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Mondal I, Groves M, Driver EM, Vittori W, Halden RU. Carcinogenic formaldehyde in U.S. residential buildings: Mass inventories, human health impacts, and associated healthcare costs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173640. [PMID: 38825200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde, a human carcinogen, is formulated into building materials in the U.S. and worldwide. We used literature information and mass balances to obtain order-of-magnitude estimates of formaldehyde inventories in U.S. residential buildings as well as associated exposures, excess morbidity, and healthcare costs along with other economic ramifications. Use of formaldehyde in building materials dates to the 1940s and continues today unabated, despite its international classification in 2004 as a human carcinogen. Global production of formaldehyde was about 32 million metric tons (MMT) in 2006. In the U.S., 5.7 ± 0.05 to 7.4 ± 0.125 MMT of formaldehyde were produced annually from 2006 to 2022, with 65 ± 5 % of this mass (3.7 ± 0.03 to 4.8 ± 0.08 MMT) entering building materials. For a typical U.S. residential building constructed in 2022, we determined an average total mass of formaldehyde containing chemicals of 48.2 ± 10.1 kg, equivalent to 207 ± 40 g of neat formaldehyde per housing unit. When extrapolated to the entire U.S. housing stock, this equates to 29,800 ± 5760 metric tons of neat formaldehyde. If the health threshold in indoor air of 0.1 mg/m3 is never surpassed in a residential building, safe venting of embedded formaldehyde would take years. Using reported indoor air exceedances, up to 645 ± 33 excess cancer cases may occur U.S. nationwide annually generating up to US$65 M in cancer treatment costs alone, not counting ~16,000 ± 1000 disability adjusted life-years. Other documents showed health effects of formaldehyde exist, but could not be quantified reliably, including sick building syndrome outcomes such as headache, asthma, and various respiratory illnesses. Opportunities to improve indoor air exposure assessments are discussed with special emphasis on monitoring of building wastewater. Safer alternatives to formaldehyde in building products exist and are recommended for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayudh Mondal
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Building B, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281-8101, United States of America; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States of America
| | - Megan Groves
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Building B, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281-8101, United States of America
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Building B, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281-8101, United States of America
| | - Wendy Vittori
- Health Product Declaration Collaborative, 401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600, Wakefield, MA 01880, United States of America
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Building B, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281-8101, United States of America.
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2
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Ye Q, Chen Y, Li Y, Jin R, Geng Q, Chen S. Management of typical VOCs in air with adsorbents: status and challenges. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12169-12184. [PMID: 37615188 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The serious harm of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the ecological environment and human health has attracted widespread attention worldwide. With economic growth and accelerated industrialization, the anthropogenic emissions of VOCs have continued to increase. The most crucial aspect is to choose the appropriate adsorbent, which is very important for the VOCs removal. The search for environmentally friendly VOCs treatment technologies is urgent. The adsorption method is one of the most promising VOCs emission reduction technologies with the advantages of high cost-effectiveness, simple operation, and low energy consumption. One of the most critical aspects is the selection of the appropriate adsorbent, which is very important for the removal of VOCs. This work provides an overview of the sources and hazards of VOCs, focusing on recent research advances in VOCs adsorption materials and the key factors controlling the VOCs adsorption process. A summary of the key challenges and opportunities for each adsorbent is also provided. The adsorption capacity for VOCs is enhanced by an abundant specific surface area; the most efficient adsorption process is achieved when the pore size is slightly larger than the molecular diameter of VOCs; the increase in the number of chemical functional groups contributes to the increase in adsorption capacity. In addition, methods of activation and surface modification to improve the adsorption capacity for VOCs are discussed to guide the design of more advanced adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ye
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China.
- Suzhou Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Yizhao Li
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Ruiben Jin
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Qin Geng
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Si Chen
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313000, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300074, China
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Kamani H, Baniasadi M, Abdipour H, Mohammadi L, Rayegannakhost S, Moein H, Azari A. Health risk assessment of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) in different indoor air using Monte Carlo simulation in zahedan city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20294. [PMID: 37809514 PMCID: PMC10560053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds (BTEX) in the breathing air outside and inside buildings is one of the most significant problems related to human health today. This study was performed to determine the concentration of BTEX pollutants in indoor environments. PhoCheck was used to detect the concentration of BTEX compounds. In this study, the concentration (BTEX pollutant) was assessed in four indoor spaces, including restaurants, laundries, hair salons, and photocopying centers. The results showed that the average concentration of all four searched compounds was higher than the recommended limit of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The results of carcinogenic risk assessment by benzene and ethylbenzene compounds show 2153 × 10-4 and 913 × 10-5 respectively. The HQ values for toluene and xylene were 1.397 and 0.505, respectively, indicating that exposure to toluene alone may have adverse effects on human health, while exposure to xylene alone has no adverse effects. The hazard index (HI) for toluene and xylene pollutants was higher than one. An HI value higher than one means that the two contaminants toluene and xylene in the air we breathe may have adverse effects on human health. As a result, the necessary control measures should be taken to prevent the unfavorable effects of these two pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kamani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan,Iran
| | - Marzieh Baniasadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan,Iran
| | - Hossein Abdipour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leili Mohammadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan,Iran
| | | | - Hossein Moein
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan,Iran
| | - Ali Azari
- Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
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Abstract
Condensable gases are the sum of condensable and volatile steam or organic compounds, including water vapor, which are discharged into the atmosphere in gaseous form at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Condensable toxic and harmful gases emitted from petrochemical, chemical, packaging and printing, industrial coatings, and mineral mining activities seriously pollute the atmospheric environment and endanger human health. Meanwhile, these gases are necessary chemical raw materials; therefore, developing green and efficient capture technology is significant for efficiently utilizing condensed gas resources. To overcome the problems of pollution and corrosion existing in traditional organic solvent and alkali absorption methods, ionic liquids (ILs), known as "liquid molecular sieves", have received unprecedented attention thanks to their excellent separation and regeneration performance and have gradually become green solvents used by scholars to replace traditional absorbents. This work reviews the research progress of ILs in separating condensate gas. As the basis of chemical engineering, this review first provides a detailed discussion of the origin of predictive molecular thermodynamics and its broad application in theory and industry. Afterward, this review focuses on the latest research results of ILs in the capture of several important typical condensable gases, including water vapor, aromatic VOCs (i.e., BTEX), chlorinated VOC, fluorinated refrigerant gas, low-carbon alcohols, ketones, ethers, ester vapors, etc. Using pure IL, mixed ILs, and IL + organic solvent mixtures as absorbents also briefly expanded the related reports of porous materials loaded with an IL as adsorbents. Finally, future development and research directions in this exciting field are remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Box 266, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Box 266, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Arfaeinia H, Ghaemi M, Jahantigh A, Soleimani F, Hashemi H. Secondhand and thirdhand smoke: a review on chemical contents, exposure routes, and protective strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1. [PMID: 37306877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS: a mixture of sidestream and mainstream smoke) and thirdhand smoke (THS: made up of the pollutants that settle indoors after smoking in closed environments) are a significant public health concern. SHS and THS contain various chemicals which can be released into the air or settle on surfaces. At present, the hazards of SHS and THS are not as well documented. In this review, we describe the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, and protective strategies. The literature search was conducted for published papers on September 2022 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, protective strategies, and future researches on environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaemi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Anis Jahantigh
