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Vaksmaa A, Vielfaure H, Polerecky L, Kienhuis MVM, van der Meer MTJ, Pflüger T, Egger M, Niemann H. Biodegradation of polyethylene by the marine fungus Parengyodontium album. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:172819. [PMID: 38679106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution in the marine realm is a severe environmental problem. Nevertheless, plastic may also serve as a potential carbon and energy source for microbes, yet the contribution of marine microbes, especially marine fungi to plastic degradation is not well constrained. We isolated the fungus Parengyodontium album from floating plastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and measured fungal-mediated mineralization rates (conversion to CO2) of polyethylene (PE) by applying stable isotope probing assays with 13C-PE over 9 days of incubation. When the PE was pretreated with UV light, the biodegradation rate of the initially added PE was 0.044 %/day. Furthermore, we traced the incorporation of PE-derived 13C carbon into P. album biomass using nanoSIMS and fatty acid analysis. Despite the high mineralization rate of the UV-treated 13C-PE, incorporation of PE-derived 13C into fungal cells was minor, and 13C incorporation was not detectable for the non-treated PE. Together, our results reveal the potential of P. album to degrade PE in the marine environment and to mineralize it to CO2. However, the initial photodegradation of PE is crucial for P. album to metabolize the PE-derived carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaksmaa
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, the Netherlands.
| | - H Vielfaure
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1284, Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Paris, France
| | - L Polerecky
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - M V M Kienhuis
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - M T J van der Meer
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, the Netherlands
| | - T Pflüger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Egger
- The Ocean Cleanup, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Egger Research and Consulting, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H Niemann
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, the Netherlands; Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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2
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Khatua S, Simal-Gandara J, Acharya K. Myco-remediation of plastic pollution: current knowledge and future prospects. Biodegradation 2024; 35:249-279. [PMID: 37665521 PMCID: PMC10950981 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, enumerable fungi have been reported to participate in the biodegradation of several notorious plastic materials following their isolation from soil of plastic-dumping sites, marine water, waste of mulch films, landfills, plant parts and gut of wax moth. The general mechanism begins with formation of hydrophobin and biofilm proceding to secretion of specific plastic degarding enzymes (peroxidase, hydrolase, protease and urease), penetration of three dimensional substrates and mineralization of plastic polymers into harmless products. As a result, several synthetic polymers including polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and/or bio-degradable plastics have been validated to deteriorate within months through the action of a wide variety of fungal strains predominantly Ascomycota (Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium spp.). Understanding the potential and mode of operation of these organisms is thus of prime importance inspiring us to furnish an up to date view on all the presently known fungal strains claimed to mitigate the plastic waste problem. Future research henceforth needs to be directed towards metagenomic approach to distinguish polymer degrading microbial diversity followed by bio-augmentation to build fascinating future of waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanjana Khatua
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
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3
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Lv S, Li Y, Zhao S, Shao Z. Biodegradation of Typical Plastics: From Microbial Diversity to Metabolic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:593. [PMID: 38203764 PMCID: PMC10778777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic production has increased dramatically, leading to accumulated plastic waste in the ocean. Marine plastics can be broken down into microplastics (<5 mm) by sunlight, machinery, and pressure. The accumulation of microplastics in organisms and the release of plastic additives can adversely affect the health of marine organisms. Biodegradation is one way to address plastic pollution in an environmentally friendly manner. Marine microorganisms can be more adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions such as salinity, temperature, pH, and pressure compared with terrestrial microorganisms, providing new opportunities to address plastic pollution. Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes), Bacillota (Firmicutes), and Cyanobacteria were frequently found on plastic biofilms and may degrade plastics. Currently, diverse plastic-degrading bacteria are being isolated from marine environments such as offshore and deep oceanic waters, especially Pseudomonas spp. Bacillus spp. Alcanivoras spp. and Actinomycetes. Some marine fungi and algae have also been revealed as plastic degraders. In this review, we focused on the advances in plastic biodegradation by marine microorganisms and their enzymes (esterase, cutinase, laccase, etc.) involved in the process of biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP) and highlighted the need to study plastic biodegradation in the deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.)
- School of Environmental Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.)
- School of Marine Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.)
