1
|
Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sinha S, Molla S, Kundu CN. PARP1-modulated chromatin remodeling is a new target for cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2021; 38:118. [PMID: 34432161 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression requires certain tumorigenic mutations in genes encoding for different cellular and nuclear proteins. Altered expressions of these mutated genes are mediated by post-translational modifications and chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling is mainly regulated by the chromatin remodeling enzyme complexes and histone modifications. Upon DNA damage, Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) plays a very important role in the induction of chromatin modifications and activation of DNA repair pathways to repair the DNA lesion. It has been targeted to develop different anti-cancer therapeutic interventions and PARP inhibitors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. But it has been found that the cancer cells often develop resistance to these PARP inhibitors and chromatin remodeling helps in enhancing this process. Hence, it may be beneficial to target PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling, which may allow to reverse the drug resistance. In the current review, we have discussed the role of chromatin remodeling in DNA repair, how PARP1 regulates modifications of chromatin dynamics, and the role of chromatin modifications in cancer. It has also been discussed how the PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling can be targeted by PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents to establish novel anti-cancer therapeutics. We have also considered the use of PARG inhibitors that may enhance the action of PARP inhibitors to target different types of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sefinew Molla
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harrision D, Gravells P, Thompson R, Bryant HE. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vs. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) - Function in Genome Maintenance and Relevance of Inhibitors for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:191. [PMID: 33005627 PMCID: PMC7485115 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) subunits onto themselves and other acceptor proteins. PARPs are known to function in a large range of cellular processes including DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription and modulation of chromatin structure. Inhibition of PARP holds great potential for therapy, especially in cancer. Several PARP1/2/3 inhibitors (PARPi) have had success in treating ovarian, breast and prostate tumors harboring defects in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, especially BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. However, treatment is limited to specific sub-groups of patients and resistance can occur, limiting the use of PARPi. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) reverses the action of PARP enzymes, hydrolysing the ribose-ribose bonds present in poly(ADP-ribose). Like PARPs, PARG is involved in DNA replication and repair and PARG depleted/inhibited cells show increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. They also display an accumulation of perturbed replication intermediates which can lead to synthetic lethality in certain contexts. In addition, PARG is thought to play an important role in preventing the accumulation of cytoplasmic PAR and therefore parthanatos, a caspase-independent PAR-mediated type of cell death. In contrast to PARP, the therapeutic potential of PARG has been largely ignored. However, several recent papers have demonstrated the exciting possibilities that inhibitors of this enzyme may have for cancer treatment, both as single agents and in combination with cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy. This article discusses what is known about the functions of PARP and PARG and the potential future implications of pharmacological inhibition in anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harrision
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Therapeutic Strategies and Biomarkers to Modulate PARP Activity for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040972. [PMID: 32295316 PMCID: PMC7226473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is commonly known for its vital role in DNA damage response and repair. However, its enzymatic activity has been linked to a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological transactions ranging from cellular proliferation, survival and death. For instance, malignancies with BRCA1/2 mutations heavily rely on PARP activity for survival. Thus, the use of PARP inhibitors is a well-established intervention in these types of tumors. However, recent studies indicate that the therapeutic potential of attenuating PARP1 activity in recalcitrant tumors, especially where PARP1 is aberrantly overexpressed and hyperactivated, may extend its therapeutic utility in wider cancer types beyond BRCA-deficiency. Here, we discuss treatment strategies to expand the tumor-selective therapeutic application of PARP inhibitors and novel approaches with predictive biomarkers to perturb NAD+ levels and hyperPARylation that inactivate PARP in recalcitrant tumors. We also provide an overview of genetic alterations that transform non-BRCA mutant cancers to a state of "BRCAness" as potential biomarkers for synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitors. Finally, we discuss a paradigm shift for the use of novel PARP inhibitors outside of cancer treatment, where it has the potential to rescue normal cells from severe oxidative damage during ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by surgery and radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In this review, Slade provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of PARP and PARG inhibition. The author also highlights the clinical performance of four PARP inhibitors used in cancer therapy (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib) and discusses the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor sensitivity and mechanisms of resistance as well as the means of overcoming them through combination therapy. Oxidative and replication stress underlie genomic instability of cancer cells. Amplifying genomic instability through radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been a powerful but nonselective means of killing cancer cells. Precision medicine has revolutionized cancer therapy by putting forth the concept of selective targeting of cancer cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors represent a successful example of precision medicine as the first drugs targeting DNA damage response to have entered the clinic. PARP inhibitors act through synthetic lethality with mutations in DNA repair genes and were approved for the treatment of BRCA mutated ovarian and breast cancer. PARP inhibitors destabilize replication forks through PARP DNA entrapment and induce cell death through replication stress-induced mitotic catastrophe. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) exploit and exacerbate replication deficiencies of cancer cells and may complement PARP inhibitors in targeting a broad range of cancer types with different sources of genomic instability. Here I provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of PARP and PARG inhibition. I highlight clinical performance of four PARP inhibitors used in cancer therapy (olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib) and discuss the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance as well as the means of overcoming them through combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dea Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kassab MA, Yu LL, Yu X. Targeting dePARylation for cancer therapy. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:7. [PMID: 32010441 PMCID: PMC6988220 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) mediated by poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Suppression of PARylation by PARP inhibitors impairs DNA damage repair and induces apoptosis of tumor cells with repair defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors have been approved by the US FDA for various types of cancer treatment. However, recent studies suggest that dePARylation also plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Instead of antagonizing PARylation, dePARylation acts as a downstream step of PARylation in DNA damage repair. Moreover, several types of dePARylation inhibitors have been developed and examined in the preclinical studies for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress on the role of dePARylation in DNA damage repair and cancer suppression. We expect that targeting dePARylation could be a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Ahmad Kassab
- 1Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| | - Lily L Yu