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Zou ML, Huang HC, Chen YH, Jiang CB, Wu CD, Lung SCC, Chien LC, Lo YC, Chao HJ. Sex-differences in the effects of indoor air pollutants and household environment on preschool child cognitive development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160365. [PMID: 36427743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution, outdoor residential environment, indoor household characteristics, and parental mental health are potential factors associated with child development. However, few studies have simultaneously analyzed the association between the aforementioned factors and preschool child (aged 2-5 years) development. This study investigated the effects of those factors on child development and their potential modifying effects. A total of 142 participants were recruited from a birth cohort study in the Greater Taipei Area, and the evaluation was conducted at each participant's home from 2017 to 2020. Child cognitive development was assessed by psychologists using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence. Household air pollutants, outdoor residential environment, indoor household characteristics, parental mental health, and other covariates were evaluated. Multiple regressions were used to examine the relationships between child development and covariates. Stratified analysis by child sex and parental mental health was conducted. Average indoor air pollutant levels were below Taiwan's Indoor Air Quality Standards. After adjustment for covariates, the indoor total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) level was significantly associated with poor child development (per interquartile range increase in the TVOC level was associated with a 5.1 percentile decrease in child cognitive development). Sex difference was observed for the association between TVOC exposure and child development. Living near schools, burning incense at home, purchasing new furniture, and parental anxiety were related to child development. Indoor TVOC level was associated with poor child cognitive development, specifically with the girls. Indoor and outdoor residential environment and parental anxiety interfered with child development. TVOCs should be used cautiously at home to minimize child exposure. A low-pollution living environment should be provided to ensure children's healthy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lun Zou
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chun Huang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Bin Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing Jasmine Chao
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Huang P, Li Y, Shu Y, Liang S, Huang X, Gan Y, Li G, Huang H. Abatement of VOCs mixture of emerging concern by VUV-PCO process: From lab to pilot scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159295. [PMID: 36228796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of emerging pollutant, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are getting increasing attention due to their contribution to the formation of atmospheric haze and O3. Photocatalytic oxidation under vacuum ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation (VUV-PCO) presents a promising method for VOCs degradation, but it is seldom studied for VOCs compound and the mechanism is still elusive. Herein, typical VOCs such as toluene and ethyl acetate were degraded separately or together in VUV system and in VUV-PCO system with the designed trifunctional catalyst Mn/TiO2/ZSM-5. Intermediates were recognized by PTR-TOF-MS. It is found that dual VOCs mixture outperformed single VOCs under both VUV process and VUV-PCO process. Possible degradation mechanisms were proposed. To explore the potential practicality of VUV-PCO technology, scale-up synthesis of Mn/TiO2/ZSM-5 on ceramic foams was successfully carried out and assembled into a homemade pilot-scale VUV-PCO equipment for the control of simulated VOCs complex (toluene, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetone). Pilot-scale catalytic testing with the monolithic catalysts achieved high removal efficiency (over 90 % efficiency after two cycles of regeneration) and confirmed the practical application possibility of VUV-PCO technology in multiple VOCs degradation. This work probes into the VUV-PCO technology applicability from lab scale to pilot scale and promotes the understanding of VUV and VUV-PCO in VOCs complex decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Solid-State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Shimin Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guangqin Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li H, Cheng Y, Li J, Li T, Zhu J, Deng W, Zhu J, He D. Preparation and Adsorption Performance Study of Graphene Quantum Dots@ZIF-8 Composites for Highly Efficient Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4008. [PMID: 36432294 PMCID: PMC9695402 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the large specific surface area and excellent adsorption potential of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) materials, a GQDs@ZIF-8 composite was constructed to achieve optimal matching of the microstructure and to acquire efficient adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). GQDs and ZIF-8 were synthesized and then compounded by the solution co-deposition method to obtain GQDs@ZIF-8 composites. GQDs were uniformly decorated on the surface of the ZIF-8 metal-organic framework (MOF), effectively restraining the agglomeration, improving the thermal stability of ZIF-8 and forming abundant active sites. Thus, the VOC removal percentage and adsorption capacity of the GQDs@ZIF-8 composites were significantly improved. Toluene and ethyl acetate were chosen as simulated VOC pollutants to test the adsorption performance of the composites. The results showed that, after the addition of GQDs, the adsorption property of GQDs@ZIF-8 composites for toluene and ethyl acetate was obviously improved, with maximum adsorption capacities of 552.31 mg/g and 1408.59 mg/g, respectively, and maximum removal percentages of 80.25% and 93.78%, respectively, revealing extremely high adsorption performance. Compared with raw ZIF-8, the maximum adsorption capacities of the composites for toluene and ethyl acetate were increased by 53.82 mg/g and 104.56 mg/g, respectively. The kinetics and isotherm study revealed that the adsorption processes were in accordance with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic results indicated that the adsorption process of the GQDs@ZIF-8 composites was a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increase process. This study provides a new way to explore MOF-based adsorption materials with high adsorption capacity which have broad application prospects in VOC removal fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Youliang Cheng
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Jiaxian Li
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Tiehu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Weibin Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Delong He
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Wang H, Xiong J, Wei W. Measurement methods and impact factors for the key parameters of VOC/SVOC emissions from materials in indoor and vehicular environments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107451. [PMID: 35963058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor building and vehicle cabin materials can adversely affect human health. Many mechanistic models to predict the VOC/SVOC emission characteristics have been proposed. Nowadays, the main obstacle to accurate model prediction is the availability and reliability of the physical parameters used in the model, such as the initial emittable concentration, the diffusion coefficient, the partition coefficient, and the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface. The purpose of this work is to review the existing methods for measuring the key parameters of VOCs/SVOCs from materials in both indoor and vehicular environments. The pros and cons of these methods are analyzed, and the available datasets found in the literature are summarized. Some methods can determine one single key parameter, while other methods can determine two or three key parameters simultaneously. The impacts of multiple factors (temperature, relative humidity, loading ratio, and air change rate) on VOC/SVOC emission behaviors are discussed. The existing measurement methods span very large spatial and time scales: the spatial scale varies from micro to macro dimensions; and the time scale in chamber tests varies from several hours to one month for VOCs, and may even span years for SVOCs. Based on the key parameters, a pre-assessment approach for indoor and vehicular air quality is introduced in this review. The approach uses the key parameters for different material combinations to pre-assess the VOC/SVOC concentrations or human exposure levels during the design stage of buildings or vehicles, which can assist designers to select appropriate materials and achieve effective source control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Observatory (OOAI), 77447 Champs-sur-Marne, France
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Halios CH, Landeg-Cox C, Lowther SD, Middleton A, Marczylo T, Dimitroulopoulou S. Chemicals in European residences - Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156201. [PMID: 35623519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the more important classes of potentially toxic indoor air chemicals are the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). However, due to a limited understanding of the relationships between indoor concentrations of individual VOCs and health outcomes, there are currently no universal health-based guideline values for VOCs within Europe including the UK. In this study, a systematic search was conducted designed to capture evidence on concentrations, emissions from indoor sources, and health effects for VOCs measured in European residences. We identified 65 individual VOCs, and the most commonly measured were aromatic hydrocarbons (14 chemicals), alkane hydrocarbons (9), aldehydes (8), aliphatic hydrocarbons (5), terpenes (6), chlorinated hydrocarbons (4), glycol and glycol ethers (3) and esters (2). The pathway of interest was inhalation and 8 individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes were associated with respiratory health effects. Members of the chlorinated hydrocarbon family were associated with cardiovascular neurological and carcinogenic health effects and some were irritants as were esters and terpenes. Eight individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes identified in European residences were associated with respiratory health effects. Of the 65 individual VOCs, 52 were from sources associated with building and construction materials (e.g. brick, wood products, adhesives and materials for flooring installation etc.), 41 were linked with consumer products (passive, electric and combustible air fresheners, hair sprays, deodorants) and 9 VOCs were associated with space heating, which may reflect the relatively small number of studies discussing emissions from this category of sources. A clear decrease in concentrations of formaldehyde was observed over the last few years, whilst acetone was found to be one of the most abundant but underreported species. A new approach based on the operational indoor air quality surveillance will both reveal trends in known VOCs and identify new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos H Halios
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Charlotte Landeg-Cox
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Scott D Lowther
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Alice Middleton
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Sani Dimitroulopoulou
- Air Quality & Public Health Group, Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK.
