become possible to quantify hundreds of lipid species using mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, it is also now possible to explore the importance of lipid species in intracellular transport. The detailed analyses of changes in lipids seen under conditions of inhibited toxin transport reveal previously unknown connections between syntheses of lipid classes and demonstrate the ability of cells to compensate under given conditions.
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26
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Identification of a peptide motif that potently inhibits two functionally distinct subunits of Shiga toxin. Commun Biol 2021; 4:538. [PMID: 33972673 PMCID: PMC8111002 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which causes fatal systemic complications. Here, we identified a tetravalent peptide that inhibited Stx by targeting its receptor-binding, B-subunit pentamer through a multivalent interaction. A monomeric peptide with the same motif, however, did not bind to the B-subunit pentamer. Instead, the monomer inhibited cytotoxicity with remarkable potency by binding to the catalytic A-subunit. An X-ray crystal structure analysis to 1.6 Å resolution revealed that the monomeric peptide fully occupied the catalytic cavity, interacting with Glu167 and Arg170, both of which are essential for catalytic activity. Thus, the peptide motif demonstrated potent inhibition of two functionally distinct subunits of Stx.
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27
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Haksar D, Asadpoor M, Heise T, Shi J, Braber S, Folkerts G, Ballell L, Rodrigues J, Pieters RJ. Fighting Shigella by Blocking Its Disease-Causing Toxin. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6059-6069. [PMID: 33909975 PMCID: PMC8154557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Shiga toxin is an
AB5 toxin produced by Shigella species, while related toxins are produced
by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Infection by Shigella can lead to bloody diarrhea followed
by the often fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In the present
paper, we aimed for a simple and effective toxin inhibitor by comparing
three classes of carbohydrate-based inhibitors: glycodendrimers, glycopolymers,
and oligosaccharides. We observed a clear enhancement in potency for
multivalent inhibitors, with the divalent and tetravalent compounds
inhibiting in the millimolar and micromolar range, respectively. However,
the polymeric inhibitor based on galabiose was the most potent in
the series exhibiting nanomolar inhibition. Alginate and chitosan
oligosaccharides also inhibit Shiga toxin and may be used as a prophylactic
drug during shigella outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Haksar
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Heise
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Shi
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Janneth Rodrigues
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Patalag LJ, Ahadi S, Lashchuk O, Jones PG, Ebbinghaus S, Werz DB. GlycoBODIPYs: Sugars Serving as a Natural Stock for Water‐soluble Fluorescent Probes of Complex Chiral Morphology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Patalag
- TU Braunschweig Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Somayeh Ahadi
- TU Braunschweig Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Olesia Lashchuk
- TU Braunschweig Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology Rebenring 56 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- TU Braunschweig Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- TU Braunschweig Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology Rebenring 56 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- TU Braunschweig Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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29
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Patalag LJ, Ahadi S, Lashchuk O, Jones PG, Ebbinghaus S, Werz DB. GlycoBODIPYs: Sugars Serving as a Natural Stock for Water-soluble Fluorescent Probes of Complex Chiral Morphology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8766-8771. [PMID: 33492705 PMCID: PMC8048574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A range of unprocessed, reducing sugar substrates (mono-, di-, and trisaccharides) is shown to take part in a straightforward four-step synthetic route to water-soluble, uncharged BODIPY derivatives with unimpaired chiral integrity and high fluorescence efficiency. A wide compatibility with several postfunctionalizations is demonstrated, thus suggesting a universal utility of the multifunctional glycoconjugates, which we call GlycoBODIPYs. Knoevenagel condensations are able to promote a red-shift in the spectra, thereby furnishing strongly fluorescent red and far-red glycoconjugates of high hydrophilicity. The synthetic outcome was studied by X-ray crystallography and by comprehensive photophysical investigations in several solvent systems. Furthermore, cell experiments illustrate efficient cell uptake and demonstrate differential cell targeting as a function of the integrated chiral information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Patalag