- Westridge School, 324 Madeline Dr., Pasadena, CA 91105 USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- 1Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Selective small molecule PARG inhibitor causes replication fork stalling and cancer cell death. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5654. [PMID: 31827085 PMCID: PMC6906431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)ylation (PARylation) by PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) and PARylation removal by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) critically regulate DNA damage responses; yet, conflicting reports obscure PARG biology and its impact on cancer cell resistance to PARP1 inhibitors. Here, we found that PARG expression is upregulated in many cancers. We employed chemical library screening to identify and optimize methylxanthine derivatives as selective bioavailable PARG inhibitors. Multiple crystal structures reveal how substituent positions on the methylxanthine core dictate binding modes and inducible-complementarity with a PARG-specific tyrosine clasp and arginine switch, supporting inhibitor specificity and a competitive inhibition mechanism. Cell-based assays show selective PARG inhibition and PARP1 hyperPARylation. Moreover, our PARG inhibitor sensitizes cells to radiation-induced DNA damage, suppresses replication fork progression and impedes cancer cell survival. In PARP inhibitor-resistant A172 glioblastoma cells, our PARG inhibitor shows comparable killing to Nedaplatin, providing further proof-of-concept that selectively inhibiting PARG can impair cancer cell survival.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tanuma SI, Shibui Y, Oyama T, Uchiumi F, Abe H. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase to draw apoptosis codes in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:163-172. [PMID: 31176615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a unique post-translational modification of proteins. The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is tightly regulated mainly by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Accumulating evidence has suggested the biological functions of PAR metabolism in control of many cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and death by remodeling chromatin structure and regulation of DNA transaction, including DNA repair, replication, recombination and transcription. However, the physiological roles of the catabolism of PAR catalyzed by PARG remain less understood than those of PAR synthesis by PARP. Noteworthy biochemical studies have revealed the importance of PAR catabolic pathway generating nuclear ATP via the coordinated actions of PARG and ADP-ribose pyrophosphorylase (ADPRPPL) for the driving of DNA repair and the maintenance of DNA replication apparatus while repairing DNA damage. Furthermore, genetic studies have shown the value of PARG as a therapeutic molecular target for PAR-mediated diseases, such as cancer, inflammation and many pathological conditions. In this review, we present the current knowledge of de-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation catalyzed by PARG focusing on its role in DNA repair, replication and apoptosis. Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis code of DNA replication catastrophe by synthetic lethality of PARG inhibition and the recent progresses regarding the development of small molecule PARG inhibitors and their therapeutic potentials in cancer chemotherapy are highlighted in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Department of Genomic Medicinal Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuto Shibui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oyama
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideaki Abe
- Hinoki Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 9-6 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0084, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sasaki Y, Fujimori H, Hozumi M, Onodera T, Nozaki T, Murakami Y, Ashizawa K, Inoue K, Koizumi F, Masutani M. Dysfunction of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase Induces a Synthetic Lethal Effect in Dual Specificity Phosphatase 22-Deficient Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3851-3861. [PMID: 31142510 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the main enzyme responsible for catabolism of poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR), synthesized by PARP. PARG dysfunction sensitizes certain cancer cells to alkylating agents and cisplatin by perturbing the DNA damage response. The gene mutations that sensitize cancer cells to PARG dysfunction-induced death remain to be identified. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of synthetic lethal genes using inducible PARG knockdown cells and identified dual specificity phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) as a novel synthetic lethal gene related to PARG dysfunction. DUSP22 is considered a tumor suppressor and its mutation has been frequently reported in lung, colon, and other tumors. In the absence of DNA damage, dual depletion of PARG and DUSP22 in HeLa and lung cancer A549 cells reduced survival compared with single-knockdown counterparts. Dual depletion of PARG and DUSP22 increased the apoptotic sub-G1 fraction and upregulated PUMA in lung cancer A549, PC14, and SBC5 cells, and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in A549 cells, suggesting that dual depletion of PARG and DUSP22 induced apoptosis by upregulating PUMA and suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Consistently, the growth of tumors derived from double knockdown A549 cells was slower compared with those derived from control siRNA-transfected cells. Taken together, these results indicate that DUSP22 deficiency exerts a synthetic lethal effect when combined with PARG dysfunction, suggesting that DUSP22 dysfunction could be a useful biomarker for cancer therapy using PARG inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identified DUSP22 as a novel synthetic lethal gene under the condition of PARG dysfunction and elucidated the mechanism of synthetic lethality in lung cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujimori
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hozumi
- Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takae Onodera
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashige Nozaki
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Murakami
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ashizawa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kengo Inoue
- Pharma Valley Center, Nagaizumi-cho, Shunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Koizumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cohen-Armon M, Yeheskel A, Pascal JM. Signal-induced PARP1-Erk synergism mediates IEG expression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:8. [PMID: 30993015 PMCID: PMC6459926 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently disclosed Erk-induced PARP1 activation mechanism mediates the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in response to a variety of extra- and intracellular signals implicated in memory acquisition, development and proliferation. Here, we review this mechanism, which is initiated by stimulation-induced binding of PARP1 to phosphorylated Erk translocated into the nucleus. This binding maintains long-lasting synergistic activity of these proteins, which offers a new pattern for targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malka Cohen-Armon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - John M. Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen SH, Yu X. Targeting dePARylation selectively suppresses DNA repair-defective and PARP inhibitor-resistant malignancies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4340. [PMID: 30989114 PMCID: PMC6457938 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
While poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) plays an important role in DNA repair, the role of dePARylation in DNA repair remains elusive. Here, we report that a novel small molecule identified from the NCI database, COH34, specifically inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the major dePARylation enzyme, with nanomolar potency in vitro and in vivo. COH34 binds to the catalytic domain of PARG, thereby prolonging PARylation at DNA lesions and trapping DNA repair factors. This compound induces lethality in cancer cells with DNA repair defects and exhibits antitumor activity in xenograft mouse cancer models. Moreover, COH34 can sensitize tumor cells with DNA repair defects to other DNA-damaging agents, such as topoisomerase I inhibitors and DNA-alkylating agents, which are widely used in cancer chemotherapy. Notably, COH34 also efficiently kills PARP inhibitor-resistant cancer cells. Together, our study reveals the molecular mechanism of PARG in DNA repair and provides an effective strategy for future cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
12
|