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Dinse GE, Co CA, Parks CG, Weinberg CR, Xie G, Chan EKL, Birnbaum LS, Miller FW. Expanded assessment of xenobiotic associations with antinuclear antibodies in the United States, 1988-2012. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107376. [PMID: 35785669 PMCID: PMC9792625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of autoimmunity in the U.S. has increased recently for undetermined reasons. Little is known about associations between autoimmunity and environmental causes. OBJECTIVES In a large representative sample of the U.S. population, we expanded our prior exploratory study of how exposures to selected xenobiotics and dioxin-like (DL) mixtures relate to antinuclear antibodies (ANA), the most common biomarker of autoimmunity. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data on 12,058 participants aged ≥ 12 years from three time periods of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1988 and 2012, of whom 14% were ANA-positive. We used lognormal regression models and censored-data methods to estimate ANA associations with xenobiotic concentrations overall and in sex, age, and race/ethnicity subgroups. Our analyses adjusted for potential confounders and appropriately handled concentrations below detection limits. RESULTS Observed ANA associations were positive for most DL compounds and nonDL polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), negative for most phthalates, and mixed for other xenobiotic classes. After correcting for multiple comparisons, some associations remained statistically significant. In subgroup analyses, the most significant finding was a positive ANA association with N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)-L-cysteine (MHB2) in males, followed by positive associations with 2,2',3,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 44), 2,2',4,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 49), and 2,2',3,4',5',6-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 149) in 12-19 year-olds, and with 3,4,4',5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 81), 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonachlorobiphenyl (PCB 206), and N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (PMA) in Mexican Americans. Negative associations were found with mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) in 20-49 year-olds and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) in 12-19 year-olds. In overall analyses, combining stratum-specific results across race/ethnicity strata revealed a positive ANA association with PCB 81 and a negative ANA association with N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA). DISCUSSION This study identified potential associations between ANA and various xenobiotics. Further investigation to confirm these observations and elucidate effects of certain xenobiotics on immune regulation could have important mechanistic, preventive, and treatment implications for a variety of immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg E Dinse
- Public Health & Scientific Research, Social & Scientific Systems, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Caroll A Co
- Public Health & Scientific Research, Social & Scientific Systems, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Clarice R Weinberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Guanhua Xie
- Public Health & Scientific Research, Social & Scientific Systems, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Edward K L Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Frederick W Miller
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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12
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Moon YK, Kim KB, Jeong SY, Lee JH. Designing oxide chemiresistors for detecting volatile aromatic compounds: recent progresses and future perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5439-5454. [PMID: 35415739 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01563c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxide chemiresistors have mostly been used to detect reactive gases such as ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde, nitric dioxide, and carbon monoxide. However, the selective and sensitive detection of volatile aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are extremely toxic and harmful, using oxide chemiresistors remains challenging because of the molecular stability of benzene rings containing chemicals. Moreover, the performance of the sensing materials is insufficient to detect trace concentration levels of volatile aromatic compounds, which lead to harmful effects on human beings. Here, the strategies for designing highly selective and sensitive volatile aromatic compound gas sensors using oxide chemiresistors were suggested and reviewed. Key approaches include the use of thermal activation, design of sensing materials with high catalytic activity, the utilization of catalytic microreactors and bilayer structures with catalytic overlayer, and the pretreatment of analyte gases or post analysis of sensing signals. In addition, future perspectives from the viewpoint of designing sensing materials and sensor structures for high-performance and robust volatile aromatic compounds gas sensors are provided. Finally, we discuss possible applications of the sensors and sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kook Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Beom Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Yong Jeong
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jong-Heun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Rizzo P, Gallo C, Cozzolino A, Coscia N, Micheletti C, Ventura F, Minei P, Pucci A. Nanoporous-crystalline and amorphous films of PPO including off-on vapochromic fluorescent 7-hydroxy coumarin guests. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Health effects of exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds from 1980 to 2017: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13038. [PMID: 35622720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors is thought to be associated with several adverse health effects. However, we still lack concentration-response (C-R) relationships between VOC levels in civil buildings and various health outcomes. For this paper, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize related associations and C-R relationships. Four databases were searched to collect all relevant studies published between January 1980 and December 2017. A total of 39 studies were identified in the systematic review, and 32 of these were included in the meta-analysis. We found that the pooled relative risk (RR) for leukemia was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.05) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.14-1.37) per 0.1 μg/m3 increase of butadiene. The pooled RRs for asthma were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00-1.04), and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.06) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene, respectively. The pooled RR for low birth weight was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.19) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene. Our findings provide robust evidence for associations between benzene and leukemia, asthma, and low birth weight, as well as for health effects of some other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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15
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A Study on the Measurement of Unregulated Pollutants in Korean Residential Environments. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the pollution caused by unregulated chemical substances in Korean residential environments. A TA tube was used for indoor air collection, and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used for the analysis of chemical substances. According to the results of this study, 13 substances out of the 16 analyzed chemicals were detected and, among them, the concentrations of phenol, α-pinene, and limonene within the indoor air were high. The average concentration of phenol was 32.7 µg/m3. α-pinene and limonene were detected, of which the highest concentrations were as 598.2 µg/m3 and 652.5 µg/m3, respectively. The maximum concentrations of these three substances exceeded the levels of the lowest concentration of interest. Notably, α-pinene and limonene were released from the wood itself. Wood has been widely used indoors as a natural building material and as furniture. Therefore, it was considered that this was the reason for the high the concentrations of the two substances in indoor air. However, we do not argue that the usage of wood should be reduced because of the results obtained in this study. Instead, we sµggest that it is important to reduce the emissions of α-pinene and limonene throµgh the processing of the wood, extending its drying period, and determining the most appropriate time of use.
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16
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Sui C, Zeng S, Ma X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xie X. Research progress of catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds over Mn-based catalysts – a review. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, environmental pollution has become more severe. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be originated from the following sources: domestic, mobile and industrial sources. As important air pollutants, VOCs could cause serious harm to the environment and human health. Therefore, removing VOCs has become a priority research direction of ecological issues. Among the many elimination methods, catalytic oxidation approaches are among the most effective and economical methods which can transform VOCs into CO2 and H2O. MnOx catalysts are among the most active catalysts, which can be further modified by different cations such as Cu2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Ni2+ and Ce4+ to form mixed oxides to improve the catalytic oxidation of VOCs activity. Moreover, MnOx can be loaded on the carrier, improving the redox and oxygen storage capacity and improving its stability and activity. This review explores the structure, preparation and oxidation state of Mn-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Mudanjiang Normal University , Mudanjiang 157000 , China
| | - Shiping Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Mudanjiang Normal University , Mudanjiang 157000 , China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Mudanjiang Normal University , Mudanjiang 157000 , China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Mudanjiang Normal University , Mudanjiang 157000 , China
| | - JingXin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Mudanjiang Normal University , Mudanjiang 157000 , China
| | - XiaoMei Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Mudanjiang Normal University , Mudanjiang 157000 , China
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17
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Chen WQ, Zhang XY. 1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases. Genes Environ 2022; 44:3. [PMID: 35012685 PMCID: PMC8744311 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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18
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Lee SH, Shen J, Tan ST, Ng LC, Fang M, Jia S. Effects of architecture structure on volatile organic compound and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion in Singapore's Integrated Transport Hubs. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132067. [PMID: 34478959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Millions of passengers wait for buses at Integrated Transport Hubs (ITH) daily in metropolitan cities. Environmental exposure and associated risk for passengers is of great public concern. In this study, eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in airborne samples collected from indoor waiting areas (Indoor) and bus parks of nine Singapore ITH, which comprises of two types of architectural structure (i.e., fully sheltered and open/partially enclosed). The median concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs), total gaseous PAHs (TgPAHs) and total airborne particles-adsorbed PAH (TpPAHs) concentrations in Indoor were 30.42 μg/m3, 18.99 ng/m3 and 1.38 ng/m3; respectively. A strong correlation (r ≥ 0.75, p < 0.001) was observed between Indoor and bus parks air compounds. The "Indoor" to bus park pollutant concentration ratio (I/B ratio) showed lower values in the bus interchanges with fully sheltered bus parks (TVOCs: 0.98; TgPAHs: 0.76; TpPAHs: 0.71) than those with open/partially enclosed ones (TVOCs: 1.28; TgPAHs: 1.31; TpPAHs: 0.90). This result suggests that fully sheltered structure may cause the accumulation of air pollutants. The daily VOC and PAH exposure for commuters were further estimated by considering inhalation and dermal doses using Monte Carlo simulation (n = 100,000). Overall, the result showed that the risk is still within international guideline values. In sum, the effect of architecture structure on the migration of air pollutants should be taken into consideration in future transport hub design to reduce pollutant exposure to commuters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Joanna Shen