- TU BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Somayeh Ahadi
- TU BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Olesia Lashchuk
- TU BraunschweigInstitute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems BiologyRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- TU BraunschweigInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- TU BraunschweigInstitute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems BiologyRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- TU BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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30
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Sadri Najafabadi Z, Nazarian S, Kargar M, Kafilzadeh F. Designing of a chimeric protein contains StxB, intimin and EscC against toxicity and adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and evaluation of serum antibody titers against it. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:218-227. [PMID: 33823320 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain is known as one of the major human foodborne pathogens. Lack of effective clinical treatment for human diarrheal diseases confirms the need for vaccine production against enteric bacteria such as E.coli O157:H7. Shiga-like toxin (Stx), EscC, and Intimin are the main important virulent factors of this enteric pathogen. In the present study, a comparative Omics analysis was conducted to identify most invasion EHEC antigenic factors as a potential immunogen. SEI (Stx-EscC-Intimin) trivalent chimeric protein was designed from the exposed and epitope rich part of these virulence factors. Sequence optimization, physicochemical properties, mRNA folding, three-dimensional structure and immunoinformatics data were investigated. The chimeric gene was synthesized with codon bias of E. coli. Recombinant protein was expressed and confirmed by western blot analysis. To evaluate the immunogenicity of the designed protein, the protein was administered to BALB/c mice and the serum IgG was determined by ELISA. Based on the Ramachandran plot, the validation data showed that 90.1 % of residues lie in the favored region. The high antigenicity of the multimeric protein was predicted by the immunoinformatic analysis. Epitope prediction had shown the proper distribution of linear and conformational B-cell epitopes and the competition of T-cell epitopes to bind MHC molecules too. Recombinant ESI Protein with 74.5 kDa was expressed in E. coli. Western blot analysis by anti-Stx antibody, confirmed a single band of chimeric protein. Consequently, the chimeric gene was designed and constructed after assessments. From in silico approach, the protein deduced from this cassette can be an immunogen candidate, and act against toxicity and adherence of EHEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Farshid Kafilzadeh
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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31
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Kociurzynski R, Makshakova ON, Knecht V, Römer W. Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Studies Reveal Different Modes of Receptor Clustering by Gb3-Binding Lectins. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2488-2501. [PMID: 33794087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of carbohydrate receptors on host cell membranes by pathogenic lectins is a crucial step in the microbial invasion. Two bacterial lectins, the B-subunit of Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteria (StxB) and lectin I from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (LecA), are specific to the same galactolipid-globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). In this study we present a coarse-grained (cg) model of Gb3, which we further apply to unravel the molecular details of glycolipid binding by two lectins on the surface of a DOPC/cholesterol/Gb3 bilayer. In cg molecular dynamics simulations with time scales of dozens of microseconds, Gb3 was randomly distributed. The binding of both StxB or LecA is accompanied by Gb3 clustering in a cholesterol environment and with exclusion of DOPC in protein vicinity. StxB being bound by all 15 binding sites induced membrane bending, while LecA interacted with two out of four binding sites for most of the time causing a smaller inward curvature of the model membrane. Stable interactions occurred preferably when LecA was normal to the membrane surface. Furthermore, all-atom simulations revealed that LecA bound Gb3's headgroup at only one out of two possible conformations of the carbohydrate moiety observed at protein-free conditions. The results shed light on the mechanism of interactions between two lectins and Gb3 on the membrane surface and offer a coarse-grained model to study more complex systems at large spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Kociurzynski