O'Sullivan J, Tedim Ferreira M, Gagné JP, Sharma AK, Hendzel MJ, Masson JY, Poirier GG. Emerging roles of eraser enzymes in the dynamic control of protein ADP-ribosylation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1182. [PMID: 30862789 PMCID: PMC6414514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ADP-ribosylation is essential for the regulation of several cellular pathways, enabling dynamic responses to diverse pathophysiological conditions. It is modulated through a dynamic interplay between ADP-ribose readers, writers and erasers. While ADP-ribose synthesis has been studied and reviewed extensively, ADP-ribose processing by erasing enzymes has received comparably less attention. However, major progress in the mass spectrometric identification of ADP-ribosylated residues and the biochemical characterization of ADP-ribose erasers has substantially expanded our knowledge of ADP-ribosylation dynamics. Herein, we describe recent insights into the biology of ADP-ribose erasers and discuss the intricately orchestrated cellular processes to switch off ADP-ribose-dependent mechanisms. ADP-ribose erasing enzymes are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of protein ADP-ribosylation dynamics in living systems. Here, the authors review recent advances in the discovery and characterization of ADP-ribose erasers and discuss their role within the cellular ADP-ribosylation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia O'Sullivan
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maria Tedim Ferreira
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology division, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology division, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ajit K Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, CHUL Pavilion, Oncology division, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kassab MA, Yu X. The role of dePARylation in DNA damage repair and cancer suppression. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:20-29. [PMID: 30807923 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a reversible post-translational modification regulating various biological pathways including DNA damage repair (DDR). Rapid turnover of PARylation is critically important for an optimal DNA damage response and maintaining genomic stability. Recent studies show that PARylation is tightly regulated by a group of enzymes that can erase the ADP-ribose (ADPR) groups from target proteins. The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive understanding of dePARylation enzymes, their substrates and roles in DDR. Special attention will be laid on the role of these proteins in the development of cancer and their feasibility in anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Ahmad Kassab
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Drown BS, Shirai T, Rack JGM, Ahel I, Hergenrother PJ. Monitoring Poly(ADP-ribosyl)glycohydrolase Activity with a Continuous Fluorescent Substrate. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1562-1570.e19. [PMID: 30318463 PMCID: PMC6309520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification (PTM) and signaling molecule poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) has an impact on diverse biological processes. This PTM is regulated by a series of ADP-ribosyl glycohydrolases (PARG enzymes) that cleave polymers and/or liberate monomers from their protein targets. Existing methods for monitoring these hydrolases rely on detection of the natural substrate, PAR, commonly achieved via radioisotopic labeling. Here we disclose a general substrate for monitoring PARG activity, TFMU-ADPr, which directly reports on total PAR hydrolase activity via release of a fluorophore; this substrate has excellent reactivity, generality (processed by the major PARG enzymes), stability, and usability. A second substrate, TFMU-IDPr, selectively reports on PARG activity only from the enzyme ARH3. Use of these probes in whole-cell lysate experiments has revealed a mechanism by which ARH3 is inhibited by cholera toxin. TFMU-ADPr and TFMU-IDPr are versatile tools for assessing small-molecule inhibitors in vitro and probing the regulation of ADP-ribosyl catabolic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryon S Drown
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 261 Roger Adams Lab Box 36-5, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shirai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 261 Roger Adams Lab Box 36-5, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Paul J Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 261 Roger Adams Lab Box 36-5, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Waszkowycz B, Smith KM, McGonagle AE, Jordan AM, Acton B, Fairweather EE, Griffiths LA, Hamilton NM, Hamilton NS, Hitchin JR, Hutton CP, James DI, Jones CD, Jones S, Mould DP, Small HF, Stowell AIJ, Tucker JA, Waddell ID, Ogilvie DJ. Cell-Active Small Molecule Inhibitors of the DNA-Damage Repair Enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG): Discovery and Optimization of Orally Bioavailable Quinazolinedione Sulfonamides. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10767-10792. [PMID: 30403352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage repair enzymes are promising targets in the development of new therapeutic agents for a wide range of cancers and potentially other diseases. The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of DNA repair mechanisms; however, the lack of potent drug-like inhibitors for use in cellular and in vivo models has limited the investigation of its potential as a novel therapeutic target. Using the crystal structure of human PARG in complex with the weakly active and cytotoxic anthraquinone 8a, novel quinazolinedione sulfonamides PARG inhibitors have been identified by means of structure-based virtual screening and library design. 1-Oxetan-3-ylmethyl derivatives 33d and 35d were selected for preliminary investigations in vivo. X-ray crystal structures help rationalize the observed structure-activity relationships of these novel inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Kate M Smith
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Alison E McGonagle
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Ben Acton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Emma E Fairweather
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Louise A Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Niall M Hamilton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Nicola S Hamilton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - James R Hitchin
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Colin P Hutton
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Dominic I James
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Clifford D Jones
- Oncology Innovative Medicines Unit , AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Stuart Jones
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Daniel P Mould
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Helen F Small
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Alexandra I J Stowell
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Julie A Tucker
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences , AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| | - Donald J Ogilvie
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute , The University of Manchester , Alderley Park , Maccelsfield SK10 4TG , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pourfarjam Y, Ventura J, Kurinov I, Cho A, Moss J, Kim IK. Structure of human ADP-ribosyl-acceptor hydrolase 3 bound to ADP-ribose reveals a conformational switch that enables specific substrate recognition. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12350-12359. [PMID: 29907568 PMCID: PMC6093245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyl-acceptor hydrolase 3 (ARH3) plays important roles in regulation of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a reversible post-translational modification, and in maintenance of genomic integrity. ARH3 degrades poly(ADP-ribose) to protect cells from poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent cell death, reverses serine mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation, and hydrolyzes O-acetyl-ADP-ribose, a product of Sirtuin-catalyzed histone deacetylation. ARH3 preferentially hydrolyzes O-linkages attached to the anomeric C1″ of ADP-ribose; however, how ARH3 specifically recognizes and cleaves structurally diverse substrates remains unknown. Here, structures of full-length human ARH3 bound to ADP-ribose and Mg2+, coupled with computational modeling, reveal a dramatic conformational switch from closed to open states that enables specific substrate recognition. The glutamate flap, which blocks substrate entrance to Mg2+ in the unliganded closed state, is ejected from the active site when substrate is bound. This closed-to-open transition significantly widens the substrate-binding channel and precisely positions the scissile 1″-O-linkage for cleavage while securing tightly 2″- and 3″-hydroxyls of ADP-ribose. Our collective data uncover an unprecedented structural plasticity of ARH3 that supports its specificity for the 1″-O-linkage in substrates and Mg2+-dependent catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Pourfarjam
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
| | - Jessica Ventura