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Sze Tat Tan
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Shenglan Jia
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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19
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Tabatabaei Z, Baghapour MA, Hoseini M, Fararouei M, Abbasi F, Baghapour M. Assessing BTEX concentrations emitted by hookah smoke in indoor air of residential buildings: health risk assessment for children. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1653-1665. [PMID: 34900296 PMCID: PMC8617227 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hookah smoke is one of the major indoor sources of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX). The present study aimed to investigate potential exposure to BTEX compounds among primary school children whose parents smoked hookah at home. BTEX concentrations in indoor air were measured in 60 residential buildings of Khesht, southwestern Iran (case = 30 and control = 30). Target compounds were sampled by charcoal tubes, and the samples were then analyzed by GC-FID. Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of BTX exposure for the children aged 7-13 years. The concentrations of benzene (7.19 ± 3.09 vs. 0.82 ± 0.5 μg/m3), toluene (1.62 ± 0.69 vs. 0.3 ± 0.22 μg/m3), and xylenes (2.9 ± 1.66 vs. 0.31 ± 0.22 μg/m3) were considerably higher in the indoor air of the case houses compared with the control houses (p < 0.05). The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) of benzene for non-smoking and smoking houses were estimated 1.8 × 10-6 and 15 × 10-6, respectively, exceeding the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1 × 10-6). Moreover, Hazard Quotients (HQs) of all BTX compounds were < 1. The indoor benzene concentration was significantly influenced by the floor at which families lived and type of the kitchen. In order to prevent children's exposure to BTX emitted by hookah, banning indoor smoking is the only way to eliminate these compounds in the indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Tabatabaei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Baghapour
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fararouei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fariba Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Melika Baghapour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Figueiredo VO, Carvalho LVBD, Borges RM, Costa-Amaral IC, Santos MVCD, Rosa ACS, Menezes MACD, Mattos RDCODC, Sarcinelli PN, Alves SR, Larentis AL, Gonçalves ES. [Assessment of exposure to BTEX in vehicle filling stations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and risks to workers' health]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00351520. [PMID: 34816964 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00351520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasoline is a complex mixture of substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted into the air, with the special relevance of benzene since it is provenly carcinogenic. The study aimed to assess BTEX concentrations in filling stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to calculate the cancer risk associated with such exposures. Two types of sampling were performed (stationary and mobile), adapted from methodology n. 1,501 (U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) for aromatic hydrocarbons, in six filling stations in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Stationary sampling was done near the fuel pumps, while mobile sampling was done in the breathing zone of the workers (station attendants) as they moved around the station. The samples were analyzed with gas chromatography flame ionization detector. The sampling results were used to calculate the health risk, using the indicators Hazard quotient (HQ) and Cancer risk (CR) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, respectively, in filling station workers. Environmental concentrations for the most of the BTEX compounds were below the recommended limits, except for benzene, a carcinogenic compound, which displayed concentrations far above the limits, leading to high cancer risk values. The results showed that there are health risks for filling station attendants, especially the risk of developing cancer from excessive exposure to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Oliva Figueiredo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Renato Marçullo Borges
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paula Novaes Sarcinelli
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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21
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Kharel M, Chalise S, Chalise B, Sharma KR, Gyawali D, Paudyal H, Neupane BB. Assessing volatile organic compound level in selected workplaces of Kathmandu Valley. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08262. [PMID: 34765781 PMCID: PMC8571507 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the major contributors to poor indoor air quality. Due to advancements in sensor technologies, continuous if not regular monitoring total VOC (TVOC) and or some specific VOC in potential high risk workplaces is possible even in resource limited settings. In this study, we implemented a portable VOC sensor to measure concentration of TVOC and formaldehyde (HCHO) in six types of potential high risk workplaces (n = 56 sites) of Katmandu Valley. For comparison, concentration was also measured in immediate surroundings (n = 56) of all the sites. To get preliminary information on safety practices, a survey study was also conducted. The mean TVOC and HCHO concentration in the sites ranged from 1.5‒8 mg/m3 and <0.01–5.5 mg/m3, respectively. The indoor: outdoor TVOC and HCHO ratio (I/O) was found to be significantly higher (I/O > 1.5 and p < 0.05) in 34 (~61%) and 47 sites (∼84%), respectively. A strong positive correlation between HCHO and TVOC concentration was observed in furniture industry (R = 0.91) and metal workshops (R = 0.98). Interestingly, we found TVOC and HCHO concentration higher than WHO safe limit in ∼64% and ∼32% sites, respectively. A rough estimate of chronic daily intake (CDI) of formaldehyde showed that CDI is higher than WHO limit in four sites. These findings suggested that indoor air quality in the significant number of the workplaces is poor and possible measures should be taken to minimize the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Kharel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Surendra Chalise
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Baburam Chalise
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Khaga Raj Sharma
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deepak Gyawali
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Environment, Government of Nepal, Nepal
| | - Hari Paudyal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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22
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Qiagedeer A, Yamagishi H, Hayashi S, Yamamoto Y. Polymer Optical Microcavity Sensor for Volatile Organic Compounds with Distinct Selectivity toward Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21066-21070. [PMID: 34423214 PMCID: PMC8375105 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A whispering-gallery mode (WGM) optical resonance sensor for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is developed from polystyrene (PS) microspheres doped with fluorescent β-cyano-appended oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (β-COPV). The β-COPV-doped PS microspheres (MSCOPV) are formed by the miniemulsion method in a binary solvent. MSCOPV expand upon permeation of VOCs into the PS matrix and exhibit a spectral shift of the WGM resonance peak. The permeation efficiency is highly dependent on the chemical affinity between the analyte and the polymer matrix, with exceptionally high selectivity toward aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTXs). The high selectivity and sensitivity of MSCOPV are in clear contrast to those of conventional WGM sensors that just detect VOCs nonpreferentially through adsorption onto the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Qiagedeer
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagishi
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Faculty of Pure
and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Shotaro Hayashi
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), Faculty of Pure
and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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23
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Noorpoor Z. The needle trap extraction capability of a zinc-based metal organic framework with a nitrogen rich ligand. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1962524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Noorpoor
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Li Z, Yuan Y, Wu H, Li X, Yuan M, Wang H, Wu X, Liu S, Zheng X, Kim M, Zheng H, Rehman S, Jiang G, Fu W, Jiang J. Investigation of MOF-derived humidity-proof hierarchical porous carbon frameworks as highly-selective toluene absorbents and sensing materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125034. [PMID: 33858080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.125034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon frameworks (CFs) derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been produced as adsorbents of toluene. To further obtain optimum hierarchical porous carbon structure of CFs, different treatment temperatures were applied to a typical kind of MOFs (ZIF-8). The adsorption capacity of the toluene of hierarchical porous CFs obtained from ZIF-8 under 1100 °C (CF-1100, adsorption capacity of 208.5 mg/g) was higher than that of other carbonization temperature and MOFs. Impressively, the adsorbent CF-1100 also exhibited strong hydrophobicity, low desorption temperature, and good selectivity to toluene. The adsorption capacity decreased by only 10.4% under wet condition compared with the dry condition, standing on the top of the recently reported adsorbents. The impressive adsorption performance of CF-1100 is attributed to the larger specific surface area (1024 m2/g) and pore volume (0.497 cm3/g), newly generated micropores (pore width is 0.6-0.8 nm) and mesopores (pore width above 10 nm), and carbonaceous structure with higher degree of graphitization. Based on the adequate adsorption performance, CF-1100 coated quartz crystal microbalances as sensor also showed a high sensitivity of 0.4004 Hz/ppm and small relative standard deviations of 1.0745% for toluene sensing. This contribution provides a foundation for optimizing potential adsorbents and sensing materials for air pollution abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Menglei Yuan
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huaizhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xianming Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Mingjun Kim
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Haoyun Zheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Sadia Rehman
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guangya Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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25
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Liang X, Feng W, Liang D, Xu Y, Qiu X. Hydroxyl/amino and Fe(III) co-grafted graphite carbon nitride for photocatalytic removal of volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111044. [PMID: 33753076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl/amino and Fe(III) co-grafted graphite carbon nitride (CN) is fabricated via alkaline hydrothermal treatment and followed by an impregnation adsorption process. In this unique fabrication, hydroxyl and amino groups enriched on the surface play a vital role in improving the adsorption capacity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while the grafted amorphous Fe(III) clusters could dominantly regulate the path of molecular oxygen activation via photo-Fenton reaction, and change the selectivity of intermediate reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the assistant of the rich surficial hydroxyl groups. Meanwhile, both the grafted functional groups and Fe(III) clusters can serve as photogenerated charge acceptors for collaboratively accelerating carriers' separation. Besides, the Fe(III)-mediated interfacial charge transfer effect (IFCT) also could extend visible light absorption and boost carriers' generation. Benefiting from the virtues of the complementary and synergy of the grafted hydroxyl/amino and Fe(III), the dual-functionalized CN is qualified as an efficient photocatalyst for removal of VOCs, which exhibits 22 and 18 times isopropanol (IPA) adsorption capacity and CO2 production than of pristine CN during photocatalytic IPA removal, respectively. Moreover, this work provides a new strategy of surficial group-cluster bifunctionalization for systematically improving sustainable solar-to-chemical energy conversion towards VOCs mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Central South University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhui Feng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, PR China.