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga N Makshakova
- Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Volker Knecht
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Liu Y, Tian S, Thaker H, Dong M. Shiga Toxins: An Update on Host Factors and Biomedical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:222. [PMID: 33803852 PMCID: PMC8003205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are classic bacterial toxins and major virulence factors of toxigenic Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). These toxins recognize a glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3/CD77) as their receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in cells by cleaving 28S ribosomal RNA. They are the major cause of life-threatening complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), associated with severe cases of EHEC infection, which is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children. The threat of Stxs is exacerbated by the lack of toxin inhibitors and effective treatment for HUS. Here, we briefly summarize the Stx structure, subtypes, in vitro and in vivo models, Gb3 expression and HUS, and then introduce recent studies using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome-wide screens to identify the host cell factors required for Stx action. We also summarize the latest progress in utilizing and engineering Stx components for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hatim Thaker
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.T.); (H.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Farabi K, Manabe Y, Ichikawa H, Miyake S, Tsutsui M, Kabayama K, Yamaji T, Tanaka K, Hung SC, Fukase K. Concise and Reliable Syntheses of Glycodendrimers via Self-Activating Click Chemistry: A Robust Strategy for Mimicking Multivalent Glycan-Pathogen Interactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16014-16023. [PMID: 33058668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Individual interactions between glycans and their receptors are usually weak, although these weak interactions can combine to realize a strong interaction (multivalency). Such multivalency plays a crucial role in the recognition of host cells by pathogens. Glycodendrimers are useful materials for the reconstruction of this multivalent interaction. However, the introduction of a large number of glycans to a dendrimer core is fraught with difficulties. We herein synthesized antipathogenic glycodendrimers using the self-activating click chemistry (SACC) method developed by our group. The excellent reactivity of SACC enabled the efficient preparation of sialyl glycan and Gb3 glycan dendrimers, which exhibited strong avidity toward hemagglutinin on influenza virus and Shiga toxin B subunit produced by Escherichia coli, respectively. We demonstrated the usefulness of SACC-based glycodendrimers as antipathogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindi Farabi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shuto Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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34
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Chemically synthesized Gb 3 glycosphingolipids: tools to access their function in lipid membranes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 50:109-126. [PMID: 32948883 PMCID: PMC8071800 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01461-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gb3 glycosphingolipids are the specific receptors for bacterial Shiga toxin. Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. While most studies use Gb3 extracts, chemical synthesis provides a unique tool to access different tailor-made Gb3 glycosphingolipids. In this review, strategies to synthesize these complex glycosphingolipids are presented. Special emphasis is put on the preparation of Gb3 molecules differing only in their fatty acid part (saturated, unsaturated, α-hydroxylated and both, unsaturated and α-hydroxylated). With these molecules in hand, it became possible to investigate the phase behaviour of liquid ordered/liquid disordered supported membranes doped with the Gb3 species by means of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. To obtain fluorescent Gb3 derivatives, either fatty acid labelled Gb3 molecules or head group labelled ones were synthesized. These molecules enabled us to address the question, where the Gb3 sphingolipids are localized prior protein binding by means of fluorescence microscopy on giant unilamellar vesicles. The results again demonstrate that the fatty acid of Gb3 plays a pivotal role for the overall membrane organisation.