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
| | - Igor Kurinov
- Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern Collaborative Access Team Advanced Photon Source (NE-CAT APS), Argonne, Illinois 60439, and
| | - Ahra Cho
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - In-Kwon Kim
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, , Supported by the University of Cincinnati startup fund. To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct., Cincinnati, OH 45221. Tel.:
513-556-1909; Fax:
513-556-9239; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gilberg E, Gütschow M, Bajorath J. X-ray Structures of Target–Ligand Complexes Containing Compounds with Assay Interference Potential. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1276-1284. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Gilberg
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department
of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schuller M, Riedel K, Gibbs-Seymour I, Uth K, Sieg C, Gehring AP, Ahel I, Bracher F, Kessler BM, Elkins JM, Knapp S. Discovery of a Selective Allosteric Inhibitor Targeting Macrodomain 2 of Polyadenosine-Diphosphate-Ribose Polymerase 14. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2866-2874. [PMID: 28991428 PMCID: PMC6089342 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrodomains are conserved protein interaction modules that can be found in all domains of life including in certain viruses. Macrodomains mediate recognition of sequence motifs harboring adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) modifications, thereby regulating a variety of cellular processes. Due to their role in cancer or viral pathogenesis, macrodomains have emerged as potential therapeutic targets, but the unavailability of small molecule inhibitors has hampered target validation studies so far. Here, we describe an efficient screening strategy for identification of small molecule inhibitors that displace ADPR from macrodomains. We report the discovery and characterization of a macrodomain inhibitor, GeA-69, selectively targeting macrodomain 2 (MD2) of PARP14 with low micromolar affinity. Co-crystallization of a GeA-69 analogue with PARP14 MD2 revealed an allosteric binding mechanism explaining its selectivity over other human macrodomains. We show that GeA-69 engages PARP14 MD2 in intact cells and prevents its localization to sites of DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Schuller
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Kerstin Riedel
- Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ian Gibbs-Seymour
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kristin Uth
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christian Sieg
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - André P. Gehring
- Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz site
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
James DI, Smith KM, Jordan AM, Fairweather EE, Griffiths LA, Hamilton NS, Hitchin JR, Hutton CP, Jones S, Kelly P, McGonagle AE, Small H, Stowell AIJ, Tucker J, Waddell ID, Waszkowycz B, Ogilvie DJ. First-in-Class Chemical Probes against Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) Inhibit DNA Repair with Differential Pharmacology to Olaparib. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3179-3190. [PMID: 27689388 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) performs a critical role in the repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSBs). However, a detailed understanding of its mechanism of action has been hampered by a lack of credible, cell-active chemical probes. Herein, we demonstrate inhibition of PARG with a small molecule, leading to poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chain persistence in intact cells. Moreover, we describe two advanced, and chemically distinct, cell-active tool compounds with convincing on-target pharmacology and selectivity. Using one of these tool compounds, we demonstrate pharmacology consistent with PARG inhibition. Further, while the roles of PARG and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are closely intertwined, we demonstrate that the pharmacology of a PARG inhibitor differs from that observed with the more thoroughly studied PARP inhibitor olaparib. We believe that these tools will facilitate a wider understanding of this important component of DNA repair and may enable the development of novel therapeutic agents exploiting the critical dependence of tumors on the DNA damage response (DDR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E Fairweather
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Griffiths
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - James R Hitchin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Colin P Hutton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Jones
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E McGonagle
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Small
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra I J Stowell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Tucker
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Waszkowycz
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Donald J Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester , Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stowell AIJ, James DI, Waddell ID, Bennett N, Truman C, Hardern IM, Ogilvie DJ. A high-throughput screening-compatible homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay measuring the glycohydrolase activity of human poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Anal Biochem 2016; 503:58-64. [PMID: 27036617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymers are transient post-translational modifications, and their formation is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes. A number of PARP inhibitors are in advanced clinical development for BRCA-mutated breast cancer, and olaparib has recently been approved for BRCA-mutant ovarian cancer; however, there has already been evidence of developed resistance mechanisms. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the endo- and exo-glycosidic bonds within the PAR polymers. As an alternative strategy, PARG is a potentially attractive therapeutic target. There is only one PARG gene, compared with 17 known PARP family members, and therefore a PARG inhibitor may have wider application with fewer compensatory mechanisms. Prior to the initiation of this project, there were no known existing cell-permeable small molecule PARG inhibitors for use as tool compounds to assess these hypotheses and no suitable high-throughput screening (HTS)-compatible biochemical assays available to identify start points for a drug discovery project. The development of this newly described high-throughput homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay has allowed HTS to proceed and, from this, the identification and advancement of multiple validated series of tool compounds for PARG inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I J Stowell
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Drug Discovery Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Dominic I James
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Drug Discovery Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Ian D Waddell
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Drug Discovery Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Neil Bennett
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Caroline Truman
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Ian M Hardern
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Donald J Ogilvie
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Drug Discovery Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A PARP1-ERK2 synergism is required for the induction of LTP. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24950. [PMID: 27121568 PMCID: PMC4848477 DOI: 10.1038/srep24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexpectedly, a post-translational modification of DNA-binding proteins, initiating the cell response to single-strand DNA damage, was also required for long-term memory acquisition in a variety of learning paradigms. Our findings disclose a molecular mechanism based on PARP1-Erk synergism, which may underlie this phenomenon. A stimulation induced PARP1 binding to phosphorylated Erk2 in the chromatin of cerebral neurons caused Erk-induced PARP1 activation, rendering transcription factors and promoters of immediate early genes (IEG) accessible to PARP1-bound phosphorylated Erk2. Thus, Erk-induced PARP1 activation mediated IEG expression implicated in long-term memory. PARP1 inhibition, silencing, or genetic deletion abrogated stimulation-induced Erk-recruitment to IEG promoters, gene expression and LTP generation in hippocampal CA3-CA1-connections. Moreover, a predominant binding of PARP1 to single-strand DNA breaks, occluding its Erk binding sites, suppressed IEG expression and prevented the generation of LTP. These findings outline a PARP1-dependent mechanism required for LTP generation, which may be implicated in long-term memory acquisition and in its deterioration in senescence.