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Central South University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
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26
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Underground Shopping Districts in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115508. [PMID: 34063851 PMCID: PMC8196595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Underground shopping districts (USDs) are susceptible to severe indoor air pollution, which can adversely impact human health. We measured 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 13 USDs throughout South Korea from July to October 2017, and the human risk of inhaling hazardous substances was evaluated. The sum of the concentrations of the 24 VOCs was much higher inside the USDs than in the open air. Based on factor analysis, six indoor air pollution sources were identified. Despite the expectation of a partial outdoor effect, the impacts of the indoor emissions were significant, resulting in an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 5.9 and indicating elevated indoor air pollution. However, the effects of indoor emissions decreased, and the contributions of the pollution sources reduced when the USD entrances were open and the stores were closed. Although benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde exhibited lower concentrations compared to previous studies, they still posed health risks in both indoor and outdoor settings. Particularly, while the indoor excess cancer risk (ECR) of formaldehyde was ~10 times higher than its outdoor ECR, benzene had a low I/O ratio (1.1) and a similar ECR value. Therefore, indoor VOC concentrations could be reduced by managing inputs of open air into USDs.
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27
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Zhou X, Lian J, Cheng Y, Wang X. The gas/particle partitioning behavior of phthalate esters in indoor environment: Effects of temperature and humidity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110681. [PMID: 33428915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous and among the most abundant semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments. Due to their low saturated vapor pressure, SVOCs tend to adhere to indoor surfaces and particulate matters, which may result in higher total concentrations than occur in the gas phase alone. Thus, gas/particle partitioning of PAEs plays an important role in their indoor fates and health risks. However, the influence of indoor environmental parameters, including temperature and humidity, on the partitioning of PAEs between air and particles is rarely known. In this study, a novel experimental system was designed to investigate the effects of temperature and humidity on partitioning behavior between gas- and particle-phase PAEs. The chamber experiments were conducted at temperatures of 12.5 °C, 17.5 °C, 24.0 °C, 29.5 °C and 40.0 °C and moisture contents of 3.5 g/kg, 5.0 g/kg, 6.5 g/kg, 8.0 g/kg and 9.5 g/kg dry air. The results showed that higher temperatures led to stronger emission of phthalate esters from the PVC panel, which resulted in higher gas-phase concentrations of phthalate esters and particle-phase concentrations. In addition, temperature has a strong negative effect on the gas/particle partition coefficient (Kp), and an order of magnitude difference in Kp was observed between 12.5 and 40 °C. There are exponential decay laws between Kp and the absolute temperature. However, a smaller effect of humidity than of temperature on Kp was revealed, and no obvious law was found. Moreover, Kp of compounds with larger molecular weights are more obviously influenced by the variations in environmental factors. This study is of positive significance for reducing the health risks of PAEs by guiding the regulation of indoor environmental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Juanli Lian
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China; Vertiv Tech (Xi'an) Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
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28
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He Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Wang Z, Zeng G, Xu P, Huang D, Chen M, Song B, Qin H, Zhao Y. Metal-organic framework-derived nanomaterials in environment related fields: Fundamentals, properties and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Wei B, Sun J, Mei Q, An Z, Cao H, Han D, Xie J, Zhan J, Zhang Q, Wang W, He M. Reactivity of aromatic contaminants towards nitrate radical in tropospheric gas and aqueous phase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123396. [PMID: 32763693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds (ACs) give a substantial contribution to the anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds. Nitrate radicals (NO3) are significant oxidants in the lower troposphere during nighttime, with concentrations of (2-20) × 108 molecules cm-3. In this study, the tropospheric gas and liquid phase reactions of ACs with nitrate radical are investigated using theoretical computational methods, which can give a deep insight into the reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Results show that the reactivity of ACs with nitrate radicals decreases as the electron donating characteristics of the functional group on the ACs decrease, as ΔG≠ of the reaction with NO3 increasing from -1.17 to 17.84 kcal mol-1. The reaction of NO3 towards ACs in the aqueous phase is more preferable, with the atmospheric lifetime 0.07-1281 min. An assessment of the aquatic toxicity of ACs and their degradation products indicated that the risk of their degradation products remains and should be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Haijie Cao
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Dandan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, 274015, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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30
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Li H, Ai Z, Zhang L. Surface structure-dependent photocatalytic O 2 activation for pollutant removal with bismuth oxyhalides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15282-15296. [PMID: 33165493 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The purification of water and air by semiconductor photocatalysis is a rapidly growing area for academic research and industrial innovation, featured with ambient removal of organic or inorganic pollutants by using solar light as the energy source and atmospheric O2 as the green oxidant. Both charge transfer and energy transfer from excited photocatalysts can overcome the spin-forbidden nature of O2. Layered bismuth oxyhalides are a new group of two-dimensional photocatalysts with an appealing geometric and surface structure that allows the dynamic and selective tuning of O2 activation at the surface molecular level. In this Feature Article, we specifically summarize our recent progress in selective O2 activation by engineering surface structures of bismuth oxyhalides. Then, we demonstrate selective photocatalytic O2 activation of bismuth oxyhalides for environmental control, including water decontamination, volatile organic compound oxidation and nitrogen oxide removal, as well as selective catalytic oxidations. Challenges and opportunities regarding the design of photocatalysts with satisfactory performance for potential environmental control applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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31
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Miller CJ, Runge-Morris M, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Straughen JK, Dittrich TM, Baker TR, Petriello MC, Mor G, Ruden DM, O’Leary BF, Teimoori S, Tummala CM, Heldman S, Agarwal M, Roth K, Yang Z, Baker BB. A Review of Volatile Organic Compound Contamination in Post-Industrial Urban Centers: Reproductive Health Implications Using a Detroit Lens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8755. [PMID: 33255777 PMCID: PMC7728359 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of aromatic or chlorinated organic chemicals commonly found in manufactured products that have high vapor pressure, and thus vaporize readily at room temperature. While airshed VOCs are well studied and have provided insights into public health issues, we suggest that belowground VOCs and the related vapor intrusion process could be equally or even more relevant to public health. The persistence, movement, remediation, and human health implications of subsurface VOCs in urban landscapes remain relatively understudied despite evidence of widespread contamination. This review explores the state of the science of subsurface movement and remediation of VOCs through groundwater and soils, the linkages between these poorly understood contaminant exposure pathways and health outcomes based on research in various animal models, and describes the role of these contaminants in human health, focusing on birth outcomes, notably low birth weight and preterm birth. Finally, this review provides recommendations for future research to address knowledge gaps that are essential for not only tackling health disparities and environmental injustice in post-industrial cities, but also protecting and preserving critical freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J. Miller
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Melissa Runge-Morris
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Andrea E. Cassidy-Bushrow
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Straughen
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Timothy M. Dittrich
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Tracie R. Baker
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Michael C. Petriello
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Gil Mor
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Brendan F. O’Leary
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Sadaf Teimoori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Chandra M. Tummala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—College of Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (S.T.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Samantha Heldman
- Department of Pharmacology—School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bridget B. Baker
- Center for Leadership in Environmental Awareness and Research (CLEAR)—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.J.M.); (M.R.-M.); (A.E.C.-B.); (J.K.S.); (T.M.D.); (T.R.B.); (M.C.P.); (G.M.); (D.M.R.); (B.F.O.)