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35
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Lee KS, Lee J, Lee P, Kim CU, Kim DJ, Jeong YJ, Park YJ, Tesh VL, Lee MS. Exosomes released from Shiga toxin 2a-treated human macrophages modulate inflammatory responses and induce cell death in toxin receptor expressing human cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13249. [PMID: 32772454 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Stx-producing Escherichia coli are the primarily virulence factors of hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) impairment. Although the precise mechanisms of toxin dissemination remain unclear, Stxs bind to extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, a subset of EVs, may play a key role in Stx-mediated renal injury. To test this hypothesis, we isolated exosomes from monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of Stx2a or Stx2 toxoids. Macrophage-like differentiated THP-1 cells treated with Stxs secreted Stx-associated exosomes (Stx-Exo) of 90-130 nm in diameter, which induced cytotoxicity in recipient cells in a toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 )-dependent manner. Stx2-Exo engulfed by Gb3 -positive cells were translocated to the endoplasmic reticulum in the human proximal tubule epithelial cell line HK-2. Stx2-Exo contained pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs and proteins and induced more severe inflammation than purified Stx2a accompanied by greater death of target cells such as human renal or retinal pigment epithelial cells. Blockade of exosome biogenesis using the pharmacological inhibitor GW4869 reduced Stx2-Exo-mediated human renal cell death. Stx2-Exo isolated from human primary monocyte-derived macrophages activated caspase 3/7 and resulted in significant cell death in primary human renal cortical epithelial cells. Based on these results, we speculate that Stx-containing exosomes derived from macrophages may exacerbate cytotoxicity and inflammation and trigger cell death in toxin-sensitive cells. Therapeutic interventions targeting Stx-containing exosomes may prevent or ameliorate Stx-mediated acute vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Vernon L Tesh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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36
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Gambardella G, Staiano L, Moretti MN, De Cegli R, Fagnocchi L, Di Tullio G, Polletti S, Braccia C, Armirotti A, Zippo A, Ballabio A, De Matteis MA, di Bernardo D. GADD34 is a modulator of autophagy during starvation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/39/eabb0205. [PMID: 32978159 PMCID: PMC7518873 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to starvation by shutting down protein synthesis and by activating catabolic processes, including autophagy, to recycle nutrients. This two-pronged response is mediated by the integrated stress response (ISR) through phosphorylation of eIF2α, which represses protein translation, and by inhibition of mTORC1 signaling, which promotes autophagy also through a stress-responsive transcriptional program. Implementation of such a program, however, requires protein synthesis, thus conflicting with general repression of translation. How is this mismatch resolved? We found that the main regulator of the starvation-induced transcriptional program, TFEB, counteracts protein synthesis inhibition by directly activating expression of GADD34, a component of the protein phosphatase 1 complex that dephosphorylates eIF2α. We discovered that GADD34 plays an essential role in autophagy by tuning translation during starvation, thus enabling lysosomal biogenesis and a sustained autophagic flux. Hence, the TFEB-GADD34 axis integrates the mTORC1 and ISR pathways in response to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Gambardella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Engineering, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Fagnocchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Erica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Sara Polletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Zippo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Erica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics Lab, Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Medical and Translation Science, Naples, Italy
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Molecular Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego di Bernardo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Engineering, Naples, Italy
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New opportunities and challenges of venom-based and bacteria-derived molecules for anticancer targeted therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:356-369. [PMID: 32846203 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to advances in detection and treatment of cancer, especially the rise in the targeted therapy, the five-year relative survival rate of all cancers has increased significantly. However, according to the analysis of the survival rate of cancer patients in 2019, the survival rate of most cancers is still less than five years. Therefore, to combat complex cancer and further improve the 5-year survival rate of cancer patients, it is necessary to develop some new anticancer drugs. Because of the adaptive evolution of toxic species for millions of years, the venom sac is a "treasure bank", which has millions of biomolecules with high affinity and stability awaiting further development. Complete utilization of venom-based and bacteria-derived drugs in the market is still staggering because of incomplete understanding regarding their mode of action. In this review, we focused on the currently identified targets for anticancer effects based on venomous and bacterial biomolecules, such as ion channels, membrane non-receptor molecules, integrins, and other related target molecules. This review will serve as the key for exploring the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer potential of venom-based and bacteria-derived drugs and will also lay the path for the development of anticancer targeted therapy.