Collapse
|
22
|
James DI, Durant S, Eckersley K, Fairweather E, Griffiths LA, Hamilton N, Kelly P, O'Connor M, Shea K, Waddell ID, Ogilvie DJ. An assay to measure poly(ADP ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) activity in cells. F1000Res 2016; 5:736. [PMID: 27610220 PMCID: PMC4995692 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8463.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a DNA damage signal multiple polymers of ADP ribose attached to poly(ADP) ribose (PAR) polymerases (PARPs) are broken down by the enzyme poly(ADP) ribose glycohydrolase (PARG). Inhibition of PARG leads to a failure of DNA repair and small molecule inhibition of PARG has been a goal for many years. To determine whether biochemical inhibitors of PARG are active in cells we have designed an immunofluorescence assay to detect nuclear PAR after DNA damage. This 384-well assay is suitable for medium throughput high-content screening and can detect cell-permeable inhibitors of PARG from nM to µM potency. In addition, the assay has been shown to work in murine cells and in a variety of human cancer cells. Furthermore, the assay is suitable for detecting the DNA damage response induced by treatment with temozolomide and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS). Lastly, the assay has been shown to be robust over a period of several years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic I. James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Durant
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Kay Eckersley
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Emma Fairweather
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise A. Griffiths
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicola Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark O'Connor
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Kerry Shea
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ian D. Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Donald J. Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
James DI, Durant S, Eckersley K, Fairweather E, Griffiths LA, Hamilton N, Kelly P, O'Connor M, Shea K, Waddell ID, Ogilvie DJ. An assay to measure poly(ADP ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) activity in cells. F1000Res 2016; 5:736. [PMID: 27610220 PMCID: PMC4995692 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8463.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After a DNA damage signal multiple polymers of ADP ribose attached to poly(ADP) ribose (PAR) polymerases (PARPs) are broken down by the enzyme poly(ADP) ribose glycohydrolase (PARG). Inhibition of PARG leads to a failure of DNA repair and small molecule inhibition of PARG has been a goal for many years. To determine whether biochemical inhibitors of PARG are active in cells we have designed an immunofluorescence assay to detect nuclear PAR after DNA damage. This 384-well assay is suitable for medium throughput high-content screening and can detect cell-permeable inhibitors of PARG from nM to µM potency. In addition, the assay has been shown to work in murine cells and in a variety of human cancer cells. Furthermore, the assay is suitable for detecting the DNA damage response induced by treatment with temozolomide and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS). Lastly, the assay has been shown to be robust over a period of several years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic I. James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Durant
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Kay Eckersley
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Emma Fairweather
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise A. Griffiths
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicola Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark O'Connor
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Kerry Shea
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ian D. Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Donald J. Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rack JGM, Perina D, Ahel I. Macrodomains: Structure, Function, Evolution, and Catalytic Activities. Annu Rev Biochem 2016; 85:431-54. [PMID: 26844395 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments indicate that macrodomains, an ancient and diverse protein domain family, are key players in the recognition, interpretation, and turnover of ADP-ribose (ADPr) signaling. Crucial to this is the ability of macrodomains to recognize ADPr either directly, in the form of a metabolic derivative, or as a modification covalently bound to proteins. Thus, macrodomains regulate a wide variety of cellular and organismal processes, including DNA damage repair, signal transduction, and immune response. Their importance is further indicated by the fact that dysregulation or mutation of a macrodomain is associated with several diseases, including cancer, developmental defects, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize the current insights into macrodomain evolution and how this evolution influenced their structural and functional diversification. We highlight some aspects of macrodomain roles in pathobiology as well as their emerging potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragutin Perina
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10002, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom; ,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jayaram DT, Ramos-Romero S, Shankar BH, Garrido C, Rubio N, Sanchez-Cid L, Gómez SB, Blanco J, Ramaiah D. In Vitro and in Vivo Demonstration of Photodynamic Activity and Cytoplasm Imaging through TPE Nanoparticles. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:104-12. [PMID: 26491952 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized novel tetraphenylethene (TPE) conjugates, which undergo unique self-assembly to form spherical nanoparticles that exhibited aggregation induced emission (AIE) in the near-infrared region. These nanoparticles showed significant singlet oxygen generation efficiency, negligible dark toxicity, rapid cellular uptake, efficient localization in cytoplasm, and high in vitro photocytotoxicity as well as in vivo photodynamic activity against a human prostate tumor animal model. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the power of the self-assembled AIE active tetraphenylethene conjugates in aqueous media as a nanoplatform for future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya T. Jayaram
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Bioengineering,
Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 08025, Spain
| | - Balaraman H. Shankar
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Cristina Garrido
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Bioengineering,
Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 08025, Spain
| | - Nuria Rubio
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Bioengineering,
Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 08025, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sanchez-Cid
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Bioengineering,
Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 08025, Spain
| | - Salvador Borros Gómez
- Grup d’Enginyeria
de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Jeronimo Blanco
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Barcelona and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Bioengineering,
Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 08025, Spain
| | - Danaboyina Ramaiah
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Becker A, Zhang P, Allmann L, Meilinger D, Bertulat B, Eck D, Hofstaetter M, Bartolomei G, Hottiger MO, Schreiber V, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of Methyl CpG Binding Domain Protein 2 Regulates Chromatin Structure. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4873-81. [PMID: 26772194 PMCID: PMC4777825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic information encoded in the genomic DNA methylation pattern is translated by methylcytosine binding proteins like MeCP2 into chromatin topology and structure and gene activity states. We have shown previously that the MeCP2 level increases during differentiation and that it causes large-scale chromatin reorganization, which is disturbed by MeCP2 Rett syndrome mutations. Phosphorylation and other posttranslational modifications of MeCP2 have been described recently to modulate its function. Here we show poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of endogenous MeCP2 in mouse brain tissue. Consequently, we found that MeCP2 induced aggregation of pericentric heterochromatin and that its chromatin accumulation was enhanced in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1(-/-) compared with wild-type cells. We mapped the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation domains and engineered MeCP2 mutation constructs to further analyze potential effects on DNA binding affinity and large-scale chromatin remodeling. Single or double deletion of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated regions and PARP inhibition increased the heterochromatin clustering ability of MeCP2. Increased chromatin clustering may reflect increased binding affinity. In agreement with this hypothesis, we found that PARP-1 deficiency significantly increased the chromatin binding affinity of MeCP2 in vivo. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into the regulation of MeCP2-mediated, higher-order chromatin architecture and suggest therapeutic opportunities to manipulate MeCP2 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- From the Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lena Allmann
- From the Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniela Meilinger
- the Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Bertulat
- From the Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Eck
- From the Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maria Hofstaetter
- the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giody Bartolomei