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (M.A.); (K.R.); (Z.Y.)
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32
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Zhang D, Liu J, Liu M, Liu L, Do D. On the capture of ultralow-level benzene in indoor environments: Experiments, modeling and molecular simulation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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34
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Wang H, Zheng J, Yang T, He Z, Zhang P, Liu X, Zhang M, Sun L, Yu X, Zhao J, Liu X, Xu B, Tong L, Xiong J. Predicting the emission characteristics of VOCs in a simulated vehicle cabin environment based on small-scale chamber tests: Parameter determination and validation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105817. [PMID: 32521348 PMCID: PMC7485589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicle parts and interior materials can seriously affect in-cabin air quality. Prior studies mainly focused on indoor material emissions, while studies of emissions in-cabins were relatively scarce. The emission behaviors of VOCs from vehicle cabin materials can be characterized by three key emission parameters: the initial emittable concentration (C0), diffusion coefficient (Dm), and partition coefficient (K). Based on a C-history method, we have performed a series of tests with a 30 L small-scale chamber to determine these three key emission parameters for six VOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde, from typical vehicle cabin materials, car roof upholstery, carpet, and seat. We found that acetaldehyde had the highest level in the gas-phase concentration and C0, which differs from residential indoor environments where formaldehyde is usually the most prevalent pollutant. The influence of temperature on the key emission parameters was also investigated. When the temperature rose from 25 °C to 65 °C, C0 increased by 40-640%, Dm increased by 40-170%, but K decreased by 38-71% for different material-VOC combinations. We then performed an independent validation to demonstrate the accuracy of the measured key emission parameters. Furthermore, considering that in reality, several materials coexist in vehicle cabins, we made a first attempt at applying a multi-source model to predict VOC emission behaviors in a simulated 3 m3 vehicle cabin, using the key emission parameters obtained from the small-scale chamber tests. The good agreement between the predictions and experiments (R2 = 0.82-0.99) demonstrated that the three key emission parameters measured via chamber tests can be scaled to estimate emission scenarios in realistic vehicle cabin environments. A pollution contribution analysis for the tested materials indicated that the car seat could significantly contribute to the total emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihu Zheng
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhangcan He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101776, China
| | - Xuefei Yu
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101776, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing 101776, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC27711, USA
| | - Baoping Xu
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liping Tong
- Automotive Data Center, China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China.
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Abstract
Based on previous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) design results, an 11 channel microreactor of dimensions (0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 100 mm) (width × depth × length) and optimal manifold geometry was fabricated, coated with a newly-developed Au/SBA-15 catalyst and then integrated in an experimental rig specifically built for this research. Propane (as model volatile organic compound) oxidation experiments were conducted at three different flow velocities, 12.5, 15.4 and 17.5 m/min, respectively, at six temperatures, 150, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 °C, respectively. The catalyst was prepared by one-pot sol-gel synthesis of SBA-15 with MPTMS (3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxy-silane) before loading with HAuCl4 gold precursor and then characterized by SEM/EDX, TEM and wide angle XRD. A novel catalyst coating technique was developed, using airbrush (0.3 nozzle) to spray a catalyst slurry into the microchannels that produced a thin, firm and uniform layer of Au/SBA-15 catalyst coating inside the microreactor. The experimental measurements revealed that propane conversion increased as the flow feed rates decreased and increased with increasing temperatures in the reactor. For the built microreactor and for the flows and temperatures set, the combustion of propane was possible with measurable conversions and reasonable reactor stability, the performance of the catalyst appeared to be central to the satisfactory operation of the reactor.
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36
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Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Zhang XM, Liu LY, Li YF, Sun W. Indoor occurrence and health risk of formaldehyde, toluene, xylene and total volatile organic compounds derived from an extensive monitoring campaign in Harbin, a megacity of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126324. [PMID: 32135441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to formaldehyde, toluene, xylene (FTX) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with negative health impact. To characterize the exposure and health effects of FTX and TVOC from indoor environments, we conducted an extensive monitoring campaign involving 1278 measurements of 472 indoor locations in Harbin, a megacity in China from May 2013 to March 2018. The results showed that household had the highest mean formaldehyde concentration (0.171 ± 0.084 mg m-3) among all types of indoor environments. Meanwhile, there was no significant differences in formaldehyde concentration of the living room, master bedroom, secondary bedroom and study room (p > 0.05), as well as toluene and xylene. The highest mean concentration of toluene, xylene and TVOC was measured in public bath center. Great difference was found between formaldehyde concentrations in 2013 and other years, except 2015. There were great positive nonlinear correlations between the indoor temperature and concentration of formaldehyde (p < 0.01), good negative nonlinear correlations between the finish time of decoration and concentration of formaldehyde (p < 0.01), good positive linear correlations between the relative humidity and concentration of formaldehyde (p < 0.01). A risk assessment methodology was utilized to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of the individual FTX compounds according to their carcinogenicities. The predicted carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde was greater than the threshold value 1E-06 at all environments. The non-carcinogenic risk of TX compounds in the population is negligible. For estimating human health risk exposure, sensitivity analysis showed that more attention should be given to the influential variables such as the level of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | | | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Sun
- The Academy of Quality Supervision and Inspection in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150028, China.
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Interfaces in MOF-Derived CeO2–MnOX Composites as High-Activity Catalysts for Toluene Oxidation: Monolayer Dispersion Threshold. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of CeO2–MnOX catalysts with different Ce contents was prepared using Mn–BTC MOF as a sacrificial template for toluene oxidation. Interestingly, the performance of CeO2–MnOX increased rapidly only when the Ce content lower than 5%. The 1%-, 3%- and 10%-Ce-content samples exhibited the T90 value of 325 °C, 291 °C and 277 °C, respectively. XRD shows that the catalyst phase changes significantly before (Mn3O4 only) and after (Mn2O3, Mn3O4 and CeO2) 3% Ce loading. All other results indicated that the Ce–Mn interface properties of different Ce content composite oxides was quite distinguishable in terms of removal and energy efficiency. XRD and XPS results further showed that there a Ce monolayer dispersion threshold existed on the interface of MnOX (3.2 wt%, confirmed by XPS), which caused the difference in performance increment. The dispersed Ce could be divided into a monolayer dispersion state (1–3%) and a crystalline phase state (>3%), according to the existence form, which corresponded to the significant and minor enhancements of toluene conversion rate. Importantly, the Ce in monolayer dispersion state obviously improved the redox properties of catalysts interface, while the Ce in crystal state not. The interfaces with monolayer dispersion Ce result in more abundant metal ion states, oxygen vacancies, better electron transfer performance and catalytic activity.