- School of Environmental Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Marine Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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4
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Fiandra EF, Shaw L, Starck M, McGurk CJ, Mahon CS. Designing biodegradable alternatives to commodity polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8085-8105. [PMID: 37885416 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread adoption of commodity polymers changed societal landscapes on a global scale. Without the everyday materials used in packaging, textiles, construction and medicine, our lives would be unrecognisable. Through decades of use, however, the environmental impact of waste plastics has become grimly apparent, leading to sustained pressure from environmentalists, consumers and scientists to deliver replacement materials. The need to reduce the environmental impact of commodity polymers is beyond question, yet the reality of replacing these ubiquitous materials with sustainable alternatives is complex. In this tutorial review, we will explore the concepts of sustainable design and biodegradability, as applied to the design of synthetic polymers intended for use at scale. We will provide an overview of the potential biodegradation pathways available to polymers in different environments, and highlight the importance of considering these pathways when designing new materials. We will identify gaps in our collective understanding of the production, use and fate of biodegradable polymers: from identifying appropriate feedstock materials, to considering changes needed to production and recycling practices, and to improving our understanding of the environmental fate of the materials we produce. We will discuss the current standard methods for the determination of biodegradability, where lengthy experimental timescales often frustrate the development of new materials, and highlight the need to develop better tools and models to assess the degradation rate of polymers in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella F Fiandra
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Lloyd Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Matthieu Starck
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Clare S Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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Yang G, Jiang L, Li W, Li E, Lv G. Structural Characteristics and Assembly Mechanisms of Soil Microbial Communities under Water-Salt Gradients in Arid Regions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041060. [PMID: 37110483 PMCID: PMC10142023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the structural characteristics of arid soil microbial communities and their assembly mechanisms is important for understanding the ecological characteristics of arid zone soils and promoting ecological restoration. In this study, we used Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to study soils in the arid zone of the Lake Ebinur basin, determined the differences among soil microbial community structures in the study area under different water-salt gradients, and investigated the effects of environmental factors on microbial community structure and assembly mechanisms. The results show the following: the microbial community alpha diversity exhibited a significantly higher low water-salt gradient (L) than high water-salt gradient (H) and medium water-salt gradient (M). The pH was most strongly correlated with soil microbial community structure, where the alpha diversity indices of the bacterial community and fungal community were significantly negatively correlated with pH, and the Bray-Curtis distance of bacterial community was significantly positively correlated with pH (p < 0.05). The complexity of bacterial community co-occurrence networks showed a significantly higher L than H and M, and the complexity of fungal community co-occurrence network showed a significantly lower L than H and M. The cooperative relationship of H and M in the co-occurrence networks was stronger than that of the L, and the key species of the microbial co-occurrence network were different under different water-salt gradients. Stochastic processes dominated the assembly mechanism of the microbial community structure of soil, and the explanation rates of deterministic and stochastic processes were different under different water-salt gradients, with the highest explanation rate of stochastic processes on the L accounting for more than 90%. In summary, the soil microbial community structure and assembly mechanisms significantly differed across water-salt gradients, and these findings can help provide a reference for further research on soil microbiology in arid zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- College of the Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Lamei Jiang
- College of the Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of the Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Eryang Li
- College of the Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- College of the Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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6
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, Hassan K, Kemkuignou BM, Čmoková A, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Paomephan P, Cheng T, de Hoog S, Song Y, Jayawardena RS, Al-Hatmi AMS, Mahmoudi T, Ponts N, Studt-Reinhold L, Richard-Forget F, Chethana KWT, Harishchandra DL, Mortimer PE, Li H, Lumyong S, Aiduang W, Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Bhunjun CS, Yu FM, Zhao Q, Schaefer D, Stadler M. Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022; 116:547-614. [PMID: 36123995 PMCID: PMC9476466 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225 China
| | - Khadija Hassan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Dulanjalee L. Harishchandra
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Saisamorm Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
| | - Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Feng-Ming Yu
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Doug Schaefer
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
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Srikanth M, Sandeep TSRS, Sucharitha K, Godi S. Biodegradation of plastic polymers by fungi: a brief review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:42. [PMID: 38647755 PMCID: PMC10991219 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. Biodegradation of synthetic plastics is a very slow process that also involves environmental factors and the action of wild microbial species. In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also the presence of some pro-oxidant ions can cause effective degradation. The oxidation or hydrolysis by the enzyme creates functional groups that improve the hydrophilicity of polymers, and consequently degrade the high molecular weight polymer into low molecular weight. This leads to the degradation of plastics within a few days. Some well-known species which show effective degradation on plastics are Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus nomius, Penicillium griseofulvum, Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Cladosporium cladosporioides, etc., and some other saprotrophic fungi, such as Pleurotus abalones, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii which also helps in degradation of plastics by growing on them. Some studies say that the degradation of plastics was more effective when photodegradation and thermo-oxidative mechanisms involved with the biodegradation simultaneously can make the degradation faster and easier. This present review gives current knowledge regarding different species of fungi that are involved in the degradation of plastics by their different enzymatic mechanisms to degrade different forms of plastic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munuru Srikanth
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India
| | - T S R S Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India.