- the Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- the Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- UMR7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Strasbourg University, CNRS, Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, 67412 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- the Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - M Cristina Cardoso
- From the Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cohen-Armon M. A PARP1-Erk2 synergism is required for stimulation-induced expression of immediate early genes. GENE & TRANSLATIONAL BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 2:e1367. [PMID: 27857998 PMCID: PMC5110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A PARP1-Erk2 synergism was required to generate synaptic long-term potentiation in the CA3-CA1 hippocampal connections. This molecular mechanism was associated with the recently identified pivotal role of polyADP-ribosylation in learning. High frequency electrical stimulation of cortical and hippocampal neurons induced binding of phosphorylated Erk2 (transported into the nucleus) to the nuclear protein PARP1. PARP1-Erk2 binding induced PARP1 activation and polyADP-ribosylation of its prominent substrate, linker histone H1. A facilitated access of PARP1-bound phosphorylated Erk2 to its substrates, transcription factors Elk1 and CREB was attributed to the release of polyADP-ribosylated H1 from the DNA, causing local DNA relaxation. Erk-induced phosphorylation of transcription factors activating the HAT activity of CBP (CREB binding protein), recruited acetylated histone H4 to the promoters of immediate early genes (IEG) cfos, zif268 and arc, which are implicated in synaptic plasticity. In accordance, their induced expression was suppressed after PARP1 genetic deletion in PARP1-KO mice, or after PARP1 inhibition or silencing. Moreover, under these conditions, long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) (indicating synaptic plasticity) was not generation in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 connections, and learning abilities were impaired. Furthermore, both IEG expression and LTP generation failed when cerebral neurons accumulated single strand DNA breaks, due to a predominant binding of PARP1 to nicked DNA, occluding its Erk binding sites. Thus, a declined synaptic plasticity is anticipated when aged cerebral neurons accumulate DNA single-strand breaks during life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cohen-Armon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Teloni F, Altmeyer M. Readers of poly(ADP-ribose): designed to be fit for purpose. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:993-1006. [PMID: 26673700 PMCID: PMC4756826 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate many aspects of protein function and are indispensable for the spatio-temporal regulation of cellular processes. The proteome-wide identification of PTM targets has made significant progress in recent years, as has the characterization of their writers, readers, modifiers and erasers. One of the most elusive PTMs is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a nucleic acid-like PTM involved in chromatin dynamics, genome stability maintenance, transcription, cell metabolism and development. In this article, we provide an overview on our current understanding of the writers of this modification and their targets, as well as the enzymes that degrade and thereby modify and erase poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Since many cellular functions of PARylation are exerted through dynamic interactions of PAR-binding proteins with PAR, we discuss the readers of this modification and provide a synthesis of recent findings, which suggest that multiple structurally highly diverse reader modules, ranging from completely folded PAR-binding domains to intrinsically disordered sequence stretches, evolved as PAR effectors to carry out specific cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Teloni
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification where single units (mono-ADP-ribosylation) or polymeric chains (poly-ADP-ribosylation) of ADP-ribose are conjugated to proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases. This post-translational modification and the ADP-ribosyltransferases (also known as PARPs) responsible for its synthesis have been found to play a role in nearly all major cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription, translation, cell signaling, and cell death. Furthermore, dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation has been linked to diseases including cancers, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and heart failure, leading to the development of therapeutic PARP inhibitors, many of which are currently in clinical trials. The study of this therapeutically important modification has recently been bolstered by the application of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, arguably the most powerful tool for the unbiased analysis of protein modifications. Unfortunately, progress has been hampered by the inherent challenges that stem from the physicochemical properties of ADP-ribose, which as a post-translational modification is highly charged, heterogeneous (linear or branched polymers, as well as monomers), labile, and found on a wide range of amino acid acceptors. In this Perspective, we discuss the progress that has been made in addressing these challenges, including the recent breakthroughs in proteomics techniques to identify ADP-ribosylation sites, and future developments to provide a proteome-wide view of the many cellular processes regulated by ADP-ribosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hottiger MO. Nuclear ADP-Ribosylation and Its Role in Chromatin Plasticity, Cell Differentiation, and Epigenetics. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:227-63. [PMID: 25747399 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein ADP-ribosylation is an ancient posttranslational modification with high biochemical complexity. It alters the function of modified proteins or provides a scaffold for the recruitment of other proteins and thus regulates several cellular processes. ADP-ribosylation is governed by ADP-ribosyltransferases and a subclass of sirtuins (writers), is sensed by proteins that contain binding modules (readers) that recognize specific parts of the ADP-ribosyl posttranslational modification, and is removed by ADP-ribosylhydrolases (erasers). The large amount of experimental data generated and technical progress made in the last decade have significantly advanced our knowledge of the function of ADP-ribosylation at the molecular level. This review summarizes the current knowledge of nuclear ADP-ribosylation reactions and their role in chromatin plasticity, cell differentiation, and epigenetics and discusses current progress and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Hottiger
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oxoindolinylidene Derivatives of Thiazolidin-4-ones: Methods of Synthesis and Biological Activity (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
32
|
Islam R, Koizumi F, Kodera Y, Inoue K, Okawara T, Masutani M. Design and synthesis of phenolic hydrazide hydrazones as potent poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3802-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
33
|
Knockout of PARG110 confers resistance to cGMP-induced toxicity in mammalian photoreceptors. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1234. [PMID: 24853412 PMCID: PMC4047865 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary retinal degeneration (RD) relates to a heterogeneous group of blinding human diseases in which the light sensitive neurons of the retina, the photoreceptors, die. RD is currently untreatable and the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. However, the activity of the enzyme poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1) and excessive generation of poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) polymers in photoreceptor nuclei have been shown to be causally involved in RD. The activity of PARP1 is to a large extent governed by its functional antagonist, poly-ADP-glycohydrolase (PARG), which thus also may have a role in RD. To investigate this, we analyzed PARG expression in the retina of wild-type (wt) mice and in the rd1 mouse model for human RD, and detected increased PARG protein in a subset of degenerating rd1 photoreceptors. Knockout (KO) animals lacking the 110 kDa nuclear PARG isoform were furthermore analyzed, and their retinal morphology and function were indistinguishable from wild-type animals. Organotypic wt retinal explants can be experimentally treated to induce rd1-like photoreceptor death, but PARG110 KO retinal explants were unexpectedly highly resistant to such treatment. The resistance was associated with decreased PAR accumulation and low PARP activity, indicating that PARG110 may positively regulate PARP1, an event that therefore is absent in PARG110 KO tissue. Our study demonstrates a causal involvement of PARG110 in the process of photoreceptor degeneration. Contrasting its anticipated role as a functional antagonist, absence of PARG110 correlated with low PARP activity, suggesting that PARG110 and PARP1 act in a positive feedback loop, which is especially active under pathologic conditions. This in turn highlights both PARG110 and PARP1 as potential targets for neuroprotective treatments for RD.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sahaboglu A, Bolz S, Löwenheim H, Paquet-Durand F. Expression of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in wild-type and PARG-110 knock-out retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:463-9. [PMID: 24664732 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) turnover is required for many cellular processes, and highly relevant for cell death and survival. This post-translational protein modification is regulated by the synthesizing enzyme poly(ADP)ribose-polymerase (PARP) and the degrading enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Previously, PARP activity was found to be involved in photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse and in rd1-like conditions PARP-1 was the main PARP family member contributing to photoreceptor cell death. Despite the manifest role of PARP and PAR accumulation in photoreceptor cell death, the influence of PAR degradation on photoreceptor viability was still unknown. Here, we investigated the role of PARG in photoreceptor degeneration using the PARG-110 knock out mouse and report for the first time on PARG expression in wild-type and knock-out retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sahaboglu