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38
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Rostami R, Moussavi G, Jafari AJ, Darbari S. A modeling concept on removal of VOCs in wire-tube non-thermal plasma, considering electrical and structural factors. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:280. [PMID: 32281026 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, benzene was selected as an indicator of VOCs, and a modeling procedure was carried out on benzene removal (outflow concentration of benzene, C/inflow concentration of benzene, C0), in DC and AC non-thermal plasma systems. Different diameters (18, 23, and 36 mm) of wire-tube plasma reactors were prepared, and models were raised based on the results of experiments with influencing factors of the used voltage, gap size inside the reactor, current density, and specific energy. The results showed correlation between the factors and benzene removal in both DC and AC discharge non-thermal plasma. The applied voltage as an electrical factor had negative correlation with C/C0, and the correlation was stronger than for gap size which was positively correlated with C/C0. Current density and specific energy were affected by the voltage and gap size of the reactor; the lowest C/C0 values were obtained in the highest values of specific energy and current density. Regarding the raised models, multi-factor exponential model was the most reliable one with the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Rostami
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Moussavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Darbari
- ECE Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Fontes T, Manso MC, Prata JC, Carvalho M, Silva C, Barros N. Exposure to BTEX in buses: The influence of vehicle fuel type. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113100. [PMID: 31542674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diesel-fueled buses have been replaced by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to minimize the high level of emissions in urban areas. However, differences in indoor exposure levels to Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) in those vehicles have not been investigated so far. The primary aim of this study was to determine if passengers are exposed to different BTEX levels when using buses powered by CNG or by diesel, and further explore if indoor levels are influenced by external air quality. For this purpose, BTEX air concentrations were measured in bus cabins (CNG and diesel), parking stations and in a background urban area using passive air samplers. Results showed that BTEX concentrations inside vehicles were higher than outside, but no significant differences were found between buses powered by CNG or by diesel. In CNG vehicles, high and significant positive correlation was found between benzene and the number of journeys in the same route (rs = 0.786, p < 0.05), vehicle operating time (rs = 0.738, p < 0.05), exposure time (rs = 0.714, p < 0.05) and exposure index (rs = 0.738, p < 0.05), but this was not observed for diesel vehicles. Benzene in bus cabins was found to be significantly below reference value for human health protection. However, excepting p-xylene, all other aromatic pollutants have a mean concentration significantly above the lowest effect level (p ≤ 0.002 for all comparisons). Additionally, higher BTEX levels in cabin buses than in outdoor air suggest the presence of other emission sources in indoor cabins. These findings emphasize the need for further studies to fully characterize indoor emission sources in order to minimize the negative impact of BTEX exposure to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Fontes
- INESC TEC - INESC Technology and Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - M Conceição Manso
- FP-ENAS - UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana C Prata
- FP-ENAS - UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- FP-ENAS - UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Silva
- FP-ENAS - UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Barros
- FP-ENAS - UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
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40
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Amphiphilic Oxygenated Amorphous Carbon-Graphite Buckypapers with Gas Sensitivity to Polar and Non-Polar VOCs. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091343. [PMID: 31546910 PMCID: PMC6781276 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To precisely control the emission limit of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) even at trace amounts, reactive nanomaterials of, e.g., carbon are demanded. Particularly, considering the polar/non-polar nature of VOCs, amphiphilic carbon nanomaterials with a huge surface area could act as multipurpose VOC sensors. Here, for the first time, a buckypaper sensor composed of oxygenated amorphous carbon (a-COx)/graphite (G) nanofilaments is developed. Presence of the oxygen-containing groups rises the selectivity of the sensor to polar VOCs, such as ethanol and acetone through formation of hydrogen bonding, affecting the electron withdrawing ability of the group, the hole carrier density, and, thus, the resistivity. On the other hand, the electrostatic interactions between the toluene aromatic ring and the π electrons of the graphitic crystals cause a formation of charge-transfer complexes, which could be the main mechanism of high responsiveness of the sensor towards non-polar toluene. To the best of my knowledge, an amphiphilic carbon nanofilamentous buckypaper has never been reported for gas sensing, and my device sensing polar/non-polar VOCs is state of the art for environmental control.
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41
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Lu T, Lansing J, Zhang W, Bechle MJ, Hankey S. Land Use Regression models for 60 volatile organic compounds: Comparing Google Point of Interest (POI) and city permit data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:131-141. [PMID: 31054441 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land Use Regression (LUR) models of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) normally focus on land use (e.g., industrial area) or transportation facilities (e.g., roadway); here, we incorporate area sources (e.g., gas stations) from city permitting data and Google Point of Interest (POI) data to compare model performance. We used measurements from 50 community-based sampling locations (2013-2015) in Minneapolis, MN, USA to develop LUR models for 60 VOCs. We used three sets of independent variables: (1) base-case models with land use and transportation variables, (2) models that add area source variables from local business permit data, and (3) models that use Google POI data for area sources. The models with Google POI data performed best; for example, the total VOC (TVOC) model has better goodness-of-fit (adj-R2: 0.56; Root Mean Square Error [RMSE]: 0.32 μg/m3) as compared to the permit data model (0.42; 0.37) and the base-case model (0.26; 0.41). Area source variables were selected in over two thirds of models among the 60 VOCs at small-scale buffer sizes (e.g., 25 m-500 m). Our work suggests that VOC LUR models can be developed using community-based sampling and that models improve by including area sources as measured by business permit and Google POI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Lu
- School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech, 140 Otey Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Jennifer Lansing
- Minneapolis Health Department, 250 S. Fourth Street, Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech, 140 Otey Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Matthew J Bechle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Steve Hankey
- School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech, 140 Otey Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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42
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Banton MI, Bus JS, Collins JJ, Delzell E, Gelbke HP, Kester JE, Moore MM, Waites R, Sarang SS. Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:1-130. [PMID: 31284836 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closed-mold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Banton
- a Gorge View Consulting LLC , Hood River , OR , USA
| | - J S Bus
- b Health Sciences , Exponent , Midland , MI , USA
| | - J J Collins
- c Health Sciences , Saginaw Valley State University , Saginaw , MI , USA
| | - E Delzell
- d Private consultant , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | | | - J E Kester
- f Kester Consulting LLC , Wentzville , MO , USA
| | | | - R Waites
- h Sabic , Innovative Plastics US LLC , Mount Vernon , IN , USA
| | - S S Sarang
- i Shell Health , Shell International , Houston , TX , USA
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43
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Jia S, Sankaran G, Wang B, Shang H, Tan ST, Yap HM, Shen J, Gutiérrez RA, Fang W, Liu M, Chang VWC, Ng LC, Fang M. Exposure and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds and airborne phthalates in Singapore's Child Care Centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:85-92. [PMID: 30818198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infants and children under 6 years old spend most of daily time in Child Care Centers (CCCs), especially in the tropical regions like Singapore. Environmental exposure and associated risk during this early critical developmental stage is of great public concern. In this study, seven representative volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and five typical phthalates were analyzed in the indoor and outdoor air samples collected from 32 Singapore CCCs. The median of total VOC and phthalate concentration in indoor air was 19.03 and 5.41 μg m-3; respectively. For both indoors and outdoors environment, benzene, toluene and xylene were the dominant VOC contributors (more than 68%). For indoor air phthalates, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) accounts for 60-76%. The level of both VOCs and phthalates in indoor environment was significantly higher than that in outdoor, with an average indoor/outdoor ratio of 1.24 and 1.45; respectively. A strong correlation (r > 0.50, p < 0.05) was observed between indoor and outdoor air compounds. VOC and phthalate levels have no significant difference between CCCs with split-unit and centrally ventilated air conditioners. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate exposure uncertainty and variability for the risk assessment. Overall, the concentrations of VOC were below the healthy reference values from either EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) or Singapore guideline. However, similar to other countries' report, benzene, DBP, ethylbenzene and naphthalene were at levels that could exceed the stringent standards such as Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) cancer and reproductive health-based benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Jia
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Gayatri Sankaran
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Bei Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Shang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Sze Tat Tan
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Hooi Ming Yap
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Joanna Shen
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | | | - Wenjuan Fang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Victor Wei-Chung Chang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute NEA, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Analytics Cluster, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore.