| | - Kuvala Sucharitha
- Department of Biotechnology, Pydah Degree College, Affiliated to Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Sudhakar Godi
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India
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8
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Qiao Y, Hu R, Chen D, Wang L, Wang Z, Yu H, Fu Y, Li C, Dong Z, Weng YX, Du W. Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting of PET degrading microorganisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127417. [PMID: 34673397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that can decompose synthetic plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are urgently needed. Still, a bottleneck remains due to a lack of techniques for detecting and sorting environmental microorganisms with vast diversity and abundance. Here, we developed a fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) pipeline for high-throughput screening of PET-degrading microorganisms or enzymes (PETases). The pipeline comprises three steps: generation and incubation of droplets encapsulating single cells, picoinjection of fluorescein dibenzoate (FDBz) as the fluorogenic probe, and screening of droplets to obtain PET-degrading cells. We characterized critical factors associated with this method, including specificity and sensitivity for discriminating PETase from other enzymes. We then optimized its performance and compatibility with environmental samples. The system was used to screen a wastewater sample from a PET textile mill. We successfully obtained PET-degrading species from nine different genera. Moreover, two putative PETases from isolates Kineococcus endophyticus Un-5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis Un-C2-8 were genetically derived, heterologously expressed, and preliminarily validated for PET-degrading activities. We speculate that the FADS pipeline can be widely adopted to discover new plastic-degrading microorganisms and enzymes in various environments and may be utilized in the directed evolution of degrading enzymes using synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ran Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chunli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Weng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Wenbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Yue W, Yin CF, Sun L, Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhou NY. Biodegradation of bisphenol-A polycarbonate plastic by Pseudoxanthomonas sp. strain NyZ600. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125775. [PMID: 33838511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) is a widely used engineering thermoplastic and its release has caused damage to the ecosystem. Microbial degradation of plastic represents a sustainable approach for PC reduction. In this study, a bacterial strain designated Pseudoxanthomonas sp. strain NyZ600 capable of degrading PC was isolated from activated sludge by using diphenyl carbonate as a surrogate substrate. Within a 30-day period of incubating with strain NyZ600, PC films were analyzed with atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope, water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scan calorimeter and thermogravimetric analysis technique. The analyses results indicated that the treated PC films were bio-deteriorated and formed some "corrosion pits" on the PC film surface. In addition, strain NyZ600 performed broad depolymerization of PC indicated by the reduction of Mn from 23.55 to 16.75 kDa and Mw from 45.67 to 31.97 kDa and two degradation products bisphenol A and 4-cumylphenol (the two monomers of PC) were also found, which established that PC were biodegraded by strain NyZ600. Combing all above results, it is clear that the strain NyZ600 can degrade PC which provides a unique example for bacterial degradation of PC and a feasibility for the removal of PC waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chao-Fan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ning-Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Purnomo AS, Sariwati A, Kamei I. Synergistic interaction of a consortium of the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola and the bacterium Ralstonia pickettii for DDT biodegradation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04027. [PMID: 32548317 PMCID: PMC7284076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) is a toxic and recalcitrant pesticide that has been greatly used to eradicate malaria mosquitos since the 1940s. However, the US Environmental Protection Agency banned and classified DDT as priority pollutants due to its negative impact on wildlife and human health. Considering its negative effects, it is necessary to develop effective methods of DDT degradation. A synergistic interaction of a consortium consisting of the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola and the bacterium Ralstonia pickettii was adopted to degrade DDT. For the microbial consortia, F. pinicola was mixed with R. pickettii at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 ml (1 ml ≈ 1.44 × 1013 CFU) in a potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium to degrade DDT throughout the seven days incubation period. The degradation of DDT by only the fungus F. pinicola was roughly 42%, while by only R. pickettii was 31%. The addition of 3 ml of R. pickettii into F. pinicola culture presented appropriate optimization for efficient DDT degradation at roughly 61%. The DDT transformation pathway by co-inoculation of F. pinicola and R. pickettii showed that DDT was converted to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD), further transformed to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE), and then ultimately transformed to 1-chloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDMU). These metabolites are less toxic than DDT. This research showed that R. picketti synergistically interacts with F. pinicola by enhancing DDT degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Setyo Purnomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Atmira Sariwati