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Valid Presumption of Shiga Toxin-Mediated Damage of Developing Erythrocytes in EHEC-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060373. [PMID: 32512916 PMCID: PMC7354503 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of clinical diseases caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an issue of great concern. EHEC release Shiga toxins (Stxs) as their key virulence factors, and investigations on the cell-damaging mechanisms toward target cells are inevitable for the development of novel mitigation strategies. Stx-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal injury, is the most severe outcome of an EHEC infection. Hemolytic anemia during HUS is defined as the loss of erythrocytes by mechanical disruption when passing through narrowed microvessels. The formation of thrombi in the microvasculature is considered an indirect effect of Stx-mediated injury mainly of the renal microvascular endothelial cells, resulting in obstructions of vessels. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent data providing evidence that HUS-associated hemolytic anemia may arise not only from intravascular rupture of erythrocytes, but also from the extravascular impairment of erythropoiesis, the development of red blood cells in the bone marrow, via direct Stx-mediated damage of maturing erythrocytes, leading to “non-hemolytic” anemia.
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Johansson K, Willysson A, Kristoffersson AC, Tontanahal A, Gillet D, Ståhl AL, Karpman D. Shiga Toxin-Bearing Microvesicles Exert a Cytotoxic Effect on Recipient Cells Only When the Cells Express the Toxin Receptor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 32523894 PMCID: PMC7261856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin is the main virulence factor of non-invasive enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains capable of causing hemolytic uremic syndrome. Our group has previously shown that the toxin can reach the kidney within microvesicles where it is taken up by renal cells and the vesicles release their cargo intracellularly, leading to toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death. The aim of this study was to examine if recipient cells must express the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) toxin receptor for this to occur, or if Gb3-negative cells are also susceptible after uptake of Gb3-positive and toxin-positive microvesicles. To this end we generated Gb3-positive A4GALT–transfected CHO cells, and a vector control lacking Gb3 (CHO-control cells), and decreased Gb3 synthesis in native HeLa cells by exposing them to the glycosylceramide synthase inhibitor PPMP. We used these cells, and human intestinal DLD-1 cells lacking Gb3, and exposed them to Shiga toxin 2-bearing Gb3-positive microvesicles derived from human blood cells. Results showed that only recipient cells that possessed endogenous Gb3 (CHO-Gb3 transfected and native HeLa cells) exhibited cellular injury, reduced cell metabolism and protein synthesis, after uptake of toxin-positive microvesicles. In Gb3-positive cells the toxin introduced via vesicles followed the retrograde pathway and was inhibited by the retrograde transport blocker Retro-2.1. CHO-control cells, HeLa cells treated with PPMP and DLD-1 cells remained unaffected by toxin-positive microvesicles. We conclude that Shiga toxin-containing microvesicles can be taken up by Gb3-negative cells but the recipient cell must express endogenous Gb3 for the cell to be susceptible to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annie Willysson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, (MTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Lie Ståhl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050345. [PMID: 32456125 PMCID: PMC7290813 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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41
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Lu T, Zhu KD, Huang C, Wen T, Jiao YJ, Zhu J, Zhang Q, Ding SN. Rapid detection of Shiga toxin type II using lateral flow immunochromatography test strips of colorimetry and fluorimetry. Analyst 2020; 145:76-82. [PMID: 31748765 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01996k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two types of lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips (LFITS) using gold nanoparticles and fluorescent CdTe quantum dots (QDs) as signal labels, respectively, were developed for Shiga toxin type II (STX2) assays. Under optimal conditions, the corresponding visual detection limits were 25 ng mL-1 and 5 ng mL-1, respectively. The test results of gold based LFITS can be recognized directly by the naked eye, whereas the visualized results of CdTe QDs based LFITS can be observed by the aid of a UV lamp. Both assays showed good specificity and stability. The inexpensive LFITS were promising for the rapid clinical detection of STX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Morimoto K, Suzuki N, Tanida I, Kakuta S, Furuta Y, Uchiyama Y, Hanada K, Suzuki Y, Yamaji T. Blood group P1 antigen-bearing glycoproteins are functional but less efficient receptors of Shiga toxin than conventional glycolipid-based receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9490-9501. [PMID: 32409578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (STx) is a virulence factor produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. STx is taken up by mammalian host cells by binding to the glycosphingolipid (GSL) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3; Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc-ceramide) and causes cell death after its retrograde membrane transport. However, the contribution of the hydrophobic portion of Gb3 (ceramide) to STx transport remains unclear. In pigeons, blood group P1 glycan antigens (Galα1-4Galβ1-4GlcNAc-) are expressed on glycoproteins that are synthesized by α1,4-galactosyltransferase 2 (pA4GalT2). To examine whether these glycoproteins can also function as STx receptors, here we constructed glycan-remodeled HeLa cell variants lacking Gb3 expression but instead expressing pA4GalT2-synthesized P1 glycan antigens on glycoproteins. We compared STx binding and sensitivity of these variants with those of the parental, Gb3-expressing HeLa cells. The glycan-remodeled cells bound STx1 via N-glycans of glycoproteins and were sensitive to STx1 even without Gb3 expression, indicating that P1-containing glycoproteins also function as STx receptors. However, these variants were significantly less sensitive to STx than the parent cells. Fluorescence microscopy and correlative light EM revealed that the STx1 B subunit accumulates to lower levels in the Golgi apparatus after glycoprotein-mediated than after Gb3-mediated uptake but instead accumulates in vacuole-like structures probably derived from early endosomes. Furthermore, coexpression of Galα1-4Gal on both glycoproteins and GSLs reduced the sensitivity of cells to STx1 compared with those expressing Galα1-4Gal only on GSLs, probably because of competition for STx binding or internalization. We conclude that lipid-based receptors are much more effective in STx retrograde transport and mediate greater STx cytotoxicity than protein-based receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Furuta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Lingwood C. Verotoxin Receptor-Based Pathology and Therapies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:123. [PMID: 32296648 PMCID: PMC7136409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Verotoxin, VT (aka Shiga toxin,Stx) is produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and is the key pathogenic factor in EHEC-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome (eHUS-hemolytic anemia/thrombocytopenia/glomerular infarct) which can follow gastrointestinal EHEC infection, particularly in children. This AB5 subunit toxin family bind target cell globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3), a glycosphingolipid (GSL) (aka CD77, pk blood group antigen) of the globoseries of neutral GSLs, initiating lipid raft-dependent plasma membrane Gb3 clustering, membrane curvature, invagination, scission, endosomal trafficking, and retrograde traffic via the TGN to the Golgi, and ER. In the ER, A/B subunits separate and the A subunit hijacks the ER reverse translocon (dislocon-used to eliminate misfolded proteins-ER associated degradation-ERAD) for cytosolic access. This property has been used to devise toxoid-based therapy to temporarily block ERAD and rescue the mutant phenotype of several genetic protein misfolding diseases. The A subunit avoids cytosolic proteosomal degradation, to block protein synthesis via its RNA glycanase activity. In humans, Gb3 is primarily expressed in the kidney, particularly in the glomerular endothelial cells. Here, Gb3 is in lipid rafts (more ordered membrane domains which accumulate GSLs/cholesterol) whereas renal tubular Gb3 is in the non-raft membrane fraction, explaining the basic pathology of eHUS (glomerular endothelial infarct). Females are more susceptible and this correlates with higher renal Gb3 expression. HUS can be associated with encephalopathy, more commonly following verotoxin 2 exposure. Gb3 is expressed in the microvasculature of the brain. All members of the VT family bind Gb3, but with varying affinity. VT2e (pig edema toxin) binds Gb4 preferentially. Verotoxin-specific therapeutics based on chemical analogs of Gb3, though effective in vitro, have failed in vivo. While some analogs are effective in animal models, there are no good rodent models of eHUS since Gb3 is not expressed in rodent glomeruli. However, the mouse mimics the neurological symptoms more closely and provides an excellent tool to assess therapeutics. In addition to direct cytotoxicity, other factors including VT–induced cytokine release and aberrant complement cascade, are now appreciated as important in eHUS. Based on atypical HUS therapy, treatment of eHUS patients with anticomplement antibodies has proven effective in some cases. A recent switch using stem cells to try to reverse, rather than prevent VT induced pathology may prove a more effective methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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44