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44
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Maitlo HA, Kim KH, Khan A, Szulejko JE, Kim JC, Song HN, Ahn WS. Competitive adsorption of gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons in a binary mixture on nanoporous covalent organic polymers at various partial pressures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:1-11. [PMID: 30884433 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Covalent-organic polymers (COPs) are recognized for their great potential for treating diverse pollutants via adsorption. In this study, the sorption behavior of benzene and toluene was investigated both individually and in a binary mixture against two types of COPs possessing different -NH2 functionalities. Namely, the potential of COPs was tested against benzene and toluene in a low inlet partial pressure range (0.5-20 Pa) using carbonyl-incorporated aromatic polymer (CBAP)-1-based diethylenediamine (EDA) [CD] and ethylenetriamine (DETA) [CE]. The maximum adsorption capacity and breakthrough values of both COPs showed dynamic changes with increases in the partial pressures of benzene and toluene. The maximum adsorption capacities (Amax) of benzene (as the sole component in N2 under atmospheric conditions) on CD and CE were in the range of 24-36 and 33-75 mg g-1, respectively. In contrast, with benzene and toluene in a binary mixture, the benzene Amax decreased more than two-fold (range of 2.7-15 and 6-39 mg g-1, respectively) due to competition with toluene for sorption sites. In contrast, the toluene Amax values remained consistent, reflecting its competitive dominance over benzene. The adsorption behavior of the targeted compounds (i.e., benzene and toluene) was explained by fitting the adsorption data by diverse isotherm models (e.g., Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich). The current research would be helpful for acquiring a better understanding of the factors affecting competitive adsorption between different VOCs in relation to a given sorbent and across varying partial pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubdar Ali Maitlo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Azmatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Chun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Hee Nam Song
- ACEN Co., Ltd, Yeongtong-Gu Dukyong Dearo 1556-16, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 16670, South Korea
| | - Wha-Seung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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Iasilli G, Scatto M, Pucci A. Vapochromic polyketone films based on aggregation‐induced enhanced emission. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iasilli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversità di Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 Pisa 56124 Italy
| | - Marco Scatto
- Nadir S.r.l., c/o Campus Scientifico Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Via Torino 155b Mestre Venice 30172 Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversità di Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13 Pisa 56124 Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheIstituto per i Processi Chimico‐Fisici (IPCF) UOS Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56124 Italy
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van Drooge BL, Marco E, Perez N, Grimalt JO. Influence of electronic cigarette vaping on the composition of indoor organic pollutants, particles, and exhaled breath of bystanders. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:4654-4666. [PMID: 30560536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The changes of particles and organic pollutants in indoor atmospheres as consequence of vaping with electronic cigarettes have been analyzed. Changes in the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath of non-smoking volunteers present in the vaping environments have also been studied. The exposure experiments involved non-vaping (n = 5) and vaping (n = 5) volunteers staying 12 h together in a room (54 m2) without external ventilation. The same experiment was repeated without vaping for comparison. Changes in the distributions of particles in the 8-400 nm range were observed, involving losses of nucleation-mode particles (below 20 nm) and increases of coagulation processes leading to larger size particles. In quantitative terms, vaping involved doubling the indoor concentrations of particles smaller than 10 μm, 5 μm, and 1 μm observed during no vaping. The increase of particle mass concentrations was probably produced from bulk ingredients of the e-liquid exhaled by the e-cigarette users. Black carbon concentrations in the indoor and outdoor air were similar in the presence and absence of electronic cigarette emissions. Changes in the qualitative composition of PAHs were observed when comparing vaping and non-vaping days. The nicotine concentrations were examined separately in the gas and in the particulate phases showing that most of the differences between both days were recorded in the former. The particulate phase should therefore be included in nicotine monitoring during vaping (and smoking). The concentration increases of nicotine and formaldehyde were small when compared with those described in other studies of indoor atmospheres or health regulatory thresholds. No significant changes were observed when comparing the concentrations of exhaled breath in vaping and no vaping days. Even the exhaled breath nicotine concentrations in both conditions were similar. As expected, toluene, xylenes, benzene, ethylbenzene, and naphthalene did not show increases in the vaping days since combustion was not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Esther Marco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noemi Perez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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The Use of Zeolites for VOCs Abatement by Combining Non-Thermal Plasma, Adsorption, and/or Catalysis: A Review. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma technique can be easily integrated with catalysis and adsorption for environmental applications such as volatile organic compound (VOC) abatement to overcome the shortcomings of individual techniques. This review attempts to give an overview of the literature about the application of zeolite as adsorbent and catalyst in combination with non-thermal plasma for VOC abatement in flue gas. The superior surface properties of zeolites in combination with its excellent catalytic properties obtained by metal loading make it an ideal packing material for adsorption plasma catalytic removal of VOCs. This work highlights the use of zeolites for cyclic adsorption plasma catalysis in order to reduce the energy cost to decompose per VOC molecule and to regenerate zeolites via plasma.
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Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Summertime Volatile Organic Compounds in a Fast Developing City in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial for ozone formation in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China. The characteristics of ambient VOCs in Nantong, a fast developing city in the YRD, were studied. Sixty ambient air samples were taken at five sites in three sampling days during summer time. One hundred and five VOCs were measured, showing that VOC concentration varied between 27.5 ppbv to 33.1 ppbv at five sites; these levels were generally lower than those for some big Chinese cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing. With larger fractions of alkanes, the Zilang (ZL) and Sanqu (SQ) sites had relatively higher VOC concentrations among the five sites. The oxidation formation potential (OFP) and secondary aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) were estimated to be 125 μg/m3 and 0.76 μg/m3, respectively. These two values were smaller than those in other big cities, as they were dominated by aromatic compounds (e.g., toluene and benzene) of which concentrations in Nantong were found to be lower. The highest toluene concentration was measured in ZL, implying substantial effects of surface coating industry near the site. Through the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, the identified sources of VOCs included LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) combustion (13.9%), chemical industry (8.5%), natural gas use (15.6%), gasoline evaporation (12.8%), petrol industry use (11.8%), solvent use (16.2%) vehicle exhausts (12.1%) and surface coating (9.2%). A relatively small contribution from vehicles was found in Nantong compared with other big cities. Moreover, LPG emissions were identified to be relatively important in Nantong, indicated by the large mass fraction of propane and ethane concentrations in the atmosphere.
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Julolidine-labelled fluorinated block copolymers for the development of two-layer films with highly sensitive vapochromic response. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fiebelkorn S, Meredith C. Estimation of the Leukemia Risk in Human Populations Exposed to Benzene from Tobacco Smoke Using Epidemiological Data. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:1490-1501. [PMID: 29266361 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between occupational benzene exposure and increased leukemia risk, in particular acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, there is still uncertainty as to the risk to the general population from exposure to lower environmental levels of benzene. To estimate the excess risk of leukemia from low-dose benzene exposure, various methods for incorporating epidemiological data in quantitative risk assessment were utilized. Tobacco smoke was identified as one of the main potential sources of benzene exposure and was the focus of this exposure assessment, allowing further investigation of the role of benzene in smoking-induced leukemia. Potency estimates for benzene were generated from individual occupational studies and meta-analysis data, and an exposure assessment for two smoking subgroups (light and heavy smokers) carried out. Subsequently, various techniques, including life-table analysis, were then used to evaluate both the excess lifetime risk and the contribution of benzene to smoking-induced leukemia and AML. The excess lifetime risk for smokers was estimated at between two and six additional leukemia deaths in 10,000 and one to three additional AML deaths in 10,000. The contribution of benzene to smoking-induced leukemia was estimated at between 9% and 24% (Upper CL 14-31%). For AML this contribution was estimated as 11-30% (Upper CL 22-60%). From the assessments carried out here, it appears there is an increased risk of leukemia from low-level exposure to benzene and that benzene may contribute up to a third of smoking-induced leukemia. Comparable results from using methods with varying degrees of complexity were generated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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