- Department of Tiongkok Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Jalan KH Wahid Hasyim 65, Kediri, 64114, Indonesia
| | - Ichiro Kamei
- Department of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
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Sibanda T, Selvarajan R, Tekere M, Nyoni H, Meddows-Taylor S. Potential biotechnological capabilities of cultivable mycobiota from carwash effluents. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28714266 PMCID: PMC5635173 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban life has created man‐made extreme environments like carwashes. These environments have, however, not been sufficiently explored for mycobiota that can be sources of biotechnologically useful products, as has been the case with natural extreme environments. Using a combination of culture and molecular techniques, fungi from carwash effluents was characterized for production of lipase and cellulase enzymes, nonpolar and polar biotechnologically relevant secondary metabolites and hydrocarbon utilization. The isolated fungal strains belonged to the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Peyronellaea, Rhizopus, Spegazzinia, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Yarrowia. Sixty‐six percent (66%) of the fungal isolates were found to be able to metabolize naphthalene and benzanthracene, showing potential for application in bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted sites. Lipase production by the isolates Penicillium sp. BPS3 (2.61 U/ml), Trichoderma sp. BPS9 (2.01 U/ml), Rhizopus sp. CAL1 (2.05 U/ml), Penicillium sp. PCW1 (2.99 U/ml) and Penicillium sp. SAS1 (2.16 U/ml) compared well with previously recorded lipase production levels by other fungi. The highest producers of cellulase were Penicillium sp. SAS1 (12.10 U/ml), Peyronella sp. CAW5 (4.49 U/ml) and Cladosporium sp. SAS3 (4.07 U/ml), although these activities were lower than previously reported levels. GC‐MS analysis of the fungal secondary metabolites resulted in identification of 572 compounds, including azulene, methanamine, N‐pentylidene, metoclopramide, and mepivacaine while compounds determined by UHPLC‐MS included 10‐undecen‐1‐ol, piquerol A, 10‐undecyn‐1‐ol, cyclo(leucylprolyl) and rac‐etomidate. These compounds were previously determined to have various activities including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory properties. The study demonstrated that fungi from carwash effluents are natural sources of some biotechnologically important products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Sibanda
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Florida, South Africa
| | - Ramganesh Selvarajan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Florida, South Africa
| | - Memory Tekere
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Florida, South Africa
| | - Hlengilizwe Nyoni
- Department of Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida, South Africa
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Aravinthan A, Arkatkar A, Juwarkar AA, Doble M. Synergistic growth of Bacillus and Pseudomonas and its degradation potential on pretreated polypropylene. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:109-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.985836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adithan Aravinthan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea
| | - Ambika Arkatkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Asha A. Juwarkar
- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Raut S, Raut S, Sharma M, Srivastav C, Adhikari B, Sen SK. Enhancing Degradation of Low Density Polyethylene Films by Curvularia lunata SG1 Using Particle Swarm Optimization Strategy. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:258-68. [PMID: 26063935 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the present study, artificial neural network (ANN) modelling coupled with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the process variables for enhanced low density polyethylene (LDPE) degradation by Curvularia lunata SG1. In the non-linear ANN model, temperature, pH, contact time and agitation were used as input variables and polyethylene bio-degradation as the output variable. Further, on application of PSO to the ANN model, the optimum values of the process parameters were as follows: pH = 7.6, temperature = 37.97 °C, agitation rate = 190.48 rpm and incubation time = 261.95 days. A comparison between the model results and experimental data gave a high correlation coefficient ([Formula: see text]). Significant enhancement of LDPE bio-degradation using C. lunata SG1by about 48 % was achieved under optimum conditions. Thus, the novelty of the work lies in the application of combination of ANN-PSO as optimization strategy to enhance the bio-degradation of LDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Raut
- Department of Biotechnology, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Gunupur, Rayagada, 765 022 Odisha India
| | - Smita Raut