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Pradhan S, Karve SS, Weiss AA, Hawkins J, Poling HM, Helmrath MA, Wells JM, McCauley HA. Tissue Responses to Shiga Toxin in Human Intestinal Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:171-190. [PMID: 32145469 PMCID: PMC7240222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (eg, O157:H7) infection produces bloody diarrhea, while Stx inhibits protein synthesis and causes the life-threatening systemic complication of hemolytic uremic syndrome. The murine intestinal tract is resistant to O157:H7 and Stx, and human cells in culture fail to model the complex tissue responses to intestinal injury. We used genetically identical, human stem cell-derived intestinal tissues of varying complexity to study Stx toxicity in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro susceptibility to apical or basolateral exposure to Stx was assessed using human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from embryonic stem cells, or enteroids derived from multipotent intestinal stem cells. HIOs contain a lumen, with a single layer of differentiated epithelium surrounded by mesenchymal cells. Enteroids only contain epithelium. In vivo susceptibility was assessed using HIOs, with or without an enteric nervous system, transplanted into mice. RESULTS Stx induced necrosis and apoptotic death in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Responses that require protein synthesis (cellular proliferation and wound repair) also were observed. Epithelial barrier function was maintained even after epithelial cell death was seen, and apical to basolateral translocation of Stx was seen. Tissue cross-talk, in which mesenchymal cell damage caused epithelial cell damage, was observed. Stx induced mesenchymal expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, the initial step in mesenchymal-epithelial transition. In vivo responses of HIO transplants injected with Stx mirrored those seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal tissue responses to protein synthesis inhibition by Stx are complex. Organoid models allow for an unprecedented examination of human tissue responses to a deadly toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pradhan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sayali S Karve
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alison A Weiss
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | | | | | | | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heather A McCauley
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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45
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Functional dissection of the retrograde Shiga toxin trafficking inhibitor Retro-2. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:327-336. [PMID: 32080624 PMCID: PMC7039708 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The retrograde transport inhibitor Retro-2 has a protective effect on cells and in mice against Shiga-like toxins and ricin. Retro-2 causes toxin accumulation in early endosomes, and relocalization of the Golgi SNARE protein syntaxin-5 to the endoplasmic reticulum. The molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved remain unknown. Here, we show that Retro-2 targets the endoplasmic reticulum exit site component Sec16A, affecting anterograde transport of syntaxin-5 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. The formation of canonical SNARE complexes involving syntaxin-5 is not affected in Retro-2-treated cells. In contrast, the interaction of syntaxin-5 with a newly discovered binding partner, the retrograde trafficking chaperone GPP130, is abolished, and we show that GPP130 must indeed bind to syntaxin-5 to drive Shiga toxin transport from endosomes to the Golgi. We thereby identify Sec16A as a druggable target, and provide evidence for a non-SNARE function for syntaxin-5 in interaction with the GPP130.
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46
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Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E67. [PMID: 31973203 PMCID: PMC7076748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of human infection by one of the many Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is determined by a number of factors: the bacterial genome, the capacity of human societies to prevent foodborne epidemics, the medical condition of infected patients (in particular their hydration status, often compromised by severe diarrhea), and by our capacity to devise new therapeutic approaches, most specifically to combat the bacterial virulence factors, as opposed to our current strategies that essentially aim to palliate organ deficiencies. The last major outbreak in 2011 in Germany, which killed more than 50 people in Europe, was evidence that an effective treatment was still lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge of STEC virulence, how societies organize the prevention of human disease, and how physicians treat (and, hopefully, will treat) its potentially fatal complications. In particular, we focus on STEC-induced hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), where the intrusion of toxins inside endothelial cells results in massive cell death, activation of the coagulation within capillaries, and eventually organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Department of Microbiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; (A.C.); (P.M.K.)