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Eye Clinic Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ray S, Mukhopadhyay C. Synthesis of molecular scaffolds assimilating both indolinone and thiazolidinone moieties under environmentally benevolent conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Barkauskaite E, Jankevicius G, Ladurner AG, Ahel I, Timinszky G. The recognition and removal of cellular poly(ADP-ribose) signals. FEBS J 2013; 280:3491-507. [PMID: 23711178 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular pathways, including, but not limited to, transcription, chromatin, DNA damage and other stress signalling. Similar to other tightly regulated post-translational modifications, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation employs 'writers', 'readers' and 'erasers' to confer regulatory functions. The generation of poly(ADP-ribose) is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes, which use NAD(+) as a cofactor to sequentially transfer ADP-ribose units generating long polymers, which, in turn, can affect protein function or serve as a recruitment platform for additional factors. Historically, research has focused on poly(ADP-ribose) generation pathways, with knowledge about PAR recognition and degradation lagging behind. Over recent years, several discoveries have significantly furthered our understanding of poly(ADP-ribose) recognition and, even more so, of poly(ADP-ribose) degradation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the protein modules recognizing poly(ADP-ribose) and discuss the newest developments on the complete reversibility of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barkauskaite
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vilchez Larrea SC, Schlesinger M, Kevorkian ML, Flawiá MM, Alonso GD, Fernández Villamil SH. Host cell poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase is crucial for Trypanosoma cruzi infection cycle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67356. [PMID: 23776710 PMCID: PMC3680488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, has a complex life cycle which involves the invasion of mammalian host cells, differentiation and intracellular replication. Here we report the first insights into the biological role of a poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in a trypanosomatid (TcPARG). In silico analysis of the TcPARG gene pointed out the conservation of key residues involved in the catalytic process and, by Western blot, we demonstrated that it is expressed in a life stage-dependant manner. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and electron microscopy using an anti-TcPARG antibody showed that this enzyme is localized in the nucleus independently of the presence of DNA damage or cell cycle stage. The addition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase inhibitors ADP-HPD (adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl) pyrrolidinediol) or DEA (6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate monohydrate) to the culture media, both at a 1 µM concentration, reduced in vitro epimastigote growth by 35% and 37% respectively, when compared to control cultures. We also showed that ADP-HPD 1 µM can lead to an alteration in the progression of the cell cycle in hydroxyurea synchronized cultures of T. cruzi epimastigotes. Outstandingly, here we demonstrate that the lack of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activity in Vero and A549 host cells, achieved by chemical inhibition or iRNA, produces the reduction of the percentage of infected cells as well as the number of amastigotes per cell and trypomastigotes released, leading to a nearly complete abrogation of the infection process. We conclude that both, T. cruzi and the host, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase activities are important players in the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, emerging as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Chagas’ disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salomé C. Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Schlesinger
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Kevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirtha M. Flawiá
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo D. Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia H. Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular “Dr. Héctor N. Torres”, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Scarpa ES, Fabrizio G, Di Girolamo M. A role of intracellular mono-ADP-ribosylation in cancer biology. FEBS J 2013; 280:3551-62. [PMID: 23590234 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the development, progression and dissemination of neoplastic lesions, cancer cells can hijack normal pathways and mechanisms. This includes the control of the function of cellular proteins through reversible post-translational modifications, such as ADP-ribosylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. In the case of mono-ADP-ribosylation and poly-ADP-ribosylation, the addition of one or several units of ADP-ribose to target proteins occurs via two families of enzymes that can generate ADP-ribosylated proteins: the diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD) family, comprising 17 different proteins that are either poly-ADP-ribosyltransferases or mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases or inactive enzymes; and the clostridial toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase family, with four human members, two of which are active mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, and two of which are enzymatically inactive. In line with a central role for poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 in response to DNA damage, specific inhibitors of this enzyme have been developed as anticancer therapeutics and evaluated in several clinical trials. Recently, in combination with the discovery of a large number of enzymes that can catalyse mono-ADP-ribosylation, the role of this modification has been linked to human diseases, such as inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer, thus revealing the need for the development of specific ARTD inhibitors. This will provide a better understanding of the roles of these enzymes in human physiology and pathology, so that they can be targeted in the future to generate new and efficacious drugs. This review summarizes our present knowledge of the ARTD enzymes that are involved in mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions and that have roles in cancer biology. In particular, the well-documented role of macro-containing ARTD8 in lymphoma and the putative role of ARTD15 in cancer are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele S Scarpa
- Department of Cellular and Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Room temperature catalyst-free Knoevenagel condensation: facile access to isatinylidenerhodanines. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Karunakaran SC, Babu PSS, Madhuri B, Marydasan B, Paul AK, Nair AS, Rao KS, Srinivasan A, Chandrashekar TK, Rao CM, Pillai R, Ramaiah D. In vitro demonstration of apoptosis mediated photodynamic activity and NIR nucleus imaging through a novel porphyrin. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:127-32. [PMID: 23092119 DOI: 10.1021/cb3004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a novel water-soluble porphyrin THPP and its metalated derivative Zn-THPP having excellent triplet excited state quantum yields and singlet oxygen generation efficiency. When compared to U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved and clinically used sensitizer Photofrin, THPP showed ca. 2-3-fold higher in vitro photodynamic activity in different cell lines under identical conditions. The mechanism of the biological activity of these porphyrin systems has been evaluated through a variety of techniques: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, comet assay, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, CM-H(2)DCFDA assay, DNA fragmentation, flow cytometric analysis, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy, which confirm the apoptotic cell death through predominantly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, THPP showed rapid cellular uptake and are localized in the nucleus of the cells as compared to Hoechst dye and Photofrin, thereby demonstrating its use as an efficient sensitizer in photodynamic therapy and live cell NIR nucleus imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh C. Karunakaran
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| | | | - Bollapalli Madhuri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad-500 007,
Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Betsy Marydasan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Albish K. Paul
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| | - Asha S. Nair
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum-695014, Kerala, India
| | - K. Sridhar Rao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad-500 007,
Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Alagar Srinivasan
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar-751005,
Odisha, India
| | | | - Ch. Mohan Rao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad-500 007,
Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Danaboyina Ramaiah
- Chemical Sciences and Technology