- Department of Biotechnology, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Gunupur, Rayagada, 765 022 Odisha India
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Materials Science Center, IIT, Kharagpur, 721 302 West Bengal India
| | | | - Basudam Adhikari
- Materials Science Center, IIT, Kharagpur, 721 302 West Bengal India
| | - Sudip Kumar Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Gunupur, Rayagada, 765 022 Odisha India
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Sain S, Sengupta S, Kar A, Mukhopadhyay A, Sengupta S, Kar T, Ray D. Effect of modified cellulose fibres on the biodegradation behaviour of in-situ formed PMMA/cellulose composites in soil environment: Isolation and identification of the composite degrading fungus. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jeyakumar D, Chirsteen J, Doble M. Synergistic effects of pretreatment and blending on fungi mediated biodegradation of polypropylenes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 148:78-85. [PMID: 24045194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental issues raise concern on restrict the use of nondegradable polymers and encourage the development of degradable once. This study is carried out was to understand the rate of biodegradation of untreated and pretreated (100°C or UV for 10 days) polypropylene (PP), pro-oxidant blended (MI-PP) and starch blended polypropylenes (ST-PP) with two different fungal strains, Phanerochaete chrysosporium NCIM 1170 (F1) and Engyodontium album MTP091 (F2). About 18.8% and 9.42% gravimetric weight loss and 79% and 57% TGA weight loss (at 400°C) were observed with UV pretreated MI-PP in 1 year with F2 and F1 strains respectively. The amount of lacasse produced by the organism and biomass attached on the polymer surface are correlated with TGA weight loss (0.6-0.93). The formation of extractable oxygenated compounds and unoxidized low-molecular weight hydrocarbons are high in pretreated and blended samples. These results indicate blending and pretreatment strategy leads to an optimal waste-disposal strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jeyakumar
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600036, India; Centre of Excellence In Envriromental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia
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Hwang DK, Lee HS, Kim HJ, Shul YG, Oh K. Crystallization of polycarbonate in solvent/nonsolvent system and its application to high-density polyethylene composite as a filler. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duck Kun Hwang
- Department of Corporate Diagnosis; Small & Medium Business Corporation; Seoul 150-718 Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Sang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Dong-A University; Busan 604-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jong Kim
- Surface Technology Center; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology; Incheon 406-840 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gun Shul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu Seoul 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Oh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology; Inha Technical College; Incheon 402-752 Republic of Korea
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Ma A, Zhuang X, Wu J, Cui M, Lv D, Liu C, Zhuang G. Ascomycota members dominate fungal communities during straw residue decomposition in arable soil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66146. [PMID: 23840414 PMCID: PMC3688710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the development of fungal community composition in arable soil during the degradation of straw residue. We explored the short-term responses of the fungal community over 28 days of decomposition in soil using culture-independent polymerase chain reaction in combination with a clone library and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Fungal cellobiohydrolase I (cbhI) genes in the soil were also characterized, and their diversity suggested the existence of a different cellulose decomposer. The DGGE profiles based on fungal internal transcribed spacer analysis showed different successions of fungal populations during residue decomposition. Members of Lecythophora and Sordariales were dominant in the early succession, while Hypocrea and Engyodontium were better adapted in the late succession. The succession of fungal communities might be related to changes of residue quality during decomposition. Collectively, sequences assigned to Ascomycota members were dominant at different stages of the fungal succession during decomposition, revealing that they were key drivers responsible for residue degradation in the arable soil tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhou Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (XZ)
| | - Junmei Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Di Lv
- Insitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chunzhao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (XZ)
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Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Jeyakumar D, Suresh G, Mukesh D. Synergistic interaction of treatment and blending on the stability of high-density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Artham T, Mohanalakshmi N, Paragi-Vedanthi PP, Doble M. Mechanistic investigations of lipase-catalyzed degradation of polycarbonate in organic solvents. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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