| | | | - Cédric Rafat
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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47
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Preparation of Fluorescent Recombinant Shiga Toxin B Subunit and Its Application to Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:463-474. [PMID: 32306353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli). Stx consists of one enzymatic A subunit and five B subunits (StxB) that are involved in binding. The StxB pentamer specifically recognizes a glycosphingolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), as a receptor; therefore, it can be used as a probe to detect Gb3. This chapter describes the preparation of recombinant Stx1B proteins using E. coli, their conjugation with fluorescent dyes, and their application for flow cytometry. The prepared fluorescent StxB proteins bound to cells of several lines, including the HeLa human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line and the THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cell line. Furthermore, the probe was useful for confirmation of several sphingolipid-deficient HeLa cell lines that were constructed using genome editing.
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48
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Structural and Functional Characterization of Stx2k, a New Subtype of Shiga Toxin 2. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010004. [PMID: 31861375 PMCID: PMC7022315 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is the major virulence factor of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Stx evolves rapidly and, as such, new subtypes continue to emerge that challenge the efficacy of existing disease management and surveillance strategies. A new subtype, Stx2k, was recently identified in E. coli isolated from a wide range of sources including diarrheal patients, animals, and raw meats, and was poorly detected by existing immunoassays. In this study, the structure of Stx2kE167Q was determined at 2.29 Å resolution and the conservation of structure with Stx2a was revealed. A novel polyclonal antibody capable of neutralizing Stx2k and an immunoassay, with a 10-fold increase in sensitivity compared to assays using extant antibodies, were developed. Stx2k is less toxic than Stx2a in Vero cell assays but is similar to Stx2a in receptor-binding preference, thermostability, and acid tolerance. Although Stx2k does not appear to be as potent as Stx2a to Vero cells, the wide distribution and blended virulence profiles of the Stx2k-producing strains suggest that horizontal gene transfer through Stx2k-converting phages could result in the emergence of new and highly virulent pathogens. This study provides useful information and tools for early detection and control of Stx2k-producing E. coli, which could reduce public risk of infection by less-known STECs.
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49
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Sibold J, Kettelhoit K, Vuong L, Liu F, Werz DB, Steinem C. Synthesis of Gb
3
Glycosphingolipids with Labeled Head Groups: Distribution in Phase‐Separated Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Sibold
- Georg-August-Universität GöttingenInstitute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Katharina Kettelhoit
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Loan Vuong
- Georg-August-Universität GöttingenInstitute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Georg-August-Universität GöttingenInstitute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Georg-August-Universität GöttingenInstitute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization Am Faßberg 17 37077 Göttingen Germany
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50
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Sibold J, Kettelhoit K, Vuong L, Liu F, Werz DB, Steinem C. Synthesis of Gb 3 Glycosphingolipids with Labeled Head Groups: Distribution in Phase-Separated Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17805-17813. [PMID: 31529754 PMCID: PMC6899692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The receptor lipid Gb3 is responsible for the specific internalization of Shiga toxin (STx) into cells. The head group of Gb3 defines the specificity of STx binding, and the backbone with different fatty acids is expected to influence its localization within membranes impacting membrane organization and protein internalization. To investigate this influence, a set of Gb3 glycosphingolipids labeled with a BODIPY fluorophore attached to the head group was synthesized. C24 fatty acids, saturated, unsaturated, α‐hydroxylated derivatives, and a combination thereof, were attached to the sphingosine backbone. The synthetic Gb3 glycosphingolipids were reconstituted into coexisting liquid‐ordered (lo)/liquid‐disordered (ld) giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), and STx binding was verified by fluorescence microscopy. Gb3 with the C24:0 fatty acid partitioned mostly in the lo phase, while the unsaturated C24:1 fatty acid distributes more into the ld phase. The α‐hydroxylation does not influence its partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Sibold
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kettelhoit
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Loan Vuong
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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