Division, Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum-695019, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Feng X, Koh DW. Roles of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in DNA damage and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:227-81. [PMID: 23809438 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the primary enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), an essential biopolymer that is synthesized by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) in the cell. By regulating the hydrolytic arm of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, PARG participates in a number of biological processes, including the repair of DNA damage, chromatin dynamics, transcriptional regulation, and cell death. Collectively, the research investigating the roles of PARG in the cell has identified the importance of PARG and its value as a therapeutic target. However, the biological role of PARG remains less understood than the role of PAR synthesis by the PARPs. Further complicating the study of PARG is the existence of multiple PARG isoforms in the cell, the lack of optimal PARG inhibitors, and the lack of viable PARG-null animals. This review will present our current knowledge of PARG, with a focus on its roles in DNA-damage repair and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zaja R, Mikoč A, Barkauskaite E, Ahel I. Molecular Insights into Poly(ADP-ribose) Recognition and Processing. Biomolecules 2012; 3:1-17. [PMID: 24970154 PMCID: PMC4030884 DOI: 10.3390/biom3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational protein modification involved in the regulation of important cellular functions including DNA repair, transcription, mitosis and apoptosis. The amount of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) in cells reflects the balance of synthesis, mediated by the PARP protein family, and degradation, which is catalyzed by a glycohydrolase, PARG. Many of the proteins mediating PAR metabolism possess specialised high affinity PAR-binding modules that allow the efficient sensing or processing of the PAR signal. The identification of four such PAR-binding modules and the characterization of a number of proteins utilising these elements during the last decade has provided important insights into how PAR regulates different cellular activities. The macrodomain represents a unique PAR-binding module which is, in some instances, known to possess enzymatic activity on ADP-ribose derivatives (in addition to PAR-binding). The most recently discovered example for this is the PARG protein, and several available PARG structures have provided an understanding into how the PARG macrodomain evolved into a major enzyme that maintains PAR homeostasis in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roko Zaja
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Andreja Mikoč
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Eva Barkauskaite
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tucker JA, Bennett N, Brassington C, Durant ST, Hassall G, Holdgate G, McAlister M, Nissink JWM, Truman C, Watson M. Structures of the human poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase catalytic domain confirm catalytic mechanism and explain inhibition by ADP-HPD derivatives. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50889. [PMID: 23251397 PMCID: PMC3519477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the only enzyme known to catalyse hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic linkages of ADP-ribose polymers, thereby reversing the effects of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. PARG deficiency leads to cell death whilst PARG depletion causes sensitisation to certain DNA damaging agents, implicating PARG as a potential therapeutic target in several disease areas. Efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors of PARG activity have until recently been hampered by a lack of structural information on PARG. We have used a combination of bio-informatic and experimental approaches to engineer a crystallisable, catalytically active fragment of human PARG (hPARG). Here, we present high-resolution structures of the catalytic domain of hPARG in unliganded form and in complex with three inhibitors: ADP-ribose (ADPR), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol (ADP-HPD) and 8-n-octyl-amino-ADP-HPD. Our structures confirm conservation of overall fold amongst mammalian PARG glycohydrolase domains, whilst revealing additional flexible regions in the catalytic site. These new structures rationalise a body of published mutational data and the reported structure-activity relationship for ADP-HPD based PARG inhibitors. In addition, we have developed and used biochemical, isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance assays to characterise the binding of inhibitors to our PARG protein, thus providing a starting point for the design of new inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Tucker
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca UK Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The Sound of Silence: RNAi in Poly (ADP-Ribose) Research. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:779-805. [PMID: 24705085 PMCID: PMC3899979 DOI: 10.3390/genes3040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)-ation is a nonprotein posttranslational modification of proteins and plays an integral part in cell physiology and pathology. The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is regulated by its synthesis by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and on the catabolic side by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). PARPs convert NAD+ molecules into PAR chains that interact covalently or noncovalently with target proteins and thereby modify their structure and functions. PAR synthesis is activated when PARP1 and PARP2 bind to DNA breaks and these two enzymes account for almost all PAR formation after genotoxic stress. PARG cleaves PAR molecules into free PAR and finally ADP-ribose (ADPR) moieties, both acting as messengers in cellular stress signaling. In this review, we discuss the potential of RNAi to manipulate the levels of PARPs and PARG, and consequently those of PAR and ADPR, and compare the results with those obtained after genetic or chemical disruption.
Collapse
|
45
|
Riffell JL, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Tankyrase-targeted therapeutics: expanding opportunities in the PARP family. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:923-36. [PMID: 23197039 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein superfamily has wide-ranging roles in cellular processes such as DNA repair and WNT signalling. Efforts to pharmacologically target PARP enzymes have largely focused on PARP1 and the closely related PARP2, but recent work highlighting the role of another family member, tankyrase 1 (TANK1; also known as PARP5A and ARTD5), in the control of WNT signalling has fuelled interest in the development of additional inhibitors to target this enzyme class. Tankyrase function is also implicated in other processes such as the regulation of telomere length, lung fibrogenesis and myelination, suggesting that tankyrase inhibitors could have broad clinical utility. Here, we discuss the biology of tankyrases and the discovery of tankyrase-specific inhibitors. We also consider the challenges that lie ahead for the clinical development of PARP family inhibitors in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Riffell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan ES, Krukenberg KA, Mitchison TJ. Large-scale preparation and characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) and defined length polymers. Anal Biochem 2012; 428:126-36. [PMID: 22743307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) is a large, structurally complex polymer of repeating ADP-ribose units. It is biosynthesized from NAD⁺ by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and degraded to ADP-ribose by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. pADPr is involved in many cellular processes and exerts biological function through covalent modification and noncovalent binding to specific proteins. Very little is known about molecular recognition and structure-activity relationships for noncovalent interaction between pADPr and its binding proteins, in part because of lack of access to the polymer on a large scale and to units of defined lengths. We prepared polydisperse pADPr from PARP1 and tankyrase 1 at the hundreds of milligram scale by optimizing enzymatic synthesis and scaling up chromatographic purification methods. We developed and calibrated an anion exchange chromatography method to assign pADPr size and scaled it up to purify defined length polymers on the milligram scale. Furthermore, we present a pADPr profiling method to characterize the polydispersity of pADPr produced by PARPs under different reaction conditions and find that substrate proteins affect the pADPr size distribution. These methods will facilitate structural and biochemical studies of pADPr and its binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin S Tan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dunstan MS, Barkauskaite E, Lafite P, Knezevic CE, Brassington A, Ahel M, Hergenrother PJ, Leys D, Ahel I. Structure and mechanism of a canonical poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Nat Commun 2012; 3:878. [PMID: 22673905 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a reversible post-translational protein modification involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including DNA repair, chromatin structure, mitosis, transcription, checkpoint activation, apoptosis and asexual development. The reversion of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) glycohydrolase (PARG), which specifically targets the unique PAR (1''-2') ribose-ribose bonds. Here we report the structure and mechanism of the first canonical PARG from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. In addition, we reveal the structure of T. thermophila PARG in a complex with a novel rhodanine-containing mammalian PARG inhibitor RBPI-3. Our data demonstrate that the protozoan PARG represents a good model for human PARG and is therefore likely to prove useful in guiding structure-based discovery of new classes of PARG inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dunstan
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Princess Street 131, M1 7DN, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|